Publications

'all the services were excellent. it is when the human element comes in that things go wrong': dissatisfaction with hospital care in the last year of life.	patient satisfaction surveys are seen as an important way of obtaining 'user views' of health service provision. however, there is a growing body of research and theoretical literature that questions the validity of the concept of 'patient satisfaction' and hence the use of this type of survey. a postbereavement survey of people who registered a random sample of cancer deaths in an inner london health authority was undertaken in 1996/7. the survey questionnaire (voices) included 14 open-ended qu ...	2000	10759972
thomas hodgkin: social activist.	thomas hodgkin's discovery of a lymph gland disorder is merely one event in a life of unusually varied public activities in the social reform and humanitarian movements of the mid-19th century. he wrote pamphlets on medical care for the working-class poor, public health, housing, sanitation, and the relief of cold, hunger, and unemployment. hodgkin wrote about the problems arising from urban renewal and suburban development. his contributions to geographic explorations, anthropology, ethnology, ...	2000	10760325
variation in the frequency of epstein-barr virus-associated hodgkin's disease with age.	a number of studies in developed countries have reported variation in the frequency of epstein-barr virus (ebv)-associated hodgkin's disease (hd) with age. a 'three disease' model for hd that incorporates the ebv association, histological subtype of hd and age has recently been proposed. in this model, hodgkin's disease of childhood and older adults is commonly ebv-associated and of mixed cellularity type, whereas young adult hd is generally not ebv-associated and is usually characterised by nod ...	2000	10764165
contested identities and schisms in groups: opposing the ordination of women as priests in the church of england.	schisms constitute a common characteristic of human groups. nevertheless, they have been neglected by social psychology, mainly because social psychological theories either dismiss group consensus or else depict groups as monolithic. this study proposes a social psychological approach to schism which integrates recent developments of self-categorization theory (sct) with work on category argumentation. according to sct, shared group identification leads to a process by which members should reach ...	2000	10774530
outbreaks of influenza a in nursing homes in sheffield during the 1997-1998 season: implications for diagnosis and control.	three recent outbreaks of influenza a in nursing and residential homes in sheffield were characterized by high attack rates among both residents and staff, and a high mortality rate among residents. the epidemiology of the outbreaks was unusual in that all three occurred towards the end of a quiet influenza season, against a generally low level of community activity, and involved strains of influenza that were not included in the current season's vaccine. the outbreak investigation was aided by ...	2000	10774913
influenza vaccination coverage in old people's home in carmarthenshire, uk, during the winter of 1998/99.	a mailed questionnaire survey was undertaken in old people's (nursing and residential) homes in carmarthenshire, uk to determine the influenza vaccine uptake during the 1998/99 season. out of the total 60 questionnaires circulated, response was received from 47 homes giving an overall response rate of 78%. amongst the 1399 residents, 1132 (81%) received influenza vaccine in the winter of 1998/99. uptake was higher in nursing homes (89%) than in residential homes (79%) or dual registered homes (8 ...	2000	10775780
use of in-vitro fertilisation embryos cryopreserved for 5 years or more.	human embryos cryopreserved after in-vitro fertilisation can be stored initially for 5 years, and the storage period may be extended to a maximum of 10 years. of 1344 embryos cryopreserved between 1988 and 1994 at two centres in manchester, 67% (904 embryos) have had to be destroyed at the end of the first 5-year interval, even if the couples involved remain childless.	2000	10776753
screening british cadasil families for mutations in the notch3 gene.		2000	10777367
population estimates of persons presenting to general practitioners with influenza-like illness, 1987-96: a study of the demography of influenza-like illness in sentinel practice networks in england and wales, and in the netherlands.	incidence data by age of new episodes of influenza-like illness reported by sentinel general practice networks in england and wales and in the netherlands over a 10-year period were examined to provide estimates of the consulting population during influenza epidemic periods. baseline levels of recording in each age group were calculated from weeks in which influenza viruses were not circulating and the excess over baseline calculated to provide the population estimates during influenza epidemics ...	2000	10813150
environmental variables in a holistic evaluation of land contaminated by historic mine wastes: a study of multi-element mine wastes in west devon, england using arsenic as an element of potential concern to human health.	unusual and unexpected concentrations of a number of elements were identified in samples of house dust, that indicated the presence of mine wastes in an area where they were not expected. in pursuing this matter, several other very unusual observations and practices, involving highly contaminated mine wastes, were also identified. here, using an available, but not a custom-made database, the matter is pursued. in england and wales, the usual framework within which hazards are assessed, starts wi ...	2000	10813455
