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household dengue prevention interventions, expenditures, and barriers to aedes aegypti control in machala, ecuador.the aedes aegypti mosquito is an efficient vector for the transmission of zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses, causing major epidemics and a significant social and economic burden throughout the tropics and subtropics. the primary means of preventing these diseases is household-level mosquito control. however, relatively little is known about the economic burden of ae. aegypti control in resource-limited communities. we surveyed residents from 40 households in a high-risk community at the urba ...201728212349
[zika virus infection in pregnancy].the zika virus is a flavivirus spread by mosquitoes. its primary vectors are the aedes aegypti and the aedes albopictus. before 2007 it sporadically caused benign morbidity. since 2015, it started spreading "explosively" in america, especially in brazil. in august 2016 they reported cases from new york and poland, too. most of the infections don't produce any symptoms, but can cause grave complications. the most important lesion is microcephalia that forms in fetuses. microcephalia's most seriou ...201728393598
new records of aedes aegypti in southern oklahoma, 2016.aedes aegypti is an important subtropical vector species and is predicted to have a limited year-round distribution in the southern united states. collection of the species has not been officially verified in oklahoma since 1940. adult mosquitoes were collected in 42 sites across 7 different cities in oklahoma using 3 different mosquito traps between may and september 2016. between july and september 2016, 88 ae. aegypti adults were collected at 18 different sites in 4 different cities across so ...201728388329
does zika virus cause microcephaly - applying the bradford hill viewpoints.zika virus has been documented since 1952, but been associated with mild, self-limiting disease. zika virus is classified as an arbovirus from a family of flaviviridae and primarily spread by aedes aegypti mosquitos. however, in a large outbreak in brazil in 2015, zika virus has been associated with microcephaly.201728357156
host-virus interaction of zika virus in modulating disease pathogenesis.the zika virus (zikv) is a newly emerging pathogen that has resulted in a worldwide epidemic. it primarily spreads either through infected aedes aegypti or aedes albopictus mosquitos leading to severe neurological disorders such as microcephaly and guillain-barré syndrome in susceptible individuals. the mode of zikv entry into specific cell types such as: epidermal keratinocytes, fibroblasts, immature dendritic cells (idcs), and stem-cell-derived human neural progenitors has been determined thro ...201728349242
an integrated approach for the assessment of the aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus global spatial distribution, and determination of the zones susceptible to the development of zika virus.the zika virus, one of the new epidemic diseases, is reported to have affected millions of people in the past year. the suitable climate conditions of the areas where zika virus has been reported, especially in areas with a high population density, are the main cause of the current outbreak and spread of the disease. indeed, the suitable climatic conditions of certain territories constitute perfect breading nest for the propagation and outbreak of worldwide diseases. the main objective of this r ...201728111132
experimental transmission of zika virus by mosquitoes from central europe.mosquitoes collected in germany in 2016, including culex pipiens pipiens biotype pipiens, culex torrentium and aedes albopictus, as well as culex pipiens pipiens biotype molestus (in colony since 2011) were experimentally infected with zika virus (zikv) at 18 °c or 27 °c. none of the culex taxa showed vector competence for zikv. in contrast, aedes albopictus were susceptible for zikv but only at 27 °c, with transmission rates similar to an aedes aegypti laboratory colony tested in parallel.201728106528
zika virus vector competency of mosquitoes, gulf coast, united states.zika virus has recently spread throughout the americas. although aedes aegypti mosquitoes are considered the primary vector, culex quinquefasciatus and mosquitoes of other species may also be vectors. we tested cx. quinquefasciatus and ae. taeniorhynchus mosquitoes from the us gulf coast; both were refractory to infection and incapable of transmission.201728005002
zika virus in asia.zika virus (zikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey in the zika forest in uganda in 1947. in asia, the virus was isolated in malaysia from aedes aegypti mosquitoes in 1966, and the first human infections were reported in 1977 in central java, indonesia. in this review, all reported cases of zikv infection in asia as of september 1, 2016 are summarized and some of the hypotheses that could currently explain the apparently low incidence of zi ...201727939768
flavivirus transmission focusing on zika.flaviviruses are among the most diverse viruses with over 85 species recognized. taxonomically, this genus is one of the 4 recognized genera within the family flaviviridae. most flaviviruses of human public health significance, for example, dengue, yellow fever and zika viruses, are arthropod-borne (arboviruses) and have two evolutionarily and ecologically distinct transmission cycles: a sylvatic transmission cycle, where the virus circulates between zoonotic vertebrate reservoir and amplificati ...201727936448
low circulation of zika virus, cambodia, 2007-2016.we describe a retrospective study on circulation of zika virus in cambodia during 2007-2016 among patients with dengue-like symptoms and aedes aegypti mosquitoes. our findings suggest that zika virus in cambodia belongs to the asia genotype, is endemic, has low prevalence, and has had low-level impact on public health.201727875110
sarniensine, a mesembrine-type alkaloid isolated from nerine sarniensis, an indigenous south african amaryllidaceae, with larvicidal and adulticidal activities against aedes aegypti.a new mesembrine-type alkaloid, named sarniensine, was isolated together with tazettine, lycorine, the main alkaloid, and 3-epimacronine from nerine sarniensis, with the last two produced for the first time by this plant. this amaryllidaceae, which is indigenous of south africa, was investigated for its alkaloid content, because the organic extract of its bulbs showed strong larvicidal activity with an lc50 value of 0.008μgμl(-1) against first instar aedes aegypti larvae and with an ld50 value 4 ...201727864138
understanding zika virus.this article describes what pediatric healthcare professionals should know about zika virus (zikv).201727862959
evaluation of larvicidal activity and ecotoxicity of linalool, methyl cinnamate and methyl cinnamate/linalool in combination against aedes aegypti.the frequent use of synthetic pesticides to control aedes aegypti population can lead to environmental and/or human contamination and the emergence of resistant insects. linalool and methyl cinnamate are presented as an alternative to the synthetic pesticides, since they can exhibit larvicidal, repellent and/or insecticidal activity and are considered safe for use. the aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of methyl cinnamate, linalool and methyl cinnamate/linalool in combina ...201728152405
