Publications

farmers' loss due to guinea worm disease: a pilot study.	guinea worm disease has been blamed for much disability and loss of productivity among farmers in africa and south asia. many studies have tried to equate days lost in illness to monetary values. these attempts often overlook the process of disability in relation to farming patterns. this pilot effort uses a qualitative case study approach to learn about how guinea worm can cause loss to farmers. twenty in-depth interviews with affected farmers showed that their losses are related to the time of ...	1990	2139137
enrichment of nutrient quality of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) with microbial proteins.	the effect of fermentation on the nutrient quality of cassava was investigated. chemical analysis revealed a general increase in ash, fibre and crude protein content of the fermented cassava mash, while the carbohydrate content showed a substantial decrease. the results of the chemical analysis indicated that fermentation resulted in a slight protein enrichment of the fermentated cassava mash. when active yeast cells were inoculated into the cassava mash before fermentation, the yeast cells grew ...	1990	2174155
the effects of host diet on plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis.	a comparative study carried out on infected mice to investigate the effect of host diet on plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis showed that concentrations of blood protein, hemoglobin, and erythrocytes began to decrease in infected mice on day 2 after inoculation and reached the lowest levels on day 8. the greatest decrease was among mice fed on protein-rich mouse cubes, whereas the least decrease was among mice fed on cassava meal. inflammation of the spleens and livers of infected mice also was notic ...	1990	2254825
nucleotide sequence of the infectious cloned dna components of african cassava mosaic virus (nigerian strain).		1990	2308831
urea metabolism in sheep given conventional feeds or nourished by intragastric infusion.	a comparison has been made of the kinetics of urea metabolism in sheep given conventional feeds or maintained wholly by intragastric infusions of volatile fatty acids, buffer, mineral and casein solutions. daily nitrogen supply was 13.2 g/day in 'fed' sheep and 6.0 g/day in 'infusion' sheep. on each feeding system measurements were made at the basal (maintenance) level of intake and when the basal level was supplemented with infusions of urea into the abomasum (125 mmol/day) or into the rumen (3 ...	1990	2340163
geminivirus coat protein gene replacement alters insect specificity.	chimeric clones have been constructed in which the coat protein encoded by dna a of the bipartite genome of the geminivirus african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) has been replaced by that of beet curly top virus (bctv). constructs containing the coding region inserted in either orientation were infectious when co-inoculated with acmv dna b onto nicotiana benthamiana, producing symptoms typical of acmv infection. the onset of symptom production was delayed relative to plants inoculated with parenta ...	1990	2353465
defective viral dna ameliorates symptoms of geminivirus infection in transgenic plants.	nicotiana benthamiana was transformed with a single copy of a tandem repeat of subgenomic dna b isolated from plants infected with a kenyan isolate of the bipartite geminivirus african cassava mosaic virus. symptoms in transformed plants were less severe than in nontransformed controls when challenged with virus or cloned dna of kenyan or nigerian isolates. symptom amelioration was associated with the mobilization and amplification of the subgenomic dna, producing a comparable reduction in the a ...	1990	2385593
the mutagenicity of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) preparations.	different cassava products were found to contain mutagenic activities in the ames test. this paper describes how the flavonol quercetin is released during the cooking of fresh cassava leaves, following a process very similar to culinary habits. the hydrolysis of the glucoside(s) and the release of free quercetin has been followed by the monitoring of mutagenic activities with a simultaneous isolation and purification by thin-layer chromatography. the fluorodensitometric method applied revealed t ...	1990	2407573
utility of cheap carbon & nitrogen sources for the production of a mosquito-pathogenic fungus, lagenidium.	attempts were made to produce lagenidium in culture media containing corn starch, barley flour, wheat flour, jaggery, rice bran, rice flour or tapioca starch as the major carbon source and groundnut cake as nitrogen source in comparison with peptone-yeast extract-glucose-sunflower oil (pygsf) agar medium. the number of zoospores produced by the mycelia grown in pygsf agar medium was 20 x 10(4)/10 cm2 while that grown in the other media was 20-25 x 10(4)/10 cm2. with respect to the larvicidal act ...	1990	1971615
[children and traditional practices].	african traditional practices can be both beneficial and harmful to the newly born. this article describes these practices from 4 perspectives: 1) the period following childbirth or "maternage;" 2) nutrition; 3) curative care; and 4) social customs. the beneficial practices include: 1) giving the baby water as soon as he is washed to prevent neonatal hypoglycemia; 2) breast feeding; 3) carrying the baby on the mother's back and 4) the traditional massage. the harmful practices during maternag ...	1990	12342828
purification, characterization, and localization of linamarase in cassava.	we have purified cassava (manihot esculenta) linamarase to apparent homogeneity using a simplified extraction procedure using low ph phosphate buffer. three isozymes of cassava linamarase were identified in leaves based on differences in isoelectric point. the enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing a number of beta-glycosides in addition to linamarin. the enzyme is unusually stable and has a temperature optimum of 55 degrees c. immunogold labeling studies indicate that linamarase is localized in the c ...	1990	16667431
[thyroid hormone levels in persons without gout, residents of antananarivo, and in subjects consuming manioc].		1990	2137924
two evolutionary models for the interactions of dietary organic cyanogens, hemoglobins, and falciparum malaria.	significant regional and ethnic variations in hemoglobin s frequencies among 485 adult nonpregnant liberian women uniformly exposed to holoendemic falciparum malaria suggest that an additional major factor may influence the distribution of this hemoglobinopathy and the severity of the infectious disease with which it is causally associated. the differential consumption of organic cyanogen-rich cassava (manihot esculenta) foodstuffs and subsequent dosage-dependent in vivo exposure to sublethal cn ...	1990	28520193
