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p2x(7) receptor stimulation upregulates egr-1 biosynthesis involving a cytosolic ca(2+) rise, transactivation of the egf receptor and phosphorylation of erk and elk-1.the p2x(7) receptor is an atp-gated ionotropic receptor that is permeable for small cations including ca(2+) ions. using 293 cells expressing p2x(7) receptors, we show that the p2x(7) receptor-specific ligand 2',3'-o-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)-atp (bzatp) induces a signaling cascade leading to the biosynthesis of biologically active egr-1, a zinc finger transcription factor. bzatp-triggered egr-1 biosynthesis was attenuated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor pd98059, by bapta-am, ...200717474086
multiple ovulation and embryo transfer with fresh, frozen and vitrified red deer (cervus elaphus) embryos in argentina.two multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (moet) programs with fresh, frozen and vitrified red deer embryos were carried out during the reproductive season of 2005 and 2006 in a local breeding farm in argentina. multiparous (n=10 and 9, respectively) weaned hinds were used as donors for each year. the estrous synchronization treatment of donors and recipients consisted of inserting an ovine intravaginal sponge containing medroxiprogesterone acetate (map) for 12 days. superovulation was conducte ...200717475422
climate correlates of 20 years of trophic changes in a high-elevation riparian system.the consequences of climate change for ecosystem structure and function remain largely unknown. here, i examine the ability of climate variation to explain long-term changes in bird and plant populations, as well as trophic interactions in a high-elevation riparian system in central arizona, usa, based on 20 years of study. abundances of dominant deciduous trees have declined dramatically over the 20 years, correlated with a decline in overwinter snowfall. snowfall can affect overwinter presence ...200717479755
transforming activity of purinergic receptor p2y, g protein coupled, 8 revealed by retroviral expression screening.biphenotypic acute leukemia (bal) is a relatively rare subtype of acute leukemia characterized by the presence of both myeloid and lymphoid cell surface antigens. we have now screened for transforming genes in bal blasts with the use of the focus formation assay with a retroviral cdna expression library constructed from malignant blasts isolated from a bal patient. some of the retroviral inserts recovered from transformed foci were found to encode wild-type purinergic receptor p2y, g protein cou ...200717487742
p38 mapk regulation of transcription factor targets in muscle and heart of the hibernating bat, myotis lucifugus.mammalian hibernation combines a profound net metabolic rate suppression with the selective up-regulation of key genes whose protein products address specific metabolic needs of the hibernator. the signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved in regulating hibernation-responsive gene expression are of great interest. the present study suggests an important role for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 mapk) and selected downstream transcription factors under its contr ...200717487931
gestation length in red deer: genetically determined or environmentally controlled?the red deer (cervus elaphus) of european origin (e.g. subspecies scoticus, hispanicus, hippelaphus) is a medium sized (100-150kg mature hind weight) ruminant that exhibits highly seasonally patterns of autumn conceptions and summer births. historic data indicate average (+/- s.d.) gestation length of 233-234 (+/- 2-4) days. recently, however, there has been growing awareness that there is considerably greater variation in gestation length than earlier indicated and that there is a significant e ...200717491152
the tumor suppressor cyld regulates entry into mitosis.mutations in the cylindromatosis (cyld) gene cause benign tumors of skin appendages, referred to as cylindromas. the cyld gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme that removes lys-63-linked ubiquitin chains from i kappa b kinase signaling components and thereby inhibits nf-kappab pathway activation. the dysregulation of nf-kappab activity has been proposed to promote cell transformation in part by increasing apoptosis resistance, but it is not clear whether this is cyld's only or predominant tumor ...200717495026
mammalian maf1 is a negative regulator of transcription by all three nuclear rna polymerases.most eukaryotic transcriptional regulators act in an rna polymerase (pol)-selective manner. here we show that the human maf1 protein negatively regulates transcription by all three nuclear pols. changes in maf1 expression affect pol i- and pol iii-dependent transcription in human glioblastoma lines. these effects are mediated, in part, through the ability of maf1 to repress transcription of the tata binding protein, tbp. maf1 targets an elk-1-binding site in the tbp promoter, and its occupancy o ...200717499043
several transcription factors regulate cox-2 gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells.cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) expression is associated with many aspects of physiological and pathological conditions, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. prostaglandin e2 (pge2) production, as a consequence of cox-2 gene induction, has been reported to impair beta-cell function. the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cox-2 gene expression are not fully understood. in this report, we used pancreatic beta-cells (rinm5f) to explore the potential transcription factors regulating ...200717505916
testosterone and male fertility in red deer. 200717510345
testosterone and male fertility in red deer. 200717514797
bladder inflammatory transcriptome in response to tachykinins: neurokinin 1 receptor-dependent genes and transcription regulatory elements.tachykinins (tk), such as substance p, and their neurokinin receptors which are ubiquitously expressed in the human urinary tract, represent an endogenous system regulating bladder inflammatory, immune responses, and visceral hypersensitivity. increasing evidence correlates alterations in the tk system with urinary tract diseases such as neurogenic bladders, outflow obstruction, idiopathic detrusor instability, and interstitial cystitis. however, despite promising effects in animal models, there ...200717519035
deer exposed to exceptionally high concentrations of lead near the continental mine in idaho, usa.habitat surrounding the inactive continental mine in northern idaho, usa, supports bear (ursus arctos, ursus americanus), moose (alces alces), elk (cervus elaphus), woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), and abundant mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). tailings on the mining site were capped and remediated in 2003 to reduce environmental exposure of surrounding soil and sediments of blue joe creek, downslope of the mine. before capping, the mean pb c ...200717521153
red deer cloned from antler stem cells and their differentiated progeny.the significance of donor cell differentiation status for successful cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) is unclear. here, we cloned a new species, red deer (cervus elaphus), from multipotent antler stem cells and their differentiated progeny. cultured donor cell lines from male antlerogenic periosteum (ap) were left undifferentiated or chemically induced to initiate osteogenesis or adipogenesis. based on their morphology and marker gene expression profile, donor cells were classifie ...200717522075
