Publications

demonstration of anaplasma marginale in hemolymph of dermacentor andersoni by animal inoculation and by fluorescent-antibody technique.	hemolymph was collected from adult dermacentor andersoni stiles that had been infected with anaplasma marginale theiler as nymphs. before hemolymph was collected, the adult ticks were either incubated and unfed at 37 c for 2.5 days or fed for 6 days on sheep. hemolymph collected from groups of 100 ticks was inoculated into susceptible splenectomized calves. smears of hemolymph from the same groups of ticks were prepared for examination by fluorescent antibody technique. hemolymph from incubated ...	1983	6346968
infectivity virulence and immunogenicity of anaplasma centrale live blood vaccine.	cross-bred bos taurus calves, aged between 6 and 8 months, were inoculated with the onderstepoort anaplasma centrale live blood vaccine. one group of 15 calves were inoculated once only, while a 2nd group of 15 were revaccinated 6 months later. all the animals were challenged with approximately 1 x 10(10) anaplasma marginale parasites of a known virulent strain 8 months after the first vaccination. the results of blood smear examination and the card agglutination test indicated that only 20 out ...	1983	6348636
ultrastructural aspects of intraerythrocytic development of a venezuelan strain of anaplasma marginale.	blood samples from splenectomized calves infected with a venezuelan strain of anaplasma marginale were studied by electron microscope. a. marginale appears to invade erythrocytes by the invagination of the host cell plasma membrane. the parasite reproduces by binary or multiple fission, changing from a rounded to an irregularly polyhedral form during and after division. the mature anaplasma, within the host red cell modifies the erythrocytes cytoplasma and external membrane producing pores throu ...	1983	6845418
bovine haemoparasitic diseases in jamaica.		1983	6845426
comparison of proteins synthesized by two different isolates of anaplasma marginale.	we present results on the initial definition of proteins synthesized by two isolates of anaplasma marginale. bovine erythrocytes infected with a. marginale were radioactively labeled with [35s]methionine or a 3h-amino acid mixture during short-term in vitro culture. the labeled proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. this technique revealed protein bands of various apparent molecular weights from less than 14,000 to greater than 200,000. the bands obs ...	1983	6852911
influence of parasitemia level at feeding on development of anaplasma marginale theiler in dermacentor andersoni stiles.	four splenectomized dairy calves were inoculated with a virginia isolate of anaplasma marginale theiler and served as an infective source (donor) for laboratory-reared dermacentor andersoni stiles nymphs. two donor calves developed higher parasitemias during tick feeding than did the 2 other donor calves. one month after molting, adult ticks were incubated at 37 c for 2.5 days to stimulate development of colonies of a marginale, and homogenates of gut were made from ticks fed on each donor calf. ...	1983	6869951
influence of a second anaplasma exposure on the success of treatment to eliminate anaplasma carrier infections in cattle.	treatment of adult anaplasma carrier cows, with long-acting oxytetracycline at dosage levels generally successful in eliminating infection, was unsuccessful when the treatment was preceded or accompanied by a 2nd exposure to a marginale on days 0, 7, or 14 before treatment. noninfected calves exposed to a marginale 7 days before a similar treatment developed anaplasmosis and became carriers of infection.	1983	6869997
bovine anaplasmosis: elimination of the carrier state with injectable long-acting oxytetracycline.	long-acting oxytetracycline was administered intramuscularly (20 mg/kg) at 3-day intervals to each of 16 naturally infected anaplasma marginale carrier beef cows; 8 of the 16 cows were given 3 injections and the other 8 cows were given 4 injections. four cows seropositive for a marginale served as untreated controls. rapid card agglutination and complement fixation tests were performed 5 times during the 130-day posttreatment period. all treated cows became negative to both serologic procedures, ...	1983	6874524
effects and use of a modified live anaplasma marginale vaccine in beef heifers in california.	eighty-one 11-month-old, nonpregnant, anaplasma marginale-seronegative beef heifers were allotted to 2 groups for evaluation of a modified live a marginale vaccine (n = 50 for vaccinated group and n = 31 for nonvaccinated group). the vaccine induced a mild form of anaplasmosis, as evidenced by a significant (p less than 0.01) decrease in the packed cell volume (pcv) between days 31 and 46 after vaccination. the lowest pcv was 11%, and 3 heifers had a pcv less than 20%. slight lethargy was eviden ...	1983	6874525
artificial feeding of adult and nymphal dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) during studies on bovine anaplasmosis.		1983	6876089
hematologic, serum chemistry and serologic values of dall's sheep (ovis dalli dalli) in alaska.	in june 1979, 73 dall's sheep were captured near tok, alaska to determine selected hematologic and serum metabolite parameters and to determine the presence of antibodies to selected pathogens. hematology and serum metabolite values were compared with values for domestic sheep and bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis). antibodies were detected against brucella sp. (4%), campylobacter feti (30%), contagious ecthyma virus (23%) and bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (1%). antibodies were not detected aga ...	1983	6887435
immunocytochemical labeling of anaplasma marginale theiler in dermacentor andersoni stiles with peroxidase- antiperoxidase technique.	colonies of anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells of adult ticks that had been infected as nymphs were specifically labeled, using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of immunocytochemistry. visual comparison of infected and control tissue sections with the electron microscope demonstrated deposition of ring-like peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes over organisms within the colonies. the intensity of labeling differed among organisms within a single colony, possibly ...	1982	6285774
