Publications

high-level expression of rabies virus glycoprotein with the rna-based semliki forest virus expression vector.	rabies is to this date one of the most important death causing zoonotic viral diseases, with 98% of deaths reported in developing countries, where access to modern vaccines and tools for efficient diagnostic remain unaffordable. in this paper, we describe a newly engineered rna-based rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) expression vector based on the semliki forest virus (sfv) system. a recombinant sfv carrying an rna coding for rvgp (sfv-rvgp) was constructed and the rvgp expression was evaluated i ...	2009	19135103
subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on cortico-motoneuronal cells.	we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from single muscles of rhesus monkeys to identify cortico-motoneuronal (cm) cells in the primary motor cortex (m1) that make monosynaptic connections with motoneurons innervating shoulder, elbow, and finger muscles. we found that m1 has 2 subdivisions. a rostral region lacks cm cells and represents an "old" m1 that is the standard for many mammals. the descending commands mediated by corticospinal efferents from old m1 must use the integ ...	2009	19139417
first production of fluorescent anti-ribonucleoproteins conjugate for diagnostic of rabies in brazil.	the laboratory tests recommended by the world health organization for detection of rabies virus and evaluation of specific antibodies are performed with fluorescent antibodies against the virus, the ribonucleoproteins (rnps), or by monoclonal antibodies. in this study, we purified the rabies virus rnps for the production of a conjugate presenting sensibility and specificity compatible with commercial reagents. the method employed for the purification of rnps was ultracentrifugation in cesium chl ...	2009	19140216
comparative analysis of hiv-1-based lentiviral vectors bearing lyssavirus glycoproteins for neuronal gene transfer.	the delivery of therapeutic genes to the central nervous system (cns) using viral vectors represents an appealing strategy for the treatment of nerve injury and disorders of the cns. important factors determining cns targeting include tropism of the viral vectors and retrograde transport of the vector particles. retrograde transport of equine anemia virus (eiav)-based lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the glycoprotein derived from the rabies virus rabera strain from peripheral muscle to spinal ...	2009	19144125
lagos bat virus virulence in mice inoculated by the peripheral route.	lagos bat virus (lbv) constitutes genotype (gt) 2 in the lyssavirus genus. in contrast to the gt1 lyssavirus, rabies virus (rabv), lbv was reported to have markedly reduced levels of peripheral pathogenicity. however, this opinion was based on a study of one isolate of lbv only and the reduction in pathogenicity was essentially attributed to the amino-acid substitution at position 333 of glycoprotein ectodomain. in the present study we have demonstrated that peripheral pathogenicity of represent ...	2009	19144249
genetic stability (in vivo) of the attenuated oral rabies virus vaccine sad b19.	the distribution of oral rabies vaccine baits containing replication-competent live viruses poses certain environmental safety risks; among others, the possibility of reversion to or an increase in virulence. hence, the genetic stability of the complete genome of the most widely used oral rabies vaccine virus, sad b19, was examined after four and 10 serial i.c. passages in foxes and mice, respectively. it was shown that the consensus strain of sad b19 was extremely stable in vivo. after 10 conse ...	2009	19161553
dual transneuronal tracing in the rat entorhinal-hippocampal circuit by intracerebral injection of recombinant rabies virus vectors.	dual transneuronal tracing is a novel viral tracing methodology which employs two recombinant viruses, each expressing a different reporter protein. peripheral injection of recombinant pseudorabies viruses has been used as a powerful method to define neurons that coordinate outputs to various peripheral targets of motor and autonomic systems. here, we assessed the feasibility of recombinants of rabies virus (rv) vector for dual transneuronal tracing in the central nervous system. first, we exami ...	2009	19169410
response to protocol review scenario: complex circumstances.		2009	19229217
rabid or good neighbors?		2009	19229218
response to protocol review scenario: federal oversight needed.		2009	19229219
response to protocol review scenario: whose watch?		2009	19229220
[rabies].	rabies is a fetal viral encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, that is mainly transmitted through the saliva of infected domestic or wild animals. rabies remains an important public health issue worldwide due to the prevalence of endemic dog rabies in developing countries. the epidemiological impact is particularly still high in asian and african countries. in contrast, in the developed countries, including japan, rabies is a re-emerging disease. the lyssaviruses (types eblv and abl) and rabie ...	2009	19235463
toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) plays a major role in the formation of rabies virus negri bodies.	human neurons express the innate immune response receptor, toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3). tlr3 levels are increased in pathological conditions such as brain virus infection. here, we further investigated the production, cellular localisation, and function of neuronal tlr3 during neuronotropic rabies virus (rabv) infection in human neuronal cells. following rabv infection, tlr3 is not only present in endosomes, as observed in the absence of infection, but also in detergent-resistant perinuclear inc ...	2009	19247444
selective vulnerability of dorsal root ganglia neurons in experimental rabies after peripheral inoculation of cvs-11 in adult mice.	the involvement of dorsal root ganglia was studied in an in vivo model of experimental rabies virus infection using the challenge virus standard (cvs-11) strain. dorsal root ganglia neurons infected with cvs in vitro show prolonged survival and few morphological changes, and are commonly used to study the infection. it has been established that after peripheral inoculation of mice with cvs the brain and spinal cord show relatively few neurodegenerative changes, but detailed studies of pathologic ...	2009	19252919