comparison of various types of starch when used in meat sausages.	technological and sensory properties of meat sausages formulated with 4·0% of either potato flour, modified (acetylated distarch phosphate) potato starch, wheat, corn or tapioca starch were compared. sausages were analyzed after cooking at temperatures between 65 and 85°c followed by storage at 5°c and -25°c. characteristics evaluated were weight loss during cooking and storage, instrumentally and sensory assessed firmness, taste and smell of sausages. the results revealed differences in the sui ...	1989	22056103
comparative study of the surface charge of some isolates of trypanosomatids of the genus phytomonas.	the surface charge of different isolates of phytomonas from euphorbia hyssopifolia, euphorbia pinea, euphorbia characias and manihot esculenta was analysed by the binding of cationic particles (colloidal iron hydroxide at ph 1.8 and cationized ferritin at ph 7.2) to the protozoan surface and by determination of the cell electrophoretic mobility (epm). all the isolates had a net negative surface charge, and the isolate from e. hyssopifolia manifested the greatest negative charge. a good relations ...	1989	2517559
pattern of enzyme changes in rabbits administered linamarin or potassium cyanide.	diseases like tropical ataxic neuropathy and endemic goitre have been reported to have definite correlation with a chronic ingestion of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz). the toxicity of cassava has been attributed to its two cyanogenic glycosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. in this study, an attempt has been made to understand the pattern of changes in certain clinically significant enzymes brought about by the chronic administration of sublethal doses of linamarin to rabbits. the profound el ...	1989	2555300
aflatoxin levels in foodstuffs in fiji and tonga islands.	fungal growth is a major problem of food storage in humid environments, as occur in south pacific countries for parts of the year. major crops, including edible nuts, copra and root crops, are susceptible to aspergillus growth and therefore potential contamination with aflatoxin. liver cancer occurs in fiji and tonga, with the occurrence in fijians being significantly higher than in the indian population. thirty-three peanut samples from farmers were analysed for aflatoxin and 50% of the samples ...	1989	2631094
intermediary metabolic changes in rabbits administered linamarin or potassium cyanide.	since cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is a staple food item of several million people in the tropics, its toxicity cannot be underestimated. therefore an attempt has been made to understand the metabolic changes caused by the chronic administration of sublethal doses linamarin, the principal cyanoglucoside of cassava, to rabbits. a significant rise in lactic acid and total cholesterol in liver and brain and a highly significant depletion of phospholipids of brain tissue was observed. there we ...	1989	2632391
[lipopigment in the adipose tissue of slaughtered swine].	after feeding rests of slaughtered poultry together with whey, tapioca and residues of stark production to pigs 70% of the slaughtered pigs were refused by the meat inspection because of yellow fat and yellow hair. the occurrence of bile pigment, carotenoids and synthetic colours could be excluded while acid fast pigments were demonstrated in the fat tissue, liver and skeleton muscle. this could be confirmed by the peroxide number, acid number and the content of malondialdehyde and vitamin e. th ...	1989	2653787
insulin and glycemic responses in healthy humans to native starches processed in different ways: correlation with in vitro alpha-amylase hydrolysis.	the aim of the study was to elucidate how extracted starches submitted to food processing (or not) can influence plasma insulin and glucose responses in healthy subjects. native starches from wheat, manihot, smooth peas, or mung beans were tested either raw, as starch gels (boiled and cooled), or cooked and cooled after a preliminary industrial processing: extrusion cooking for wheat, tapioca for manihot, and noodles for mung beans. eighteen healthy subjects randomly assigned received three diff ...	1989	2667315
a pragmatic approach to improving small ruminant diets in the indonesian humid tropics.	research conducted since 1980 on the nutrition and feeding of kacang goats and javanese thintail sheep for meat production in indonesia is reviewed. feeding practices in three villages were monitored, along with animal production criteria, to better understand the limitations imposed by feed resource availability. village and experiment station data showed that native or cultivated tropical grasses fed alone did not support growth of young goats and that lambs fed napier grass alone grew at no m ...	1989	2687217
cassava root meal in diets for growing rabbits.	the effects of substituting imported cassava root meal for barley meal in rations for growing rabbits were examined. four diets were used. diet 1 contained 500 g/kg barley meal, the remainder of the diet consisted of soya bean meal, barley straw, vitamins and minerals. diets 2, 3 and 4 contained increasing amounts of cassava root meal in place of barley meal at 165, 335 and 500 g/kg respectively with l-lysine and dl methionine supplements. a growth trial was carried out using 48 individually cag ...	1989	2711460
risk factors for oral cancer in brazil: a case-control study.	a case-control study of risk factors for carcinomas of the tongue, gum, floor, and other specified parts of the mouth was conducted in 3 metropolitan areas in brazil: são paulo (southeast), curitiba (south), and goiânia (central-west). we analyzed information on demographics, occupational history, environmental exposures, tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking habits, as well as diet, oral and other health characteristics obtained from interviews with 232 cases and 464 hospital non-cancer controls ...	1989	2732011
size reversion of african cassava mosaic virus coat protein gene deletion mutants during infection of nicotiana benthamiana.	mutants of african cassava mosaic virus containing extensive deletions across the coat protein gene that remove up to one-third of the genomic component have been constructed and shown to be infectious when mechanically inoculated onto nicotiana benthamiana by leaf abrasion. using n. tabacum protoplasts we demonstrate that mutant pclv.cp delta 11, containing a 712 bp deletion, is competent for replication in its deleted form. however, systemic spread of pclv. cp delta 11 and other deletion mutan ...	1989	2732690