ser170 controls the conformational multiplicity of the loop 166-175 in prion proteins: implication for conversion and species barrier.the self-perpetuating conversion of cellular prion proteins (prp(c)) into an aggregated beta-sheet rich conformation is associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse). the loop 166-175 (l1) in prp(c), which displays sequence and structural variation among species, has been suggested to play a role in species barrier, in particular against transmission of tse from cervids to domestic and laboratory animals. l1 is ordered in elk prp, as well as in a mouse/elk hybrid (in which l1 o ...200717522379
female red deer prefer the roars of larger males.surprisingly little is known about the role of acoustic cues in mammal female mate choice. here, we examine the response of female red deer (cervus elaphus) to male roars in which an acoustic cue to body size, the formants, has been re-scaled to simulate different size callers. our results show that oestrous red deer hinds prefer roars simulating larger callers and constitute the first evidence that female mammals use an acoustic cue to body size in a mate choice context. we go on to suggest tha ...200717550876
levels of abnormal prion protein in deer and elk with chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk is a widespread health concern because its potential for crossspecies transmission is undetermined. cwd prevalence in wild elk is much lower than its prevalence in wild deer, and whether cwd-infected deer and elk differ in ability to infect other species is unknown. because lymphoid tissues are important in the pathogenesis of some transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as sheep scrapie, we investigated whether cwd-affected elk and deer diffe ...200717553219
effects of management and climate on elk brucellosis in the greater yellowstone ecosystem.every winter, government agencies feed approximately 6000 metric tons (6 x 10(6) kg) of hay to elk in the southern greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye) to limit transmission of brucella abortus, the causative agent of brucellosis, from elk to cattle. supplemental feeding, however, is likely to increase the transmission of brucellosis in elk, and may be affected by climatic factors, such as snowpack. we assessed these possibilities using snowpack and feeding data from 1952 to 2006 and disease test ...200717555209
biodiversity consequences of alternative future land use scenarios in greater yellowstone.land use is rapidly expanding in the greater yellowstone ecosystem, primarily from growth in the number of rural homes. there is a need to project possible future land use and assess impacts on nature reserves as a guide to future management. we assessed the potential biodiversity impacts of alternative future land use scenarios in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. an existing regression-based simulation model was used to project three alternative scenarios of future rural home development. the ...200717555214
iron supplementation protects against lead-induced apoptosis through mapk pathway in weanling rat cortex.recent studies indicate that iron (fe) is involved in neurotoxicity caused by inorganic lead (pb). we studied the role of fe in the effects pb-induced cerebral apoptosis during rat development and to explore its possible regulatory mechanism. in the present study, weanling male sprague-dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. three groups of rats received 400 microg/ml pb acetate solution in drinking water, among which two of the groups were concurrently given 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg feso ...200717560653
molecular targets of curcumin.curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory activity and is a potent inhibitor of reactive-oxygen-generating enzymes such as lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos); it is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1. curcumin is also a potent inhibitor of protein kinase c (pkc), egf-receptor tyrosine kinase, and ikappab kinase. subsequently, curcumin inhibits the activation of nf-kb and the expressions of oncogenes including c-jun, c-fos, c-m ...200717569214
outbreak of parasitic peritonitis in reindeer in finland.in 2003, there was an outbreak of peritonitis in reindeer in the southern and middle part of the finnish reindeer herding area caused by the filarioid nematode setaria species. in the province of oulu, the proportion of reindeer viscera condemned owing to parasitic lesions increased from 4.9 per cent in 2001 to 40.1 per cent in 2003. in 2004, the focus of the outbreak moved approximately 100 km north. a total of 260 adult and pre-adult setaria species nematodes were collected for morphological a ...200717575247
admixture and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in a free-living vertebrate population.linkage disequilibrium (ld), a measure of nonrandom association of alleles at different loci, is of great interest to evolutionary geneticists as it can be used to help identify loci that explain phenotypic variation. surveys of the extent of ld across genomes have been carried out in a number of systems, most notably humans and model organisms. however, studies of natural populations of vertebrates have rarely been performed. here, we describe an investigation of ld in a free-living island popu ...200717584236
evolutionary responses to harvesting in ungulates.1. we investigate the evolutionary responses to harvesting in ungulates using a state-dependent, stochastic, density-dependent individual-based model of red deer cervus elaphus (l.) females subject to different harvesting regimes. 2. the population's mean weight at first reproduction shifts towards light weights as harvesting increases, and its distribution changes from a single peak distribution under very low or high harvest rates, to a bimodal distribution under intermediate harvest rates. 3. ...200717584372
are distributions of secondary osteon variants useful for interpreting load history in mammalian bones?in cortical bone, basic multicellular units (bmus) produce secondary osteons that mediate adaptations, including variations in their population densities and cross-sectional areas. additional important bmu-related adaptations might include atypical secondary osteon morphologies (zoned, connected, drifting, elongated, multiple canal). these variants often reflect osteonal branching that enhances toughness by increasing interfacial (cement line) complexity. if these characteristics correlate with ...200717587802
amitriptyline induces early growth response-1 gene expression via erk and jnk mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in rat c6 glial cells.astrocytes play important roles in guiding the construction of the nervous system, controlling extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, and regulating cns synaptogenesis. egr-1 is a transcription factor involved in neuronal differentiation and astrocyte cell proliferation. in this study, we investigated whether the tricyclic antidepressant (tca) amitriptyline induces egr-1 expression in astrocytes using rat c6 glioma cells as a model. we found that amitriptyline increased the expression of egr- ...200717590509