a newly formed amyloidogenic fragment due to a stop codon mutation causes familial british dementia.	familial british dementia (fbd) is an early-onset autosomal dominant disorder characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, spasticity, and cerebellar ataxia. hippocampal neurofibrillar degeneration and widespread parenchymal and vascular amyloid deposits are the main neuropathological lesions. amyloid fibrils are composed of a novel 34 amino acid subunit (abri) with no sequence identity to any known amyloid molecule. the peptide derives from a larger precursor protein codified by a single ...	2000	10818498
serum screening in a japanese population.		2000	10820418
prosecution disclosure in criminal cases: the european convention on human rights and the human rights act 1998.		2000	10821023
chummy sinnatamby--the man everybody knows.		2000	10827775
risk behaviours for hiv and hepatitis infection among anabolic-androgenic steroid users.	this study examined hiv and hepatitis risk behaviours among anabolic-androgenic steroid (aas) users and controls, providing a detailed assessment of both injection and sexual practices. fifty aas-using and 40 non-aas-using weight trainers completed a semi-structured interview followed by a detailed questionnaire. the 'high risk' behaviour of sharing needles and syringes was not current practice among the aas-using sample, with only one user reporting sharing injecting equipment in the past. howe ...	2000	10827856
enabling young 'ventilator-dependent' people to express their views and experiences of their care in hospital.	discussion in this paper is drawn from a phenomenological study carried out in england describing the views and experiences of young 'ventilator-dependent' people aged 6-18 years, regarding their health and social care, education, and aspirations for the future. this study presented many methodological and ethical challenges in order to elicit and present their views in a meaningful way. data were elicited through focused face-to-face interviews with 18 young people. innovative methods of data c ...	2000	10840255
cancer genome project to start.		2000	10847700
can unequal be more fair? a response to andrew avins.	in this paper, we respond to andrew avins's recent review of methods whose use he advocates in clinical trials, to make them more ethical. he recommends in particular, "unbalanced randomisation". however, we argue that, before such a recommendation can be made, it is important to establish why unequal randomisation might offer ethical advantages over equal randomisation, other things being equal. it is important to make a pragmatic distinction between trials of treatments that are already routin ...	2000	10860209
crown formation times of human permanent anterior teeth.	one gap in knowledge of human dental-growth standards is the age at which crown fractions of anterior permanent teeth are attained. the aim of this study was to document stages of crown formation for permanent incisors and canines from a small skeletal collection of known age. the source was c18th and c19th coffin-buried skeletal material from spitalfields in london; developing teeth from 50 individuals with recorded age-at-death (range 0-5.40 years) and 56 unaged individuals were assessed. teet ...	2000	10869484
serological prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 amongst gum clinic attenders in a district general hospital setting.	our objective was to determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 2 infection amongst genitourinary medicine (gum) clinic attenders at a district general hospital using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (eia). in a prospective study, heterosexual patients attending the department of gum at trafford general hospital attending with a new clinical problem and having a blood sample taken for routine syphilis serology had the same sample tested for hsv type 2 antibodies. ...	2000	10872911
distribution of distal femoral osteophytes in a human skeletal population.	to examine objectively spatial patterns of osteophytes around the distal end of the femur and to identify distinct subgroups.	2000	10873960
'brooke of manchester'.	we present a brief account of the life and times of dr henry grundy brooke, a manchester dermatologist and key figure in british dermatology in the nineteenth century. our report highlights the achievements of a man whose contributions to dermatology continue to be of relevance in the new millennium.	2000	10886131
understanding the nature of errors in nursing: using a model to analyse critical incident reports of errors which had resulted in an adverse or potentially adverse event.	human errors are common in clinical practice, but they are under-reported. as a result, very little is known of the types, antecedents and consequences of errors in nursing practice. this limits the potential to learn from errors and to make improvement in the quality and safety of nursing care. the aim of this study was to use an organizational accident model to analyse critical incidents of errors in nursing. twenty registered nurses were invited to produce a critical incident report of an err ...	2000	10886452