babesia, theileria and anaplasma spp. infecting sable antelope, hippotragus niger (harris, 1838), in southern africa.	some observations are recorded on blood parasites of sable antelopes. blood smears of 124 of these antelopes from south africa and zimbabwe were examined and 7 were found to be positive for a babesia sp., identified as babesia irvinesmithi martinaglia 1936. a total of 70 of the smears were positive for theilerial piroplasms, while 1 smear had macroschizonts (with cytomeres) and microschizonts of a theileria (= cytauxzoon) sp. one blood smear was positive for an anaplasma sp. attempts to isolate ...	1982	6817250
clinical and serological evidence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in st. lucia.	one hundred fifty-nine holstein calves were imported into st. lucia from the u.s.a. an outbreak of babesiosis occurred 17 days post-arrival, and an outbreak of anaplasmosis occurred 5 months after importation. sera obtained 3, 6, and 12 months post-importation revealed a high prevalence of ifa titres to babesia bovis and b. bigemina 3 months after arrival and an increase in titres to anaplasma marginale 6 months after arrival. sera obtained from native cattle from several places on the island in ...	1982	6753317
morphologic characteristics of colonies of anaplasma marginale theiler in midgut epithelial cells of dermacentor andersoni stiles.	colonies of anaplasma marginale theiler were studied in midgut epithelial cells of adult dermacentor andersoni stiles that were infected as nymphs. colonies were categorized by light microscopy into 5 morphologic types that appear to represent stages in a developmental sequence. the mean diameter of the colony types ranged from 5.64 micrometer to type 1 colonies to 10.49 micrometers of type 5 colonies. representatives of each colony type were selected by light microscopy and were sectioned for e ...	1982	7073078
abnormal bovine erythrocyte membrane proteins and glycoproteins during and after infection with anaplasma marginale.		1982	7073707
preparation and laboratory testing of a frozen vaccine containing babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma centrale.	procedures used to prepare and test frozen vaccine against bovine tick fever are described. blood from splenectomised calves infected separately with babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma centrale was diluted in the ratio of 3:1 with 8 m dimethyl sulphoxide in phosphate buffered saline and cooled at rates between 5 degrees c and 110 degrees c per minute to -196 degrees c. after varying periods of storage up to 369 days, blood was thawed by immersing containers in a 40 degrees c water bat ...	1982	7079601
infectivity for cattle of anaplasma marginale extracted from boophilus microplus ticks exposed to certain temperatures.		1982	7082225
the australian brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus as an experimental parasite of cattle and vector of anaplasma marginale.	experiments were done to explore the possible relationship between cattle, australian dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus) and anaplasma marginale. calves' ears were exposed to larval, nymphal and adult ticks on 8, 9 and 7 occasions, respectively. the immature instars fed readily, but the adults attached very poorly to calves. transtadial transmission of a. marginale was achieved on 6 occasions from 9 attempts: ticks infected as larvae or nymphs were able to transmit at the subsequent stage or s ...	1982	7082237
influence of increased temperature on anaplasma marginale theiler in the gut of dermacentor andersoni stiles.	three splenectomized dairy calves were inoculated with a virginia isolate of anaplasma marginale theiler and served as an infective source for laboratory-reared dermacentor andersoni stiles nymphs. one month after molting, groups of adult ticks were incubated at 37 c for 0, 1.5, 2.5, and 7 days. gut homogenates were made from ticks representing each incubation period. twenty-four susceptible, splenectomized dairy calves were each inoculated iv with a gut homogenate extracted from 50 adult ticks ...	1982	7091815
preservation of lyophilization of anaplasmosis capillary tube-agglutination test antigen.	an antigen for anaplasmosis capillary tube agglutination test was lyophilized, using different stabilizers. the lyophilized and control (suspension) antigens were maintained at 4, 18, and 37 c and tested for reactivity with known positive and negative sera once every 7 days for a period of 28 days and then once every 2 weeks for a grand total of 154 days. both the lyophilized and control antigens retained their antigenicities during the entire test period.	1982	7091835
anaplasmosis and babesiosis in el salvador.	a serological survey was carried out in the central american state of el salvador to determine the distribution and prevalence of anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and babesia bovis. the results suggest that the parasites are widely distributed throughout the country and prevalence rates of 78.5% for a. marginale, 70.5% for b. bigemina and 73.5% for b. bovis were obtained. tick counts suggest that boophilus microplus is the main blood parasite vector. epidemiological studies showed that init ...	1982	7101466
bovine anaplasmosis: clinical, hematologic, and serologic manifestations in cows given a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in the prepatent period.	the prophylactic efficacy of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was determined in 36 susceptible cows experimentally inoculated with anaplasma marginale. each of 10 cows in 3 treatment groups (t2, t3, t4) were given im injections of 20 mg of oxytetracycline/kg of body weight once, twice, or three times during the prepatent period. the t2 group was treated once at 1 week after experimental inoculation, the t3 group was treated 2 times (at 1 and 2 weeks) after exposure, and the t4 group was ...	1982	7103219
isolation of an in vitro-produced soluble anaplasma-albumin complex.	a soluble anaplasma-albumin complex was isolated from supernatants of a marginale cultures by affinity chromatography. holstein calves inoculated with this fraction produced anti-a marginale antibodies detected in the indirect fluorescent antibody test at titers similar to those found in cattle immunized with unfractionated culture supernatant. titers of both groups peaked slightly above 1:2,000 on postinoculation day 46.	1982	7149393
elimination of naturally acquired chronic anaplasma marginale infections with a long-acting oxytetracycline injectable.	four injections of a long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) were administered at 3-day intervals to 14 naturally infected anaplasmosis carrier cattle. individual anaplasma serology titers were evaluated, using complement-fixation and rapid card-agglutination tests at frequent intervals during a 180-day posttreatment period. serologic results indicated fluctuating complement-fixation titers during the trial period. however, at trial termination, 12 of 14 animals were negative by complement-fixati ...	1982	7165161