indian cassava mosaic virus: ultrastructure of infected cells.	ultrastructural examination of leaf tissue of nicotiana benthamiana infected with indian cassava mosaic virus (icmv) revealed abnormalities in phloem and, occasionally, xylem cells. nuclei contained granular inclusion bodies which seemed to be largely composed of virus-like particles and were shown by immunogold labelling (igl) to be rich in icmv coat protein. later in infection, hollow spheres made up of fibrillar material were produced. virus coat protein was not a necessary component of these ...	1989	2794977
acute cassava poisoning in children in sarawak.		1989	209589
cassava - a valuable food but a possible poison.		1989	209588
plant-parasitic nematode problems in the pacific islands.	the pacific islands have a diverse range of food and cash crops with indigenous and introduced nematode problems. the staple food crops have serious nematode pests, such as meloidogyne spp. on sweet potato, hirschmanniella miticausa causing corm rot of taro, and pratylenchus coffeae and radopholus sp. producing tuber dry rot of yams. bananas are infested with p. coffeae or r. similis, citrus with tylenchulus semipenetrans, rice with aphelenchoides besseyi, and ginger with meloidogyne spp. and r. ...	1988	19290200
cassava latent virus infections mediated by the ti plasmid of agrobacterium tumefaciens containing either monomeric or dimeric viral dna.	plant infections with cassava latent virus (clv) were mediated by the ti plasmid of agrobacterium tumefaciens containing either monomeric or dimeric copies of the virus genome. the clv dnas caused typical symptoms when they were inoculated in agrobacterium strains c58, lba4404 and a vire mutant a1026, but not other agrobacterium strains with mutations in other vir loci or an e. coli pola strain. virus-specific dna forms characteristic of normal clv infections were found after such infection. cha ...	1988	24272630
supporting evidence for the use of cassava (manihot esculeta) products instead of wheat flour products in the diet of the diabetic.		1988	3218224
the degradation of different protein supplements in the rumen of steers and the effects of these supplements on carbohydrate digestion.	1. four steers with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given diets consisting of ground and pelleted alkali-treated straw, rolled barley and tapioca supplemented with urea (diet u) or containing single-cell protein (diet scp), maize-gluten meal (diet mgm) or rapeseed meal (diet rsm) in place of some of the tapioca. the isoenergetic diets were given in a 4 x 4 latin square design in eight feeds/d at 3-h intervals and provided sufficient metabolizable energy to support a growth rate of approx ...	1988	3219330
supporting evidence for the use of cassava [manihot esculeta] products instead of wheat flour products in the diet of the diabetic.		1988	3232368
incorporation of grass silage, whole cereal grains, cassava and cottonseed meal into diets of rabbits kept in a simulated tropical environment.	the growth and feed conversion of rabbits fed either grass silage or whole grains and supplementary pelleted concentrate of cassava/cottonseed diets were investigated. poor quality grass silage (ph 4.9) was almost completely rejected by young rabbits initially fed either 17.8 g or 35.5 g dm/day of a supplementary concentrate. rabbits on the lower level of concentrate provision lost 0.35 g liveweight per day. rabbits initially weighing 1.77 kg fed complete pelleted diets containing 667 g/kg maize ...	1988	3238769
potential gene products of bean golden mosaic virus have higher sequence homologies to those of tomato golden mosaic virus than to those of cassava latent virus.	comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the dnas of bean golden mosaic virus (bgmv), tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) and cassava latent virus (clv) revealed a fairly close relationship between bgmv dna1, tgmv dna1, and clv dna1 and a comparatively distant relationship between bgmv dna2, tgmv dna2, and clv dna2. the 200-base region common to the two dnas of each virus had little sequence homology, except for a highly conserved 33-36 base sequence potentially capable of forming a stable hairpi ...	1988	3238924
delimitation of essential genes of cassava latent virus dna 2.	insertion and deletion mutagenesis of both extended open reading frames (orfs) of cassava latent virus dna 2 destroys infectivity. infectivity is restored by coinoculating constructs that contain single mutations within different orfs. although frequent intermolecular recombination produces dominant parental-type virus, mutants can be retained within the virus population indicating that they are competent for replication and suggesting that rescue can occur by complementation of trans acting gen ...	1988	3387209
health in the balance: the under-fives weighing program.	penimbangan balita (under-5s weighing program) was developed in the late 70's in indonesia to increase community participation in child survival and development. by 1985 6 million children in more than 50% of the 67,986 villages of indonesia participated in the program. balita was introduced in java, a village with a population of 4700, in 1978. 98 families participated -- most either share-farmed or did not own any farm land. land is a very precious commodity in java. cassava, maize, and r ...	1988	3391669
behavioral effects of chronic sublethal dietary cyanide in an animal model: implications for humans consuming cassava (manihot esculenta).		1988	3417281
[the concept of tropical neuromyelopathy].	since the beginning of this century, the concept of tropical neuromyelopathy (t. n. m.) was progressively elaborated in tropical areas. this disorder is constituted by three main clinical syndromes (e.g.: polyneuropathy, spastic paraplegia, ataxia). abnormal clinical, electrophysiological and pathological features, observed in all clinical forms argue in favor of a diffuse pathobiological process of the nervous system. the association with positive htlv-1 serology, has recently induced a great i ...	1988	2901297
interactive effects of live weight, basal diet and fat supply on essential fatty acid status and blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and thyroxine measured postprandially in pigs.	1. the composition of the basal diet (purified vs complete feed ingredients provided as a cassava and a barley based diet, respectively), type of dietary fat [saturated fatty acids (18:0) supplied as fully hydrogenated soya bean oil vs unsaturated fatty acids (18:2) supplied in the form of soya bean oil] and the live wt of the animals (40 vs 80 kg) highly influenced the efa status of the body and postprandial blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and thyroxine. 2. interactive effects of live ...	1988	2904342
new amylolytic yeast strains for starch and dextrin fermentation.	yeast strains capable of fermenting starch and dextrin to ethanol were isolated from samples collected from brazilian factories in which cassava flour is produced. considerable alcohol production was observed for all the strains selected. one strain (di-10) fermented starch rapidly and secreted 5 times as much amylolytic enzyme than that observed for schwanniomyces alluvius ucd 54-83. this strain and three other similar isolates were classified as saccharomyces cerevisiae var. diastaticus by mor ...	1988	16347755