genotypic characterisation by pfge of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis phage types 1, 4, 6, and 8 isolated from animal and human sources in three european countries.	a total of 101 strains of salmonella enteritidis phage types (pt) 1, 4, 6, and 8 from denmark, england and spain were studied by pfge to elucidate genetic relationships among strains isolated from animal, human and environmental sources between 1983 and 1997. analysis with xba i, bln i and spe i enzymes showed that the power of discrimination of this method was increased by the combination of the three enzymes (d=0.802), subdividing the strains into 28 genomic groups or genotypes. many of the pt ...	2000	10889406
outbreak of hepatitis a in a special needs school in kent: 1999.	in an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a special needs school salivary testing was used to identify those recently infected and those who were immune. the value of such testing as an epidemiological and outbreak control tool is discussed. hav vaccine rather than human normal immunoglobulin was used to bring the outbreak under control.	2000	10902260
god, mammon and the physician: medicine in england before the college.	medieval medical practice has all too often been depicted by historians as ineffective, overpriced and riddled with superstition. yet the physician, who boasted an impressive range of academic accomplishments, exercised considerable influence in political, religious and cultural affairs. how was this achieved? the overwhelming authority of the church, in an age of high mortality, when life was generally painful as well as short, helps to explain an apparent paradox. for the practitioner, who was ...	2000	10904922
uk inquiry highlights urgent need for "research governance".		2000	10905257
variants of stat6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) in atopic asthma.		2000	10905892
sir edward abraham's contribution to the development of the cephalosporins: a reassessment.	this paper is based on an invited lecture given at the 21st international congress of chemotherapy in july 1999, as part of a symposium entitled '50 years of cephalosporins: their use the next 50 years', (hamilton-miller jmt, cephalosporins: from mould to drug. sardinia to oxford and beyond, j antimicr chemother 1999;44(a):26). celebration of this golden anniversary was made more poignant by the death of the last major participant, sir edward abraham, in may 1999. this history has been told befo ...	2000	10926439
do gay men discuss hiv risk reduction with their gp?	in september/october 1997, 1,004 gay men using one of five gyms in central london completed a confidential anonymous questionnaire which included items on sexual as well as steroid-related injecting behaviour and whether they had ever discussed these behaviours with friends, sexual partners or a general practitioner (gp). nearly all the men reported having had sex with another man in the previous six months, while a quarter had had unprotected anal intercourse in the previous three months. less ...	2000	10928205
activity of antibiotics used in human medicine for campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and their environment in lancashire, uk.	a retrospective study of 96 campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and the environment showed that most were less susceptible than the nctc type strain to nalidixic acid (mics 4-32 mg/l), ciprofloxacin (mics 1-2 mg/l) and erythromycin (mics 16-64 mg/l), but had similar susceptibility to tetracycline (mics 4-8 mg/l) and kanamycin (mics 4-8 mg/l). none had the high mics of ciprofloxacin (>32 mg/l) or erythromycin (1024 mg/l) typically associated with clinical resistance in this species. s ...	2000	10933658
viral meningitis associated with increase in echovirus type 13.		2000	10948792
the burden of infection with hsv-1 and hsv-2 in england and wales: implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes.	to measure the burden of infection with herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) and herpes simplex type 2 (hsv-2) in the general population of england and wales and to assess temporal changes in the incidence of hsv-1 infection in childhood.	2000	10961195
a case study of co-ordinative decision-making in disaster management.	a persistent problem in the management of response to disasters is the lack of co-ordination between the various agencies involved. this paper reports a case study of inter-agency co-ordination during the response to a railway accident in the uk. the case study examined two potential sources of difficulty for co-ordination: first, poorly shared mental models; and, second, a possible conflict between the requirements of distributed decision-making and the nature of individual decision-making. int ...	2000	10975178
a new human genetic resource: a dna bank established as part of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac).	we describe a unique human dna resource forming part of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac), a longitudinal cohort study involving 14 000 children and their families living in a geographically defined area of england. the dna bank will underpin the search for associations between genetic polymorphisms and common health outcomes. the opportunities to collect blood samples suitable for dna extraction are necessarily limited, and the samples themselves have often been tr ...	2000	10980570
down's (1866) essay and its sociomedical context.	the inaccuracy of j. l. h. down's formulation of the syndrome that now bears his name is recognized widely. the basis for his ideas are not, however, because they are to be found in the concepts of human development prevalent in his day. in this paper down's essay is de-constructed, and his key concepts are related to the scientific literature of the era. the ideas within which down developed his thoughts are found, for example, in contemporary writings on medicine, ethnography, public health, a ...	2000	10981194