applying the milwaukee protocol to treat canine rabies in equatorial guinea.	in this first report of rabies in equatorial guinea, problems accompanying the application of the milwaukee protocol are described. with its apparent success, and despite a subsequent death from complications of malnutrition, we sound a note of optimism that canine as well as bat rabies may be treatable.	2009	19263274
evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central africa.	the burden of rabies in africa is estimated at 24,000 human deaths year(-1), almost all of which result from infection with dog rabies viruses (rabv). to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of rabv in western and central africa, 92 isolates sampled from 27 african countries over 29 years were collected and sequenced. this revealed that rabv currently circulating in dogs in this region fell into a single lineage designated 'africa 2'. a detailed analysis of the phylogeographical structure of th ...	2009	19264663
the rabies virus phosphoprotein synthesis and subcellular localization are modified by nerve growth factor.	rabies virus p protein participates as a regulating factor in viral transcription and replication; recent studies found an antitranscriptional and antireplicative effect of nerve growth factor (ngf) and neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) in infected neuron cultures. we investigated here the specific effect of the neurotrophins on p protein, evaluating its synthesis and subcellular distribution in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia neuron cultures infected and treated with ngf or nt-3. the results showed that ng ...	2009	19283595
risk-based cost modelling of oral rabies vaccine interventions for raccoon rabies.	distribution of oral rabies vaccine (orv) is an effective but costly strategy to control raccoon rabies. because of high costs, orv for raccoon rabies in the u.s. has been limited primarily to epizootic areas, leaving extensive raccoon rabies regions without any orv intervention. several cost scenarios for orv application in raccoon rabies enzootic and epizootic regions were modelled in new york state to obtain estimated costs of orv baits per scenario and potential savings compared with a unifo ...	2009	18771519
validation and operational application of a rapid method for rabies antigen detection.	the veterinary laboratory europe (vle) deployed a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test (drit), developed by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), to the us military veterinary units in iraq and afghanistan. the test detects rabies virus antigen in fresh and frozen brainstem samples from various animal species. the goal was to conduct surveillance in 2 countries without current rabies diagnostic capabilities and little historical data on rabies prevalence. during the deployment ...	2009	20088045
[safety and immunogenicity of rabies vaccine (chick embryo cell) for human use produced in germany and india].	to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of rabipur produced in india.	2009	20084974
oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.	steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (orv). formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated orv programs in the united states of america. the signing of the north american rabies management plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and ...	2009	20027214
[protective activity of panavir in experimental rabies infection].	significant and reliable activity of panavir was shown in experiments on mice intramuscularly infected with the rabies virus. the animal protection depended on the dose of panavir and the treatment scheme. the reliable protection (30-45% of the mice, p<0.05-0.01) was observed only after the panavir intramuscular injection to the site of the virus inoculation (the infection atrium), but not after the systemic (intraperitoneal) administration. high titers of the virus-neutralizing antibodies (7.92 ...	2009	20052915
[diagnosis of a human rabies case in jujuy, 2008].	on july 22, 2008, a previously healthy 8 years old boy from jujuy, argentina, died of encephalitis later confirmed as rabies. diagnosis was made on the basis rabies-specific antibodies presence in a serum sample and it was confirmed by detection of the viral antigens in brain necropsy using the immunofluorescent test. antigenic characterization identified dog as source of infection. molecular analysis recognized the same genetic variant circulating in jujuy since 2003. this report presents the p ...	2009	20053605
[study on the feasibility of a cell-culture inoculation test in the detection and isolation of street rabies virus].	feasibility of using mna cell-culture inoculation test to detect and isolate the street rabies virus.	2009	19957630
new adenovirus in bats, germany.	we tested 55 deceased vespertilionid bats of 12 species from southern germany for virus infections. a new adenovirus was isolated from tissue samples of 2 pipistrellus pipistrellus bats, which represents the only chiropteran virus isolate found in europe besides lyssavirus (rabies virus). evidence was found for adenovirus transmission between bats.	2009	19961700
[biological characteristics of a chimeric rabies virus expressing canine parvovirus vp2 protein].	to obtain a bivalence vaccine against canine rabies virus and canine parvovirus, a chimeric rabies virus expressing canine parvovirus vp2 protein was generated by the technique of reverse genetics. it was shown that the chimeric virus designated as hep-flury (vp2) grew well on bhk-21 cells and the vp2 gene could still be stably expressed after ten passages on bhk-21 cells. experiments on the mice immunized with the chimeric virus hep-flury (vp2) demonstrated that specific antibodies against rabi ...	2009	19954113
risk of importing zoonotic diseases through wildlife trade, united states.	the united states is the world's largest wildlife importer, and imported wild animals represent a potential source of zoonotic pathogens. using data on mammals imported during 2000-2005, we assessed their potential to host 27 selected risk zoonoses and created a risk assessment that could inform policy making for wildlife importation and zoonotic disease surveillance. a total of 246,772 mammals in 190 genera (68 families) were imported. the most widespread agents of risk zoonoses were rabies vir ...	2009	19891857