collective behavior quantification on human odor effects against female aedes aegypti mosquitoes-open source development.classifying and quantifying mosquito activity includes a plethora of categories, ranging from measuring flight speeds, repellency, feeding rates, and specific behaviors such as home entry, swooping and resting, among others. entomologists have been progressing more toward using machine vision for efficiency for this endeavor. digital methods have been used to study the behavior of insects in labs, for instance via three-dimensional tracking with specialized cameras to observe the reaction of mos ...201728152031
molecular characterization and expression analysis of p38 mapk gene and protein in aquatic midge, chironomus riparius (diptera: chironomidae), exposed to environmental contaminants.p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk), an important signaling protein involved in various cellular processes, including stress responses, has been well characterized in model organisms. p38 has been identified in a number of insects, including the genus drosophila; however, its homologue in chironomus riparius has not yet been identified. in this study, we identified and characterized p38 mapk (crp38) gene in c. riparius using a transcriptome database that was previously generated 454 gs-f ...201728144697
toxicological evaluation of essential oil from the leaves of croton argyrophyllus (euphorbiaceae) on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and mus musculus (rodentia: muridae).plant-derived essential oils can be used as insecticides for vector control. however, to establish their safety, it is necessary to perform toxicological studies. herein, we evaluated the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves of croton argyrophyllus on the third- and fourth-instar larvae and adult aedes aegypti (l., 1762). we also evaluated the acute toxicity of the essential oil in adult female mus musculus the lethal concentration 50 (lc50) and 90 ...201728132021
[aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in bromeliads grown in the bauru municipal botanical gardens, são paulo, brazil].the aim of this study was to observe the occurrence of mosquito larvae, especially aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, in the tanks and axillae of bromeliads at the bauru municipal botanical gardens, são paulo, brazil, highlighting the epidemiological implications for the use of these plants. the majority of the larvae belonged to mosquitos from genus culex, with only occasional findings of a. aegypti and a. albopictus. the use of screens for protection of the plants, exposure to sunlight, and l ...201728125119
malpighian tubules as novel targets for mosquito control.the malpighian tubules and hindgut are the renal excretory tissues of mosquitoes; they are essential to maintaining hemolymph water and solute homeostasis. moreover, they make important contributions to detoxifying metabolic wastes and xenobiotics in the hemolymph. we have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of malpighian tubule function in adult female mosquitoes and developing chemical tools as prototypes for next-generation mosquitocides that would act via a novel mechanism of act ...201728125032
new pesticidal diterpenoids from vellozia gigantea (velloziaceae), an endemic neotropical plant living in the endangered brazilian biome rupestrian grasslands.vellozia gigantea is a rare, ancient, and endemic neotropical plant present in the brazilian rupestrian grasslands. the dichloromethane extract of v. gigantea adventitious roots was phytotoxic against lactuca sativa, agrostis stolonifera, and lemna paucicostata, and showed larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti. phytotoxicity bioassay-directed fractionation of the extract revealed one new isopimaradiene, 8(9),15-isopimaradien-1,3,7,11-tetraone, and three new cleistanthane diterpenoids, 7-oxo- ...201728117710
histone-derived pirna biogenesis depends on the ping-pong partners piwi5 and ago3 in aedes aegypti.the pirna pathway is of key importance in controlling transposable elements in most animal species. in the vector mosquito aedes aegypti, the presence of eight piwi proteins and the accumulation of viral pirnas upon arbovirus infection suggest additional functions of the pirna pathway beyond genome defense. to better understand the regulatory potential of this pathway, we analyzed in detail host-derived pirnas in a. aegypti aag2 cells. we show that a large repertoire of protein-coding genes and ...201728115625
pyrethroid resistance in malaysian populations of dengue vector aedes aegypti is mediated by cyp9 family of cytochrome p450 genes.dengue control and prevention rely heavily on insecticide-based interventions. however, insecticide resistance in the dengue vector aedes aegypti, threatens the continued effectiveness of these tools. the molecular basis of the resistance remains uncharacterised in many endemic countries including malaysia, preventing the design of evidence-based resistance management. here, we investigated the underlying molecular basis of multiple insecticide resistance in ae. aegypti populations across malays ...201728114328
first report of stegomyia aegypti (= aedes aegypti) in mexico city, mexico.stegomyia aegypti (= aedes aegypti) (diptera: culicidae) is a species of mosquito that is currently widespread in mexico. historically, the mosquito has been distributed across most tropical and subtropical areas lower than 1700 m a.s.l. currently, populations that are found at higher altitudes in regions with cold and dry climates suggest that these conditions do not limit the colonization and population growth of s. aegypti. during a survey of mosquitoes in september 2015, larvae of s. aegypti ...201728106260
proteomics informed by transcriptomics for characterising active transposable elements and genome annotation in aedes aegypti.aedes aegypti is a vector for the (re-)emerging human pathogens dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and zika viruses. almost half of the ae. aegypti genome is comprised of transposable elements (tes). transposons have been linked to diverse cellular processes, including the establishment of viral persistence in insects, an essential step in the transmission of vector-borne viruses. however, up until now it has not been possible to study the overall proteome derived from an organism's mobile geneti ...201728103802
mitigating diseases transmitted by aedes mosquitoes: a cluster-randomised trial of permethrin-impregnated school uniforms.viral diseases transmitted via aedes mosquitoes are on the rise, such as zika, dengue, and chikungunya. novel tools to mitigate aedes mosquitoes-transmitted diseases are urgently needed. we tested whether commercially insecticide-impregnated school uniforms can reduce dengue incidence in school children.201728103255
ecotoxicological effects of larvicide used in the control of aedes aegypti on nontarget organisms: redefining the use of pyriproxyfen.the continued widespread use of larvicides in aedes aegypti control programs is still a necessary strategy, since there are no apparent efficient vaccines against arboviruses. however, chemical approaches may affect nontarget organisms and produce detrimental effects to environmental health. therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct toxicity testing for pyriproxyfen at different concentrations using daphnia magna and artemia salina as model organisms to evaluate the ecotoxicological parame ...201728095184