alternatively spliced isoforms of the human elk-1 mrna within the 5' utr: implications for elk-1 expression.the expression of cellular proteins that play central roles in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation is frequently tightly controlled at the level of translation initiation. in this article, we provide evidence that the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 forms part of this class of genes. its mrna 5' utr is composed of a complexed mosaic of elements, including uaugs, uorfs and rna structure, that interplay to modulate ribosomal access to the elk-1 aug start codon. superimposed upo ...200717591614
landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system.because some native ungulates have lived without top predators for generations, it has been uncertain whether runaway predation would occur when predators are newly restored to these systems. we show that landscape features and vegetation, which influence predator detection and capture of prey, shape large-scale patterns of predation in a newly restored predator-prey system. we analysed the spatial distribution of wolf (canis lupus) predation on elk (cervus elaphus) on the northern range of yell ...200717594424
abomasal nematodes of the red deer cervus elaphus in north-eastern italy.the composition of the abomasal helminth fauna and parasite diversity were studied in 298 red deer collected during 1997-2000 from three different sectors (bolzano, trento and sondrio provinces) of the stelvio national park, one of the main protected areas of north-eastern italy. the association between parasite burdens and geographical areas of the hosts was assessed using the negative binomial regression. a variety of abomasal helminths, both host specific and generalist, was found in all sect ...200717594740
role of non-phosphorylated activation loop residues in determining erk2 dephosphorylation, activity, and subcellular localization.extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) activity is regulated by mapk/erk kinases (meks), which phosphorylate the regulatory tyr and thr residues in erks activation loop, and by various phosphatases that remove the incorporated phosphates. although the role of the phosphorylated residues in the activation loop of erks is well studied, much less is known about the role of other residues within this loop. here we substituted several residues within amino acids 173-177 of erk2 and studied the ...200717597065
sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer.evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection. evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection. however, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than th ...200717597758
up-regulation of early growth response gene 1 (egr-1) via erk1/2 signals attenuates sulindac sulfide-mediated cytotoxicity in the human intestinal epithelial cells.non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are used to relieve pain and inflammation and have also received considerable attention because of their preventive effects against human cancer. however, the drug application is sometimes limited by the severe gastrointestinal ulcers and mucosal complications. in the present study, nsaid sulindac sulfide was investigated for the cytotoxic injury in the intestinal epithelial cells in association with an immediate inducible factor, early growth respo ...200717599376
transmission and adaptation of chronic wasting disease to hamsters and transgenic mice: evidence for strains.in vitro screening using the cell-free prion protein conversion system indicated that certain rodents may be susceptible to chronic wasting disease (cwd). therefore, cwd isolates from mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk were inoculated intracerebrally into various rodent species to assess the rodents' susceptibility and to develop new rodent models of cwd. the species inoculated were syrian golden, djungarian, chinese, siberian, and armenian hamsters, transgenic mice expressing the syrian gold ...200717287284
multiscale wolf predation risk for elk: does migration reduce risk?while migration is hypothesized to reduce predation risk for ungulates, there have been few direct empirical tests of this hypothesis. furthermore, few studies examined multiscale predation risk avoidance by migrant ungulates, yet recent research reveals that predator-prey interactions occur at multiple scales. we test the predation risk reduction hypothesis at two spatial scales in a partially migratory elk (cervus elaphus) population by comparing exposure of migrant and resident elk to wolf (c ...200717287955
the spread of prions through the body in naturally acquired transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by unconventional pathogens and affect the central nervous system of animals and humans. several different forms of these diseases result from natural infection (i.e. exposure to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents or prions, present in the natural environment of the respective host). this holds true also for scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, chronic wasting disea ...200717288548
rev7/mad2b links c-jun n-terminal protein kinase pathway signaling to activation of the transcription factor elk-1.the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases represent one of the most important classes of signaling cascades that are used by eukaryotic cells to sense extracellular signals. one of the major responses to these cascades is a change in cellular gene expression profiles mediated through the direct targeting of transcriptional regulators, such as the transcription factor elk-1. here we have identified human rev7 (hrev7)/mad2b/mad2l2 as an interaction partner for elk-1 and demonstrate that hrev7 ac ...200717296730
differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine on elk-1 in rat hippocampus.transcriptional regulation is central to the long-term effects of drugs of abuse. activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk1/2) pathway underlies plasticity changes that accompany drug use. one target of erk1/2 activation is the ets-like transcription factor elk-1. we show here that nicotine modulates elk-1 in the rat hippocampus in a spatially and temporally specific manner. in-vitro nicotine (1 mum) activated elk-1 in hippocampal slices. in-vivo acute nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) ac ...200717301675
climate, food, density and wildlife population growth rate.1. the aim of this study was to derive and evaluate a priori models of the relationship between annual instantaneous population growth rate (r) and climate. these were derived from the numerical response of annual r and food, and the effect of climate on a parameter in the numerical response. the goodness of fit of a range of such deductive models to data on annual r of soay sheep and red deer were evaluated using information-theoretic (aicc-based) analyses. 2. the analysis for sheep annual r sh ...200717302843
the relationship between tooth wear, habitat quality and late-life reproduction in a wild red deer population.1. molar tooth wear is considered an important proximate mechanism driving patterns of senescence in ungulates but few studies have investigated the causes of variation in molar wear or their consequences for reproductive success. 2. in this study, we assessed molar tooth wear at death among red deer cervus elaphus of known age on the isle of rum, scotland. 3. first molar height showed a decelerating decline with age. in females, the rates of molar wear with age varied with location of home rang ...200717302848
predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of elk.elk (cervus elaphus) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem alter patterns of aggregation, habitat selection, vigilance, and foraging in the presence of wolves (canis lupus). antipredator behaviors like these can reduce predation risk but are also likely to carry costs. data from five elk populations studied for 16 site years showed that progesterone concentrations (from 1489 fecal samples) declined with the ratio of elk to wolves. in turn, progesterone concentrations were a good predictor of calf ...200717303746
revising how the computer program cervus accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment.genotypes are frequently used to identify parentage. such analysis is notoriously vulnerable to genotyping error, and there is ongoing debate regarding how to solve this problem. many scientists have used the computer program cervus to estimate parentage, and have taken advantage of its option to allow for genotyping error. in this study, we show that the likelihood equations used by versions 1.0 and 2.0 of cervus to accommodate genotyping error miscalculate the probability of observing an erron ...200717305863
tamoxifen-induced activation of p21waf1/cip1 gene transcription is mediated by early growth response-1 protein through the jnk and p38 map kinase/elk-1 cascades in mda-mb-361 breast carcinoma cells.tamoxifen (tam) is a synthetic non-steroidal anti-estrogen compound that is widely used as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for treatment and prevention of breast cancer. unfortunately, prolonged treatment with tam causes tam-responsive tumors to become tam resistant through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. to develop novel anti-breast cancer agents that are therapeutically superior to tam, we must first fully understand the biological effects of tam. in this study, we found that tam treatment of ...200717307334
resistance to chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice expressing a naturally occurring allelic variant of deer prion protein.prion protein (prp) is a required factor for susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion diseases. in transgenic mice, expression of prion protein (prp) from another species often confers susceptibility to prion disease from that donor species. for example, expression of deer or elk prp in transgenic mice has induced susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd), the prion disease of cervids. in the current experiments, transgenic mice expressing two naturally occurring ...200717314157
the distribution of the growth factors fgf-2 and vegf, and their receptors, in growing red deer antler.the cellular distributions of the growth factors fgf-2 and vegf, and their receptors fgfr1, fgfr2 and fgfr3, and vegfr-2 respectively, were visualized by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy in sections of growing red deer antler. both of these signalling systems were widely expressed in the integument and osteocartilaginous compartments. fgf-2 was found in the same cells as all three fgfrs, indicating that fgf signalling may be principally autocrine. the patterns of labelling for vegf and ...200717316726
technical note: preorbital gland opening in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves as an indicator of stress.the opening of the preorbital gland of red deer (cervus elaphus) calves has been previously associated with feeding and satiety. however, it has been suggested to be most likely affected by some other factor or factors, possibly by excitement of the calf. if so, a calf should open its preorbital gland while being exposed to any stressful procedure. the hypothesis was tested that the preorbital gland is closed in a relaxed calf, whereas it is opened in a stressed calf. preorbital opening was obse ...200717040951
tbp is differentially regulated by c-jun n-terminal kinase 1 (jnk1) and jnk2 through elk-1, controlling c-jun expression and cell proliferation.emerging evidence supports the idea that the c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) possess overlapping but distinct functions. the potential roles of the ubiquitously expressed jnk1 and jnk2 in regulating expression of the central transcription initiation factor, tata-binding protein (tbp), were examined. relative to wild-type fibroblasts, tbp was decreased in jnk1(-/-) cells and increased in jnk2(-/-) cells. similarly, reduction of jnk1 in human hepatoma cells decreased tbp expression, whereas reduct ...200717074809
copper and the prion protein: methods, structures, function, and disease.the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) arise from conversion of the membrane-bound prion protein from prp(c) to prp(sc). examples of the tses include mad cow disease, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, scrapie in goats and sheep, and kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans. although the precise function of prp(c) in healthy tissues is not known, recent research demonstrates that it binds cu(ii) in an unusual and highly conserved region of the protein termed the octarepea ...200717076634
molecular detection and characterization of piroplasms infecting cervids and chamois in northern spain.wildlife can act as reservoir of different tick-borne pathogens of veterinary and zoonotic importance. to investigate the role of wild ruminants as reservoir of piroplasm infection, 28 red deer, 69 roe deer and 38 chamois from northern spain were examined by reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization. the survey detected a prevalence of 85.7% in red deer, 62.3% in roe deer and 28.9% in chamois. four different piroplasms were identified: theileria sp. ot3 (previously described in sheep) as the most pr ...200717076924
sperm characteristics and dna integrity of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal spermatozoa frozen in the presence of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.the main goal of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants on cryopreservation injuries to red deer epididymal spermatozoa. in experiment 1, the effects on sperm freezability of the enzymatic antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase, and a combination thereof were studied. in experiment 2, sperm cryoresistance was evaluated when different nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as vitamin e, vitamin c, and butylated hydroxytoluene (bht), ...200717079744
mek1/2 inhibition attenuates vascular eta and etb receptor alterations after cerebral ischaemia.cerebral ischaemia is associated with elevated levels of endothelin b (etb) receptors in the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (mca). this up-regulation of et receptors occurs via de novo transcription involving mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk). the aim of this study was to examine the effect of inhibition of the map kinase/erk kinase (mek)1/2 on et receptor alteration, brain damage, and neurology in experimental cerebral ischaemia. transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao) was ...200717091294