serologic evidence of anaplasma marginale infection in illinois white-tailed deer.	a total of 175 deer and 54 cattle from crab orchard national wildlife refuge in southern illinois were tested for antibody to anaplasma marginale, using the capillary tube agglutination test. a total of 12 (6.9%) deer and 7 (13%) cattle were serologically positive. serologic prevalence in deer increased from 0 at 6 months of age to 14% at 2 1/2 or more years of age. cattle less than approximately 1 year of age were not seropositive.	1982	7174438
the effect of incubation and prefeeding of infected rhipicephalus simus nymphae and adults on the transmission of anaplasma marginale.	two batches of unfed rhipicephalus simus nymphae carrying anaplasma marginale were incubated for 72 h and 96 h respectively at 37 degrees c. fifty ticks were triturated at a time and the homogenates were used to infect susceptible cattle. others were prefed on a bovine host for 72 h before tick suspensions were prepared. the same procedure was followed, using a single batch of infected adult ticks. incubation had no effect on the infectivity of the nymphal homogenates, but prefeeding of nymphae ...	1982	7177588
morphologic alteration of anaplasma marginale in calves treated with a dithiosemicarbazone.	blood and clotted blood samples from 3 calves with anaplasmosis were examined by light and electron microscopies before and after the calves were treated twice with alpha-ethoxyethylglyoxal dithiosemicarbazone (given iv). in the treated calves anaplasma bodies were swollen and irregularly shaped and had rough surfaces when viewed by light microscopy. posttreatment electron microscopic examinations revealed swelling and vacuolation of initial bodies of anaplasma bodies, and ballooning of the vesi ...	1982	7181188
serological studies of babesiosis and anaplasmosis of cattle.	bos indicus-crossbred calves exposed to natural babesia bovis infection in wet and dry tropical environments in northern queensland were tested for antibodies using the indirect haemagglutination (iha) test. there was evidence of maternal antibodies suggesting endemicity of b. bovis in the 2 environments. within one year 35.3 to 94.6% of the calves had acquired b. bovis infection. the highest titres and most rapid conversion rates were observed just after the wet season when the tick population ...	1982	7181776
a case of apparent suppression of anaplasma marginale infection by eperythrozoonosis (eperythrozoon teganodes).	the apparent suppression of anaplasma marginale infection by eperythrozoon teganodes in a splenectomized calf has been reported. a splenectomized calf, inoculated with 500 ml of blood having 23% erythrocytes infected with a. marginale, developed eperythrozoonosis on the fourth day post inoculation. a. marginale parasitaemia remained very low during the patent eperythrozoonosis. a. marginale parasites started to increase in number only after e. teganodes infection had been controlled with neoarsp ...	1982	6211820
acute anaplasmosis in imported cattle.	of 18 hereford cattle imported into quebec from the eastern u.s.a., five exhibited acute hemolytic anemia, icterus, depression, fever, anorexia and died; 11 were killed because they had positive or suspicious anaplasma titers and two were quarantined. anaplasma marginale organisms were found in the erythrocytes of the sick animals by light and electron microscopy. the partial absence of erythrocytic plasmalemma on several electron photomicrographs suggested exit of the anaplasma bodies. titers u ...	1982	17422202
staining characteristics of colonies of anaplasma marginale theiler in dermacentor andersoni stiles.	colonies of anaplasma marginale theiler were studied in midgut epithelial cells of adult dermacentor andersoni stiles that were infected as nymphs. the colonies were demonstrated in plastic sections (1 micrometer) and frozen sections (6 micrometer) with mallory's stain. colonies were also demonstrated in frozen sections, using direct fluorescent antibody technique. colonies were not observed in plastic or frozen sections stained by the giménez method. in all preparations, the colonies were usual ...	1981	6175257
the parasites obtained and bacteria isolated from house rats (rattus rattus linnaeus, 1758) caught in human habitations in ibadan, nigeria.	a total of 169 house rats were killed in different households distributed within five localities of ibadan. a wide range of parasites were encountered. the flea, ceratophylus fasciatus was the commonest ectoparasite found. trichostrongylus columbriformis eggs were the commonest nematode and hymenolepis diminuta the only cestode. escherichia coli was the commonest bacterium found. the incidence of helminthiasis, especially h. diminuta, was generally high among rats trapped in the villages and the ...	1981	7037672
characterization of anaplasma marginale infection in splenectomized domestic goats.	an inoculum of anaplasma marginale was given (iv) to a splenectomized domestic goat and then was serially passed through 4 additional goats. the results indicated that goats can be latent carriers at 75 days after inoculation, but not at 208 days. there was no evidence of serial passage of a marginale in goats.	1981	7224308
transmission of anaplasma marginale theiler by dermacentor andersoni stiles and dermacentor variabilis (say).	cattle were inoculated with a virginia isolate of anaplasma marginale theiler and served as an infective source for laboratory-reared dermacentor andersoni stiles and d variabilis (say) nymphs. following a molt and subsequent feeding of adult ticks on susceptible cows, transstadial transmission of a marginale occurred from cattle with parasitemias ranging from undetectable (in a carrier cow) to a peak of 27% (in an acutely ill cow). homogenates of gut tissue from unfed, incubated, and feeding ad ...	1981	7224310
recrudescence of anaplasma marginale induced by immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide.	eight doses of cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg), at 2-day intervals between doses, were administered iv to anaplasma-carrier splenectomized calves. significant decreases in serum immunoglobulins, diminished complement-fixing antibody response, and transitory leukopenia were associated with the treatment. recrudescence of clinical anaplasma infection occurred after the 5th dose of cyclophosphate was given and was characterized by rapid increase in parasitemia, marked decrease in pcv, and mortality. the ...	1981	7224313