excito-repellency of citrus hystrix dc leaf and peel essential oils against aedes aegypti and anopheles minimus (diptera: culicidae), vectors of human pathogens.the essential oils of kaffir lime (citrus hystrix dc.) at four different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% v/v) were studied for their repellency, excitation, and knockdown properties against laboratory strains of aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles minimus theobald using an excito-repellency test system. both contact and noncontact escape responses to leaf- and peel-derived kaffir lime oils were observed. comparing unadjusted escape responses for an. minimus, leaf oil had strong combined irr ...201728082646
toxicity and larvicidal activity of podophyllum-based lignans against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) is a mosquito species that has adapted to urban environments and is the main vector of dengue viruses. because of the increasing incidence of dengue, a more environmentally acceptable insecticide needs to be found. natural products have been and continue to be an important source of leading compounds that can be modified in order to develop new drugs. the lignan family of natural products includes compounds with a diverse spectrum of biological activity. pod ...201728082643
evaluation of clove oil, icaridin, and transfluthrin for spatial repellent effects in three tests systems against the aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).one essential oil (clove oil), one skin repellent (icaridin), and one insecticide (transfluthrin) were tested for spatial repellent effects against non-blood-fed female aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes. the compounds were tested in acetone dilution series using a y-olfactometer, a double cage system, and a double room system. all compounds exhibited spatial repellent effects at certain concentrations. clove oil required relative high dosages to cause high effects (y-olfactometer 6 mg, double cage 6 ...201728082642
egg hatching and survival of immature stages of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) under natural temperature conditions during the cold season in buenos aires, argentina.in temperate regions, the seasonal dynamics of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is mainly influenced by temperature. it is assumed that, during the winter season, the population remains as eggs and that the development and population growth of surviving eggs begin during the following spring. the aim of the current study was to assess egg hatching of ae. aegypti during the winter in buenos aires city (argentina), and analyze the survival of immature stages. the experiments consisted of im ...201728082637
learning in mosquito larvae (aedes aegypti): habituation to a visual danger signal.in spite of the mosquito aedes aegypti being a vector of several infectious diseases, a limited number of studies has been undertaken on learning in this species. moreover, larval stages have been neglected as model organisms, although they are active, aquatic and perform stereotyped behavioural responses, e.g. the escape response when disturbed. to study the learning abilities of mosquito larvae, we focused on habituation, a form of non-associative learning widely studied in vertebrates and inv ...201728077263
rna interference for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control.rna interference (rnai) is a powerful tool to silence endogenous mosquito and mosquito-borne pathogen genes in vivo. as the number of studies utilizing rnai in basic research grows, so too does the arsenal of physiological targets that can be developed into products that interrupt mosquito life cycles and behaviors and, thereby, relieve the burden of mosquitoes on human health and well-being. as this technology becomes more viable for use in beneficial and pest insect management in agricultural ...201728067782
the antiviral rnai response in vector and non-vector cells against orthobunyaviruses.vector arthropods control arbovirus replication and spread through antiviral innate immune responses including rna interference (rnai) pathways. arbovirus infections have been shown to induce the exogenous small interfering rna (sirna) and piwi-interacting rna (pirna) pathways, but direct antiviral activity by these host responses in mosquito cells has only been demonstrated against a limited number of positive-strand rna arboviruses. for bunyaviruses in general, the relative contribution of sma ...201728060823
bombyx mori and aedes aegypti form multi-functional immune complexes that integrate pattern recognition, melanization, coagulants, and hemocyte recruitment.the innate immune system of insects responds to wounding and pathogens by mobilizing multiple pathways that provide both systemic and localized protection. key localized responses in hemolymph include melanization, coagulation, and hemocyte encapsulation, which synergistically seal wounds and envelop and destroy pathogens. to be effective, these pathways require a targeted deposition of their components to provide protection without compromising the host. extensive research has identified a larg ...201728199361
meteorological variables and mosquito monitoring are good predictors for infestation trends of aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, chikungunya and zika.aedes aegypti is an important vector for arboviroses and widely distributed throughout the world. climatic factors can influence vector population dynamics and, consequently, disease transmission. the aim of this study was to characterize the temporal dynamics of an ae. aegypti population and dengue cases and to investigate the relationship between meteorological variables and mosquito infestation.201728193291
prevalence of dengue and diversity of cultivable bacteria in vector aedes aegypti (l.) from two dengue endemic districts, kanchanpur and parsa of nepal.dengue fever, an endemic arboviral disease, represents one of the major public health concerns in nepal. it is transmitted by bites of infected aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, the former being primary vector. the bacterial community plays a significant role in biology of mosquitoes; however, the bacterial communities of primary vector a. aegypti remain unstudied in nepal. the study was designed to determine the rate of dengue seropositivity and to explore the bacterial diversity of a. aegypt ...201728193261
leptolegnia chapmanii (straminipila: peronosporomycetes) as a future biorational tool for the control of aedes aegypti (l.).the aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge about leptolegnia chapmanii as a pathogen of mosquito larvae. to this end, we present data on its identification, distribution, host range and effects on non-target organisms, effects of environmental factors, in vitro growth, release and persistence in anthropic environments, and effect combined with other insecticides. the data presented allow confirming its potential as a biocontrol agent.201728188766
zika and chikungunya: mosquito-borne viruses in a changing world.the reemergence and growing burden of mosquito-borne virus infections have incited public fear and growing research efforts to understand the mechanisms of infection-associated health outcomes and to provide better approaches for mosquito vector control. while efforts to develop therapeutics, vaccines, and novel genetic mosquito-control technologies are underway, many important underlying ecological questions remain that could significantly enhance our understanding and ability to predict and pr ...201728187236