human vaccinia infection after contact with a raccoon rabies vaccine bait - pennsylvania, 2009.	since 2003, the u.s. department of agriculture's wildlife services has coordinated a multistate oral rabies vaccination (orv) program for wildlife in a 15-state zone extending from maine to alabama and in texas. the program seeks to enhance local control and prevent the spread of epizootic rabies among raccoons and, in texas, among gray foxes and coyotes. the program uses baits containing liquid vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant virus vaccine. because contact with ruptured baits ca ...	2009	19893480
human rabies - missouri, 2008.	on november 24, 2008, the missouri state public health laboratory notified cdc of suspected rabies in a man aged 55 years from missouri. the man had been bitten by a bat 4--6 weeks before symptom onset and had not sought medical care at the time of the bite. after visiting two emergency departments (eds) with symptoms consistent with rabies, he was hospitalized on november 23 and treated using the milwaukee protocol. on november 26, infection with a rabies virus variant associated with silver-ha ...	2009	19893481
rabies in northeastern europe--the threat from invasive raccoon dogs.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main terrestrial wildlife rabies vector in europe. however, recently the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides)--an invasive species originating from east asia--has become increasingly important as secondary host, especially in the baltic states. this imposes problems on neighboring rabies-free countries (such as finland), where the density of each of the two vector species on its own might be too low to sustain a long-term rabies epizootic, but the community o ...	2009	19901385
evidence for a 4-dose vaccine schedule for human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in previously non-vaccinated individuals.	after exposure, human rabies is preventable by prompt application of post-exposure prophylaxis. historically, the total number of rabies vaccine doses administered during human prophylaxis has decreased, as modern biologics have improved and scientific knowledge has grown. a review of the literature on rabies virus pathogenesis, experimental animal studies, clinical trials, epidemiological surveillance, and economic analyses was conducted to determine the potential utility of reducing the curren ...	2009	19925944
rabies virus pathogenesis in relationship to intervention with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines.	despite progress in vaccine development in the past century the mechanisms behind immune responses elicited by rabies biologics or via natural infection remain largely unknown. in this study, we compared protection elicited by standard, early, or delayed prophylaxis with a reduced number of vaccine doses using inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. two-month-old syrian hamsters, 4-week-old icr mice or adult rhesus macaques were inoculated with canine rabies virus variants. thereafter, prophyl ...	2009	19925945
"early death" and the contraindication of vaccine during treatment of rabies.	administration of rabies vaccine or rabies immune globulin (rig) during symptomatic rabies is ineffective, and there are concerns about the phenomenon of "early death" reported in animals that develop rabies after receipt of rabies vaccine or immune globulin. survival analyses of the original animal data confirm these findings in two species, whereas analyses of human case reports and the milwaukee protocol registry suggest lower risk of "early death" in humans. there may be a deleterious intera ...	2009	19925949
a robust lentiviral pseudotype neutralisation assay for in-field serosurveillance of rabies and lyssaviruses in africa.	the inflexibility of existing serological techniques for detection of rabies in surveillance constrains the benefit to be gained from many current control strategies. we analysed 304 serum samples from tanzanian dogs for the detection of rabies antibodies in a pseudotype assay using lentiviral vectors bearing the cvs-11 envelope glycoprotein. compared with the widely used gold standard fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation assay, a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 94.4% with a strong c ...	2009	19925950
influence of oral rabies vaccine bait density on rabies seroprevalence in wild raccoons.	the effect of different oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait densities (75, 150, and 300 baits/km(2)) on the seroprevalence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvnas) in raccoons (procyon lotor) was assessed at a 15% seroprevalence difference threshold in rural areas of northeast ohio. results (n=588 raccoons) indicated that seropositivity for rvnas was associated with both bait density and bait campaign frequency. associations were not detected for raccoon gender, age, or macro-habitat. the odds ...	2009	19925951
oral immunization of raccoons and skunks with a canine adenovirus recombinant rabies vaccine.	oral vaccination is an important part of wildlife rabies control programs. currently, the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus is the only oral rabies vaccine licensed in the united states, and it is not effective in skunks. in the current study, captive raccoons and skunks were used to evaluate a vaccine developed by incorporating the rabies virus glycoprotein gene into a canine adenovirus serotype 2 vector (cav2-rvg). seven of 7 raccoons orally vaccinated with cav2-rvg developed viru ...	2009	19925952
poxvirus-vectored vaccines for rabies--a review.	oral rabies vaccination of target reservoir species has proved to be one of the pillars of successful rabies elimination programs. the use of live attenuated rabies virus vaccines has been extensive but several limitations hamper its future use. a recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine has also been successfully used for the oral vaccination of several species. nevertheless, its lack of efficacy in certain important rabies reservoirs and concerns on the use of this potent live virus as vaccine carr ...	2009	19925953
development of combined vaccines for rabies and immunocontraception.	rabies prevention and appropriate population management of free-ranging animals have an important role to play in the eventual elimination of rabies in dogs. an effective sterilant based on rabies vaccines has the potential to create a supportive measure of public acceptability and to reduce associated clinic visit costs. we inserted the coding sequence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) into different locations within the rabies virus era glycoprotein (g) gene, and demonstrated that the a ...	2009	19925954
