Publications

slec is essential for cortex peptidoglycan hydrolysis during germination of spores of the pathogenic bacterium clostridium perfringens.	clostridial spore germination requires degradation of the spore's peptidoglycan (pg) cortex by cortex-lytic enzymes (cles), and two clostridium perfringens cles, slec and slem, degrade cortex pg in vitro. we now find that only slec is essential for cortex hydrolysis and viability of c. perfringens spores. c. perfringens slec spores did not germinate completely with nutrients, kcl, or a 1:1 chelate of ca(2+) and dipicolinic acid (ca-dpa), and the colony-forming efficiency of slec spores was 10(3) ...	2009	19218389
clostridium perfringens intestinal gas gangrene in a preterm newborn.		2009	19224438
clostridium perfringens infection among inmates at a county jail--wisconsin, august 2008.	on august 8, 2008, employees at a wisconsin county jail noted nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea among more than 100 inmates during the early morning inspection. seven inmates were seen by the jail nurse that morning. following jail protocol, guards gave at least 60 inmates bismuth subsalicylate to relieve symptoms, and the jail nurse notified local health department staff members, who suspected a foodborne outbreak at the jail and initiated an investigation. this report summarizes the findings of a ...	2009	19229165
whole blood chemiluminescence response in broiler chickens on different experimental diets and challenged with clostridium perfringens.	1. objectives: to validate the whole blood chemiluminescence (wbcl) assay in chickens, a simple and rapid method of measuring production of reactive oxygen species by circulating polymorphonuclear (pmn) leukocytes. to determine the physiological response and innate immune response associated with oral challenge with clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens under different nutritional conditions. 2. in experiment 1, birds were orally challenged with c. perfringens 1. type a or sham-challenged ...	2009	19234930
effect of potassium diformate on growth performance and gut microbiota in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis.	1. the effect of potassium diformate (kdf) on mortality, growth performance, microbial populations, ph and short chain fatty acid concentrations in the intestinal tract of broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis was investigated. 2. an experiment with 1050 cobb male broiler chickens was conducted from 1 to 35 d of age. there were 7 treatment groups: (1) unchallenged negative control, (2) unchallenged kdf (4.50 g/kg feed), (3) challenged negative control, (4) challenged positive contr ...	2009	19234931
the putative coupling protein tcpa interacts with other pcw3-encoded proteins to form an essential part of the conjugation complex.	conjugative plasmids encode antibiotic resistance determinants or toxin genes in the anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens. the paradigm conjugative plasmid in this bacterium is pcw3, a 47-kb tetracycline resistance plasmid that encodes the unique tcp transfer locus. the tcp locus consists of 11 genes, intp and tcpa-tcpj, at least three of which, tcpa, tcpf, and tcph, are essential for the conjugative transfer of pcw3. in this study we examined protein-protein interactions involving tcpa, t ...	2009	19251842
inferring maps of forces inside cell membrane microdomains.	mapping of the forces on biomolecules in cell membranes has spurred the development of effective labels, e.g., organic fluorophores and nanoparticles, to track trajectories of single biomolecules. standard methods use particular statistics, namely the mean square displacement, to analyze the underlying dynamics. here, we introduce general inference methods to fully exploit information in the experimental trajectories, providing sharp estimates of the forces and the diffusion coefficients in memb ...	2009	19257479
screening escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, and clostridium perfringens as indicator organisms in evaluating pathogen-reducing capacity in biogas plants.	this study was conducted to identify an indicator organism(s) in evaluating the pathogen-reducing capacity of biogas plants. fresh cow manure containing 10(4) to 10(5) colony forming unit (cfu) per milliliter of escherichia coli and enterococcus faecalis along with an inoculated clostridium perfringens strain were exposed to 37 degrees c for 15 days, 55 degrees c for 48 h, and 70 degrees c for 24 h. c. perfringens was the most heat-resistant organism followed by e. faecalis, while e. coli was th ...	2009	19259627
[spontaneous rupture of a clostridium perfringens liver abscess into the abdominal cavity].		2009	19264295
strategy to inactivate clostridium perfringens spores in meat products.	the current study aimed to develop an inactivation strategy for clostridium perfringens spores in meat through a combination of spore activation at low pressure (100-200 mpa, 7 min) and elevated temperature (80 degrees c, 10 min); spore germination at high temperatures (55, 60 or 65 degrees c); and inactivation of germinated spores with elevated temperatures (80 and 90 degrees c, 10 and 20 min) and high pressure (586 mpa, at 23 and 73 degrees c, 10 min). low pressures (100-200 mpa) were insuffic ...	2009	19269568
generation of single-copy transposon insertions in clostridium perfringens by electroporation of phage mu dna transposition complexes.	transposon mutagenesis is a tool that is widely used for the identification of genes involved in the virulence of bacteria. until now, transposon mutagenesis in clostridium perfringens has been restricted to the use of tn916-based methods with laboratory reference strains. this system yields primarily multiple transposon insertions in a single genome, thus compromising its use for the identification of virulence genes. the current study describes a new protocol for transposon mutagenesis in c. p ...	2009	19270116
lectin activity of the coagulation factor viii/von willebrand complex.	the human coagulation factor viii (fviii) is essential in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation and circulates mainly as a non-covalently bound complex with the von willebrand factor (vwf). this complex (fviii/vwf) protects fviii from degradation and cellular uptake, although no biological role has been identified yet for this complex. the fviii/vwf complex was purified from a healthy donor's plasma by affinity chromatography on a sepharose 4b-concanavalin a column and was used to determine ...	2009	19282656
ecological characterization of the colonic microbiota of normal and diarrheic dogs.	we used terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (t-rflp) analysis to assess (1) stability of the fecal microbiota in dogs living in environments characterized by varying degrees of exposure to factors that might alter the microbiota and (2) changes in the microbiota associated with acute episodes of diarrhea. results showed that the healthy canine gi tract harbors potential enteric pathogens. dogs living in an environment providing minimal exposure to factors that might alter the microbiota h ...	2009	19282974