serologic evidence of anaplasma marginale infection in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in missouri.		1981	7253101
cell-mediated immune response in anaplasmosis in cattle.	the cell-mediated immune response (cmir) was demonstrated during experimental anaplasma marginale infection in cattle, in vivo by the intradermic skin test and in vitro by the leucocyte migration inhibition test (lmit). the skin test showed a delayed hypersensitivity reaction which reached its maximum after 48-72 hours. histopathological examination of the skin biopsies revealed excessive infiltration by mononuclear cells and accumulation of oedematous fluid in the deeper dermal layers. for lmit ...	1981	7256829
anaplasma ovis in idaho sheep.	blood samples from 16 anaplasmosis complement-fixation (cf) positive sheep from a flock near cambridge, idaho, were inoculated into 3 intact sheep and 3 splenectomized calves. the 3 sheep became cf positive, and 2 developed parasitemia. none of the 3 calves had signs of anaplasmosis, but all became ill when they were subsequently challenge exposed with blood from known carriers of anaplasma marginale. after a 75-day observation period, blood from the recipient intact sheep was subinoculated into ...	1981	7258767
clinical chemistry of anaplasmosis: blood chemical changes in infected mature cows.	the clinical chemical changes induced by anaplasma marginale infection were determined in 16 adult, intact cows infected with either of 2 virulent isolates and in 8 others treated with a live sheep-attenuated a marginale vaccine and were compared with the clinical chemical analyses in 7 noninfected controls. blood samples from the cows were analyzed for various serum components and during clinical disease. cows infected with the 2 virulent isolates had maximum erythrocyte parasitemias (0.5% to 6 ...	1981	7258783
clinical chemistry of anaplasmosis: comparative serum protein changes elicited by attenuated and virulent anaplasma marginale isolates.	in a comparative study of the clinical chemical changes during anaplasma marginale infection, 16 intact mature cows were infected with either of 2 virulent isolates. eight others were treated with a live a marginale vaccine (sheep-attenuated) and 7 were maintained as controls. before and during patency, samples of blood from the cows were analyzed for total wbc, parasitemia, card test titer (ctt), total protein, albumin, and globulin fractions. in the cows inoculated with virulent isolates, albu ...	1981	7258784
comparative titration of anaplasma marginale antibodies by card agglutination and complement-fixation tests.	the card agglutination test for anaplasmosis was improved so that bovine serum could be titrated for anaplasma antibodies. the modified test was validated when its results on 1 set of serum samples were compared with the results furnished by the complement-fixation test on the same set. the samples tested were from cows inoculated with an anaplasma vaccine or with either 1 of 2 virulent strains of anaplasma marginale. a correlation coefficient of 0.60 was calculated between the values of the tit ...	1981	7283236
experimental transmission of babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale to calves with the larvae of boophilus decoloratus.		1981	7293560
attempts to transmit anaplasma marginale with hippobosca rufipes and stomoxys calcitrans.	three attempts to transmit anaplasmosis with field collections of hippobosca rufipes were unsuccessful, despite the fact that the flies had been fed initially on splenectomized cattle acutely infected with anaplasma marginale. however, 1 out of the 3 attempts, made concurrently with the others, to transmit this organism with stomoxys calcitrans was successful. the prepatent period was 27 days.	1981	7312304
effect of anaplasma marginale infection upon blood gases and electrolytes in splenectomized calves.		1981	7328469
freeze-drying of anaplasma marginale.	heparinized whole blood, heavily parasitized with anaplasma marginale, was collected from 3 splenectomized oxen. buffered lactose peptone (blp) was added to equal volumes as a stabilizer and the mixture lyophilized in 2 ml aliquots after rapid freezing. the dried material was reconstituted with 2 ml sterile water and inoculated without delay. the product remained infective for at least 6 months when stored in an ordinary household deep-freeze unit.	1981	7335334
chemoprophylaxis of vector-borne anaplasmosis with sustained-release boluses.	sustained-release oxytetracycline boluses (20%) delivering 145 to 150 mg/bolus/day were administered to complement-fixation test-negative cattle at dosages of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mg/kg of body weight. subsequent challenge exposure of cattle with dermacentor andersoni stiles infected with anaplasma marginale theiler indicated that treatment with the dosage of 2.5 mg/kg prevented clinical anaplasmosis and that treatment with the dosage of 3.0 mg/kg prevented disease infection.	1981	7340579
infection of splenectomized calves with anaplasma ovis.	an anaplasma was not recovered from 2 splenectomized calves at 17 days after a ovis inoculation, but was recovered from 1 of the calves at 177 days after inoculation. in a 3rd calf exposed to a ovis, an anaplasma was recovered at 177 and 262 days after inoculation. the anaplasma recovered from these calves was determined to be a ovis on the basis of cross-infectivity trials, using anaplasma marginale.	1981	7340580
antibody formation to babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in calves in bolivia.		1981	7344191
blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. ii. babesia motasi (sporozoa, babesiidae).	a large babesia species occurs in sheep on the north sea islands of the netherlands. the tick haemaphysalis punctata is a vector. its pathogenicity appears to be low. it is morphologically similar to a turkish strain, considered to be b. motasi, which is also transmitted by haemaphysalis ticks. it differs from the turkish parasite serologically as well as in cross-immunity tests and in not being effective to goats. there may be a group of morphologically similar parasites with serological differ ...	1980	7352333
hemotropic bacteria.		1980	7366649
prevalence of antibodies to babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in dairy cattle in bolivia.		1980	7368318