no adverse effects of simultaneous vaccination with the immunocontraceptive gonacon and a commercial rabies vaccine on rabies virus neutralizing antibody production in dogs.	parenteral vaccination campaigns are integral to the elimination of canine rabies. to maximize herd immunity in dogs, immunocontraception provided at the time of rabies vaccination should reduce fecundity and dog abundance. gonacon has been used successfully as an immunocontraceptive in a variety of mammals, and by inference, the dog would be an ideal candidate for testing. as an initial step in evaluating a combination-vaccination program, we assessed the effects of gonacon on rabies virus neut ...	2009	19925955
enhancing comparative rabies dna vaccine effectiveness through glycoprotein gene modifications.	enhancing dna vaccine effectiveness remains a challenge, especially if the desired goal is immunization efficacy after a single dose. the glycoprotein gene from the rabies virus evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) strain was modified by mutation at amino acid residue 333 from arginine to glutamine. the modified and original unmodified glycoprotein genes were cloned separately and developed as dna vaccines for immunization in mice. the intramuscular (im) route using a single dose (100 microg) of a m ...	2009	19925956
study of kinetic parameters for the production of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein.	gene expression in insect cells is an advantageous system for recombinant protein production, mainly because of its capacity to produce complex proteins with correct post-translational modifications. recently, we identified and purified a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph able to increase the production of rabies virus glycoprotein, expressed in drosophila melanogaster cells, by about 60%. in this work, the kinetic parameters for cell growth and recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein product ...	2009	19842054
correlation of cytokine expression with rabies virus distribution in rabies encephalitis.	rabies encephalitis is a significant health hazard, particularly in asia. to understand the role of immune mechanisms and cytokines in rabies encephalitis, we performed a retrospective and prospective study on the autopsy material. representative histopathological sections were studied and subjected to immunostaining for rabies virus antigen, tnf-alpha and il-1beta. immunohistochemistry for il-1beta and tnf-alpha revealed expression of these cytokines in 96% of cases in microglial cells, macroph ...	2009	19857907
high level expression of a functionally active cholera toxin b: rabies glycoprotein fusion protein in tobacco seeds.	a synthetic dna construct containing cholera toxin b subunit, genetically fused to the surface glycoprotein of rabies virus was expressed in tobacco plants from a seed specific (legumin) promoter. seed specific expression was monitored by real-time pcr, gm1-elisa and western blot analyses. the fusion protein accumulated in tobacco seeds at up to 1.22% of the total seed protein. it was functionally active in binding to the gm1-ganglioside receptors, suggesting its assembly into pentamers in seeds ...	2009	19820945
rabies virus glycoprotein expression in drosophila s2 cells: influence of re-selection on protein expression.	the aim of this study was to achieve expression of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp) in drosophila s2 cells. for this, a cdna coding for the selection hygromycin antibiotic and the cdna encoding the rvgp protein under the control of the constitutive actin promoter (ac) were cloned in an expression plasmid, which was transfected into s2 cells. s2 cell populations (s2acrvgphy) showed rrvgp expression in cell lysates, attaining concentrations up to 1.5 microg/10(7) cells (705 microg/l). ...	2009	19824020
serum antibody titers following routine rabies vaccination in african elephants.	to evaluate serum antibody titers in captive african elephants (loxodonta africana) following routine vaccination with a commercially available, inactivated rabies vaccine.	2009	19827985
replication-deficient rabies virus-based vaccines are safe and immunogenic in mice and nonhuman primates.	although current postexposure prophylaxis rabies virus (rv) vaccines are effective, approximately 40,000-70,000 rabies-related deaths are reported annually worldwide. the development of effective formulations requiring only 1-2 applications would significantly reduce mortality. we assessed in mice and nonhuman primates the efficacy of replication-deficient rv vaccine vectors that lack either the matrix (m) or phosphoprotein (p) gene. a single dose of m gene-deficient rv induced a more rapid and ...	2009	19764884
dual modes of rabies p-protein association with microtubules: a novel strategy to suppress the antiviral response.	conventional nuclear import is independent of the cytoskeleton, but recent data have shown that the import of specific proteins can be either facilitated or inhibited by microtubules (mts). nuclear import of the p-protein from rabies virus involves a mt-facilitated mechanism, but here, we show that p-protein is unique in that it also undergoes mt-inhibited import, with the mode of mt-interaction being regulated by the oligomeric state of the p-protein. this is the first demonstration that a prot ...	2009	19773364
bayesian phylogeography finds its roots.	as a key factor in endemic and epidemic dynamics, the geographical distribution of viruses has been frequently interpreted in the light of their genetic histories. unfortunately, inference of historical dispersal or migration patterns of viruses has mainly been restricted to model-free heuristic approaches that provide little insight into the temporal setting of the spatial dynamics. the introduction of probabilistic models of evolution, however, offers unique opportunities to engage in this sta ...	2009	19779555
binding of rabies virus polymerase cofactor to recombinant circular nucleoprotein-rna complexes.	in rabies virus, the attachment of the l polymerase (l) to the viral nucleocapsids (ncs)-a nucleoprotein (n)-rna complex that serves as template for rna transcription and replication-is mediated by the polymerase cofactor, the phosphoprotein (p). p forms dimers (p(2)) that bind through their c-terminal domains (p(ctd)) to the c-terminal region of the n. recombinant circular n(m)-rna complexes containing 9 to 12 protomers of n (hereafter, the subscript m denotes the number of n protomers) served ...	2009	19781554