human normal immunoglobulin (hnig): lack of availability for travellers.		2000	10984967
shakespeare on old age and disability.	the plays of william shakespeare were reviewed for references to disabilities, aging and disability, and older characters with disabilities. shakespeare's references draw from traditional cultural notions about older people with disabilities. these traditional notions include people with physical disabilities being evil, the entertainment value of disabilty, and those who were mentally ill being wild and animal-like. he viewed the aging process as disabling and old age as a time when individuals ...	2000	10987340
offspring from artificial insemination demand fathers' details.		2000	10987755
respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants and the potential impact of prophylaxis in a united kingdom cohort.	bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of morbidity in ex-premature infants. in a randomised placebo controlled trial monoclonal antibody prophylaxis showed a 55% reduction in relative risk of hospital admission for these high risk infants, against a background incidence of 10.6 admissions per 100 high risk infants.	2000	10999865
the leeds assessment scale of handicap: its operationalisation, reliability, validity and responsiveness in in-patient rehabilitation.	this paper describes the application of the handicap dimension of the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps.	2000	11005742
behavioural compensation by drivers of a simulator when using a vision enhancement system.	technological progress is suggesting dramatic changes to the tasks of the driver, with the general aim of making driving environment safer. before any of these technologies are implemented, empirical research is required to establish if these devices do, in fact, bring about the anticipated improvements. initially, at least, simulated driving environments offer a means of conducting this research. the study reported here concentrates on the application of a vision enhancement (ve) system within ...	2000	11014758
luminaries in medicine: richard mead, james gibbs, and solar and lunar effects on the human body in early modern england.		2000	11016094
evidence-based management of groin hernia in primary care--a systematic review.	national clinical guidelines on the surgical management of groin hernia have been published by the royal college of surgeons of england. there is also a need for guidance on the management of pre- and post-hernia repair patients in primary care, in areas such as diagnosis, referral and advice on recuperation.	2000	11021907
influenza activity updates 2000/2001.		2000	11022387
prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in young men in north west london.	chlamydia trachomatis is the most common, treatable, bacterial sexually transmitted infection in england and wales. among men, chlamydial infection is an important cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, epididymitis, and proctitis. the case for wider screening among women has been accepted by an expert advisory group. in the absence of estimates of the prevalence of infection in men, its potential impact at the population level is difficult to assess.	2000	11026882
'malthus on man--in animals no moral restraint'.		2000	11027070
influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy: a clinical and seroepidemiological study.	to determine whether maternal influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy results in transplacental transmission of infection, maternal auto-antibody production or an increase in complications of pregnancy.	2000	11028582
stages in reproduction particularly vulnerable to xenobiotic hazards and nutritional deficits.	biochemical research has identified many failures in reproductive processes with specific nutrient deficits, xenobiotics and some infectious illnesses. this has led to some effective safeguards. during meiosis and fertilization, as genetic material divides and rearranges, it is exposed and open to mutation. a nutritionally unfavourable environment is a major risk factor. at stages of rapid cell division, differentiation and organisation, as in the embryo and later in the fetal brain, the child's ...	2000	11028931
linkage analysis of markers on chromosome 11q13 with asthma and atopy in a united kingdom population.	previous studies have suggested that atopy is linked to the beta chain of the high affinity ige receptor (fcepsilon r1-beta) on chromosome 11q13. fcepsilon r1-beta polymorphisms, i181l, v183l, and e237g, are reported to be associated with asthma and atopy. the aim of this study was to investigate linkage to fcepsilon r1-beta in a uk population and to assess the frequency of the polymorphisms and their association with asthma and atopy. a sample of 131 families was recruited at random with a samp ...	2000	11029329
the dental caries experience of 14-year-old children in the united kingdom. surveys coordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry in 1998/99.	this paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 121.550 14-year-old children from across the united kingdom, jersey and the isle of man. these 1998/99 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seeks to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services.	2000	11039631