expression of a bacterial gene in plants mediated by infectious geminivirus dna.	a viable coat protein deletion mutant of cassava latent virus (clv) dna 1 has been isolated, suggesting that this geminivirus might be exploited as a gene replacement vector. an extensive deletion of 727 nucleotides within the coat protein gene renders dna 1 non-infectious. chimeric clones have been constructed in which the deleted coat protein open reading frame has been replaced by the coding region of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) gene. infectivity is restored to dna ...	1988	16453850
sugar "allergy" and children's behavior.	sixteen children whose behavior was said to become aggressive, overly active, loud, and noncompliant when ingesting sugar were tested. sugar-free home diet was maintained and an "open" challenge to a large dose (3 g/kg) of candy bar sucrose was given. subsequent behavior was noted by actometer, quantitative playroom observation using several standard behavioral tests, and ability to do maze drawings. no significant changes were found on the open challenge test. a slight change from baseline was ...	1988	3059850
characterization of cyanogenic beta-glucosidase (linamarase) from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).	linamarase (ec 3.2.1.21) was purified from cassava petiole, stem, and root cortex by ammonium sulfate precipitation, column chromatography on sepharose 6b, and chromatofocusing. the last step resolved the enzyme from each source into three forms with pi values of 4.3, 3.3, and 2.9. each form was found to be oligomeric, consisting of one kind of subunit, mr 63,000. the major isozyme with a pi of 4.3 from petiole showed a km for linamarin of 0.6 mm and possessed both beta-glucosidase and beta-fuco ...	1988	3140730
immobilization of linamarase and its use in the determination of bound cyanide in cassava using flow injection analysis.	extracts from the tubers (cortex and parenchyma) and leaves of manihot esculenta crantz (cassava) were analyzed for their releasable cyanide content using flow injection analysis incorporating an immobilized linamarase bioreactor. linamarase was immobilized under very mild conditions to an activated 2-fluoro-n-methylpyridinium fractogel support. the released cyanide, which was monitored spectrophotometrically at 525 nm using an alkaline picrate reagent, was found to be highest in the cortex and ...	1988	3142290
[tapioca melanoma of the iris].		1988	3048718
continuous enteral nutrition during the early adaptive stage of the short bowel syndrome.	sixty-two patients with the short bowel syndrome (30-150 cm) were managed by continuous enteral nutrition (cen) in the early adaptive phase. in all, 82 per cent were referrals from other units and 85 per cent of referrals had failure of one or more organ systems on admission. there were intra-abdominal abscesses in 41 per cent of patients and 37 per cent had an enterocutaneous fistula. the diet included polysaccharides, medium chain triglycerides and protein hydrolysates, mixed with a high-visco ...	1988	3134973
[geographical distribution and pathogenesis of chronic calcifying pancreatitis in tropical zones. results of a multicenter survey in french-speaking black africa].	chronic calcifying pancreatitis (ccp) is rare in countries with low alcohol consumption except in some tropical countries where malnutrition is widespread (southwest india) and in which ccp occurs in young non-alcoholics. in black africa sporadic cases of ccp have been reported in english-speaking countries (uganda, nigeria). the purpose of this study was to: a) assess the geographical distribution of ccp in french-speaking africa; b) estimate the relative proportion of alcoholic ccp (accp) and ...	1988	3402687
determination of cyanide and cyanogenic compounds in biological systems.	a survey of methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of cyanide and cyanogenic compounds is presented. particular attention is paid to determination in complex matrices. chromatographic methods able to separate mixtures of closely related structures, such as glycosides of enantiomeric hydroxynitriles or lipids with slightly differing fatty acid spectra, are included, as are highly selective methods of detection, such as enzymic post-column cleavage combined with electrochemical ...	1988	3073056
native starch in tablet formulations: properties on compaction.	maize, potato, rice and tapioca (cassava) starch were evaluated with respect to their properties on direct compression. rice starch showed much better compactibility as compared to maize, potato and tapioca starch. moreover, its binding capacity proved to be almost insensitive to mixing with magnesium stearate. this in contrast to the dramatic decrease in crushing strength of potato starch tablets containing the lubricant. the compactibility of the starches was found to be strongly affected by t ...	1987	3432037
in vitro somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of cassava.	an efficient and reproducible plant regeneration system, initiated in somatic tissues, has been devised for cassava (manihot esculenta crantz). somatic embryogenesis has been induced from shoot tips and immature leaves of in vitro shoot cultures of 15 cassava genotypes. somatic embryos developed directly on the explants when cultured on a medium containing 4-16 mg/l 2,4-d. differences were observed with respect to the embryogenic capacity of the explants of different varieties. secondary embryog ...	1987	24248665
the dangers of cassava (tapioca) consumption.	cassava (tapioca) is a worldwide staple food consumed by over 800 million people. it contains cyanide which may lead to acute toxicity or chronically may be an aetiological factor in tropical nutritional amblyopia, tropical neuropathy, endemic goitre, cretinism and tropical diabetes. it may also have carcinogenic potential. however, despite nutritional limitations it has many advantages as a crop to the subsistence farmer and would be difficult to replace.	1987	28906749
c3-c 4 intermediate photosynthetic characteristics of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) : ii. initial products of(14)co 2 fixation.	cassava, bean and maize leaves were fed with(14)co2 in light and the primary products of photosynthesis identified 5 and 10 seconds after assimilation. in maize, approximately three quarters of the labelled carbon was incorporated in c4 acids, in beans about two thirds in pga, and in cassava approximately 40-60% in c4 acids with 30-50% in pga. these data indicate that cassava possesses the c4 photosynthetic cycle, however due to the lack of typical kranz anatomy appreciable carbon assimilation t ...	1987	24435690