characterization of immune responses of cattle to erythrocyte stroma, anaplasma antigen, and dodecanoic acid-conjugated anaplasma antigen: cell-mediated immunity.	sonically disrupted normal erythrocyte stroma (ses) and two anaplasma antigens (sonically disrupted anaplasma antigen; saa, and french pressure cell disrupted anaplasma antigen; faa) were prepared from normal and anaplasma marginale-infected blood. the saa and faa antigens were chemically modified by conjugation with dodecanoic acid (saada and faada). significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) anti-anaplasma lymphocyte-transformation responses were obtained from all cattle given saa, saada, or f ...	1980	7369609
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in cattle in a herd in which anaplasmosis was diagnosed.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detecting antibodies in anaplasmosis with an antigen prepared from infected bovine erythrocytes. protein a labeled with horseradish peroxidase was used as conjugate. a comparison was made of results of elisa, complement fixation test (cft), and card test (ct) on sera from 97 cows in a herd in which anaplasmosis had been diagnosed. positive elisa reactions were observed in serum dilutions of 1:20 or greater in each of 26 cows positive ...	1980	7381017
susceptibility of bos indicus crossbred and bos taurus cattle to anaplasma marginale infection.	the effects of infection with anaplasma marginale in groups of bos indicus-brahman crossbred and bos taurus cattle aged 27 and 48 months were studied using the parameters of body weight change, packed cell volume, parasitaemia and humoral antibody. twenty-six animals (8 bos taurus and 18 bos indicus crosses) of each age group were infected. no significant differences between any of the groups were observed.	1980	7414703
a comparative study of experimental anaplasmosis in bos indicus and bos taurus cattle.	comparative studies were carried out on the susceptibility of 8 bos taurus and 10 predominantly bos indicus cross cows aged 48 months to anaplasma marginale infection. measurements were carried out on bodyweight, parasitaemia, haematological factors, humoral antibody response and serum transaminase levels. except for minor differences in reaction bos indicus and bos taurus animals were equally susceptible to infecton with the strain of a. marginale employed. such differences observed were not si ...	1980	7425986
epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis in beef calves in northern queensland.	natural infection of calves with anaplasma marginale was studied in two endemic areas of tropical north queensland. infection, assessed by a micro-complement fixation test, occurred throughout the year but was most frequent just after the summer wet season. infection was clinically inapparent. calves vaccinated with a. centrale did not show improved growth rate when compared with non-vaccinated calves. the complement fixation test was shown to be most effective in the detection of recent infecti ...	1980	7425987
bovine babesiosis in northern mexico.	the occurrence of boophilus microplus infections accompanied by bovine babesiosis was confirmed for 2 locations in northern mexico. the confirmation at one location was made by transferring whole blood to a splenectomised calf which subsequently developed an acute babesia bovis infection. examination of thin blood smears from a suspect animal at the second location revealed b. bovis-infected erthrocytes. a serological survey of other herd members at both locations showed antibody activity agains ...	1980	7434473
comparison of three methods of immunization against bovine anaplasmosis: an examination of postvaccinal effects.	normandy calves ranging in age from 7 to 11 months were immunized against bovine anaplasmosis, using a diluted virulent anaplasma marginale stabilate of colombian origin, diluted bovine blood containing an apparently mild strain of a marginale isolated in colombia, or an attenuated a marginale vaccine of ovine origin from the united states. calves given the stabilate generally showed a moderate degree of parasitemia and reduction in packed cell volume (pcv). calves given the apparently mild colo ...	1980	7436099
comparison of three methods of immunization against bovine anaplasmosis: evaluation of protection afforded against field challenge exposure.	the efficacy of three immunization methods for bovine anaplasmosis was tested on 88 yearling normandy cattle which were challenge-exposed under field conditions in an enzootic zone in colombia, south american. a total of 30 cattle were immunized (premunized) with a presumed mild colombian isolate of anaplasma marginale; 29 calves were vaccinated with an attenuated a marginale of ovine origin; and 29 were exposed to a virulent a marginale stabilate of colombian origin. twenty-nine nonvaccinated c ...	1980	7436100
collection and sterilization of large volumes of bovine serum and its use in vaccines against bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis.	a method is described for the collection and sterilization of 100 1 batches of bovine serum. serum was prepared by defibrination of 20 1 volumes of whole blood using an impeller spinning at 400-500 rev./min. after freezing and thawing the raw serum was clarified through milk filters, pre-filtered through cartridge filters and sterilized by membrane filtration. the bacteriologically sterile serum was used in vaccines against bovine babesiosis and anasplasmosis after testing indicated no toxicity ...	1980	7436873
isolation of anaplasma marginale from rhipicephalus simus males.	approximately 100 adult rhipicephalus simus from a batch known to be infected with anaplasma marginale were used to infest an ox. fifty male ticks were manually removed from the animal's ears 9 days after infestation. these ticks were triturated and a stabilate was prepared which was injected intravenously into 2 susceptible oxen. both these animals became infected with a. marginale. the prepatent periods following inoculation of the tick suspensions before and after freezing in liquid nitrogen ...	1980	7231925
use of an anaplasma vaccine as related to neonatal isoerythrolysis.		1980	6899606
chemotherapy to eliminate anaplasma marginale under field and laboratory conditions.		1980	6947300
demonstration of anaplasma marginale theiler in ticks by tick transmission, animal inoculation, and fluorescent antibody studies.	cattle were inoculated with a virginia isolate of anaplasma marginale theiler and served as an infective source for laboratory-reared dermacentor andersoni stiles and d variabilis (say) nymphs. transstadial transmission of a marginale was demonstrated by feeding the newly molted adult ticks of both species on susceptible cattle and by inoculation of gut and salivary gland homogenates collected from adult ticks at postattachment days 5 and 7. oral secretions collected from the same group of ticks ...	1980	6989298