cross-complementation of clostridium perfringens plc and clostridium septicum alpha-toxin mutants reveals plc is sufficient to mediate gas gangrene.	clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum are the most common causes of clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene. although they mediate a similar disease pathology, they elaborate functionally very different alpha-toxins. we used a reciprocal complementation approach to assess the contribution of the primary toxin of each species to disease and found that c. perfringens alpha-toxin (plc) was able to mediate the gross pathology of myonecrosis even in a c. septicum background, although it co ...	2009	19284973
cholesterol exposure at the membrane surface is necessary and sufficient to trigger perfringolysin o binding.	perfringolysin o (pfo) is the prototype for the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, a family of bacterial pore-forming toxins that act on eukaryotic membranes. the pore-forming mechanism of pfo exhibits an absolute requirement for membrane cholesterol, but the complex interplay between the structural arrangement of the pfo c-terminal domain and the distribution of cholesterol in the target membrane is poorly understood. herein we show that pfo binding to the bilayer and the initiation of the seque ...	2009	19292457
characterization of two putative fibronectin-binding proteins of clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen that causes gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans and animals. genomic analysis of c. perfringens strain 13 revealed that this bacterium contains two genes (cpe0737 and cpe1847) that encode putative fibronectin (fn)-binding proteins (fbps). these genes, named fbpa and fbpb, were found to be constitutively expressed in all three strains (13, nctc8237, cpn50) of c. perfringens, isolated from gas gangrene of human, that were tested. ...	2009	19292998
the oncopathic potency of clostridium perfringens is independent of its alpha-toxin gene.	hypoxia in solid tumors is a major obstacle in conventional treatment because of inefficient delivery of therapeutic agents to the lesions, but offers the potential for anaerobic bacterial colonization that can lead to tumor destruction. we have previously reported a recombinant clostridium perfringens (cp) strain constructed by deletion of the superoxide dismutase (sod) gene and insertion of the panton-valentine leukocidin (pvl) gene, cp/sod(-)/pvl, which showed elevated oxygen sensitivity, tum ...	2009	19298132
nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea caused by organisms other than clostridium difficile.	most cases of nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are caused by alteration of the physiological gut microflora. this alteration leads to reduced microbial metabolism of carbohydrates and primary bile acids, resulting in osmotic or secretory forms of diarrhoea. moreover, facultative enteropathogens may experience a growth advantage due to the antibiotic-induced microflora alteration that, in turn, can harm the gut mucosa by the toxins they produce. clostridium difficile is the major in ...	2009	19303568
cellular functions and x-ray structure of anthrolysin o, a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin secreted by bacillus anthracis.	anthrolysin o (alo) is a pore-forming, cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (cdc) secreted by bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent for anthrax. growing evidence suggests the involvement of alo in anthrax pathogenesis. here, we show that the apical application of alo decreases the barrier function of human polarized epithelial cells as well as increases intracellular calcium and the internalization of the tight junction protein occludin. using pharmacological agents, we also found that barrier func ...	2009	19307185
case of clostridium perfringens bacteremia after routine colonoscopy and polypectomy.	bacteremia is an uncommon complication after polypectomy and colonoscopy. we report one of the first cases of clostridium perfringens bacteremia after polypectomy. our patient was a four years old boy with congenital polyposis, who underwent colonoscopy and polypectomy without complication. approximately 12h later he developed a fever and tachycardia with no other clinical symptoms. his blood cultures grew out penicillin susceptible c. perfringens and enterococcus faecalis. he responded to antib ...	2009	19324098
diversifying and stabilizing selection of sialidase and n-acetylneuraminate catabolism in mycoplasma synoviae.	sialidase activity varies widely among strains and tends to correlate with strain virulence in the avian pathogen mycoplasma synoviae. to characterize the forms of selection acting on enzymes required for sialic acid scavenging and catabolism, the ratios of nonsynonymous (k(a)) to synonymous (k(s)) mutation frequency were calculated for codons in the sialidase gene of 16 strains of m. synoviae and for its nearly identical homolog in four strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum. the k(a)/k(s) (omega) ...	2009	19329630
nitrogen, phosphorus, and bacteria tile and groundwater quality following direct injection of dewatered municipal biosolids into soil.	application of municipal biosolids (sewage) to agricultural land is a common practice to improve soil physical quality and fertility. the chosen method of land application can have a strong impact on the extent of adjacent water contamination by nutrients and bacteria. dewatered municipal biosolids (dmb) were applied to silt-clay loam experimental field plots in ontario, canada using two application methods: (i) surface spreading followed by shallow incorporation (ss) and (ii) a newly developed ...	2009	19329694
seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, cryptosporidium oocysts, giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape.	the south nation river basin in eastern ontario, canada is characterized by mixed agriculture. over 1600 water samples were collected on a bi-weekly basis from up to 24 discrete sampling sites on river tributaries of varying stream order within the river basin between 2004 and 2006. water samples were analyzed for: densities of indicator bacteria (escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, enterococci, total and fecal coliforms), the presence of pathogenic bacteria (listeria monocytogenes, e. co ...	2009	19339033
occurrence and levels of fecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in market-ready recycled organic matter composts.	landfill diversion of organic wastes through composting is making compost products available for agricultural and horticultural crops. on certified organic farms, nonsludge green waste and manure composts are widely used because the use of these products removes harvest date restrictions imposed by the u.s. department of agriculture when raw manure is applied. we quantified several pathogens in point-of-sale composts from 94 nonsludge facilities processing 2.2 million m3 year(-1) of recycled gre ...	2009	19350977
[a necrotizing fasciitis of an abdominal wall after a cholecystectomy--a case report].	the authors present a case review of a patient with a life threatening infectious complication after a routine operation with an accent on urgent diagnosis and treatment. a sepsis with an extensive necrotizing anaerobic infection of the surgical wound with a destruction of abdominal wound developed in 48 hours after a cholecystectomia. the patient status required repeatedly an extensive necrectomy with a hospitalization on an intensive care unit with a necessity of an arteficial pulmonary ventil ...	2009	19358467