the gly972arg variant in insulin receptor substrate-1 is not associated with birth weight in contemporary english children. the alspac study team. avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood.		2000	11043868
measuring injecting risk behaviour in the second decade of harm reduction: a survey of injecting drug users in england.	to measure risk behaviour among injecting drug users (idus) using the injecting risk questionnaire (irq).	2000	11048354
genomics - the new rock and roll?	the end of the beginning of the human genome project was announced on 26 june when the working draft or first assembly was announced. here, ian dunham who led the group at the sanger centre that produced the first complete sequence of a human chromosome reflects on how it felt to be with the genome project from the beginning.	2000	11050332
randomisation and resource allocation: a missed opportunity for evaluating health care and social interventions.	equipoise is widely regarded to be an essential prerequisite for the ethical conduct of a randomised controlled trial. there are some circumstances however, under which it is acceptable to conduct a randomised controlled trial (rct) in the absence of equipoise. limited access to the preferred intervention is one such circumstance. in this paper we present an example of a randomised trial in which access to the preferred intervention, preschool education, was severely limited by resource constrai ...	2000	11055032
nitrogen dioxide and particle pollution near trunk roads and in towns of the south midlands in england.	nitrogen dioxide (no2) and particulate emissions play an important role in atmospheric pollution and might be a major cause of human respiratory problems in urban areas. this report provides an overview of traffic-related emissions monitored on several trunk roads and towns of the south midlands of england between 1996 and 1999. no2 pollution on major trunk roads frequently exceeded british and european union air quality standards, while particle pollution was lower. the possible effects of traf ...	2000	11077807
the law, human rights, and the detention of individuals with tuberculosis in england and wales.	tuberculosis poses a global public health threat, and individuals who fail to comply with treatment risk developing drug-resistant strains, which are a serious public health concern. a number of individuals who have been deemed to pose a 'serious risk of infection' to others have been detained in recent years in england and wales under the public health act 1984. with the incorporation of the european convention on human rights (echr) into british law due to take effect shortly this paper examin ...	2000	11077895
'they might as well brand us': working-class resistance to compulsory vaccination in victorian england.	from its origins in resistance to the 1853 compulsory vaccination act, the victorian anti-vaccination movement successfully challenged the public health policies of an increasingly interventionist state. anti-vaccinationists were not only middle-class reformers, but were also drawn from a politically active working class. these campaigners saw compulsory vaccination as an extreme example of class legislation, for its policy and administration implicitly targeted working-class infants and inflict ...	2000	11624425
the embodiment of value: c.s. sherrington and the cultivation of science.	the paper examines the ruputation of c.s. sherrington as both eminent physiologist and eminent representative of scientific culture. it describes sherrington's 'figurehead' status. in his career, research and personal manner, he embodied a life of science, not only in opposition to humanistic values but in fact appearing to be the highest achievement of those values. an analysis of sherrington's research, of his lectures on man on his nature and of his poetry supports this account. the paper use ...	2000	11624665
[spread of chinese variolation art to the western world and its influence].	smallpox inoculation or variolation is a great invention of medicine in ancient china. in this paper, we introduced the process of spread of smallpox inoculation technique from china to western world (mainly to england), and reviewed the royal experiment of smallpox inoculation on human being and its influence on the prevention of smallpox in western countries. the spread and practice of smallpox inoculation in western world was an important event in the history of intercommunication between eas ...	2000	11624682
bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease: a risk analysis.	there is doubt that variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) resulted from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) transmission from cattle to human. what is uncertain is the total number of vcjd cases (currently about 80). in this review i covered recent data on the vcjd and bse epidemic, the mode of bse spreading to humans and, finally, the data on the prnp analogue--the doppel gene (prnd).	2000	11693716
hiv/aids and legal issues in england and wales.	in england and wales, the only hiv specialist legal advice service is currently observing "a return of many of the problems that were encountered in the 1980s but which we thought had been resolved." ignorance about hiv and about how hiv is (and is not) transmitted continues, while the many benefits from new treatments have been accompanied by complacency, misunderstanding, and new forms of discrimination. this article, by members of the advice centre of the terrence higgins trust, which include ...	2000	11833210