a comparison of direct fluorescent antibody and giemsa staining for the post-mortem diagnosis of anaplasmosis.	direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) and giemsa staining of anaplasma marginale were compared in smears collected serially at post-mortem (pm) from 11 experimentally infected calves. once smears had been prepared and air-dried they could be held for at least 5 days before staining with either technique with no noticeable change in staining quality. dfa staining was more sensitive in detecting anaplasms in smears than giemsa staining. anaplasma spp could be differentiated from babesia bovis and b. b ...	1980	7002139
ultrastructure of anaplasma marginale theiler in dermacentor andersoni stiles and dermacentor variabilis (say).	cattle were inoculated with a virginia isolate of anaplasma marginale theiler and served as an infective source for laboratory-reared dermacentor andersoni stiles and d variabilis (say) nymphs. anaplasma marginale was demonstrated by electron microscopy in gut tissues of replete nymphal ticks and in unfed, incubated, and feeding adult ticks that were exposed to the organism as nymphs when they fed on an infected cow. the a marginale organism in replete nymphs and adult feeding ticks were morphol ...	1980	7212430
demonstration of anaplasma marginale theiler in dermacentor variabilis (say) by ferritin-conjugated antibody technique.	cattle were inoculated with a virginia isolate of anaplasma marginale theiler and served as an infective source for laboratory-reared dermacentor variabilis (say) nymphs. transstadial transmission of a marginale was demonstrated by feeding the newly molted adult ticks on susceptible cattle and by inoculation of gut homogenates collected from adult ticks at postattachment day 6. a similar gut homogenate from the same group of ticks was caused to react with a marginale-bovine antisera that had bee ...	1980	7212431
anaplasma marginale in bovine erythrocyte cultures.	bovine erythrocytes infected with anaplasma marginale were standardized with normal bovine erythrocytes at 1.4% and 3.5% parasitemia and cultured under low oxygen pressure at 37 c. the number of erythrocytes infected by a marginale appeared to increase 3.3-fold by day 11 and 4.5-fold by day 3, as determined by microscopic examination of giemsa-stained thin films of the culture suspension. anaplasma parasites in experimental cultures were proven to be viable and pathogenic by calf inoculation for ...	1980	7212442
characterization of immune responses of cattle to erythrocyte stroma, anaplasma antigen, and dodecanoic acid-conjugated anaplasma antigen: humoral immunity.	normal erythrocyte antigen (sonically disrupted erythrocyte stroma; ses) and two anaplasma antigens (sonically disrupted anaplasma antigen; saa, and french pressure cell-disrupted anaplasma antigen; faa) were prepared from normal and anaplasma marginale-infected blood. portions of saa and faa antigens were chemically modified by conjugation with dodecanoic acid (saada and faada). eleven cattle were vaccinated with ses, saa, saada, or faada. five weeks later, the 11 cattle, together with 3 contro ...	1980	6768332
clinico-hematologic and serological comparison of japanese and russian strains of theileria sergenti.	the japanese and russian strains of theileria sergenti were compared clinico-hematologically and serologically. they were subjected to passage in splenectomized calves 4 approximately 8 months old by the infectation of infected ticks or the inoculation of infected blood. as a result, the average of incubation of the japanese strain was proved to be 23 days by the tick infection and 21 days by the inoculation of infected blood stored in a frozen state. the rate of detection and the average size o ...	1980	6777702
comparison of gloxazone, an effective but toxic anaplasmacide, with imidocarb dihydrochloride.	eight calves and 15 steers were artificially infected with anaplasma marginale. when parasitaemia reached 15 per cent, groups of animals were treated with either gloxazone (356c61), or imidocarb dihydrochloride or left untreated as controls. both compounds were highly effective in the therapy of anaplasmosis. toxicological studies showed that gloxazone was unacceptably toxic in lactating cattle and also caused nephrotoxicity in rats. development work with gloxazone as an anaplasmacide has, there ...	1980	6451008
a seroepidemiologic survey of three pronghorn (antilocapra americana) populations in southeastern idaho, 1975-1977.	sera from 104 adult and 42 fawn pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) from southeastern idaho were tested against selected livestock pathogens. the numbers positive/numbers tested (% positive) were as follows: bovine virus diarrhea - adults 2/102 (2), fawns 0/41 (0);; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - adults 27/101 (27), fawns 9/42 (22); parainfluenza 3 - adults 79/104 (76), fawns 22/42 (52); bovine adenovirus 7 - adults 42/103 (41), fawns 20/48 (48); bovine adenovirus 3 - adults 11/32 (3 ...	1980	6246285
identification of anaplasmataceae (haemobartonella) antigen and antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.	free antigen related to anaplasma marginale (am) (haemobartonella) was demonstrated in the glomeruli of one patient with lupus nephritis. indirect fluorescent antibodies against this rickettsia were demonstrated in all of 22 lupus sera tested, with titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:1280. geometric mean titer (gmt) was 116. fifty-eight percent of 102 controls did not react to am by indirect fluorescent antibody technique, and gmt of all controls was 10.7 immunofluorescence was eliminated by neutraliz ...	1980	6153897
blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. ii. babesia motasi (sporozoa, babesiidae).	summary a large babesia species occurs in sheep on the north sea islands of the netherlands. the tick haemaphysalis punctata is a vector. its pathogenicity appears to be low. it is morphologically similar to a turkish strain, considered to be b. motasi, which is also transmitted by haemaphysalis ticks. it differs from the turkish parasite serologically as well as in cross-immunity tests and in not being effective to goats. there may be a group of morphologically similar parasites with ser ...	1980	22039853
blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. i. anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. (rickettsiales, anaplasmataceae).	summary on two occasions an anaplasm was isolated from sheep on the dutch island of ameland. the organism proved to be highly pathogenic for splenectomised sheep; a non-splenectomised animal recovered spontaneously after the packed cell volume had decreased by 40%. treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. its pathogenicity for goats appeared to be low, and the organism was apparently not infective to splenectomised cattle. this anaplasm differs from anaplasma ovis in that less than 30% ...	1979	22040472