transcriptional profiling analysis of host response to clostridium perfringens infection in broilers.	necrotic enteritis is a disease caused by clostridium perfringens, which threatens poultry production in the absence of dietary antibiotics. a total number of 600 ross broilers were reared in 12 pens with each hosting 50 birds. each 6 pens of birds were fed medicated (bacitracin at 55 mg/kg) or nonmedicated starter diets immediately after the chicks were placed. at d 18, birds were challenged with c. perfringens (10(7) cfu/ml mixed with feed). spleens were collected from 12 birds of each group ( ...	2009	19359691
role of gerkb in germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores.	previous work indicated that clostridium perfringens gerka gerkc spores germinate significantly, suggesting that gerkb also has a role in c. perfringens spore germination. we now find that (i) gerkb was expressed only during sporulation, likely in the forespore; (ii) gerkb spores germinated like wild-type spores with nonnutrient germinants and with high concentrations of nutrients but more slowly with low nutrient concentrations; and (iii) gerkb spores had lower colony-forming efficiency and slo ...	2009	19363077
characterization of a unique class c acid phosphatase from clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobe and a pathogen of medical importance. the detection of acid phosphatase activity is a powerful diagnostic indicator of the presence of c. perfringens among anaerobic isolates; however, characterization of the enzyme has not previously been reported. provided here are details of the characterization of a soluble recombinant form of this cell-associated enzyme. the denatured enzyme was approximately 31 kda and a homodimer in solution. it catalyze ...	2009	19363079
gero, a putative na+/h+-k+ antiporter, is essential for normal germination of spores of the pathogenic bacterium clostridium perfringens.	the genome of the pathogen clostridium perfringens encodes two proteins, gero and gerq, homologous to monovalent cation transporters suggested to have roles in the germination of spores of some bacillus species. gero and gerq were able to transport monovalent cations (k(+) and/or na(+)) in escherichia coli, and gero and gerq were expressed only in the mother cell compartment during c. perfringens sporulation. c. perfringens spores lacking gero were defective in germination with a rich medium, kc ...	2009	19363115
virulence gene regulation by the agr system in clostridium perfringens.	a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen, clostridium perfringens, causes clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene in humans by producing numerous extracellular toxins and enzymes that act in concert to degrade host tissue. the agr system is known to be important for the regulation of virulence genes in a quorum-sensing manner in staphylococcus aureus. a homologue for s. aureus agrbd (agrbd(sa)) was identified in the c. perfringens strain 13 genome, and the role of c. perfringens agrbd (agrbd(cp)) was ...	2009	19363118
features of hemolysis due to clostridium perfringens infection.	infection by clostridium perfringens can be an unsuspected cause of hemolysis in emergency room patients. historically, this condition has been associated with wound contamination and other tissue infections. we report the case of an autistic patient who presented to our emergency department with a distended abdomen and hemolysis of unknown etiology. the patient had no history of recent surgery. exploration of the abdomen revealed a hepatic abscess. blood cultures tested culture positive for c. ...	2009	18177433
origin of clostridium perfringens isolates determines the ability to induce necrotic enteritis in broilers.	since the ban on growth-promoting antibiotics in animal feed in the european union, necrotic enteritis has become a major cause of mortality in broiler chickens. despite the importance of the disease, the pathogenesis is still not completely understood. in the current study, clostridium perfringens strains isolated from healthy flocks and isolates from outbreaks of necrotic enteritis were evaluated for the ability to cause gut necrosis in an intestinal loop model in laying hens and in an experim ...	2009	18783830
immunization with recombinant alpha toxin partially protects broiler chicks against experimental challenge with clostridium perfringens.	necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry has re-emerged as a concern for poultry producers, due in part to banning, by many countries, of the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds. this re-emergence has led to a search for alternative methods for control of the disease, particularly vaccination. the objective of this work was to determine if vaccination of broiler chicks with recombinant alpha toxin protected against experimental challenge. broiler chicks were vaccinated subcutaneously at 5 a ...	2009	18635321
use of faecal pollution indicators to estimate pathogen die off conditions in source separated faeces in kathmandu valley, nepal.	as the introduction and promotion of dehydrating toilets progresses, the safety of handling and reuse of their biosolids remains a question. a detailed study to understand the storage conditions and the fate of selected faecal indicators was conducted on four urine diverting dehydrating toilet units, using ash as a major additive, in kathmandu valley, nepal. presumptive escherichia coli, total coliforms, enterococci and different fractions of clostridium perfringens were investigated under field ...	2009	18957778
diagnosis and treatment of eimeria macusaniensis in an adult alpaca with signs of colic.	a young adult pregnant alpaca was presented with an acute episode of abdominal pain. hematology revealed mild anemia, neutropenia with a degenerative left shift and moderate toxic changes in neutrophils, hyperfibrinogenemia, hypoproteinemia, and hypoalbuminemia. abdominal ultrasound showed a small intestinal segment with severely increased wall thickness and collapsed lumen. exploratory laparotomy revealed a markedly thickened 60cm jejunal segment with reddened serosa from which a full-thickness ...	2009	18036857
spread of a large plasmid carrying the cpe gene and the tcp locus amongst clostridium perfringens isolates from nosocomial outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in a geriatric hospital.	summaryto investigate two clusters of diarrhoea cases observed in our geriatric hospital wards, the faecal specimens were analysed. reversed passive latex agglutination assay revealed that 63.2% and 41.7% of the faecal specimens from each cluster were positive for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. pcr assay revealed that 71.4% and 68.8% of c. perfringens isolates from each cluster were positive for the enterotoxin gene (cpe). these observations suggested that both the clusters were outbreaks ...	2009	18485266
[claudin expression in different pancreatic cancers and its significance in differential diagnostics].	claudins (cldns) are essential proteins of tight junctions. changes in their expression pattern have been demonstrated in a number of tumors. cldns-3 and -4 are receptors of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, cytolytic effects of the toxin are well known. the aim of our studies was to compare the different cldn expression patterns in normal pancreas cells, pancreatic endocrine tumors, adenocarcinomas, mucinous cystic tumors and acinar cell carcinomas. expressions of cldn-1, -2, -3, -4 and ...	2009	19793693