novel vaccines to human rabies.	rabies, the most fatal of all infectious diseases, remains a major public health problem in developing countries, claiming the lives of an estimated 55,000 people each year. most fatal rabies cases, with more than half of them in children, result from dog bites and occur among low-income families in southeast asia and africa. safe and efficacious vaccines are available to prevent rabies. however, they have to be given repeatedly, three times for pre-exposure vaccination and four to five times fo ...	2009	19787033
emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century.	the diagnosis of rabies is routinely based on clinical and epidemiological information, especially when exposures are reported in rabies-endemic countries. diagnostic tests using conventional assays that appear to be negative, even when undertaken late in the disease and despite the clinical diagnosis, have a tendency, at times, to be unreliable. these tests are rarely optimal and entirely dependent on the nature and quality of the sample supplied. in the course of the past three decades, the ap ...	2009	19787037
overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies.	each year, approximately 55,000 individuals worldwide die from an infection due to the rabies virus. rabies is a life-threatening disease caused by an rna virus that is usually transmitted to humans through bites from rabid animals. more recently, reports of transmission by means of organ transplantation have been reported. since human rabies is nearly 100% fatal if prophylactic measures are not followed, an increased awareness of who should receive prophylaxis and when prophylaxis should be adm ...	2009	19792992
[preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus cvs-11 strain].	to get the high specific and sensitive mononclonal antibodies against rv.	2009	19799024
[the function of helper plasmids from hep-flury strain rabies virus on encapsidating the full-length genome of ctn strain].	to identify the helper plasmids from hep-flury strain rabies virus that could encapsidate the full-length genome of ctn strain.	2009	19799148
[exposure to human rabies and the related risk factors in guangdong].		2009	19799159
[rabies in artibeus lituratus bats in montes claros, state of minas gerais].	the first isolation of the rabies virus in frugivorous bats of the species artibeus lituratus in montes claros, state of minas gerais, is presented. the diagnosis was obtained through the direct immunofluorescence reaction, biological tests and viral profiling. although canine rabies is under control in this city, the rabies virus continues to circulate in bats in the urban area.	2009	19802484
the production of antibody by invading b cells is required for the clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system.	the pathogenesis of rabies is associated with the inability to deliver immune effectors across the blood-brain barrier and to clear virulent rabies virus from cns tissues. however, the mechanisms that facilitate immune effector entry into cns tissues are induced by infection with attenuated rabies virus.	2009	19806203
selection and affinity maturation of human antibodies against rabies virus from a scfv gene library using ribosome display.	we selected useful antibody fragments against rabies virus from a human single chain variable fragment (scfv) gene library using ribosome display technique. the recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) was used as an antigen to isolate specific scfvs. after five rounds of selection, the analysis demonstrated that scfv-ribosome-mrna complexes were specifically selected against rvgp. sequence analysis showed that mutations were introduced at random by pcr among the rounds of selection and vari ...	2009	19818816
[reverse genetic system for rabies virus vaccine evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth strain].	to establish a reverse genetic system of rabies virus for producing safe and efficient rabies vaccine.	2009	19873761
rabies virus-based vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies, poly-functional cd8+ t cell, and protect rhesus macaques from aids-like disease after siv(mac251) challenge.	highly attenuated rabies virus (rv) vaccine vectors were evaluated for their ability to protect against highly pathogenic siv(mac251) challenge. mamu-a*01 negative rhesus macaques were immunized in groups of four with either: rv expressing siv(mac239)-gagpol, a combination of rv expressing siv(mac239)-env and rv expressing siv(mac239)-gagpol, or with empty rv vectors. eight weeks later animals received a booster immunization with a heterologous rv expressing the same antigens. at 12 weeks post-b ...	2009	19879223
effective prevention against rabies by intracerebral immunization in mice.	to evaluate the efficacy of intracerebral (ic) immunization, mice were immunized with a rabies vaccine by the subcutaneous (sc), intramuscular (im) or ic route, and 10-fold the 50% lethal dose of rabies virus was inoculated into the hindleg of the immunized or non-immunized mice. the antibody titer in serum was elevated and boosted by additional immunization via all routes, but highest after the ic immunization followed by the im and sc routes, in this order. intracerebrally immunized mice were ...	2009	19887739
development of a mouse monoclonal antibody cocktail for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis in humans.	as the demand for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) treatments has increased exponentially in recent years, the limited supply of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin (hrig and erig) has failed to provide the required passive immune component in pep in countries where canine rabies is endemic. replacement of hrig and erig with a potentially cheaper and efficacious alternative biological for treatment of rabies in humans, therefore, remains a high priority. in this study, we set out to ass ...	2009	19888334
standardization and assessment of cell culture media quantities in roller poly ethylene terephthalate bottles employed in the industrial rabies viral vaccine production.	vero cells are utilized for production of rabies vaccine. this study deals with the optimize quantity media require for the rabies vaccine production in the smooth roller surface. the rabies virus (pasteur vaccine strain) is infected to monolayer of the various experimented bottles. to analyze the optimal quantity of media for the production of rabies viral harvest during the process of vero cell derived rabies vaccine. the trials are started from 200 to 400 ml (ptarv-1, ptarv-2, ptarv-3, ptarv- ...	2009	20384277