aedes aegypti larvicidal sesquiterpene alkaloids from maytenus oblongata.four new sesquiterpene alkaloids (1-4) with a β-dihydroagrofuran skeleton and a new triterpenoid (5) were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of maytenus oblongata stems. their structures were elucidated using 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy as well as ms and ecd experiments. the m. oblongata stem etoac extract and the pure compounds isolated were tested for larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions, and compounds 2 and 3 were found to be active.201728186749
single molecule rna sequencing uncovers trans-splicing and improves annotations in anopheles stephensi.single molecule real-time (smrt) sequencing has recently been used to obtain full-length cdna sequences that improve genome annotation and reveal rna isoforms. here, we used one such method called isoform sequencing from pacific biosciences (pacbio) to sequence a cdna library from the asian malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi. more than 600 000 full-length cdnas, referred to as reads of insert, were identified. owing to the inherently high error rate of pacbio sequencing, we tested different ap ...201728181326
xanthine dehydrogenase-1 silencing in aedes aegypti mosquitoes promotes a blood feeding-induced adulticidal activity.aedesaegypti has 2 genes encoding xanthine dehydrogenase (xdh). we analyzed xdh1 and xdh2 gene expression by real-time quantitative pcr in tissues from sugar- and blood-fed females. differential xdh1 and xdh2 gene expression was observed in tissues dissected throughout a time course. we next exposed females to blood meals supplemented with allopurinol, a well-characterized xdh inhibitor. we also tested the effects of injecting double-stranded rna (dsrna) against xdh1, xdh2, or both. disruption o ...201728179423
mosquitocidal activity and mode of action of the isoxazoline fluralaner.mosquitoes, such as aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae, are important vectors of human diseases. fluralaner, a recently introduced parasiticide, was evaluated as a mosquitocide in this study. on ae. aegypti and an. gambiae fourth-instar larvae, fluralaner had 24-h lc50 (lethal concentration for 50% mortality) values of 1.8 ppb and 0.4 ppb, respectively. following topical application to adult ae. aegypti, fluralaner toxicity reached a plateau in about 3 days, with 1- and 3-day ld50 (lethal dose ...201728178191
sweet waste extract uptake by a mosquito vector: survival, biting, fecundity responses, and potential epidemiological significance.in nature, adult mosquitoes typically utilize nectar as their main energy source, but they can switch to other as yet unidentified sugary fluids. contemporary lifestyles, with their associated unwillingness to consume leftovers and improper disposal of waste, have resulted in the disposal of huge amounts of waste into the environment. such refuse often contains unfinished food items, many of which contain sugar and some of which can collect water from rain and generate juices. despite evidence t ...201728174057
reducing biting rates of aedes aegypti with metofluthrin: investigations in time and space.indoor residual spraying is key to dengue control in cairns and other parts of northern queensland, australia, where aedes aegypti is prevalent, but the strategy faces challenges with regards to slow application time and, therefore, community coverage. a faster potential improvement might be the use of polyethylene netting impregnated with the volatile pyrethroid metofluthrin (sumione™). this formulation was assessed in rooms in three houses in cairns, australia. one emanator was placed in each ...201728173824
modeling the flux of metabolites in the juvenile hormone biosynthesis pathway using generalized additive models and ordinary differential equations.juvenile hormone (jh) regulates development and reproductive maturation in insects. the corpora allata (ca) from female adult mosquitoes synthesize fluctuating levels of jh, which have been linked to the ovarian development and are influenced by nutritional signals. the rate of jh biosynthesis is controlled by the rate of flux of isoprenoids in the pathway, which is the outcome of a complex interplay of changes in precursor pools and enzyme levels. a comprehensive study of the changes in enzymat ...201728158248
expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) in aedes aegypti (l) and aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) larvae in response to thermal stress.climatic changes are responsible, to a certain extent for the occurrence and spread of arboviral pathogens world over. temperature is one of the important abiotic factors influencing the physiological processes of mosquitoes. several genes of heat shock protein (hsp) families are known to be expressed in mosquitoes, which aid in overcoming stress induced by elevated temperature. in order to understand expression of hsp family genes in the andaman population of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, ...201728024869
mosquito repellent activity of volatile oils from selected aromatic plants.essential oils from fresh leaves of four aromatic plants viz., ocimum sanctum, mentha piperita, eucalyptus globulus and plectranthus amboinicus were extracted by hydrodistillation. the test solutions were prepared as 20% essential oil in ethanol and positive control as 20% deet in ethanol. essential oil blend was prepared as 5% concentration. nulliparous, 3-5-day-old female adult aedes aegypti mosquitoes were used for repellency screening as per icmr protocol. the study showed that the repellenc ...201728013374
influence of the length of storage on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) egg viability.aedes aegypti (l.) is one of the most important arboviral vectors worldwide. vector control is targeted at immature and adult stages; however, eggs are resistant to desiccation and may repopulate treated areas long after treatment ceases. we investigated the effect of age on ae. aegypti egg hatching rates using newly colonized populations (f2) from an arid region. we found a strongly negative association where older eggs had lower hatch rates. the capacity of eggs to survive for long periods of ...201728011737
indoor resting behavior of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in acapulco, mexico.the markedly anthropophilic and endophilic behaviors of aedes aegypti (l.) make it a very efficient vector of dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses. although a large body of research has investigated the immature habitats and conditions for adult emergence, relatively few studies have focused on the indoor resting behavior and distribution of vectors within houses. we investigated the resting behavior of ae. aegypti indoors in 979 houses of the city of acapulco, mexico, by performing exhaustive ...201728011725