antibody response to the epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens following vaccination of lama glama crias.	enterotoxaemia produced by clostridium perfringens a, c and d is an important cause of mortality in young llamas. there is no data on antibody responses following vaccination with epsilon toxin.	2009	19801806
the long-lived nature of clostridium perfringens iota toxin in mammalian cells induces delayed apoptosis.	mono-adp ribosylation of actin by bacterial toxins, such as clostridium perfringens iota or clostridium botulinum c2 toxins, results in rapid depolymerization of actin filaments and cell rounding. here we report that treatment of african green monkey kidney (vero) cells with iota toxin resulted in delayed caspase-dependent death. unmodified actin did not reappear in toxin-treated cells, and enzyme-active toxin was detectable in the cytosol for at least 24 h. c2 toxin showed comparable, long-live ...	2009	19805536
development and application of new mouse models to study the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type c enterotoxemias.	clostridium perfringens type c isolates cause enterotoxemias and enteritis in humans and livestock. while the major disease signs and lesions of type c disease are usually attributed to beta toxin (cpb), these bacteria typically produce several different lethal toxins. since understanding of disease pathogenesis and development of improved vaccines is hindered by the lack of small animal models mimicking the lethality caused by type c isolates, in this study we developed two mouse models of c. p ...	2009	19805537
occurrence of motile aeromonas in municipal drinking water and distribution of genes encoding virulence factors.	aeromonas-associated cases of gastroenteritis are generally considered waterborne. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential microbiological risk associated with the presence of these bacteria in public drinking water. over a period of one year, 132 drinking-water samples were monitored in león (nw of spain, 137,000 inhabitants) for mandatory drinking-water standards and the occurrence of aeromonas spp. samples were taken at the municipal water treatment plant, one storage facility ...	2009	19720415
dominant-negative inhibitors of the clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin.	the clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is responsible for a severe, often lethal intoxication. in this study, we characterized dominant-negative inhibitors of the epsilon-toxin. site-specific mutations were introduced into the gene encoding epsilon-toxin, and recombinant proteins were expressed in escherichia coli. paired cysteine substitutions were introduced at locations predicted to form a disulfide bond. one cysteine in each mutant was introduced into the membrane insertion domain of the ...	2009	19720828
neuraminidase inhibitory activities of flavonols isolated from rhodiola rosea roots and their in vitro anti-influenza viral activities.	five flavonols (3, 5, and 9-11) were isolated from rhodiola rosea, and compared with commercially available flavonoids (1, 2, 4, 6-8, and 12-14) to facilitate analysis of their structure-activity relationship (sar). all compounds (1-14) showed neuraminidase inhibitory activities with ic(50) values ranging from 0.8 to 56.9 microm. the in vitro anti-influenza virus activities of flavonoids 1-6, 8-12, and 14 were evaluated using two influenza viral strains, h1n1 (a/pr/8/34) and h9n2 (a/chicken/kore ...	2009	19729316
infectious agents detected in the feces of diarrheic foals: a retrospective study of 233 cases (2003-2008).	diarrhea is common in foals but there are no studies investigating the relative prevalence of common infectious agents in a population of hospitalized diarrheic foals.	2009	19747192
efficacy of multistrain direct-fed microbial and phytogenetic products in reducing necrotic enteritis in commercial broilers.	our laboratory is evaluating the efficacy of direct-fed microbials (dfm) and phytogenic products to control clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive organism associated with decreased performance and morbidity and mortality associated with necrotic enteritis, as well as some recent human food safety issues. three experiments were conducted to evaluate a dfm (poultrystar) and a phytogenic product (pep125), which were administered to birds from day of hatch until termination (d 25) via the drinkin ...	2009	19762859
pediocin a improves growth performance of broilers challenged with clostridium perfringens.	the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the anticlostridial pediocin a from pediococcus pentosaceus fbb61 to contain negative effects associated to clostridium proliferation in broilers, through 2 subsequent investigations. in the first study, 36 ross 508 broilers were divided into 3 groups and fed for 21 d as follows: the control diet (ctr), the control diet supplemented with supernatant filtrate of a culture of p. pentosaceus fbb61-2 (bac-, isogenic mutant nonproducing pedioci ...	2009	19762869
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin increases the small intestinal permeability in mice and rats.	epsilon toxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, an anaerobic bacterium that causes enterotoxaemia in ruminants. in the affected animal, it causes oedema of the lungs and brain by damaging the endothelial cells, inducing physiological and morphological changes. although it is believed to compromise the intestinal barrier, thus entering the gut vasculature, little is known about the mechanism underlying this process. this study characterizes the effects of e ...	2009	19763257
complete genome sequence of lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, a competitive exclusion agent against pathogens in poultry.	lactobacillus johnsonii is a member of the acidophilus group of lactobacilli. because of their probiotic properties, including attachment to epithelial cells, immunomodulation, and competitive exclusion of pathogens, representatives of this group are being intensively studied. here we report the complete annotated genome sequence of lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, a strain which prevents the colonization of specific-pathogen-free chicks by clostridium perfringens.	2009	19767436
expression profiles of genes in toll-like receptor-mediated signaling of broilers infected with clostridium perfringens.	toll-like receptors (tlrs) participate in detecting microbial pattern molecules for activation of the host immune response. we investigated possible roles of tlrs in the chicken response to clostridium perfringens infection by examining the expression of tlr genes and other genes involved in tlr-mediated signaling within the spleens and ilea of c. perfringens-challenged broilers. upregulation of a tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing factor homolog in challenged chickens compared to naïve chicke ...	2009	19776194