[complete genome sequencing and analyses of rabies viruses isolated from wild animals (chinese ferret-badger) in zhejiang province].	based on sequencing the full-length genomes of two chinese ferret-badger, we analyzed the properties of rabies viruses genetic variation in molecular level to get information on prevalence and variation of rabies viruses in zhejiang, and to enrich the genome database of rabies viruses street strains isolated from chinese wildlife.	2009	20193207
untangling neural networks with dual retrograde transsynaptic viral infection.	using recombinant rabies virus (rv), we developed a dual transsynaptic retrograde tracing technique in the rat central nervous system. two strains of recombinant rv, injected into two separate loci of the brain, were taken up through axon terminals and carried retrogradely and transsynaptically from neuron to neuron. each viral strain expresses a unique marker in infected neurons. therefore, neurons that project transsynaptically to two brain loci can be detected by double-labeling. in this revi ...	2009	20198151
therapy of rabies encephalitis.		2009	20128341
[human rabies encephalitis by a vampire bat bite in an urban area of colombia].	human rabies encephalitis by a vampire bat bite in an urban area of colombia a case of rabies encephalitis is presented in a teenaged male, which developed four months after a bat bite in the urban area of floridablanca, santander province, colombia. the complex clinical manifestations prevented the confirmation of an antemortem diagnosis, principally because of the lengthy incubation period and the absence of other similar urban cases. despite application of several therapies, including the mil ...	2009	20128344
[rabies virus isolation in the salivary glands of insectivorous bats].	this study determined the presence of the rabies virus in salivary glands, as well as its titre and antigenic characterisation and the level of exposure to the virus from contact between domestic animals and humans. twenty-six positive brain samples were selected, 80% of which were from the brazilian free-tailed bat, tadarida brasiliensis, corresponding to the period 1999-2005. antigenic characterisation was conducted on a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus nucleoprotei ...	2009	20462155
evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for detection of african lyssaviruses from brain material.	a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit was evaluated against a selection of isolates of lyssavirus genotypes occurring in africa. the test was carried out in parallel comparison with the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and isolates representing previously established phylogenetic groups from each genotype were included. the specificity of the rapid immunodiagnostic test compared favourably with the fat and was found to detect all representatives of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in brain samples of either f ...	2009	20698445
bat rabies--a gordian knot?	although classical rabies is one of the earliest identified and best studied infectious diseases, there is still limited knowledge about lyssaviruses and their major natural hosts, bats. focussing on bat rabies in europe caused by european bat lyssaviruses 1 (eblv-1) and 2, for instance the association of eblv-1 to eptesicus bats and eblv-2 to myotis daubentonii and m. dasycneme together with an apparent clustering of cases is one question still to be answered. furthermore, the question whether ...	2009	19999377
interferon response and viral evasion by members of the family rhabdoviridae.	like many animal viruses, those of the rhabdoviridae family, are able to antagonize the type i interferon response and cause disease in mammalian hosts. though these negative-stranded rna viruses are very simple and code for as few as five proteins, they have been seen to completely abrogate the type i interferon response early in infection. in this review, we will discuss the viral organization and type i interferon evasion of rhabdoviruses, focusing on vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabi ...	2009	21994572
isolation of rabies virus from the parotid salivary glands of foxes (pseudalopex vetulus) from paraíba state, northeastern brazil.	to determine the presence of rabies virus in the parotid salivary glands, 12 road-killed rabies-positive hoary foxes (pseudoalopex vetulus) were tested by using the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and mouse inoculation test (mit). all 12 parotid salivary glands were positive for both tests, although in some cases several passages were required. the findings of this study support the importance of the hoary fox as rabies reservoir in the sem-iarid region of paraíba state, northeastern brazil.	2009	24031385
exploring reservoir dynamics: a case study of rabies in the serengeti ecosystem.	knowledge of infection reservoir dynamics is critical for effective disease control, but identifying reservoirs of multi-host pathogens is challenging. here, we synthesize several lines of evidence to investigate rabies reservoirs in complex carnivore communities of the serengeti ecological region in northwest tanzania, where the disease has been confirmed in 12 carnivore species.long-term monitoring data suggest that rabies persists in high-density domestic dog canis familiaris populations (> 1 ...	2008	22427710
efficient retrograde neuronal transduction utilizing self-complementary aav1.	adeno-associated virus (aav) is frequently used for gene transfer into the central nervous system (cns). similar to adenovirus and rabies virus, aav can be taken up by axons and retrogradely transported, resulting in neuronal gene expression distant from the injection site. we investigated the retrograde transport properties of self-complementary aav (scaav) serotypes 1-6 following peripheral injection. injection of scaav into either rat extensor carpi muscle or sciatic nerve resulted in detecta ...	2008	28178539
a reassessment of the emergence time of european bat lyssavirus type 1.	the previous study of the evolutionary rates of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) used a strict molecular clock to estimate substitution rates of the nucleoprotein gene and in turn times of the most recent common ancestor (tmrca) of the entire genotype and the two major eblv-1 lineages (eblv-1a and eblv-1b). the results of that study suggested that the evolutionary rate of eblv-1 was one of the lowest recorded for rna viruses and that genetic diversity of eblv-1 arose 500-750 years ago. he ...	2008	18773973