sequential decision-making in a variable environment: modeling elk movement in yellowstone national park as a dynamic game.we develop a suite of models with varying complexity to predict elk movement behavior during the winter on the northern range of yellowstone national park (ynp). the models range from a simple representation of optimal patch choice to a dynamic game, and we show how the underlying theory in each is related by the presence or absence of state- and frequency-dependence. we compare predictions from each of the models for three variables that are of basic and applied interest: elk survival, aggregat ...200717109906
parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand encodes a variant of viral vascular endothelial growth factor.parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz), a species of the parapoxvirus genus, causes scabby lesions on the skin and the velvet of red deer. the three other species of the genus have each been shown to encode homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf). we report here that pvnz strain rd86 also encodes a vegf and that the predicted pvnz protein shows only 37-54% amino acid identity to vegfs encoded by the other species of the genus. despite this extensive sequence divergence, ass ...200717109982
ethanol-induced modulation of hepatocellular extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 activity via 4-hydroxynonenal.modulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk-1/2), a signaling pathway directly associated with cell proliferation, survival, and homeostasis, has been implicated in several pathologies, including alcoholic liver disease. however, the underlying mechanism of ethanol-induced erk-1/2 modulation remains unknown. this investigation explored the effects of ethanol-associated oxidative stress on constitutive hepatic erk-1/2 activity and assessed the contribution of the lipid peroxidat ...200717107949
brief review on the epidemiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse).transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) form a group of human and animal diseases that share common features such as (a) distinct pathological lesions in the central nervous system, (b) transmissibility at least in experimental settings, and (c) a long incubation period. considerable differences exist in the host range of individual tses, their routes of transmission, and factors influencing the host susceptibility (such as genotype). the objective of this review was to briefly describe ...200717126962
identification of differentially expressed genes in the developing antler of red deer cervus elaphus.understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying bone development is a fundamental and fascinating problem in developmental biology, with significant medical implications. here, we have identified the expression patterns for 36 genes that were characteristic or dominant in the consecutive cell differentiation zones (mesenchyme, precartilage, cartilage) of the tip section of the developing velvet antler of red deer cervus elaphus. two major functional groups of these genes clearly outlined: six ...200717131158
extender osmolality and sugar supplementation exert a complex effect on the cryopreservation of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal spermatozoa.we have carried out two experiments to study the cryobiology of red deer epididymal spermatozoa and to improve freezing extenders: (1) effect of extender (tris-citrate-fructose) osmolality (300-600 mosm/kg), and (2) effect of sugar (0.4m) supplementation to the extender (no sugar, glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, threalose and raffinose). sperm quality was assessed pre-freezing, post-thawing, and after 2h at 37 degrees c post-thawing: sperm motility index (smi), acrosome integrity a ...200717140651
the protein kinase c-eta isoform induces proliferation in glioblastoma cell lines through an erk/elk-1 pathway.glioblastoma multiforme (gbm) is the highest grade of astrocytoma. gbm pathogenesis has been linked to receptor tyrosine kinases and kinases further down signal-transduction pathways - in particular, members of the protein kinase c (pkc) family. the expression and activity of various pkc isoforms are increased in malignant astrocytomas, but not in non-neoplastic astrocytes. this suggests that pkc activity contributes to tumor progression. the level of pkc-eta expressed correlates with the degree ...200717146445
novel aspects of prions, their receptor molecules, and innovative approaches for tse therapy.1. prion diseases are a group of rare, fatal neurodegenerative diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), that affect both animals and humans and include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in cattle, scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk, and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans. tses are usually rapidly progressive and clinical symptoms comprise dementia and loss of movement coordination due to the accumulation of an abnormal iso ...200717151946
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal adduction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) and the inhibition of hepatocyte erk-est-like protein-1-activating protein-1 signal transduction.4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-hne) is a major lipid peroxidation (lpo) product formed during oxidative stress. 4-hne is highly reactive toward cellular nucleophiles and is implicated in the evolution of numerous pathologies associated with oxidative stress and lpo. recent evidence suggests that chronic prooxidant exposure results in the loss of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)-1/2 phosphorylation in vivo, a signaling pathway associated with cellular proliferation, survival, and homeostasis. ...200717164404
molecular phylogeny of the filaria genus onchocerca with special emphasis on afrotropical human and bovine parasites.filarial parasites of the genus onchocerca are found in a broad spectrum of ungulate hosts. one species, o. volvulus, is a human parasite that can cause severe disease (onchocerciasis or 'river blindness'). the phylogenetic relationships and the bionomics of many of the nearly 30 known species remain dubious. here, the phylogeny of 11 species representing most major lineages of the genus is investigated by analysing dna sequences from three mitochondrial genes (nd5, 12s and 16s rrna) and portion ...200717174932
activation of mapks by 1alpha,25(oh)2-vitamin d3 and 17beta-estradiol in skeletal muscle cells leads to phosphorylation of elk-1 and creb transcription factors.the mitogen activated protein kinases (mapks) have been classified into at least six subfamilies, among which erk1/2, jnk1/2 and p38 mapk are the most extensively studied. the steroid hormones 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin d(3) and 17beta-estradiol promote biological responses through activation of mapk cascades in various cell types. we previously reported that 1alpha,25(oh)(2)d(3) rapidly (within 1 min) activates p38 mapk in c2c12 skeletal muscle cells. in this work, using the same muscle cell l ...200717197172
serum response factor binding sites differ in three human cell types.the serum response factor (srf) is essential for embryonic development and maintenance of muscle cells and neurons. the mechanism by which this factor controls these divergent pathways is unclear. here we present a genome-wide view of occupancy of srf at its binding sites with a focus on those that vary with cell type. we used chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) in combination with human promoter microarrays to identify 216 putative srf binding sites in the human genome. we performed independen ...200717200232