c3-c 4 intermediate photosynthetic characteristics of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) : i. gas exchange.	the gas exchange characteristics of cassava were compared with one c3 species, common bean, and two c4 species, maize and amaranthus. cassava leaf photorespiration, about 12% of maximum net photosynthesis in normal air, and the co2 release in co2-free air under intense light were lower than the values typically reported for c3 species. the co2 compensation point of whole leaves (25 cm(3) co2m(-3)) was intermediate between c3 and c4 species values.gas exchange was restricted to either the upper o ...	1987	24435689
[etiopathogenesis of chronic nutritional pancreatitis].	the most current form of chronic pancreatitis, i.e. chronic calcifying pancreatitis, is often related to nutritional causes. this disease is characterized by formation within the pancreatic ducts and the lumina of accini of precipitates and calculi composed of calcium carbonate and of a newly discovered protein, the pancreatic stone protein (psp). the formation of precipitates depends on two mechanisms: (1) a non etiological disorder reducing the secretion of psp. this small phosphoglycoprotein ...	1987	3303203
agricultural production in kikwawila village, southeastern tanzania.	food production, land utilisation and agricultural structures were surveyed at kikwawila village, north of ifakara (kilombero district, morogoro region) in 1984. this study was part of a more comprehensive, longitudinal programme to investigate the health status of a rural community, aiming in particular at the interrelations between nutrition, parasitic infections, immunity and the environment. out of 340 households, 100 were interviewed and their subsistence farming activities recorded. the so ...	1987	2891272
effects of the addition of vegetable oil or animal tallow to broiler diets containing cassava root meal.	two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects on broiler performance of increasing by 5% the metabolizable energy level of diets containing cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) root meal (crm: 0, 20, and 30%) by adding either vegetable oil (experiment 1) or animal tallow (experiment 2). the crm used was detoxified by sun-drying whole root chips of a high cyanide-containing (bitter) cultivar (cmc-84) on a concrete floor. all experimental diets were supplied in mash form. supplementary ve ...	1987	3615333
[testing of the digestibility of crude nutrients and of the applicability of tapioca for laying hens and young chickens].	by means of the difference method an apparent digestibility of 88.3% of the organic matter, 50.4% of the crude protein, 25.1% of the crude fat, 12.7% of the crude fibre and 94.2% of the n-free extractives of thai tapioca meal was ascertained in colostomized laying hens. it is possible to use 20% tapioca meal in the feed for chickens and pullets without a decrease in performance. two experiments with laying hens were carried out with 5-30% tapioca. egg production decreases slightly with a tapioca ...	1987	3451723
studies of rumen function in an in vitro continuous culture system.	an in vitro continuous culture system to simulate processes in the rumen is described. this comprises a culture vessel (fig. 2) fed continuously with pelleted solid feed (fig. 1); artificial saliva also enters the vessel while effluent leaves it continuously in two streams, one is filtered and the other simply overflows (fig. 1). in this way liquid and solid turnover times may be manipulated independently; in a trial experiment the former and latter were 6.3% and 3.4% per hour respectively. in f ...	1987	3454631
structure and replication of geminivirus genomes.	the geminiviruses are a group of plant viruses containing single-stranded (ss) dna in particles comprising two quasi-icosahedral units. some are transmitted by whiteflies, others by leafhoppers. comparisons were made of the genome organization and expression of cassava latent virus (clv) and maize streak virus (msv) and beet curly top virus (bctv), each with distinct host range and insect vector species characteristics. from these studies, several indications as to the replication mechanism(s) a ...	1987	3503890
a process for protein enrichment of cassava by solid substrate fermentation in rural conditions.	an artisanal static process for protein enrichment of cassava by solid-state fermentation, developed in laboratory and tested on pilot units in burundi (central africa), provides enriched cassava containing 10.7% of dry matter protein versus 1% before fermentation. cassava chips, processed into granules of 2-4-mm diameter, are moistened (40% water content) and steamed. after cooling to 40 degrees c, cassava is mixed with a nutritive solution containing the inoculum (rhizopus oryzae, strain mucl ...	1987	18576545
detection of double-stranded rna by immunoblot electrophoresis.	a procedure is described which permits the serological detection of double-stranded rna (dsrna) which has been electrophoretically transferred from agarose gels to zeta-probe blotting membranes. cucumber mosaic virus replicative forms of rnas 1-3 and cassava (manihot esculenta) clone 'secundina' dsrnas can be routinely detected from 1 g of leaf tissue. this procedure allows for the detection and size estimation of dsrnas in crude nucleic acid preparations.	1986	3528205
[formation and regeneration of protoplasts of a native strain of clostridium acetobutylicum].	a procedure was optimized for the formation and regeneration of protoplasts in a clostridium acetobutylicum strain isolated from cassava roots in misiones, argentina. the regeneration frequency was calculated as the ratio of regenerants (colony forming units on regeneration plates minus colony forming units from osmotically resistant cells) per initial cell number (colony forming units before protoplast formation). the percentage regeneration varied from 10 to 15%.	1986	3685381
the effects of different sources of nitrogen supplementation on the post ruminal flows of organic matter and different nitrogenous constituents in steers.	friesian steers, virtually protozoa free, were equipped with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas. they were given diets consisting of approximately equal proportions of ground, pelleted alkali treated straw and a rolled barley, tapioca mixture supplemented with urea + casein (uc), soybean meal (sbm), 'normal' white fishmeal (ndf) or white fishmeal designated as being of 'low' rumen degradability (ldf). the diets were isoenergetic (the protein sources replacing part of the tapioca) and they were g ...	1986	3741133