comparison between the vitek immunodiagnostic assay system and pcr for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in an experimental dry sausage during its curing process.	the comparison between the vitek immunodiagnostic assay system (vidas) and pcr methods for the detection of the pathogenic microorganisms salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus in salchich6n (a type of spanish fermented dry sausage) was studied. the automated mini-vidas method and the pcr method were used to detect the presence of these microorganisms in 90 samples grouped into six batches (one control batch, a ...	2009	19777902
selection of a clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin producer via dot-blot test.	clostridium perfringens type d produces enterotoxemia, an enteric disease in ruminants, also known as pulpy kidney disease. caused by epsilon toxin, enterotoxemia is a major exotoxin produced by this microorganism. epsilon toxin is also the main component of vaccines against this enteric disorder. in this study, a standardized dot-blot was used to choose strains of c. perfringens type d that are producers of epsilon toxin. clones producing epsilon toxin were chosen by limiting dilution; after th ...	2009	19779698
tiscpe8, an is1595-family lincomycin resistance element located on a conjugative plasmid in clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens is a normal gastrointestinal organism that is a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes and can potentially act as a source from which mobile elements and their associated resistance determinants can be transferred to other bacterial pathogens. lincomycin resistance in c. perfringens is common and is usually encoded by erm genes that confer macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b resistance. in this study we identified strains that are lincomycin resistant but erythromyci ...	2009	19684139
clostridium perfringens occurrence and ribotypes in healthy broilers reared in different european countries.	the main aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and ribotypes of clostridium perfringens in broiler flocks reared in 2 european countries that apply european union regulation 1831/2003. a total of 1,532 cecum contents were collected between june 2005 and november 2006 from birds belonging to 51 intensively reared flocks produced in the czech republic and 41 intensive production, organic, and free-range flocks reared in italy. clostridium perfringens was detected in 64.7 and 82.9% of ...	2009	19687269
structural basis for substrate recognition in the enzymatic component of adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdta from clostridium difficile.	adp-ribosylation is one of the favored modes of cell intoxication employed by several bacteria. clostridium difficile is recognized to be an important nosocomial pathogen associated with considerable morbidity and attributable mortality. along with its two well known toxins, toxin a and toxin b, it produces an adp-ribosylating toxin that targets monomeric actin of the target cell. like other clostridial actin adp-ribosylating toxins, this binary toxin, known as c. difficile toxin (cdt), is compo ...	2009	19692332
re: clostridium perfringens myonecrosis of the abdominal wall after cholecystectomy.		2009	19694678
differential proteomic analysis of clostridium perfringens atcc13124; identification of dominant, surface and structure associated proteins.	clostridium perfringens is a medically important clostridial pathogen causing diseases in man and animals. to invade, multiply and colonize tissues of the host, a pathogen must be able to evade host immune system, and obtain nutrients essential for growth. the factors involved in these complex processes are largely unknown and of crucial importance to understanding microbial pathogenesis. many of the virulence determinants and putative vaccine candidates for bacterial pathogens are known to be s ...	2009	19664283
inorganic phosphate and sodium ions are cogerminants for spores of clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning-related isolates.	clostridium perfringens type a isolates carrying a chromosomal copy of the enterotoxin (cpe) gene are involved in the majority of food poisoning (fp) outbreaks, while type a isolates carrying a plasmid-borne cpe gene are involved in c. perfringens-associated non-food-borne (nfb) gastrointestinal diseases. to cause diseases, c. perfringens spores must germinate and return to active growth. previously, we showed that only spores of fp isolates were able to germinate with k(+) ions. we now found th ...	2009	19666724
risk assessment for clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products.	an assessment of the risk of illness associated with clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products was completed to estimate the effect on the annual frequency of illnesses of changing the allowed maximal 1-log growth of c. perfringens during stabilization (cooling after the manufacturing heat step). the exposure assessment modeled stabilization, storage, and consumer preparation such as reheating and hot-holding. the model predicted that assuming a 10- o ...	2009	19681258
the nani and nanj sialidases of clostridium perfringens are not essential for virulence.	the essential toxin in clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis is alpha-toxin, although other toxins and extracellular enzymes may also be involved. in many bacterial pathogens extracellular sialidases are important virulence factors, and it has been suggested that sialidases may play a role in gas gangrene. c. perfringens strains have combinations of three different sialidase genes, two of which, nani and nanj, encode secreted sialidases. the nani and nanj genes ...	2009	19651873
retrospective study on necrotizing enteritis in piglets in switzerland.	the re-emergence of necrotizing enteritis (ne) in swiss pig breeding farms raised concern that, besides c. perfringens type c strains, additional c. perfringens toxinotypes might cause this disease. therefore we retrospectively investigated the association of ne with c. perfringens type c or different c. perfringens toxinotypes. we evaluated pathological lesions, routine diagnostic bacteriology results, and multiplex real-time pcr analyses from dna extracts of archived intestinal samples of 199 ...	2009	19653160
[occurrence of clostridium perfringens type a and type c in piglets of the swiss swine population].	necrotizing enteritis (ne) of newborn piglets still represents an economical problem in swiss pig breeding and production. the aim of our study was to identify risk factors for ne and evaluate the prevalence of c. perfringens with the toxingenes cpb and cpb2 in swiss pig breeding farms. the prevalence of theses c. perfringens was investigated using fecal swabs followed by bacteriological culturing and genotyping. close proximity to other breeding farms and large herd sizes were shown to predispo ...	2009	19653161
characterization of an atp-binding cassette from clostridium perfringens with homology to an abc transporter from clostridium hathewayi.	a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant of clostridium perfringens, strain vpi-c, which had stable mutations in the topoisomerase genes, accumulated less norfloxacin and ethidium bromide than the wild type, strain vpi. efflux pump inhibitors both increased the accumulation of ethidium bromide by cells of the mutant and enhanced their sensitivity to this toxic dye. cloning a gene, which codes for a putative abc transporter protein (np_562422) of 527 amino acids, from the mutant strain vpi-c into the wil ...	2009	19655423