prenatal activation of 5-ht2a receptor induces expression of 5-ht1b receptor in phrenic motoneurons and alters the organization of their premotor network in newborn mice.	in newborn mice of the control [c3h/hej (c3h)] and monoamine oxidase a-deficient (tg8) strains, in which levels of endogenous serotonin (5-ht) were drastically increased, we investigated how 5-ht system dysregulation affected the maturation of phrenic motoneurons (phmns), which innervate the diaphragm. first, using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, we observed a 5-ht(2a) receptor (5-ht(2a)-r) expression in phmns of both c3h and tg8 neonates at the somatic and dendritic levels, whereas ...	2008	18783379
[study on the characteristics and typing of rabies pathogen].		2008	18788535
selenium supplementation and rabies antibody titres in cattle.		2008	18791215
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2007.	summary: during 2007, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,258 cases of rabies in animals and 1 case in a human to the cdc, representing a 4.6% increase from the 6,940 cases in animals and 3 cases in humans reported in 2006. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,659 raccoons (36.6%), 1,973 bats (27.2%), 1,478 skunks (20.4%), 489 foxes (6.7%), 274 cats (3.8%), 93 dogs (1.3%), and 57 ca ...	2008	18795848
a cpg oligodeoxynucleotide acts as a potent adjuvant for inactivated rabies virus vaccine.	to develop a cpg containing oligodeoxynucleotide (cpg odn)-enhanced rabies vaccine for stimulating an earlier production of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (rvnab) with high titers, we designed a cpg odn (bw006) and evaluated its adjuvant activities in enhancing the immune response to rabies vaccine with or without aluminum in mice. it was found that bw006 could facilitate the rabies vaccine to induce an earlier and more vigorous rvnab response, resulting in more effective protection of mice ...	2008	18321616
heminested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (hnrt-pcr) as a tool for rabies virus detection in stored and decomposed samples.	the use of methods, both sensitive and specific, for rabies diagnosis are important tools for the control and prophylaxis of the disease. reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) has been used in rabies diagnosis with good results, even in decomposed materials. additionally, molecular techniques have been used for epidemiological studies and to gain a better knowledge of viral epidemiology.	2008	18710536
mapping the oculomotor system.	over the last three decades and together with bernard cohen, volker henn, ulrich büttner, and anja horn, it has been possible to morphologically identify several functional cell groups in the oculomotor system: the medium-sized horizontal excitatory and inhibitory burst neurons (ebns, ibns) in the paramedian pontine reticular formation (pprf), the more sparsely scattered vertical ebns in the rostral interstitial nucleus of the mlf (rimlf), and the typically elongated omnipause neurons (opns) in ...	2008	18718275
[morphological comparison of rabies viral particles before and after rejuvenation in suckling mice and morphogenesis of the rejuvenated virus in cells].	to observe the morphological recovery of rabies virus strain srv 9 after rejuvenation in suckling mice and to study its morphogenesis in bhk-21 cells.	2008	18720852
efficacy and safety of a live canine adenovirus-vectored rabies virus vaccine in swine.	rabies infections in swine have been reported occasionally in recent years in certain geographic locations. although a protective vaccine consisting of inactivated rabies virus is available for use in swine, searching for a more economically viable formulation for use in developing countries is always a priority. this work describes the testing of a canine adenovirus that expresses a rabies viral epitope (cav-2-e3delta-rgp) in a porcine rabies model. the data presented here show that the recombi ...	2008	18721839
investigating antibody neutralization of lyssaviruses using lentiviral pseudotypes: a cross-species comparison.	cross-neutralization between rabies virus (rabv) and two european bat lyssaviruses (eblv-1 and -2) was analysed using lentiviral pseudotypes as antigen vectors. glycoprotein (g-protein) cdna from rabv challenge virus standard-11 (cvs-11) and eblv-1 and -2 were cloned and co-expressed with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or murine leukemia virus (mlv) gag-pol and packageable green fluorescent protein (gfp) or luciferase reporter genes in human cells. the harvested lentiviral (hiv) vector infec ...	2008	18753230
adaptive modeling of viral diseases in bats with a focus on rabies.	many emerging and reemerging viruses, such as rabies, sars, marburg, and ebola have bat populations as disease reservoirs. understanding the spillover from bats to humans and other animals, and the associated health risks requires an analysis of the disease dynamics in bat populations. traditional compartmental epizootic models, which are relatively easy to implement and analyze, usually impose unrealistic aggregation assumptions about disease-related structure and depend on parameters that freq ...	2008	18761020
vaccinating the vampire bat desmodus rotundus against rabies.	the objective of this study was to extend the previous work of indirect oral rabies immunization of vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) maintained in captivity, which demonstrated the immunogenicity of the v-rg vaccine (vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein) and indicated that although the results had been encouraging, a new method for concentrating the vaccine should be tested in order to avoid vaccine loss and increase the survival proportion of bats after rabies challenge. in this study, three groups of ...	2008	18761044
[rabies in a cat in greenland].	we describe the first case of rabies diagnosed in a cat in greenland. the cat showed aggressive behaviour one month after the visit of a rabid fox on the premises. rabies is enzootic in greenland, the arctic fox being the natural host of rabies virus. cats are imported in increasing numbers to greenland and the reported case stresses the need for concern in relation to a hitherto unrecognised risk of exposure to rabies virus and stresses the need to comply with the obligatory anti-rabies vaccina ...	2008	18761847