evidence to the independent inquiry into clinical trials in north staffordshire.		2000	11842853
report of the review into the research framework in north staffordshire.	this review began because of complaints about the conduct of research studies in the paediatric department of the north staffordshire hospital in stroke-on-trent. as it progressed other issues were also examined such as diagnosing munchausen's syndrome by proxy by the use of covert video surveillance. the following extracts concentrate on research issues, and include the whole of the framework for research governance outlined in the report.	2000	11842854
winter crisis. mild weather militates against flu outbreak.		2000	11965813
acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science.	this paper examines the institutions, personages, and the theories that informed acclimatization activities in nineteenth-century france, england, and the two colonies of algeria and australia. treating acclimatization as a scientific concept and activity the essay begins with the conditions of its emergence in enlightenment france. subsequent sections trace the growth of the acclimatization movement and its translation to the british context, and consider reasons for its decline in the last thi ...	2000	11971295
hiv-related brain impairment from palliative care to rehabilitation.	brain impairment is a distressing manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment leading eventually to dementia and death. patients with advanced brain impairment are clinically difficult to manage and usually require residential care. in 1997, a brain impairment unit opened at the mildmay hospital uk in london to meet the needs of this patient group. it began as a nurse-led unit, has adopted an interdisciplinary approach to care and ...	2000	12819563
the law relating to dealing with dead bodies.	since march 1999 there have been three inquiries concerned either in whole or in part with the removal of human tissue from bodies during post-mortem examinations and its retention thereafter. two of these at least have had to consider the law relating to the matter, and a commissioned paper and a submission about it to one, the bristol royal infirmary inquiry, have been mounted on the inquiry's web site. the main part of this article consists of the slightly revised text of a submission to the ...	2000	15040359
human remains from the north gate, silchester: an 'early' and a 'late' radiocarbon date from the city.		2000	16432945
copper supplementation in humans does not affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to in vitro induced oxidation (foodcue project).	the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. copper (cu) is essential for antioxidant enzymes in vivo and animal studies show that cu deficiency is accompanied by increased atherogenesis and ldl susceptibility to oxidation. nevertheless, cu has been proposed as a pro-oxidant in vivo and is routinely used to induce lipid peroxidation in vitro. given the dual role of cu as an in vivo antioxidant and an in vitro ...	2000	11121720
manhood, the male body, courtship and the household in early modern england.		1999	21265229
[the evasion of anglo-american gentlemen: john locke's exclusion of slaves from human rights.].		1999	21235088
searchers of the dead: authority, marginality, and the interpretation of plague in england, 1574-1665.		1999	20583382
kamal a. chunchie of the coloured men's institute: the man and the legend.	the lives of black communities in britain in the inter-war period, the racial hostility faced by them, the discriminatory coloured alien seamen's order (1925), have all been documented by historians of black history. the lives of the black communities of the east end of london, and the work of organizations, notably, harold moody's league of coloured peoples, among them has also been touched on by historians. the work of other individuals and organizations among the black communities in the east ...	1999	20169683
work and family roles: indian career women in india and the west.	this study examines indian career women's work and family roles, sources of stress, ways of coping, and well-being in the light of cultural expectations in india and the west. a number of different instruments were included to measure job satisfaction, mental health, job stressors, coping behavior, demographic characteristics, domestic responsibility and satisfaction. data were collected, using two earner stressor questionnaires (a coping behavior questionnaire and a mental health and job sati ...	1999	12349197
government sets up enquiry into adequacy of research controls in north staffordshire.		1999	11657253
uk paediatrician suspended over research allegations.		1999	11657825
the social development of children with severe learning difficulties: a case study of an inclusive education initiative between two primary schools in oxfordshire, uk.	this case study of primary age children in two linked oxfordshire schools investigated the contribution of staff attitudes and practices to inequalities in education, and contrasted the socialisation of children with similar learning difficulties in different educational placements. participant observation of a group of children and carers in a special school suggested areas of more rigorous inquiry. structured observations compared this group with a matched sample of children with similar learn ...	1999	10890242