toxicity and synergistic activities of chalcones against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and drosophila melanogaster (diptera: drosophilidae).mosquito-borne illnesses are of great concern throughout the world, and chemical insecticides are commonly employed to decrease mosquito populations. however, the developmental insecticide pipeline for vector control has primarily been filled by repurposed agricultural products, and is hampered by their widespread use and insecticide resistance. the present study was performed in the search for new chemical insecticides or insecticide synergists. screening of 31 chalcone analogs was performed us ...201728011724
exon-enriched libraries reveal large genic differences between aedes aegypti from senegal, west africa, and populations outside africa.aedes aegypti is one of the most studied mosquito species, and the principal vector of several arboviruses pathogenic to humans. recently failure to oviposit, low fecundity, and poor egg-to-adult survival were observed when ae. aegypti from senegal (senaae) west africa were crossed with ae. aegypti (aaa) from outside of africa, and in senaae intercrosses. fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses indicated rearrangements on chromosome 1, and pericentric inversions on chromosomes 2 and 3. herein ...201728007834
in vitro evaluation of the effect of botanical formulations used in the control of aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) on liver enzymes.dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the aedes aegypti linn. (1792) (diptera: culicidae) mosquito, which is endemic in several regions of brazil. alternative methods for the control of the vector include botanical insecticides, which offer advantages such as lower environmental contamination levels and less likelihood of resistant populations. thus, in this study, the ability of botanical insecticide formulations to inhibit the activity of the liver enzymes serum cholinesterase and mal ...201728001215
a biodegradable device for the controlled release of piper nigrum (piperaceae) standardized extract to control aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidae) larvae.the significant increase in dengue, zika, and chikungunya and the resistance of the aedes aegypti mosquito to major insecticides emphasize the importance of studying alternatives to control this vector. the aim of this study was to develop a controlled-release device containing piper nigrum extract and to study its larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti.201728001214
toxicity of ar-curcumene and epi-β-bisabolol from hedychium larsenii (zingiberaceae) essential oil on malaria, chikungunya and st. louis encephalitis mosquito vectors.mosquitoes act as vectors of key pathogens and parasites. plant essential oils have been recognized as important sources of biopesticides, which do not induce resistance and have limited toxic effects on human health and non-target organisms. in this research, we evaluated the larvicidal and oviposition deterrence activity of hedychium larsenii essential oil (eo) and its major compounds ar-curcumene and epi-β-bisabolol. both molecules showed high toxicity against early third instars of anopheles ...201727918946
zika virus-what the otolaryngologist should know: a review.initially discovered in 1947, zika virus infection received little notoriety as a tropical disease until 2015 when an outbreak of microcephaly cases was reported in brazil. zika is a single-stranded rna arbovirus of the flaviviridae family. the primary source of infection in humans stems from aedes aegypti mosquito bites but can also occur through sexual, blood, and perinatal transmission. with expectations that 3 to 4 million people across the americas will be infected over the next year, the w ...201727892990
salinity alters snakeskin and mesh transcript abundance and permeability in midgut and malpighian tubules of larval mosquito, aedes aegypti.this study examined the distribution and localization of the septate junction (sj) proteins snakeskin (ssk) and mesh in osmoregulatory organs of larval mosquito (aedes aegypti), as well as their response to altered environmental salt levels. ssk and mesh transcripts and immunoreactivity were detected in tissues of endodermal origin such as the midgut and malpighian tubules of a. aegypti larvae, but not in ectodermally derived hindgut and anal papillae. immunolocalization of ssk and mesh in the m ...201727988380
diverse subcellular localizations of the insect cmp-sialic acid synthetases.the occurrence and biological importance of sialic acid (sia) and its metabolic enzymes in insects have been studied using drosophila melanogaster. the most prominent feature of d. melanogaster cmp-sia synthetase (dmcss) is its golgi-localization, contrasted with nuclear localization of vertebrate csss. however, it remains unclear if the golgi-localization is common to other insect csss and why it happens. to answer these questions, aedes aegypti (mosquito) css (aacss) and tribolium castaneum (b ...201727986833
aedes aegypti rhesus glycoproteins contribute to ammonia excretion by larval anal papillae.in larval aedes aegypti, transcripts of the rhesus-like glycoproteins aerh50-1 and aerh50-2 have been detected in the anal papillae, sites of ammonia (nh3/nh4(+)) excretion; however, these putative ammonia transporters have not been previously localized or functionally characterized. in this study, we show that the aerh50s co-immunolocalize with apical v-type h(+)-atpase as well as with basal na(+)/k(+)-atpase in the epithelium of anal papillae. the double-stranded rna-mediated knockdown of aerh ...201727885043
long-term spatio-temporal dynamics of the mosquito aedes aegypti in temperate argentina.buenos aires city is located near the southern limit of the distribution of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). this study aimed to assess long-term variations in the abundance of ae. aegypti in buenos aires in relation to changes in climatic conditions. ae. aegypti weekly oviposition activity was analyzed and compared through nine warm seasons from 1998 to 2014, with 200 ovitraps placed across the whole extension of the city. the temporal and spatial dynamics of abundances were compared among s ...201727876100
long-lasting permethrin-impregnated clothing: protective efficacy against malaria in hyperendemic foci, and laundering, wearing, and weathering effects on residual bioactivity after worst-case use in the rain forests of french guiana.personal protective measures against hematophagous vectors constitute the first line of defense against arthropod-borne diseases. however, guidelines for the standardized testing and licensing of insecticide-treated clothing are still lacking. the aim of this study was to analyze the preventive effect of long-lasting polymer-coated permethrin-impregnated clothing (ptbdu) against malaria after exposure to high-level disease transmission sites as well as the corresponding loss of permethrin and bi ...201727942961
impact of terminalia chebula retz. against aedes aegypti l. and non-target aquatic predatory insects.aedes aegypti linn is one of the most important mosquito species. the vectors are responsible for causing deadly diseases like dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. several chemical pesticides used to control these dengue vectors caused severe toxic significances on human health and other non-target beneficial insects. therefore the current investigation has been made to access the bio-efficacy of the crude seed extracts of t. chebula against the dengue vector ae. aegypti. the gc-ms analysis of c ...201727940415