thyroid function in a cassava-eating population affected by epidemic spastic paraparesis.	thyroid function was studied in a rural population in mozambique that had been affected by an epidemic of spastic paraparesis attributed to dietary cyanide exposure from cassava. laboratory investigation on a sample of this population demonstrated very high levels of serum and urinary thiocyanate, indicating a heavy exposure to cyanide. the urinary excretion of iodine was within normal limits, indicating an adequate intake of iodine. the serum levels of ft4i were somewhat decreased and serum ft3 ...	1986	3788422
[energy value of cassava leaves in the feeding of chickens].		1986	3825434
synthesis of viral dna forms in nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplasts inoculated with cassava latent virus (clv); evidence for the independent replication of one component of the clv genome.	totipotent leaf mesophyll protoplasts of nicotiana plumbaginifolia, viviani were inoculated with cassava latent virus (clv) or with full length copies of clv genomic dnas 1 and 2 excised from replicative forms of m13 clones. virus specific dnas began to appear 48-72h after inoculation with virus or cloned dnas, coincident with the onset of host cell division. infected cells accumulated supercoiled forms of dnas 1 and 2 as well as progeny single-stranded (ss) virion (+) sense dnas representing ea ...	1986	3951986
the biological quality of a cassava leave protein concentrate.		1986	3425108
infectious mutants of cassava latent virus generated in vivo from intact recombinant dna clones containing single copies of the genome.	intact recombinant dnas containing single copies of either component of the cassava latent virus genome can elicit infection when mechanically inoculated to host plants in the presence of the appropriate second component. characterisation of infectious mutant progeny viruses, by analysis of virus-specific supercoiled dna intermediates, indicates that most if not all of the cloning vector has been deleted, achieved at least in some cases by intermolecular recombination in vivo between dnas 1 and ...	1986	2875435
[protein concentrate of the manioc leaf. extraction, chemical analyses and supplementation with amino acids].	the purpose of this work was to prepare a manioc leaf protein concentrate introducing some new procedures on the known methods developed by other authors. chemical composition and biological quality (per, digestibility, npu and bv) of the protein content were measured for diets prepared with leaf protein concentrate and leaf. histological studies were carried out in some organs. the protein concentrate and the powdered leaves were supplemented with methionine and lysine, alone and combined. the ...	1986	3115218
[new area of endemic goiter : the northeast bénoué, (north cameroon)].	endemic goiter was thought to essentially spread in the southern part of cameroun. in fact the north-east benoué (neb) area also appears to be concerned. we studied 1242 individuals from 5 representative villages. the overall goiter frequency was 28.4%. study of emigrants showed a spreading of the endemic area towards the boundary part of tchad. however increase of morbidity was related to the duration of settlement in neb (18% after 1 year vs 34% after 5 years, p less than 0.01). samples of uri ...	1986	3827198
audiological screening of amerindians of the suriname rainforest.	audiological screening tests were conducted among a remote, relatively noise-free population of amerindians in the deep rainforests of surinam, south america. these preliminary tests, the initial step in a planned long-term study, were the first such examinations on these people, and were intended to examine the overall audiological health of the population as a function of age and sex. audiological testing of this non-technological population was more challenging than conventional test situatio ...	1986	3704543
[technological improvement of the production of cachiri, a fermented beverage made from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) of indigenous origin].		1986	3618073
exocrine pancreatic function of children from the ivory coast compared to french children. effect of kwashiorkor.	one hundred nineteen children, either french or from the ivory coast, aged 1-8 years, were submitted to pancreatic function testing by duodenal aspiration. trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, phospholipase, amylase, volume, bicarbonate, chloride, and calcium were estimated before and after an intravenous injection of 1 cu secretin + 3 chr units pancreozymin per kilogram of body weight. sixty-two patients were normal european children, and 11 were normal african children. twenty-five african children ...	1986	3009110
fine structure of tapioca melanoma of the iris.	a case of a tapioca melanoma of the iris is studied by light and electron microscopy. nodular elevations of the tumour were composed of spindle b- and epitheloid cells and of what appeared to be intermediate types. tiny structures scattered over the entire tumour consisted of smaller epitheloid cells, many of which were found around superficial tumour vessels. evidently, tapioca melanoma of the iris does not represent any specific histopathological entity. tapioca melanoma of the iris is a low-g ...	1985	4075959
tuberization in cassava (manihot esculenta): cytokinin and abscisic acid activity in tuberous roots.	the nature and distribution of cytokinins and abscisic acid in tuberous roots of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) was studied. trans-ribosylzeatin, dihydrozeatin and trans-zeatin were tentatively identified as the major cytokinins in tuberous root extracts. cytokinin activity was concentrated in the meristematic region of the secondary xylem and in the phloem. this suggests a role for cytokinins in the regulation of meristematic activity which is responsible for the growth of the tuberous root ...	1985	23196078
source-to-sink gradient of potassium in the phloem.	the potassium contents of bark strips of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) and of phloem exudate of castor bean (ricinus communis l.) were analyzed at different regions of the stem. in cassava, a peak in potassium content was observed near the first mature leaf, leveling off both above and below this point. in castor bean, only a downward decreasing gradient was observed. in both plants, the direction of the potassium gradient coincided with the presumed direction of assimilate flow.	1985	24249345
digestibility of native and modified starches: in vitro studies with human and rabbit pancreatic amylases and in vivo studies in rabbits.	the effects of cooking and chemical modification of purified starches on the relative rates and extent of their hydrolysis were studied in vitro by using purified human and rabbit pancreatic amylases. comparison was made with an in vivo study of postprandial glucose and insulin response in adult rabbits. uncooked starches showed negligible hydrolysis in vitro, whereas cooking (10 min, 100 degrees c) increased both the rate and extent of hydrolysis of all starches. soluble potato starch was the m ...	1985	2578187