identification of a rabid dog illegally introduced from the republic of the gambia to belgium and france.		2008	18768134
expression, purification and immunodetection of a recombinant fragment (residues 179-281) of the g protein from rabies virus era strain.	the glycoprotein (g) of rabies virus (rv) is important for virus infectivity and induction of the protective immunity. in this study, the region comprising linear epitopes (residues 179-281, era strain), named rgera179-281, was cloned in frame with a hexahistidine tag coding sequence at its n-terminal end and overexpressed in escherichia coli rosetta strain. the expression under transcriptional regulation of t7 promoter yielded insoluble protein aggregates in the form of inclusion bodies. the in ...	2008	18406167
compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2008: national association of state public health veterinarians, inc. (nasphv).	rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis and a serious public health problem. the disease is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. although the united states has been declared free of canine rabies virus variant transmission, multiple viral variants are maintained in wild mammal populations, and there is always a risk of reintroduction of canine rabies. all mammals are believed to be susceptible to the disease, and for purposes of this document, use of the term "animal" refers to ma ...	2008	18418348
bat rabies in the united states and canada from 1950 through 2007: human cases with and without bat contact.	since the 1980s, rare cases of rabies in humans in canada and the united states have been almost exclusively caused by the bat-variant virus.	2008	18419432
molecular epidemiology of rabies in indonesia.	in order to clarify the genetic relationships and dynamics of rabies viruses that are epidemic in indonesia, we determined and analyzed 1307 nucleotides of nucleoprotein genes of 34 rabies field isolates collected from sumatra, java, kalimantan, sulawesi and flores islands. results of phylogenetic analysis indicated that rabies isolates in indonesia formed one cluster, were of asian lineage, and were closely related to a rabies isolate in china rather than to rabies isolates in thailand, india o ...	2008	18420300
first isolation of eblv-2 in germany.	in europe, rabies in bats is caused by european bat lyssavirus (eblv) type 1 (eblv-1) or type 2 (eblv-2) which form two distinct genotypes (gt 5 and 6) within the genus lyssavirus of the family of rhadoviridae. spill-over infections of eblv in humans have caused fatal rabies encephalitis and highlighted the relevance of this wildlife disease for public health. the vast majority of the 831 european bat rabies cases reported between 1977 and 2006 were identified as eblv-1. only few virus isolates ...	2008	18424021
novel human 3-domain disulfide-stabilized antibody fragment against glycoprotein of rabies virus.	mutated disulfide bond sites vh (cys44) and vl (cys100) were constructed in variable domains (fvs) of the human anti-glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus (anti-gprv), and the light chain variable (vl) and heavy chain variable (vh) fragments were linked using the heavy chain constant region 1 (ch1) of the human immunoglobulin (ig) to successfully construct a 3-domain disulfide-stabilized fragment of variables (3d-dsfv). 3d-dsfv was mainly expressed as an inclusion body. after refolding by the ...	2008	18424153
[rabies virus glycoprotein: structure, immunogenicity and pathogenic role].	rabies glycoprotein is the only exposed protein which is inserted in the viral lipidie envelope. this 65-67 kda protein is a n-glycosilated transmembrane protein forming trimers on the viral surface. it has been identified as the major pathogenicity determinant, playing a role in the budding, viral axonal transport during infection, apoptosis and immune evasion. it is also the major antigen responsible for the protective immune response and it is been used in commercial recombinant vaccines. its ...	2008	18425218
[rabies in chile: 1989-2005].	a retrospective epidemiological study about epidemiology of rabies in chile between years 1989 and 2005 was done. a data base of 39793 national registries of rabies samples was analyzed by means of statistical packages. out of 39793 analyzed cases, 719 bats, 7 dogs, 7 cats, 1 bovine and 1 human were positive to rabies throughout the 17 years of this study. the statistical analysis established a significant increase in the proportions of positivity in bats, with predominance of variant 4 between ...	2008	18425219
a simple and rapid immunochromatographic test kit for rabies diagnosis.	in rabies endemic countries, funds and infrastructure are often insufficient to employ the approved gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of rabies: the direct fluorescent test. in the present study, two types (type 1 and 2) of an ict kit were evaluated for detection of rabies. these were developed using monoclonal antibodies which recognize epitope ii and iii of the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. both kits specifically detected all rabies virus strains and there was no cross reactivity wit ...	2008	18426399
serosurvey of pathogens in domestic dogs on the border of noël kempff mercado national park, bolivia.	the threat of disease transmission from domestic animals to wildlife has become recognized as an increasing concern within the wildlife community in recent years. domestic dogs pose a significant risk as reservoirs for infectious diseases, especially for wild canids. as part of a multifaceted ecologic study of maned wolves and other canids in the large, remote noël kempff mercado national park (nkmnp) in northeastern bolivia, 40 domestic dogs in two villages and at two smaller settlements border ...	2008	18432094
induction and sequencing of rousette bat interferon alpha and beta genes.	bats are considered to be natural reservoirs for several viruses of clinical importance, including rabies virus, nipah virus, and hendra virus. type i interferons (ifns) is an important part of the immune system in the defense against viral infection. to investigate the function of type i ifns upon viral infection in bats, the nucleic acid, and amino acid sequences of egyptian rousette (rousettus aegyptiacus) ifn-alpha and -beta were characterized. sequence data indicated that bat ifn-alpha cons ...	2008	18436311