establishment of aedes aegypti (l.) in mountainous regions in mexico: increasing number of population at risk of mosquito-borne disease and future climate conditions.the study was conducted in the central region of veracruz mexico, in the metropolitan area of xalapa. it is a mountainous area where aedes aegypti (l.) is not currently endemic. an entomological survey was done along an elevation gradient using the ae. aegypti occurrences at different life cycle stages. seven sites were sampled and a total of 24 mosquito species were recorded: 9 species were found in urban areas, 18 in non-urban areas with remnant vegetation, and 3 occurred in both environments. ...201727863974
the formulation of the essential oil of piper aduncum linnaeus (piperales: piperaceae) increases its efficacy as an insect repellent.the essential oil (eo) of piper aduncum linnaeus, known as 'sireh lada' to locals malaysian, has the potential to be used as an alternative to synthetic insect repellents such as n,n-diethyl-meta-toluamide. however, the eo's efficacy as a repellent decreases after application due to the high volatility of its active ingredients. a number of studies have showed that optimizing the formulation of plant-based eos can improve their efficacy as repellents. the present study sought to evaluate the eff ...201727819201
mosquito populations dynamics associated with climate variations.mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of numerous serious pathogens. members of the aedes and culex genera, which include many important vectors of mosquito-borne diseases, are highly invasive and adapted to man-made environments. they are spread around the world involuntarily by humans and are highly adapted to urbanized environments, where they are exposed to climate-related abundance drivers. we investigated culicidae fauna in two urban parks in the city of são paulo to analyze the ...201727810426
repellency and larvicidal activity of essential oils from xylopia laevigata, xylopia frutescens, lippia pedunculosa, and their individual compounds against aedes aegypti linnaeus.in order to find new alternatives for vector control and personal protection, we evaluated the larvicidal and repellent activity of essentials oils from plants found in the northeast of brazil against aedes aegypti linnaeus mosquitoes. the plants tested include xylopia laevigata, xylopia frutescens, and lippia pedunculosa and their major compounds, piperitenone oxide, and (r)-limonene. the essential oil of l. pedunculosa and its major volatile compounds were shown to be toxic for ae. aegypti lar ...201727844468
dynamic expression of genes encoding subunits of inward rectifier potassium (kir) channels in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.inward rectifier potassium (kir) channels play fundamental roles in neuromuscular, epithelial, and endocrine function in mammals. recent research in insects suggests that kir channels play critical roles in the development, immune function, and excretory physiology of fruit flies and/or mosquitoes. moreover, our group has demonstrated that mosquito kir channels may serve as valuable targets for the development of novel insecticides. here we characterize the molecular expression of 5 mrnas encodi ...201727836744
essential oils enhance the toxicity of permethrin against aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae.insecticide resistance and growing public concern over the safety and environmental impacts of some conventional insecticides have resulted in the need to discover alternative control tools. naturally occurring botanically-based compounds are of increased interest to aid in the management of mosquitoes. susceptible strains of aedes aegypti (linnaeus) (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles gambiae (meigen) (diptera: culicidae) were treated with permethrin, a common type-i synthetic pyrethroid, using ...201727800630
how much does inbreeding reduce heterozygosity? empirical results from aedes aegypti.deriving strains of mosquitoes with reduced genetic variation is useful, if not necessary, for many genetic studies. inbreeding is the standard way of achieving this. full-sib inbreeding the mosquito aedes aegypti for seven generations reduced heterozygosity to 72% of the initial heterozygosity in contrast to the expected 13%. this deviation from expectations is likely due to high frequencies of deleterious recessive alleles that, given the number of markers studied (27,674 single nucleotide pol ...201727799643
salinity responsive aquaporins in the anal papillae of the larval mosquito, aedes aegypti.the larvae of the mosquito, aedes aegypti normally inhabit freshwater (fw) where they face dilution of body fluids by osmotic influx of water. in response, the physiological actions of the anal papillae result in ion uptake while the malpighian tubules and rectum work in concert to excrete excess water. in an apparent paradox, the anal papillae express aquaporins (aqps) and are sites of water permeability which, if aqps are expressed by the epithelium, apparently exaggerates the influx of water ...201727642095
field comparisons of the gravid aedes trap (gat) and bg-sentinel trap for monitoring aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) populations and notes on indoor gat collections in vietnam.we report on the use of the gravid aedes trap (gat) as a surveillance device for aedes albopictus (skuse) relative to the bg-sentinel (bgs) trap in field studies conducted in trenton, nj, and on hammond island, queensland, australia. a parallel study conducted in nha trang, vietnam, assessed the use of the gat as an indoor surveillance device as well as the use of canola oil as a noninsecticide killing agent. in trenton and hammond island, the gat collected fewer male (0.40 ± 0.12 and 0.43 ± 0.3 ...201727707983
sexual chemoecology of mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae): current knowledge and implications for vector control programs.mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) act as vectors of medical and veterinary importance, due to their ability to transmit many pathogens and parasites. renewed interest has been recently devoted to the potential of sterile insect technique (sit) for mosquito suppression. however, the success of the sit is mostly dependent on the ability of sterile males to compete for mates with the wild ones in the field. nevertheless, little is known on the sexual chemical ecology of mosquitoes, with special refer ...201727692501
changes in infestation sites of female aedes aegypti in northeast brazil.we report the behavioral changes in use of oviposition sites in aedes aegypti in fortaleza, brazil.201727598639
cost of intensive routine control and incremental cost of insecticide-treated curtain deployment in a setting with low aedes aegypti infestation.information regarding the cost of implementing insecticide-treated curtains (itcs) is scarce. therefore, we evaluated the itc implementation cost, in addition to the costs of intensive conventional routine activities of the aedes control program in the city of guantanamo, cuba.201727598627
impact of micropollutants on the life-history traits of the mosquito aedes aegypti: on the relevance of transgenerational studies.hazard assessment of chemical contaminants often relies on short term or partial life-cycle ecotoxicological tests, while the impact of low dose throughout the entire life cycle of species across multiple generations has been neglected. this study aimed at identifying the individual and population-level consequences of chronic water contamination by environmental concentrations of three organic micropollutants, ibuprofen, bisphenol a and benzo[a]pyrene, on aedes aegypti mosquito populations in e ...201727667679