developmental toxicity of the cyanogenic glycoside linamarin in the golden hamster.	cassava, a staple food in many tropical countries, has been suspected as a cause of human congenital defects. ingestion of the material during pregnancy has been reported to induce limb defects, microcephaly, open eye, and growth retardation in rats. linamarin is a natural cyanogenic glycoside that occurs in high concentrations in cassava. in the present study, pregnant hamsters received an oral dose of 70,100, 120 or 140 mg/kg linamarin or an equivalent volume of isotonic saline during the earl ...	1985	3992492
characterisation of dna forms associated with cassava latent virus infection.	in addition to the major encapsidated dna species found in preparations of cassava latent virus (genomic dnas 1 and 2) there are minor dna populations of twice (dimeric) and approximately half genome length. both minor species resemble the genomic dnas in that they are composed of predominantly circular single-stranded dna. all of these size groups have a corresponding covalently-closed circular double-stranded dna form in infected tissue. infectivity studies using cloned dnas 1 and 2 show that ...	1985	4000956
sequence homology among the coat proteins of gemini viruses.	the coat proteins of the gemini viruses - african cassava latent virus, tomato golden mosaic virus and maize streak virus - are shown to have reasonable to good amino acid sequence homology. it is suggested that the maize streak virus genome is ancestral and the bipartite genomes of the other viruses evolved from it.	1985	4026858
cassava is not a goitrogen in mice.	to examine the effect of cassava on the thyroid function of mice, we fed fresh cassava root to mice and compared this diet with low iodine diet and purina. cassava provided a low iodine intake and increased urine thiocyanate excretion and serum thiocyanate levels. mice on cassava lost weight. the thyroid glands of mice on cassava were not enlarged, even when normalized for body weight. the 4- and 24-hr thyroid uptakes of mice on cassava were similar to those of mice on low iodine diets. protein- ...	1985	4034537
effect of thiamin status on the metabolism of linamarin in rats.	the effect of graded levels of thiamin on the metabolism of linamarin was investigated in rats. it was observed that on a diet deficient in thiamin, a large amount of linamarin was recovered unchanged in the urine, together with significantly more thiocyanate (scn-) relative to the control. the least amount of thiocyanate (p less than 0.05 relative to control) was found in animals receiving the highest amount (twice daily requirement) of thiamin in the diet; but the amount of unmetabolized linam ...	1985	4051453
protein metabolism in growing pigs fed corn or cassava peel based diets containing graded protein levels.	sixty-four large white cross landrace weanling pigs were randomly allotted to eight treatments in a two by four factorial arrangement. the two dietary variables were cassava peel (0 and 40 per cent) and crude protein (20, 15, 10 and 5 per cent). total serum protein concentration was significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced by protein deficiency and by its interaction with cassava peel. the multiple coefficient of determination (r2) showed that protein intake was the primary factor determining ch ...	1985	2989987
nucleotide sequence of bean golden mosaic virus and a model for gene regulation in geminiviruses.	we have sequenced the genome of bean golden mosaic virus, which comprises two circular single-stranded dna molecules (2646 and 2587 nucleotides long) of mostly unique sequence. comparison of the sequences of bean golden mosaic virus and of cassava latent virus, which share serological relationship but are very different in host range and geographical origin, shows that each virus has a unique 200-nucleotide sequence (common region) on each 2.6-kilobase molecule of its genome. the common regions ...	1985	16593562
the nucleotide sequence of cloned wheat dwarf virus dna.	restriction analysis and cloning of virus-specific double-stranded dna isolated from plants infected with wheat dwarf virus (wdv) indicated that the virus genome, like that of maize streak virus (msv), consists of a single dna circle. the complete nucleotide sequence of cloned wdv dna (2749 nucleotides) has been determined. comparison of the potential coding regions in wdv dna with those in the dna of two strains of msv suggests that these viruses encode at least two functional proteins, the coa ...	1985	15938050
major polyadenylated transcripts of cassava latent virus and location of the gene encoding coat protein.	the nucleotide sequences of infectious cloned dnas 1 and 2 of a kenyan isolate of cassava latent virus (clv) have been determined. five virus-specific polyadenylated transcripts have been identified and mapped either to the viral or complementary sense dnas of both components of the clv genome, confirming that transcription is bidirectional on both dnas. a major mrna has been translated in vitro to yield a 30 000 mol. wt. product, which is precipitated by antibodies raised against whole virus, a ...	1985	15918226
[brazil: agricultural modernisation and food production restructuring in the international crisis].	this study examines the complex relationship of capital accumulation, external debt, and food supply in brazil, a country which has simultaneously increased its food exports and its unsatisfied demand for food imports in the context of the world economic crisis. in brazil, the substitution of export cash crops for subsistence crops has been accompanied by a profound but incomplete restructuring of the basic food supply and model of consumption, a restructuring made possible by declining real co ...	1985	12267623
ethanol fermentation of raw cassava starch with rhizopus koji in a gas circulation type fermentor.	studies have been conducted in a gas circulation type fermentor in order to characterize the ethanol fermentation of uncooked cassava starch with rhizopus koji. results showed that ethanol concentration reached 13-14% (v/v) in 4-day broth, and the maximum productivity of ethanol was 2.3 g ethanol/l broth h. this productivity was about 50% compared to the productivity of a glucose-yeast system. ethanol yield reached 83.5-72.3% of the theoretical yield for the cassava starch used. the fermentor us ...	1985	18553810
xiphidorus amazonensis n. sp. (nematoda: longidoridae) from the brazilian amazon basin.	xiphidorus amazonensis n. sp. was found in the rhizospheres of jatropha curcas, musa sp., anona muricata, cassia tora, panicum laxum, paspalum fasciculatum, aeschynomene sensitiva, saccharum officinarum, manihot esculenta, abelmoschus esculentus, tamarindus indica, mangifera indica, vigna unguiculata, zea mays, commelina sp., cyperus rotundus, fimbristylis miliacea, citrus sinensis, and eichhornia crassipes on the amazon river island of xiborena, approximately 40 km southeast of manaus, capital ...	1985	19294098