necrotic enteritis in chickens: a paradigm of enteric infection by clostridium perfringens type a.	withdrawal of antimicrobial growth promoters and ionophore coccidiostats has been accompanied by a resurgence in incidence of necrotic enteritis (ne), a severe clostridium perfringens-induced disease which some consider the most clinically dramatic bacterial enteric disease of poultry. lesions, in jejunum and ileum, are focal-to-confluent, often with a tightly adhered pseudomembrane, and hemorrhage is uncommon. the key risk factor for development of ne is an intestinal environment that favors gr ...	2009	19186215
the spma/b and dacf proteins of clostridium perfringens play important roles in spore heat resistance.	strains of clostridium perfringens that cause acute food poisoning have been shown to produce spores that are significantly more heat resistant than those of other strains. previous studies demonstrated that the spore core density and the ratio of spore cortex peptidoglycan relative to the germ cell wall were factors that correlated with the heat resistance of a c. perfringens spore. to further evaluate these relationships, mutant strains of c. perfringens sm101 were constructed with null mutati ...	2009	19189487
a novel tumor-targeted therapy using a claudin-4-targeting molecule.	carcinogenesis is often accompanied by dysfunctional tight junction (tjs), resulting in the loss of cellular polarity. claudin, a tetra-transmembrane protein, plays a pivotal role in the barrier and fence functions of tjs. claudin-4 is deregulated in various cancers, including breast, prostate, ovarian, and gastric cancer. claudin-4 may be a promising target molecule for tumor therapy, but the claudin-targeting strategy has never been fully developed. in the present study, we prepared a claudin- ...	2009	19638534
influence of heterologous mreb proteins on cell morphology of bacillus subtilis.	the prokaryotic cytoskeletal protein mreb is thought to govern cell shape by positioning the cell wall synthetic apparatus at growth sites in the cell. in rod-shaped bacteria it forms helical filaments that run around the periphery of the rod during elongation. gram-positive bacteria often contain more than one mreb gene. bacillus subtilis has three mreb-like genes, mreb, mbl and mrebh, the first two of which have been shown to be essential under normal growth conditions. expression of an mreb h ...	2009	19643765
fluorescent in situ hybridization in combination with filter cultivation (fishfc) method for specific detection and enumeration of viable clostridium perfringens.	to reduce time for enumeration of viable clostridium perfringens, fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with filter cultivation (fishfc) was employed. the method utilized a clp-180 probe, based on the 16s rrna region of c. perfringens, and fishfc fluorescence microscopy to detect c. perfringens, but not organisms from other species. optimal cultivation requirements for micro-colony formation were tsc medium, anaerobic conditions, 37 degrees c, and incubation for 6h. under these condi ...	2009	19376466
completion pancreatectomy for treatment of a clostridium perfringens pancreatic infection.	pancreatic infection is associated with high morbidity and mortality. drainage of the infection is the usual therapeutic approach. clostridium perfringens infection can cause fulminant sepsis, but it rarely occurs within the pancreas. the case of a 76-year-old man with cystic pancreatic lesions in which sepsis developed after endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration biopsy is described. the sepsis was managed with pancreatic resection and antibiotics. clostridium perfringens was isolate ...	2009	19380651
lactobacillus isolates from weaned piglets' mucosa with inhibitory activity against common porcine pathogens.	twelve lactobacilli isolates from mucosa of 3-5-week-old weaned pigs were found to exert good antimicrobial activity against common porcine pathogens (s. aureus, b. cereus, e. coli, c. perfringens). two of them produced in addition to lactic acid also considerable amounts of acetic acid, and 6 of them produced hydrogen peroxide and metabolites other than organic acids. isolates 4/26 and 2/25 (identified as l. crispatus or l. amylovorus) were inhibitory against most strains of s. aureus, b. cereu ...	2009	19381487
dietary protein concentration affects intestinal microbiota of adult cats: a study using dgge and qpcr to evaluate differences in microbial populations in the feline gastrointestinal tract.	the objective of this study was to identify qualitative and quantitative differences in microbial populations of adult cats fed diets containing different protein concentrations. following a 4 week baseline period, eight healthy adult domestic short-hair queens (>1-year-old) were randomly allotted to a moderate-protein (mp; n = 4) or high-protein (hp; n = 4) diet for 8 weeks. fresh faecal samples were collected after baseline and 8 weeks on treatment and stored at -80 degrees c. following dna ex ...	2009	19386015
clostridium perfringens liver abscess after pancreatic resection.	liver abscess is a rare complication after pancreatectomy. clostridium perfingens is a rare cause of intrahepatic infections.	2009	19388837
mlst analysis reveals a highly conserved core genome among poultry isolates of clostridium septicum.	clostridium septicum is a highly virulent, anaerobic bacterium capable of establishing necrotizing tissue infections and forming heat resistant endospores. disease is primarily facilitated by secretion of numerous toxic products including a lethal pore-forming cytolysin. spontaneously occurring clostridial myonecrosis involving c. septicum has recently reemerged as a concern for many poultry producers. however, despite its increasing prevalence, the epidemiology of infection and population struc ...	2009	19402197
sialivac: an intranasal homologous inactivated split virus vaccine containing bacterial sialidase for the control of avian influenza in poultry.	a simple, effective inactivated avian flu vaccine composed of three homologous highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 strains combined with clostridium perfringens type a 107 sialidase/neuramindase and chitosan as a trans epithelial carrier adjuvant applied intranasally to poultry is described. poultry were vaccinated with an inactivated, solvent split, chitosan adjuvanted intranasal (in) vaccine with and without c. perfringens sialidase and the resulting serum igg antibody measured by haemagglutination in ...	2009	19406183
n-acetylglucosamine recognition by a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module from clostridium perfringens nagh.	many carbohydrate-active enzymes have complex architectures comprising multiple modules that may be involved in catalysis, carbohydrate binding, or protein-protein interactions. carbohydrate-binding modules (cbms) are a common ancillary module whose function is to promote the adherence of the complete enzyme to carbohydrate substrates. cbm family 32 has been proposed to be one of the most diverse cbm families classified to date, yet all of the structurally characterized cbm32s thus far recognize ...	2009	19422833
phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities of the clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.	alpha-toxin is a major pathogenic determinant of clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of gas gangrene. alpha-toxin has been known for long to be a phospholipase c, but up to now its hydrolytic properties have been studied only through indirect methods, e.g. release of cell contents, or under non-physiological conditions, e.g., in micelles, or with soluble substrates. in this report we characterize the phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities of alpha-toxin using a direct assay met ...	2009	19428363
molecular determinants of the interaction between clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragments and claudin-3.	clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to the extracellular loop 2 of a subset of claudins, e.g. claudin-3. here, the molecular mechanism of the cpe-claudin interaction was analyzed. using peptide arrays, recombinant cpe-(116-319) bound to loop 2 peptides of mouse claudin-3, -6, -7, -9, and -14 but not of 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10-13, 15, 16, 18-20, and 22. substitution peptide mapping identified the central motif (148)npl(150)vp, supposed to represent a turn region in the loop 2, as essential ...	2009	19429681
clostridium perfringens beta-toxin binding to vascular endothelial cells in a human case of enteritis necroticans.	clostridium perfringens type c-induced enteritis necroticans is a rare but often fatal disease in humans. a consistent histopathological finding is an acute, deep necrosis of the small intestinal mucosa associated with acute vascular necrosis and massive haemorrhage in the lamina propria and submucosa. retrospective immunohistochemical investigations of tissues from a diabetic adult who died of enteritis necroticans revealed endothelial localization of c. perfringens beta-toxin in small intestin ...	2009	19429761
contact with enterocyte-like caco-2 cells induces rapid upregulation of toxin production by clostridium perfringens type c isolates.	clostridium perfringens type c isolates cause necrotizing enteritis in humans and domestic animals. in vitro, type c isolates often produce beta toxin (cpb), beta2 toxin (cpb2), alpha toxin (cpa), perfringolysin o (pfo) and tpel during (or after) late log-phase growth. in contrast, the current study found that many type c isolates respond to close contact with enterocyte-like caco-2 cells by producing all toxins, except tpel, much more rapidly than occurs during in vitro growth. this in vivo eff ...	2009	19438515
claudin-4 augments alveolar epithelial barrier function and is induced in acute lung injury.	intact alveolar barrier function is associated with better outcomes in acute lung injury patients; however, the regulation of alveolar epithelial paracellular transport during lung injury has not been extensively investigated. this study was undertaken to determine whether changes in tight junction claudin expression affect alveolar epithelial barrier properties and to determine the mechanisms of altered expression. in anesthetized mice exposed to ventilator-induced lung injury, claudin-4 was sp ...	2009	19447895
protective effect of potentially probiotic lactobacillus strain on infection with pathogenic bacteria in chickens.	the probiotic potential of a lactobacillus salivarius 3d strain isolated from chicken faeces was assessed in one day old chickens. lactobacillus salivarius 3d was administered per os at a concentration of 10(8) cfu in 100 microl of pbs. the chickens were then challenged with pathogenic bacteria: salmonella enteritidis, campylobacter jejuni and clostridium perfringens. samples of caecal contents and livers were collected after 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days after infection. lactobacilli and pathogenic ba ...	2009	19459435
large outbreak of salmonella phage type 1 infection with high infection rate and severe illness associated with fast food premises.	to describe the epidemiology of an outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 1 (pt1) infection associated with a fast food premises, and to identify the causative factors leading to an acute outbreak with high attack rate and severe illness including hospital admission.	2009	19464715
the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production by clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and its relation to alpha-toxin-induced intracellular ceramide generation.	the effect of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin on production of tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and nitric oxide (no) in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated raw 264.7 cells was studied. the pretreatment of wild type alpha-toxin, but not the inactive mutant, significantly decreased lps-induced tnf-alpha and no production. alpha-toxin inhibited the expression of tnf-alpha and an inducible type of no synthase protein and mrna. furthermore, it inhibited the phosphorylation of ikappab-alpha and ...	2009	19467928
rapid detection of intestinal pathogens in fecal samples by an improved reverse dot blot method.	to develop a new, rapid and accurate reverse dot blot (rdb) method for the detection of intestinal pathogens in fecal samples.	2009	19469006
genetic characterization of type a enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens strains.	clostridium perfringens type a, is both a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and a major cause of human gastrointestinal disease, which usually involves strains producing c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the gene (cpe) encoding this toxin can be carried on the chromosome or a large plasmid. interestingly, strains carrying cpe on the chromosome and strains carrying cpe on a plasmid often exhibit different biological characteristics, such as resistance properties against heat. in this study, we i ...	2009	19479065
[intravascular hemolysis due to clostridium perfringens in an immunocompetent patient].		2009	19481305
water quality in the near coastal waters of the gulf of mexico affected by hurricane katrina: before and after the storm.	water quality was assessed following hurricane katrina in the affected waters of alabama, mississippi, and louisiana. post-landfall water quality was compared to pre-hurricane conditions using indicators assessed by epa's national coastal assessment program and additional indicators of contaminants in water and pathogens. water quality data collected after hurricane katrina suggest that the coastal waters affected by the storm exhibited higher salinity and concentrations of chlorophyll a, dissol ...	2009	19484287
mechanistic investigations of anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme: direct cbeta h-atom abstraction catalyzed by a radical adomet enzyme.	sulfatases are unique in requiring an essential post-translational modification of a critical active-site cysteinyl or seryl residue to 3-oxoalanine usually called c alpha-formylglycine (fgly). this post-translational modification is catalyzed anaerobically by anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzyme (ansme), a member of the radical adomet superfamily. using a new labeled substrate, we demonstrate that ansme uses a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical to catalyze direct h-atom abstraction from the substrate. w ...	2009	19489556