ras/erk1/2-mediated stat3 ser727 phosphorylation by familial medullary thyroid carcinoma-associated ret mutants induces full activation of stat3 and is required for c-fos promoter activation, cell mitogenicity, and transformation.the precise role of stat3 ser(727) phosphorylation in ret-mediated cell transformation and oncogenesis is not well understood. in this study, we have shown that familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (fmtc) mutants ret(y791f) and ret(s891a) induced, in addition to tyr(705) phosphorylation, constitutive stat3 ser(727) phosphorylation. using inhibitors and dominant negative constructs, we have demonstrated that ret(y791f) and ret(s891a) induce stat3 ser(727) phosphorylation via a canonical ras/erk1/ ...200717209045
hoxa1-stimulated oncogenicity is mediated by selective upregulation of components of the p44/42 map kinase pathway in human mammary carcinoma cells.expression of homeobox a1 (hoxa1) results in oncogenic transformation of immortalized human mammary epithelial cells with aggressive tumor formation in vivo. however, the mechanisms by which hoxa1 mediates oncogenic transformation is not well defined. to identify molecules that could potentially be involved in hoxa1-mediated oncogenic transformation, microarray analysis was utilized to characterize and compare the gene expression pattern in response to forced expression or depletion of hoxa1 in ...200717213808
nerve growth factor mrna expression in the regenerating antler tip of red deer (cervus elaphus).deer antlers are the only mammalian organs that can fully regenerate each year. during their growth phase, antlers of red deer extend at a rate of approximately 10 mm/day, a growth rate matched by the antler nerves. it was demonstrated in a previous study that extracts from deer velvet antler can promote neurite outgrowth from neural explants, suggesting a possible role for nerve growth factor (ngf) in antler innervation. here we showed using the techniques of northern blot analysis, denervation ...200717215957
chronic wasting disease.until recently, chronic wasting disease of cervids, the only prion disease affecting wildlife, was believed to be geographically concentrated to colorado and wyoming within the united states. however, increased surveillance has unveiled several additional pockets of cwd-infected deer and elk in 12 additional states and 2 canadian provinces. deer and elk with cwd have extensive aggregates of prp(sc) not only in the central nervous system, but also in peripheral lymphoid tissues, skeletal muscle, ...200717223321
fly-casting in protein-dna binding: frustration between protein folding and electrostatics facilitates target recognition. 200717243791
dna-independent parp-1 activation by phosphorylated erk2 increases elk1 activity: a link to histone acetylation.polyadp-ribose polymerases (parps) catalyze a posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins by polyadp-ribosylation. the catalytic activity of the abundant nuclear protein parp-1 is stimulated by dna strand breaks, and parp-1 activation is required for initiation of dna repair. here we show that parp-1 also acts within extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling cascade that mediates growth and differentiation. the findings reveal an alternative mode of parp-1 activation, which do ...200717244536
presence of shiga toxin-producing e. coli o157:h7 in a survey of wild artiodactyls.this study was carried out to evaluate the role of wild artiodactyls as reservoirs of escherichia coli o157:h7 for livestock and humans. retroanal mucosal swabs samples from 206 red deer (cervus elaphus), 20 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 6 fallow deer (dama dama) and 11 mouflon (ovis musimon), collected during the hunting season (autumn-winter) in south-western spain, were screened. samples were pre-enriched in modified buffered peptone water, concentrated by an immunomagnetic separation techn ...200717229534
identification of dok-4b, a dok-4 splice variant with enhanced inhibitory properties.dok adapter proteins have been primarily implicated in negative regulation of tyrosine kinase signaling, but dok-4 has been reported to exert both inhibitory and stimulatory effects. we have identified a splice variant of dok-4, dok-4b, which contains a 39 aa insert within the its c-terminal region. the approximately 45kda dok-4b protein was detected in several human epithelial cell lines. based on genomic sequences, dok-4b was also predicted to exist in primates and possibly bovines, but not in ...200717258175
wolf reintroduction to scotland: public attitudes and consequences for red deer management.reintroductions are important tools for the conservation of individual species, but recently more attention has been paid to the restoration of ecosystem function, and to the importance of carrying out a full risk assessment prior to any reintroduction programme. in much of the highlands of scotland, wolves (canis lupus) were eradicated by 1769, but there are currently proposals for them to be reintroduced. their main wild prey if reintroduced would be red deer (cervus elaphus). red deer are the ...200717264063
nuclear factor activation by fcgammar in human peripheral blood neutrophils detected by a novel flow cytometry-based method.in mammals, neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes. neutrophils are short-lived cells presenting at least two important transcriptionally regulated cellular responses, initiated by cell activation: the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inhibition of apoptosis. the study of transcriptionally regulated processes in these cells cannot be approached through conventional reporter gene strategies, as there are currently not available methods for neutrophil transfection ...200717266982
a biomechanical comparison of kyphoplasty using a balloon bone tamp versus an expandable polymer bone tamp in a deer spine model.we performed a biomechanical study to compare the augmentation of isolated fractured vertebral bodies using two different bone tamps. compression fractures were created in 21 vertebral bodies harvested from red deer after determining their initial strength and stiffness, which was then assessed after standardised bipedicular vertebral augmentation using a balloon or an expandable polymer bone tamp. the median strength and stiffness of the balloon bone tamp group was 6.71 kn (sd 2.71) and 1.885 k ...200717322448
antibody responses are generated to immunodominant elk/kle-type motifs on the nonstructural-1 glycoprotein during live dengue virus infections in mice and humans: implications for diagnosis, pathogenesis, and vaccine design.antibodies generated to the purified dengue type 2 virus (d-2v) nonstructural-1 (ns1) protein in mice and rabbits were compared with those generated to this protein in congeneic (h-2 class ii) mouse strains and humans after d-2v infections. unlike the profiles observed with the rabbits, similar antibody reaction profiles were generated by mice and humans with severe d-2v disease (dengue hemorrhagic fever [dhf]/dengue shock syndrome [dss]). many of these epitopes contained the core acidic-hydroph ...200717329445
evaluation of an ovarian synchronization scheme for fixed-time artificial insemination in wapiti.the ovarian response to an empirically derived treatment protocol used commercially for fixed-time insemination in wapiti (cervus elaphus) was evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography in hinds during transition into the ovulatory season. on september 29, hinds (n=7) were given an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (cidr-b, 1.9 g of progesterone) or left untreated (controls, n=9). fourteen days later, hinds in the treated group were given 200 iu ecg and the cidr was removed. hinds in the ...200717331570