computer analysis identifies sequence homologies between potential gene products of maize streak virus and those of cassava latent virus and tomato golden mosaic virus.	the amino acid sequences of the putative polypeptides of maize streak virus (msv) have been systematically compared with those of cassava latent virus (clv) and tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) using the programme diagon (8).conserved sequences have been detected between peptides encoded by the complementary (-) sense of msv and those of clv and tgmv, viz; the 40 200 mr polypeptide of clv-1 (3) and the 40 285 mr polypeptide of tgmv-a (4) show extensive homologies with the 17 768 mr and 31 388 m ...	1985	24306572
alcoholic fermentation of raw cassava starch by rhizopus koji without cooking.	using only wheat bran koji from the rhizopus strain, raw cassava starch and cassava pellets converted reasonably well to alcohol (ethanol) without cooking at 35 degrees c and ph 4.5-5.0. when the initial broth contained 30 g raw cassava starch, 10 g rhizopus sp. koji, and 100 ml tap water, 12.1 g of alcohol was recovered by final distillation from fermented broth. in this case, 12.1 g alcohol corresponds to an 85.5% conversion rate based on the theoretical values of the starch content. when the ...	1984	18553296
development of rapidly fermenting strains of saccharomyces diastaticus for direct conversion of starch and dextrins to ethanol.	alcoholic fermentation, growth, and glucoamylase production by 12 strains of saccharomyces diastaticus were compared by using starch and dextrins as substrates. haploid progeny produced from a rapidly fermenting strain, sd2, were used for hybridization with other s. diastaticus and saccharomyces cerevisiae haploids. alcoholic fermentation and enzyme production by hybrid diploids and their haploid parents were evaluated. although the dosage of the sta or dex (starch or dextrin fermentation) genes ...	1984	16346584
complete nucleotide sequence of the infectious cloned dna components of tomato golden mosaic virus: potential coding regions and regulatory sequences.	the nucleotide sequences of the infectious cloned dna components of tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) have been determined. dna a (2588 nucleotides) and dna b (2508 nucleotides) have little sequence homology except for a region of 200 bases which is almost identical in the two molecules. analysis of open reading frames revealed six potential coding regions for proteins of mol. wt. >10 000, four in dna a and two in dna b. possible regulatory signals are identified and a model for bidirectional tr ...	1984	16453557
cholesterol binding capacity of fiber from tropical fruits and vegetables.	the cholesterol binding capacity of 28 fiber samples from a variety of the more common tropical fruits and vegetables was determined. the binding capacity of cholestyramine, cellulose, lignin, guar gum and citrus pectin were also determined. capacities were evaluated by an in vitro method that simulates the effect of the human digestive system on fiber using a series of enzymatic treatments before the binding was determined. binding values varied from 3% for a soluble fraction of cassava to 84% ...	1984	6323908
effects of increasing the fibre content of a layer diet.	the fibre content of a basal diet fed to laying hens was increased from 149.2 g to between 218.6 and 292.3 g/kg by the inclusion of various fibrous farm wastes and by-products at 200 g/kg diet. the fibrous ingredients lowered the metabolisable energy (me) of the basal diet from 11.82 to between 9.31 and 11.21 mj/kg. utilisation (g food/kg egg) of the basal diet was not significantly different from values for diets containing maize cob, cassava or maize starch residues. the diet containing maize ...	1984	6329485
conversion of cassava starch to biomass, carbohydrates, and acids by aspergillus niger.	the filamentous fungus, aspergillus niger, efficiently converted cassava polysaccharides to mycelial mass, simple sugars, and acids during the course of its growth. a typical 70-ml culture broth containing 2% cassava polysaccharides yielded 0.38 g dry mycelial mass, 1.14 mmol reducing sugars, and 1.17 meq acids at the end of 42 h. about 70% of the initial total carbohydrate in the medium was degraded during the same period. the sugars and acids in the culture broths were analyzed by hplc on a si ...	1984	6490584
physical structure and genetic organisation of the genome of maize streak virus (kenyan isolate).	the structure of the maize streak virus genome (kenyan isolate, msv-k), as determined from the sequence of clones obtained from dna isolated from virus particles, is composed of one major dna component of about 2.6 kb. msv virion dna is partially double-stranded, composed of a full-length virion (v) strand and a short (70-80b) primer (p) strand. the primer strand has a fixed 5'-end capped with alkaline labile material, presumably 1-2 ribonucleotides. the msv genome has two major coding regions o ...	1984	6493977
serum and tissue thiocyanate concentrations in growing pigs fed cassava peel or corn based diets containing graded protein levels.	thiocyanate concentrations of serum, liver, kidney, spleen and longissimus dorsi were determined in 64 growing large white x landrace pigs offered 8 experimental isocaloric diets containing different levels of cassava peel and crude protein. cassava peel increased serum thiocyanate on day 60 (p less than 0.01) and day 90 (p less than 0.01) of the trial, while the crude protein level increased it (p less than 0.05) on days 30 and 90, respectively. interaction of the two factors was significant on ...	1984	6506092
the nucleotide sequence of maize streak virus dna.	the nucleotide sequence of the dna of maize streak virus (msv) has been determined. the data were accommodated into one dna circle of 2687 nucleotides, in contrast to previously characterised geminiviruses which have been shown to possess two circles of dna. comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the dna of msv with those of cassava latent virus (clv) and tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) showed no detectable homology. analysis of open reading frames revealed seven potential coding regions fo ...	1984	6526009
[nutritive value of diets based on tubers and legumes consumed in 3 different proportions].	this study was an attempt to determine the nutritional value of diets based on mixtures of manioc and cowpea flours. the proportions analyzed were 87/13, 70/30 and 50/50, respectively. the effect of supplementing these diets with methionine was also investigated. the nutritional value of the diets was evaluated using as a basis the percentage of utilizable protein. findings revealed that the protein was best utilized when the percentages of manioc and cowpea flours were 50/50, with significant d ...	1984	6536219