synthesis and insecticidal activity of novel pyrimidine derivatives containing urea pharmacophore against aedes aegypti.aedes aegypti is a major mosquito vector for the transmission of serious diseases, especially dengue and yellow fever. more than 1 billion people in developing countries are at risk. the widespread and continual use of pesticides can lead to resistant mosquitoes. in order to maintain mosquito control gains, it is critical to develop and evaluate novel bioactive molecules that differ in mode of action from currently used products.201727448764
aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in a tree hole in brazil. 201727384845
serious disease outbreaks caused by viruses transmitted by aedes aegypti in brazil. 201727384820
molecular docking and simulation studies of gustatory receptor of aedes aegypti: a potent drug target to distract host-seeking behaviour in mosquitoes.it is well reported that exhaled co 2 and skin odour from human being assist female mosquitoes to locate human host. basically, the receptors for this activity are expressed in cpa neurons. in both aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae, this co 2-sensitive olfactory neuron detects myriad number of chemicals present in human skin. therefore, manipulation of gustatory receptors housing these neurons may serve as important targets for behavioural intervention. the study was aimed towards virtual scre ...201727353589
impact of container material on the development of aedes aegypti larvae at different temperatures.aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue generally breeds in intradomestic and peridomestic containers made up of different materials, i.e. plastic, iron, rubber, earthen material etc. the material of container is likely to affect the temperature of water in container with variation in environmental temperature. the present study was aimed to determine the effect of different container materials on larval development of ae. aegypti at different temperatures.201727353584
spatial distribution and insecticide susceptibility status of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in dengue affected urban areas of rawalpindi, pakistan.dengue is one of the most common arthropod-borne viral diseases which is transmitted mainly by two vector species, aedes aegypti (linnaeus 1762) and ae. albopictus (skuse, 1894) worldwide. as there is no effective medicine and vaccine available, vector control remains the most effective measure to prevent its transmission and outbreak. the aim of the study was to confirm the co-occurrence of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus populations in the different localities of rawalpindi, pakistan and exam ...201727353583
spatial analysis of wing geometry in dengue vector mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae), populations in metropolitan manila, philippines.aedes aegypti (l.) is an efficient vector for arboviral diseases such as dengue. the wings of ae. aegypti has been extensively studied in order to investigate population heterogeneity and structure by utilizing a landmark based geometric morphometrics (gms) approach. the aim of this study was to examine and assess the wing geometry of ae. aegypti in metropolitan manila.201727353582
trypsin inhibitor from leucaena leucocephala seeds delays and disrupts the development of aedes aegypti, a multiple-disease vector.nowadays, the aedes aegypti mosquito represents a serious public health issue in view of the large outbreaks of the arboviral diseases zika, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. this holometabolous insect has midgut digestive enzymes that are trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteins. protease inhibitors are able to bind to proteolytic enzymes and promote a blockage in digestion and nutrition, leading to death. thus, we investigated the effect of trypsin inhibitor of leucaena leucocephala (lti) s ...201727040615
toxicity of squamocin on aedes aegypti larvae, its predators and human cells.the mosquito aedes aegypti transmits a virus that causes diverse human diseases, and control of the vector is an important strategy to avoid disease propagation. plants in the family annonaceae are recognised as sources of molecules with uses in the medical and agriculture fields. molecules of secondary metabolites of annonaceae plants exhibit insecticidal potential against insect pests and vectors, especially acetogenins, showing high toxicity at low doses, which has encouraged research into pr ...201727366879
[control of aedes aegypti breeding sites with the program recicla por tu bienestar in merida, mexico].to determine the importance of ae. aegypti breeding-sites in merida;to evaluate the impact of recicla por tu bienestar (rxb, a recycling program) on the reduction of breeding sites and the perception of participants.201726302122
functional analysis of the abcs of eye color in helicoverpa armigera with crispr/cas9-induced mutations.many insect pigments are localized in subcellular pigment granules, and transport of pigment precursors from the cytoplasm is accomplished by abc proteins. drosophila melanogaster has three half-transporter genes (white, scarlet, and brown, all affecting eye pigments) and bombyx mori has a fourth (ok). the white, brown, scarlet and ok proteins each have one transmembrane and one cytoplasmic domain and they heterodimerize to form functional transporters with different substrate specificities. we ...201728053351
synthesis and insecticidal activity of acridone derivatives to aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus larvae and non-target aquatic species.a serious mosquito borne yellow fever is one of the grave diseases which affect the major population. since there is no specific treatment for yellow fever, there is a necessity to develop an effective agent. the series of acridinone analogues 3 to 5 were synthesized with help of non-conventional microwave heating and confirmed by respective spectral characterization. 5c and 3b showed highest activity to kill 90% of larvae against a. aegypti and c. quinquefasciatus, respectively. also the active ...201728059104
discovery of flavivirus-derived endogenous viral elements in anopheles mosquito genomes supports the existence of anopheles-associated insect-specific flaviviruses.the flavivirus genus encompasses several arboviruses of public health significance such as dengue, yellow fever, and zika viruses. it also includes insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs) that are only capable of infecting insect hosts. the vast majority of mosquito-infecting flaviviruses have been associated with mosquito species of the aedes and culex genera in the culicinae subfamily, which also includes most arbovirus vectors. mosquitoes of the anophelinae subfamily are not considered significan ...201728078104
enhancement of mosquito trapping efficiency by using pulse width modulated light emitting diodes.in this study, a light-driving bug zapper is presented for well controlling the diseases brought by insects, such as mosquitoes. in order to have the device efficient to trap the insect pests in off-grid areas, pulse width modulated light emitting diodes (pwm-led) combined with a solar power module are proposed and implemented. with specific pwm electric signals to drive the led, it is found that no matter what the ability of catching insects or the consumed power efficiency can be enhanced thus ...201728059148