clostridium perfringens growth from spore inocula in sous-vide processed pork-based mexican entrée.	the combined effect of citricidal wih irradiation on clostridium perfringens growth from spores in a sous-vide processed marinated pork meat mexican entrée was investigated. citricidal was added at 200 or 800 ppm after mixing pork meat with tomatillo sauce and inoculated with 3 log(10) cfu/g of c. perfringens spores. samples were irradiated at either 0 or 2 kgy, heated to an internal temperature of 71 degrees c, and stored at 4 degrees c for 28 d, 15 degrees c for 45 d, and 25 degrees c for 26 h ...	2009	19490335
clostridium perfringens sporulation and its relevance to pathogenesis.	enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens has been recognized as a ubiquitous human pathogen owing to, at least in part, three important characteristics. first, this bacterium undergoes asymmetric cell division or sporulation under nutritionally deprived conditions. second, during sporulation growth it produces c. perfringens enterotoxin, an important virulence factor for food poisoning and nonfood-borne gastrointestinal diseases in humans. third, at the final stage of sporulation, sporulating cel ...	2009	19492963
assessment of the in vitro efficacy of the novel antimicrobial peptide cect7121 against human gram-positive bacteria from serious infections refractory to treatment.	resistant gram-positive bacteria are causing increasing concern in clinical practice. this work investigated the efficacy of ap-cect7121 (an antimicrobial peptide isolated from an environmental strain of enterococcus faecalis cect7121) against various pathogenic gram-positive bacteria.	2009	19494489
gene expression profiling within the spleen of clostridium perfringens-challenged broilers fed antibiotic-medicated and non-medicated diets.	clostridium perfringens (cp) is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that causes necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry when it overgrows in the small intestine. ne disease has previously been controlled through the use of growth-promoting antibiotics. this practice was recently banned in european countries, leading to significantly increased incidence of ne threatening the poultry industry. control strategies and technology as substitutes to dietary antibiotics are therefore urgently required. to de ...	2009	19500416
novel recombinant bcg expressing perfringolysin o and the over-expression of key immunodominant antigens; pre-clinical characterization, safety and protection against challenge with mycobacterium tuberculosis.	mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (tb), has infected approximately two billion individuals worldwide with approximately 9.2 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths annually. current efforts are focused on making better bcg priming vaccines designed to induce a comprehensive and balanced immunity followed by booster(s) targeting a specific set of relevant antigens in common with the bcg prime. we describe the generation and immunological characterization of re ...	2009	19500523
influence of high gas production during thermophilic anaerobic digestion in pilot-scale and lab-scale reactors on survival of the thermotolerant pathogens clostridium perfringens and campylobacter jejuni in piggery wastewater.	safe reuse of animal wastes to capture energy and nutrients, through anaerobic digestion processes, is becoming an increasingly desirable solution to environmental pollution. pathogen decay is the most important safety consideration and is in general, improved at elevated temperatures and longer hydraulic residence times. during routine sampling to assess pathogen decay in thermophilic digestion, an inversely proportional relationship between levels of clostridium perfringens and gas production ...	2009	19500814
bacteriology and management of necrotizing soft tissue infections.		2009	19500932
crystallographic and mutational analyses of substrate recognition of endo-alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase from bifidobacterium longum.	endo-alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase (endo-alpha-galnac-ase), a member of the glycoside hydrolase (gh) family 101, hydrolyses the o-glycosidic bonds in mucin-type o-glycan between alpha-galnac and ser/thr. endo-alpha-galnac-ase from bifidobacterium longum jcm1217 (engbf) is highly specific for the core 1-type o-glycan to release the disaccharide galbeta1-3galnac (gnb), whereas endo-alpha-galnac-ase from clostridium perfringens (engcp) exhibits broader substrate specificity. we determined the cry ...	2009	19502354
targeted delivery of bleomycin to the brain using photo-chemical internalization of clostridium perfringens epsilon prototoxin.	cells infiltrating into normal brain from malignant brain tumors are protected by the blood brain barrier (bbb) which prevents the delivery and limits the effects of anti-tumor agents. we have evaluated the ability of photochemical internalization (pci) to limit the effects of an agent known to broadly open the bbb to a target region of the brain. the pci-based relocation and activation of macromolecules into the cell cytosol has the advantage of minimal side effects since the effect is localize ...	2009	19506813
functional analysis of the virsr phosphorelay from clostridium perfringens.	toxin production in clostridium perfringens is controlled by the virsr two-component signal transduction system, which comprises the virs sensor histidine kinase and the virr response regulator. other studies have concentrated on the elucidation of the genes controlled by this network; there is little information regarding the phosphorelay cascade that is the hallmark of such regulatory systems. in this study, we have examined each step in this cascade, beginning with autophosphorylation of virs ...	2009	19513115
a strategy for enrichment of claudins based on their affinity to clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.	claudins, a family of protein localized in tight junctions, are essential for the control of paracellular permeation in epithelia and endothelia. the interaction of several claudins with clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been exploited for an affinity-based enrichment of cpe-binding claudins from lysates of normal rat cholangiocytes.	2009	19545418
removal of viruses and indicators by anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating animal waste.	appropriate treatment of agricultural waste is necessary for the protection of public health in rural areas because land-applied animal manure may transmit zoonotic disease. in this study, we evaluated the potential of using a pilot anaerobic membrane bioreactor (anmbr) to treat agricultural waste. the anmbr system, following a conventional complete mix anaerobic digester (cmad), achieved high removals of biological and chemical agents. the mean log(10) removals of escherichia coli, enterococci, ...	2009	19549946
effect of cod/so(4)2- ratio and fe(ii) under the variable hydraulic retention time (hrt) on fermentative hydrogen production.	the effect of chemical oxygen demand/sulfate (cod/so(4)(2-)) ratio on fermentative hydrogen production using enriched mixed microflora has been studied. the chemostat system maintained with a substrate (glucose) concentration of 15 g cod l(-1) exhibited stable h(2) production at inlet sulfate concentrations of 0-20 g l(-1) during 282 days. the tested cod/so(4)(2-) ratios ranged from 150 to 0.75 (with control) at ph 5.5 with hydraulic retention time (hrt) of 24, 12 and 6h. the hydrogen production ...	2009	19555990