h3 histamine receptor agonist inhibits biliary growth of bdl rats by downregulation of the camp-dependent pka/erk1/2/elk-1 pathway.histamine regulates many functions by binding to four histamine g-coupled receptor proteins (h1r, h2r, h3r and h4r). as h3r exerts their effects by coupling to galpha(i/o) proteins reducing adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (camp) levels (a key player in the modulation of cholangiocyte hyperplasia/damage), we evaluated the role of h3r in the regulation of biliary growth. we posed the following questions: (1) do cholangiocytes express h3r? (2) does in vivo administration of (r)-(alpha)-(-)-methylhis ...200717334413
experimental infections in young red deer (cervus elaphus) with a bovine and an ovine strain of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.to compare the virulence of a 'bovine' and an 'ovine' strain of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. ptb) in red deer (cervus elaphus) after experimental inoculation orally, and to examine the relationship between the dose of the bovine strain given and immunological, clinical and histopathological outcomes in young red deer.200717339913
sex, age, spleen size, and kidney fat of red deer relative to infection intensities of the lungworm elaphostrongylus cervi.we analyzed the relationships among spleen size, body condition (measured as kidney fat), and larval counts of the nematode elaphostrongylus cervi in red deer (cervus elaphus). the aim was to investigate the interaction between host body condition and intensity of infection with parasites. as red deer are highly polygynous, we also tested whether these relationships varied with sex and age of the hosts. kidney fat and spleen size were positively correlated in subadults (2-3 years old) and adults ...200717340117
rap1/b-raf signaling is activated in neuroendocrine tumors of the digestive tract and raf kinase inhibition constitutes a putative therapeutic target.molecular pathogenesis of digestive neuroendocrine tumors (dnets) is largely unknown. recently, the serine-threonine kinase b-raf was identified as an oncogene in endocrine cancer such as thyroid carcinoma. in endocrine cells, the small g-protein rap1 stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling by activating b-raf. we examined the expression of rap1 and b-raf in dnets and their contribution to mapk signaling in neuroendocrine cell lines. in addition, we explored the effect of su ...200717341847
mineral deficiencies in tule elk, owens valley, california.male tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) are susceptible to high rates of antler breakage in owens valley, california. we hypothesized that a mineral deficiency in the diet predisposed male elk to antler breakage. we analyzed elk antler, liver, and forage samples to identify mineral imbalances. we compared the mineral content of livers and antlers from elk in owens valley to samples taken from tule elk at grizzly island wildlife area, a population experiencing normal rates (<5%) of antler breakag ...200717347394
structural and functional diversity of the microbial kinome.the eukaryotic protein kinase (epk) domain mediates the majority of signaling and coordination of complex events in eukaryotes. by contrast, most bacterial signaling is thought to occur through structurally unrelated histidine kinases, though some epk-like kinases (elks) and small molecule kinases are known in bacteria. our analysis of the global ocean sampling (gos) dataset reveals that elks are as prevalent as histidine kinases and may play an equally important role in prokaryotic behavior. by ...200717355172
downregulation of cuzn-superoxide dismutase contributes to beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated oxidative stress in the heart.sustained beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-ar) activation augments oxidative stress in the heart; whether alterations in antioxidant enzymes contribute to this effect is unknown.200717362897
mek/erk signaling controls osmoregulation of nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc by transactivation of tonebp/orebp.earlier studies have shown that intervertebral disc cells express tonebp, a transcription factor that permits adaptation to osmotic stress and regulates aggrecan gene expression. however, the mechanism of hyperosmotic activation of tonebp in disc cells is not known. results of this study show that hypertonic activation of erk signaling regulates transactivation activity of tonebp, modulating its function.200717371162
non-destructive characterization of deer (cervus elaphus) antlers by x-ray microtomography coupled with image analysis.x-ray microtomography coupled with image analysis was tested as a non-destructive alternative method for the textural characterization of the trabecular part of deer antlers (cervus elaphus). as gas adsorption and mercury intrusion cannot be applied on this soft and spongy material, its pore texture was, up to now, determined from histological sections that give only two-dimensional information. in this work, x-ray microtomography is used to scan entire or half pieces of antlers and three-dimens ...200717371448
sprouty2 regulates growth and differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells through ret tyrosine kinase.the sprouty (spry) family of proteins includes important regulators of downstream signaling initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. in the present study, we investigated the role of spry proteins in intracellular signaling via the ret receptor tyrosine kinase activated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf). expression of spry1, spry2, spry3 and spry4 in hek293t cells transfected with ret and gdnf receptor family alpha1 (gfralpha1) genes significantly reduced sustained erk activat ...200717388787
influence of a large herbivore reintroduction on plant invasions and community composition in a california grassland.despite many successful reintroductions of large mammalian herbivores throughout the world, remarkably little attention has focused on how these actions affect native and exotic vegetation at reintroduction sites. one such herbivore is tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes), which was on the brink of extinction in the mid 1800s, but now has numerous stable populations due to intensive reintroduction efforts. here, we summarize results from a 5-year exclosure experiment that explored the effects of t ...200717391201
the importance of parasite life history and host density in predicting the impact of infections in red deer.we studied a macroparasite (elaphostrongylus cervi, nematoda) and a microparasite infection (tuberculosis, tb) in red deer (cervus elaphus) across different populations where managers manipulated host condition, density and aggregation by providing supplemental food. we aimed to test whether and, if so, how persistence and transmission of both parasites differentially varied as host body condition and population density varied. we took account of sex, as red deer life history greatly concerns se ...200717401583