evaluations of dual attractant toxic sugar baits for surveillance and control of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in florida.dual attractant toxic sugar baits (d-atsb) containing two host kairomones, l-lactic (la) and 1-octen-3-ol (o), and fruit-based attractants were evaluated through olfactory, consumption and mortality, and semi-field experiments to determine if host kairomones could first, enhance attraction of a fruit-based (attractant) toxic sugar bait (atsb), and second, increase the efficacy of a fruit based attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb).201728057066
evaluation of the importance of fever with respect to dengue prognosis according to the 2009 who classification: a retrospective study.the 2009 revised world health organization (who) guidelines for dengue describe fever as the core symptom. accordingly, the diagnosis of non-febrile patients is complicated. the aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of fever in patients with dengue according to the 2009 revised who classification.201728052760
epidemic outbreak of chikungunya in two neighboring towns in the colombian caribbean: a survival analysis.the first autochthonous chikungunya virus transmission in colombia was reported in september 2014. three months later, every town in the caribbean region was affected, including the bordering towns of ovejas and corozal, in the department of sucre. the objective of the study was to analyze and compare the temporal dynamics of the outbreak of chikungunya in two towns of the department of sucre.201728074128
persistent zika virus detection in semen in a traveler returning to the united kingdom from brazil, 2016.zika virus is normally transmitted by mosquitos, but cases of sexual transmission have been reported. we describe a patient with symptomatic zika virus infection in whom the virus was detected in semen for 92 days. our findings support recommendations for 6 months of barrier contraceptive use after symptomatic zika virus infection.201727748650
commensal viruses of mosquitoes: host restriction, transmission, and interaction with arboviral pathogens.recent advances in virus detection strategies and deep sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of a multitude of new viruses that persistently infect mosquitoes but do not infect vertebrates. these are usually referred to as insect-specific viruses (isvs). these novel viruses have generated considerable interest in their modes of transmission, persistence in mosquito populations, the mechanisms that restrict their host range to mosquitoes, and their interactions with pathogens tr ...201728096646
efficient method for establishing f1 progeny from wild populations of anopheles mosquitoes.the changing malaria situation in madagascar requires additional knowledge on the physiology and behaviour of local mosquito vectors. however, the absence of established colonies for several anopheline species present in madagascar constitutes a limiting factor. to avoid labour intensive work and uncertainty for success of establishing anopheles colonies from malagasy species, field collections of blood-fed females and in-tube forced oviposition were combined to reliably produce large numbers of ...201728069024
mitigating future avian malaria threats to hawaiian forest birds from climate change.avian malaria, transmitted by culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the hawaiian islands, has been a primary contributor to population range limitations, declines, and extinctions for many endemic hawaiian honeycreepers. avian malaria is strongly influenced by climate; therefore, predicted future changes are expected to expand transmission into higher elevations and intensify and lengthen existing transmission periods at lower elevations, leading to further population declines and potential extin ...201728060848
a comparative analysis of three vector-borne diseases across australia using seasonal and meteorological models.ross river virus (rrv), barmah forest virus (bfv), and dengue are three common mosquito-borne diseases in australia that display notable seasonal patterns. although all three diseases have been modeled on localized scales, no previous study has used harmonic models to compare seasonality of mosquito-borne diseases on a continent-wide scale. we fit poisson harmonic regression models to surveillance data on rrv, bfv, and dengue (from 1993, 1995 and 1991, respectively, through 2015) incorporating s ...201728071683
the search for novel insecticide targets in the post-genomics era, with a specific focus on g-protein coupled receptors.insects are considered pests globally, implicated in the destruction of agricultural fields and transmission of pathogens that cause deadly human diseases, such as dengue, zika and malaria. the diversity of the insecticide arsenal has remained stagnant for decades, but the recent rise of insecticide resistance fueled the discovery of novel modes of action, and the power of genomics has reinvigorated this search. this review discusses the importance of comparative and functional insect genomics i ...201728076467
the transcriptome of the mosquito aedes fluviatilis (diptera: culicidae), and transcriptional changes associated with its native wolbachia infection.wolbachia is a bacterial endosymbiont that naturally infects a wide range of insect species, and causes drastic changes to host biology. stable infections of wolbachia in mosquitoes can inhibit infection with medically important pathogens such as dengue virus and malaria-causing plasmodium parasites. however, some native wolbachia strains can enhance infection with certain pathogens, as is the case for the mosquito aedes fluviatilis, where infection with plasmodium gallinaceum is enhanced by the ...201728049478
insecticidal toxicities of carvacrol and thymol derived from thymus vulgaris lin. against pochazia shantungensis chou &lu., newly recorded pest.the insecticidal toxicities of five essential oils against pochazia shantungensis adults and nymphs, newly recorded pests, were evaluated. the lc50 values of thymus vulgaris, ruta graveolens, citrus aurantium, leptospermum petersonii and achillea millefolium oils were recorded as 57.48, 84.44, 92.58, 113.26 and 125.78 mg/l, respectively, against p. shantungensis nymphs using the leaf dipping bioassay, and 75.80, 109.86, 113.26, 145.06 and 153.74 mg/l, respectively, against p. shantungensis adult ...201728106093
rna interference mediated knockdown of brugia malayi udp-galactopyranose mutase severely affects parasite viability, embryogenesis and in vivo development of infective larvae.galactofuranose is an essential cell surface component present in bacteria, fungi and several nematodes such as caenorhabditis spp., brugia spp., onchocerca spp. and strongyloides spp. this sugar maintains the integrity of parasite surface and is essential for virulence. udp-galactopyranose mutase (bmugm) plays a key role in galf biosynthesis by catalyzing conversion of udp-galactopyranose into udp-galactofuranose and knockout studies of the gene in leishmania major, mycobacterium and aspergillu ...201728103957
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