john langdon down: the man and the message.	john langdon down was the son of a village grocer. born in torpoint, cornwall, in 1828, he was the 6th child of religious parents. he worked in the family business until he was 18 years old and he then qualified as a pharmacist before ultimately entering medical school at the london hospital. he won numerous medals and prizes and immediately after taking his medical degree he was appointed medical superintendent of the royal earlswood asylum for idiots in surrey. he reformed the institution and ...	1999	10890244
new dna markers with increased informativeness show diminished support for a chromosome 5q11-13 schizophrenia susceptibility locus and exclude linkage in two new cohorts of british and icelandic families.	genetic linkage of schizophrenia to markers at 5q11.2-13.3 had been reported previously in five icelandic and two british families, but attempts at replication in independent samples have been unsuccessful. we report here an update on the diagnoses and results of linkage analyses using newer highly polymorphic microsatellite markers at or near the loci d5s76 and d5s39 in the original sample of pedigrees and in two new family samples from iceland and from britain. the new results show a reduction ...	1999	10738536
the family rule: a framework for obtaining ethical consent for medical interventions from children.	children's consent to treatment remains a contentious topic, with confusing legal precepts and advice. this paper proposes that informed consent in children should be regarded as shared between children and their families, the balance being determined by implicit, developmentally based negotiations between child and parent--a "family rule" for consent. consistent, operationalized procedures for ethically obtaining consent can be derived from its application to both routine and contentious situat ...	1999	10635505
lead concentration in soil from a small 15th-century industrial site: occupational and environmental health implications.	former industrial sites are often reclaimed for new homes and other occupational uses. such sites may still contain toxic chemicals that could put the health of the community at risk. the persistence of these residual chemicals and their effects on human health must not be underestimated. hence, there is a need to analyze such sites to ensure that the public health will not be put at risk. it is also essential that the levels of release of heavy metals into the environment be monitored and regul ...	1999	10633244
modelling the contribution of individual radionuclides to the total gamma air kerma rate for the sediments of the ribble estuary, nw england.	the aim of this study was to test the performance of a published dose-rate model, investigate the contribution of individual radionuclides to the total gamma air kerma rate (gakr) and derive external doses to man in the ribble estuary, nw england. gakrs were measured and sediment cores were collected in order to determine radionuclide specific activities with depth. the latter values were used as input data for the external dose-rate model. the model has a slight tendency to over-predict the gak ...	1999	10616780
a comparison of the risk of stillbirth associated with paternal pre-conception irradiation in the sellafield workforce with that of stillbirth and untoward pregnancy outcome among japanese atomic bomb survivors.	a comparison is made of the relative risks associated with paternal preconception irradiation of stillbirth and untoward pregnancy outcome (stillbirths, congenital malformations, neonatal deaths) in the offspring of the japanese atomic bomb survivors and of stillbirth in the offspring of sellafield workers. it is concluded that the pre-conception exposure risks of stillbirth in the offspring of sellafield workers are statistically incompatible with the japanese data at the 5% level. other human ...	1999	10616782
drug resistance in campylobacter jejuni, c coli, and c lari isolated from humans in north west england and wales, 1997.	to test the sensitivity of strains of campylobacter species isolated from humans in england and wales against a range of antimicrobial agents for the purpose of monitoring therapeutic efficacy and as an epidemiological marker.	1999	10690169
human herpesvirus 8: seroepidemiology among women and detection in the genital tract of seropositive women.	an indirect ifa to detect antibodies against latent nuclear antigens of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) was used to determine the prevalence of hhv-8 antibodies in 169 women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic and a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) clinic at a london hospital. nested polymerase chain reaction was used to detect hhv-8 dna in 93 blood samples and 89 cervical brush scrapes (cbs). another 96 cbs from women attending a colposcopy clinic were also analyzed. the overall sero ...	1999	9841845
evidence-based reduction of obesity: identification of a subculture's least fattening eating patterns.	public health nutritional interventions, like clinical treatments in medicine or psychology, should be based on direct evidence of their efficacy relative to prior existing modalities. yet the contribution of applied human nutrition and the psychology of eating to research into ways of slowing the rise of obesity has been limited to the intake of energy nutrients and investigator-prejudged questions about appetite and food choices. in contrast, it is feasible to get members of the public to desc ...	1999	9989917
a difficult new year for the national health service.		1999	10023912