current anaplasmosis control techniques in the united states.	a card test for detecting anaplasmosis, along with the complement-fixation test, has proved useful in identifying carrier animals. this identification, associated with treatment with tetracyclines, has been a basis for control in the southeast where anaplasmosis is endemic. the tetracyclines are used parenterally (terramycin 11 mg/kg, 10-14 days) or orally (2,2 to 11 mg/kg, 45-60 days). notwithstanding these methods, anaplasmosis remains a problem and many animals require treatment to moderate t ...	1979	399976
epizootiology and control of anaplasmosis in south africa.	the history of bovine anaplasmosis, or tick-born gallsickness, since the discovery of anaplasma marginale by sir arnold theiler is briefly reviewed. the development of the anaplasma centrale vaccine by theiler, up to the composition of the present vaccine issued by onderstepoort in which the original isolate is still passaged, is discussed in detail. recent transmission studies at onderstepoort have shown that 5 tick species are capable of transmitting anaplasmosis intrastadially, and intrastadi ...	1979	399978
in vitro cultivation of anaplasma marginale: growth pattern and morphologic appearance.	anaplasma marginale propagated in vitro showed an increasing rate of replication in a sequence of three experiments. the changes in the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes and identification of the organism in culture were monitored by the giemsa-staining and the direct fluorescent antibody techniques. the ultrastructure of the organism in culture also was determined. the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes increased more than three times in the first experiment during a period of 8 days, ...	1979	230766
blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. i. anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. (rickettsiales, anaplasmataceae).	on two occasions an anaplasm was isolated from sheep on the dutch island of ameland. the organism proved to be highly pathogenic for splenectomised sheep; a non-splenectomised animal recovered spontaneously after the packed cell volume had decreased by 40%. treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. its pathogenicity for goats appeared to be low, and the organism was apparently not infective to splenectomised cattle. this anaplasm differs from anaplasma ovis in that less than 30% of the organ ...	1979	419513
characterization of the inclusion limiting membrane of anaplasma marginale by immunoferritin labeling.	purified anti-erythrocytic membrane antibody (pama) was prepared from rabbit anti-bovine erythrocyte serum by an adsorption and elution technique, utilizing bovine erythrocytes. lysed and washed anaplasma-infected erythrocytes were incubated with pama or control reagents. specimens were then subjected to immunoferritin labeling with ferritin antiglobulin conjugate. upon examination by electron microscopy, specimens incubated with pama showed heavy ferritin labeling of erythrocytic membranes and ...	1979	475129
evaluation of a new long-acting oxytetracycline formulation against anaplasmosis in colombian cattle.	a long-acting injectable (terramycin/la) forulated to contain 200 mg/ml of oxytetracycline was tested and compared to a commercially available oxytetracycline injectable (emicina) containing 50 mg/ml in the treatments of experimentally induced anaplasma marginale infection in colombian cattle. group 1, consisting of 10 infected calves, served as non-treated controls. ten infected calves (group 2) were treated with two doses of emicina, each at 10 mg/kg, intramuscularly (im), and another ten infe ...	1979	483386
evaluation of the anaplasmosis rapid card agglutination test for detecting experimentally-infected elk.	anaplasma marginale was experimentally transmitted from cattle to elk to cattle. six intact adult elk (cervus canadensis canadensis) inoculated with freshly collected heparinized blood from cattle chronically infected with a. marginale became asymptomatic carriers. although the elk did not develop clinical or hematologic evidence of infection, they became seropositive by the serum(srca) and plasma rapid card agglutination (prca) tests. blood from the experimentally-infected elk produced disease ...	1979	501840
in vitro cultivation of anaplasma marginale: invasion of and development in noninfected erythrocytes.	ovine erythrocytes infected with attenuated anaplasma marginale organisms were cultured in a suspension of normal ovine erythrocytes and normal bovine erythrocytes for 42 days. in each system, the organism showed an initial period of rapid growth followed by a gradual decrease in the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes accompanied by cyclic peaks. the percentage of infection of ovine erythrocytes were not different when normal ovine or bovine erythrocytes were added to the cultures. in vitro ...	1979	525898
electron microscope studies of anaplasma marginale in an aedes albopictus culture system.	anaplasma marginale was seen by electron microscopy within the cytoplasm of aedes albopictus cells in culture. anaplasma marginale was seen in free bovine rbc as well as in rbc phagocytized by ae albopictus cells. some a marginale organisms, both intracellular and extracellular, remained intact for as long as 60 days in culture, and anaplasma inclusion appendages were seen in free-lysed rbc and in lysed rbc phagocytized by ae albopictus cells. although some a marginale organisms had deteriorated ...	1979	525907
evaluation of the anaplasmosis rapid card agglutination test for detecting experimentally infected elk.	anaplasmosis was experimentally transmitted from cattle to elk to cattle. six non-splenectomized adult elk (cervus canadensis canadensis) that were inoculated with freshly collected heparinized blood from cattle chronically infected with anaplasma marginale became asymptomatic carriers. although the exposed elk did not develop clinical or hematologic evidence of infection they become seropositive by the serum and plasma rapid card agglutination (rca) tests. blood from the experimentally infected ...	1979	527345
[the experimental transmission of anaplasma marginale by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus in australia].		1979	539952