biliary epithelial cell antibodies link adaptive and innate immune responses in primary sclerosing cholangitis.primary sclerosing cholangitis (psc) is an autoimmune liver disease with destruction of hepatic bile ducts. a high frequency of biliary epithelial cell antibodies (bec-ab) is present in psc. here, we studied the mechanisms and signaling pathways used by these ab in causing bec dysfunction.200717408653
efficacy, distribution and faecal excretion of copper oxide wire particles in a novel bolus in red deer (cervus elaphus).to determine the efficacy of a novel copper oxide wire particle (cowp) formulation in elevating concentrations of copper (cu) in the liver and serum of red deer (cervus elaphus), and to investigate the distribution of particles in the gastrointestinal tract and the rate of their excretion in faeces.200717410215
transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and extracellular matrix-regulating genes in cerebral arteries following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. laboratory investigation.subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) results in the expression of inflammatory and extracellular matrix (ecm)-related genes and various g protein-coupled receptors. in the present study, the authors evaluated the time course and sequence of the transduction pathways, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and 2 (erk1/2), and associated transcription factor activation as well as gene regulation and associated protein levels.200717977275
raf signaling but not the erk effector sap-1 is required for regulatory t cell development.regulatory t cells (t(reg)) play an important role in immune regulation. their development in the thymus requires tcr activation and recognition of peptide-mhc, although the downstream signals controlling commitment to the lineage are unclear. to compare the requirements for positive selection and t(reg) development, we studied knockout and transgenic mice defective in raf signaling and the erk effector srf accessory protein 1 (sap-1), a member of the ternary complex factor family of ets domain ...200717982074
sexual selection and senescence: male size-dimorphic ungulates evolved relatively smaller molars than females.as a general rule, males of sexually dimorphic ungulate species have evolved larger body size than females but shorter reproductive life spans as elements of their strategy for intrasexual competition for mating opportunities. evolutionary theories of senescence predict that the durability of somatic structures should relate to the length of reproductive life span. this prediction has recently been tested for red deer (cervus elaphus): molariform teeth of males are smaller and less durable than ...200717879188
late endosomal traffic of the epidermal growth factor receptor ensures spatial and temporal fidelity of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling is regulated by assembling distinct scaffold complexes at the plasma membrane and on endosomes. thus, spatial resolution might be critical to determine signaling specificity. therefore, we investigated whether epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) traffic through the endosomal system provides spatial information for mapk signaling. to mislocalize late endosomes to the cell periphery we used the dynein subunit p50 dynamitin. the peripheral trans ...200717881733
species barriers for chronic wasting disease by in vitro conversion of prion protein.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that can affect north american cervids (deer, elk, and moose). using a novel in vitro conversion system based on incubation of prions with normal brain homogenates, we now report that prp(cwd) of elk can readily induce the conversion of normal cervid prp (prp(c)) molecules to a protease-resistant form, but is less efficient in converting the prp(c) of other species, such as human, bovine, hamster, and mouse. however, when ...200717964288
activation of the human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 long terminal repeat by the ternary complex factor elk-1.serum response factor (srf) was recently shown to bind and activate the human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1) promoter at bases -116 to -125 relative to the transcription start site. in addition to the srf binding site (carg box), serum response elements (sre) also typically contain a binding site for a member of the ternary complex factor (tcf) family. here we demonstrate the presence of two tcf binding sites upstream of the viral carg box. binding of the tcf family member elk-1 to these ...200717898074
isolation and characterisation of a ruminant alphaherpesvirus closely related to bovine herpesvirus 1 in a free-ranging red deer.the genus varicellovirus of the herpesviridae subfamily alphaherpesvirinae includes a cluster of viruses antigenically and genetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1): namely bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5), bubaline herpesvirus 1 (buhv-1), caprine herpesvirus 1 (cphv-1), cervid herpesviruses 1 (cvhv-1) and 2 (cvhv-2) and elk herpesvirus 1 (elkhv-1). considering the serological relationship between these ruminant alphaherpesviruses, several surveys have studied the occurrence of bohv-1 re ...200717903260
willow on yellowstone's northern range: evidence for a trophic cascade?reintroduction of wolves (canis lupus) to yellowstone national park in 1995-1996 has been argued to promote a trophic cascade by altering elk (cervus elaphus) density, habitat-selection patterns, and behavior that, in turn, could lead to changes within the plant communities used by elk. we sampled two species of willow (salix boothii and s. geyeriana) on the northern winter range to determine whether (1) there was quantitative evidence of increased willow growth following wolf reintroduction, (2 ...200717913123
hydrologic regime and herbivory stabilize an alternative state in yellowstone national park.a decline in the stature and abundance of willows during the 20th century occurred throughout the northern range of yellowstone national park, where riparian woody-plant communities are key components in multiple-trophic-level interactions. the potential causes of willow decline include climate change, increased elk browsing coincident with the loss of an apex predator, the gray wolf, and an absence of habitat engineering by beavers. the goal of this study was to determine the spatial and tempor ...200717913124
evaluating prey switching in wolf-ungulate systems.wolf restoration has become a widely accepted conservation and management practice throughout north america and europe, though the ecosystem effects of returning top carnivores remain both scientific and societal controversies. mathematical models predicting and describing wolf-ungulate interactions are typically limited to the wolves' primary prey, with the potential for prey switching in wolf-multiple-ungulate systems only suggested or assumed by a number of investigators. we used insights gai ...200717913125
irruptive population dynamics in yellowstone pronghorn.irruptive population dynamics appear to be widespread in large herbivore populations, but there are few empirical examples from long time series with small measurement error and minimal harvests. we analyzed an 89-year time series of counts and known removals for pronghorn (antilocapra americana) in yellowstone national park of the western united states during 1918-2006 using a suite of density-dependent, density-independent, and irruptive models to determine if the population exhibited irruptiv ...200717913126
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