geographical distribution of variant cjd in the uk (excluding northern ireland).	the agent that causes variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (variant cjd) is indistinguishable from the causative agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). the transmission route by which human beings are infected has not been established. one hypothesis is that cases of variant cjd have resulted from exposure to the bse agent via rendering plants involved in the production of meat and bone meal, the main vehicle of the bse epidemic.	1999	10023945
influenza activity starts while christmas interrupts surveillance.		1999	10079591
statistical analysis of the age-adjusted incidence rates of human neoplasias: changes in time and space from early 1960's to mid 1980's with special reference to the steroid criminal hypothesis of carcinogenesis.	our earlier reports indicated that the changes of age-adjusted incidence rates (aairs) of any 2 tumors in time and space, as investigated by the sequential regression analysis, showed a good fitness to the equilibrium model under the control of the law of mass action. the purpose of this study is to investigate the problem of whether or not the changes of aairs of individual tumors in time and space show a similar fitness to the equilibrium model of the law of mass action. the cancer risk data s ...	1999	10085420
pathogenic presenilin 1 mutations (p436s & i143f) in early-onset alzheimer's disease in the uk. mutations in brief no. 223. online.	familial alzheimer's disease (ad) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by memory impairment and multiple cognitive deficits which occurs in mid to late life. early onset ad has been associated with mutations in three genes, of which presenilin 1 (ps1) mutations are the most frequent. we sequenced the open reading frame from genomic dna of a series of 21 early onset ad (ad3) uk families in which there were at least two affected individuals in two or more generations with a diagnosis of ...	1999	10090481
risk factors for tuberculosis in patients with aids in london: a case-control study.	to identify risk factors for the acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (aids) associated with tuberculosis, in patients with aids attending 11 of the largest human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/aids units in london.	1999	10094164
how the worm was won. the c. elegans genome sequencing project.	the genome sequence of the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans is nearly complete, with resolution of the final difficult regions expected over the next few months. this will represent the first genome of a multicellular organism to be sequenced to completion. the genome is approximately 97 mb in total, and encodes more than 19,099 proteins, considerably more than expected before sequencing began. the sequencing project--a collaboration between the genome sequencing center in st louis an ...	1999	10098407
presence of campylobacter and salmonella in sand from bathing beaches.	the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of thermophilic campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. in sand from non-eec standard and eec standard designated beaches in different locations in the uk and to assess if potentially pathogenic strains were present. campylobacter spp. were detected in 82/182 (45%) of sand samples and salmonella spp. in 10/182 (6%). campylobacter spp. were isolated from 46/92 (50%) of samples from non-eec standard beaches and 36/90 (40%) from eec standard be ...	1999	10098779
molecular typing of salmonella serotype thompson strains isolated from human and animal sources.	one-hundred-and-thirteen isolates of salmonella serotype thompson from diverse sources in seven countries were characterized by pvuii ribotyping and is200 fingerprinting. ten pvuii ribotypes were observed. the predominant pvuii ribotype 1 represented a major clone of world-wide distribution but was not found in australia; pvuii ribotypes 2 and 3 represented minor clones. hincii ribotyping discriminated subtypes within pvuii ribotype 1: hincii ribotype 1 was distributed widely but hincii ribotype ...	1999	10098783
the ability of non-ergonomists in the health care setting to make manual handling risk assessments and implement changes.	the health care setting presents particular risks from manual handling and it is known that training in manual handling techniques is ineffective in reducing these risks when used as a stand-alone measure. the 'manual handling operations regulations 1992' requires employers to consider hazardous manual handling, advising the use of an ergonomics approach. however, it is not known how well-equipped non-ergonomists in the health care setting are to deal with this approach. therefore, the ability o ...	1999	10098808
money, morals and medical risks: conflicting notions underlying the recruitment of egg donors.		1999	10099963
the clinical importance of the anaerobic energy system and its assessment in human performance.		1999	10102111
is infection control an academic study?	this editorial aims to answer the question of whether infection control is an academic specialty. by considering the consequences of a lack of infection control in terms of patient morbidity and mortality and hence cost, it is easy to establish the importance of the area. infection control embraces not only developing policies for preventing the physical spread of a micro-organism but also prophylactic therapy such as vaccination and therapeutic measures such as antibiotics. infection control no ...	1999	9949958