[preparation and comparative testing of antigens for the immunodiagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle].	three antigen types were produced by ultra-sound treatment of the initial material (anaplasma marginale theiler infected blood) and its subsequent sedimentional centrifugation from 10 000 to 100 000 g. their specificity and susceptibility to the reaction complement binding (rcb) and to the capillary agglutination (ca) serological tests was comparatively checked up. antigens a and b were very active in rcb, while antigen b--in the ca reaction. by these qualities they meet the requirements and are ...	1979	545841
the use of a short and a long acting oxytetracycline for the treatment of anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves.	twenty splenectomized afrikander/simmentaler cross animals were used. eight of these were naturally infected with anaplasma marginale while 12 were infected artificially. when the packed cell volume was reduced to between 24% and 20% during the post splenectomy relapses or primary infections, six animals were treated with a single injection of 20 mg/kg of long acting oxytetracycline (la) and seven animals were treated on two successive days with 10 mg/kg of short acting oxytetracycline (sa). the ...	1979	551196
comparative efficacy of drugs in bovine anaplasmosis.	calves experimentally infected with anaplasma marginale were subjected to chemotherapeutic treatment in groups, each group receiving one drug only. observations were made on clinical signs, haematological changes, parasitaemias and levels of antibodies as measured by the complement fixation test. the most effective treatment was with imidocarb; other drugs which were apparently effective were steclin, terramycin and aureomycin in that order, while chloroquin diphosphate and camoquin gave little ...	1979	552672
the immune response of cattle to live and inactivated anaplasma vaccines and response to challenge.		1979	553973
epidemiology and control of anaplasmosis in australia.	anaplasmosis occurs in those areas of northern and eastern australia infested by the cattle tick boophilus microplus but it has been studied intensively only in queensland. anaplasmosis is predominantly a disease of autumn and winter and of cattle greater than 1 year of age. the complement fixation test has been used in serological surveys of the tick-infested areas of the state. both clinical and subclinical infections occur only in tick-infested areas and they are both more frequent in bos tau ...	1979	553977
testicular degeneration and libido loss in beef bulls experimentally inoculated with anaplasma marginale.	four sexually mature virgin beef bulls were inoculated with whole blood from a known anaplasma marginale carrier. all four bulls became infected and experienced some degree of anemia and testicular degeneration, while uninoculated controls remained normal. testicular degeneration was confirmed by electron microscopy, histopathology, and semen evaluation. further observations established that the inoculated bulls exhibited a loss of libido, while controls reacted in a normal manner to a cow in es ...	1979	16725412
cyclic thrombocytopenia induced by a rickettsia-like agent in dogs.	hematologic manifestations and the ultrastructure of a platelet-specific microorganism isolated from a dog in florida were studied. the agent was readily transmitted experimentally to adult dogs by intravenous inoculation with infected blood. parasitemias and concomitant thrombocytopenias were cyclic in that both recurred within relatively constant periods of one to two weeks following experimental infections. hemorrhage was not a manifestation of the disease even though thrombocytopenias were s ...	1978	627738
efficacy of attenuated anaplasma marginale vaccine under laboratory and field conditions in colombia.	four-month-old holstein-friesian calves were inoculated with 3 different doses (1, 2, and 3 ml) of attenuated anaplasma marginale vaccine. vaccinated calves showed mild anaplasma parasitemia, slight decrease in packed cell volume, low serologic conversion, and no clinical illness. an artificial challenge exposure of vaccinated and unvaccinated calves with virulent colombian a marginale showed that the vaccine provided protection against clinical signs of the disease, including parasitemia and an ...	1978	629456
fluorescein diacetate staining of anaplasma marginale as a possible measure of viability.	fluorescein diacetate viability-staining technique was applied to anaplasma marginale. marginal bodies took up the stain and became fluorescent. when infected red blood cells were incubated at 55 c, the number of fluorescent anaplasma decreased at a rate similar to the known loss of viability.	1978	629472
serologic and hematologic response of rabbits to anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes.	new zeland white rabbits inoculated with anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes produced specific humoral antibodies to this parasite. specific antibody production as measured by the card and complement-fixation (cf) tests was maximal in 7 to 21 days after inoculation; however, none of the rabbits became infected. geometric mean cf titers of rabbits inoculated with rbc from cattle with acute anaplasmosis were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those of rabbits given rbc from ...	1978	646203
attempted transmission of anaplasma marginale by haemaphysalis longicornis.		1978	655986
anaplasmosis: a regional serologic survey and oral antibiotic therapy in infected herds.	a test and treatment program was conducted in northern idaho and southeastern washington to detect bovine reactors to anaplasma marginale and to achieve anaplasmosis-free status in the herds tested. of 3,920 cattle tested, 214 (5.5%) were reactors; 110 of the reactors (from 7 herds) were tested after being treated orally for 45 days with chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline at a calculated daily dosage of 11 mg/kg of body weight, and all were seronegative. two reactors refused to eat the medicat ...	1978	659312
methods to improve the health of cattle in the tropics: immunisation and chemoprophylaxis against haemoparasitic infections.	a study of methods to improve the health of native cattle in tropical areas of colombia showed an advantage using immunisation techniques against haemoparasitic infections in comparison with other control methods. the control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis by immunisation of cattle with fully virulent anaplasma marginale, babesia argentina and b. bigemina is feasible in tropical cattle when the postimmunisation reaction is controlled by appropriate drug therapy. chemoprophylaxis was found less e ...	1978	664017