Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| getting a camel through the eye of a needle: the import of folded proteins by peroxisomes. | peroxisomes are a family of organelles which have many unusual features. they can arise de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum by a still poorly characterized process, yet possess a unique machinery for the import of their matrix proteins. as peroxisomes lack dna, their function, which is highly variable and dependent on developmental and/or environmental conditions, is determined by the post-translational import of specific metabolic enzymes in folded or oligomeric states. the two classes of ma ... | 2010 | 20146669 |
| evaluating oral noncombustible potential-reduced exposure products for smokers. | potential-reduced exposure products (preps) are marketed as a way for smokers to continue using tobacco while possibly lessening their tobacco toxicant intake. some tobacco-based preps are combustible and intended to be smoked, while others are noncombustible and intended to be administered orally (e.g., camel snus [cs] tobacco sachets and ariva tobacco tablets). the ability of these noncombustible preps to reduce smokers' exposure to cigarette-delivered toxicants and suppress tobacco abstinence ... | 2010 | 20159791 |
| evaluating the effectiveness of different treatments of uterine infections in female camels (camelus dromedarius). | a total of 480 female camels with a history of conception failure were examined through transrectal palpation, ultrasonography, and vaginal exploration. animals were categorized according to parity (nulliparous n=200 vs. multiparous n=280), and type of uterine infection (endometritis n=360 vs. metritis n=120). they were randomly assigned to receive one of three intrauterine treatments: (i) 100ml acriflavin 0.1% (group 1, n=170), (ii) 100ml lotagen 4% (group 2, n=200), or (iii) 300mg/100ml gentam ... | 2010 | 20172597 |
| improvement of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of camel and bovine whey proteins by limited proteolysis. | the compositions and structures of bovine and camel milk proteins are different, which define their functional and biological properties. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis of camel and bovine whey proteins (wps) on their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. after enzymatic treatment, both the antioxidant and the antimicrobial activities of bovine and camel wps were improved. the significantly higher antioxidant activity of camel wps and their hydro ... | 2010 | 20175528 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species isolated from raw camel, beef, lamb, and goat meat in iran. | campylobacter spp. are one of the most common causes of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in human beings which are transmitted mostly via food originating from animals. this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. isolated from retail raw meats in iran. from june 2008 to june 2009, a total of 722 raw meat samples from camel (n = 107), beef (n = 190), lamb (n = 225), and goat (n = 180) were purchased from randomly selected retail outlets i ... | 2010 | 20184450 |
| use of a constant rate infusion of insulin for the treatment of hyperglycemic, hypernatremic, hyperosmolar syndrome in an alpaca cria. | a 3-day-old 9.5-kg (21-lb) female alpaca cria was examined because of lethargy and anorexia. | 2010 | 20187822 |
| non-genetic factors influencing reproductive traits and calving weight in saudi camels. | reproductive traits and calving weight were assessed in saudi camels, and non-genetic factors influencing them were studied using data collected at al jouf centre from 1987 to 2009. age at first conception, age at first calving, open period, calving interval, gestation length and weight at calving of camels averaged 42.3 months, 54.8 months, 10.6 months, 22.6 months, 377.5 days and 591.9 kg, respectively. a mixed model including the camel as a random effect was used to assess the effect of envir ... | 2010 | 20195755 |
| protein expression in platelets from six species that differ in their open canalicular system. | platelets contain an invaginated, tubular membranous structure called the surface-connected open canalicular system (sccs or ocs), which is contiguous with the plasma membrane and serves as a site for granule fusion and as a reservoir of membrane for platelet spreading. according to ultrastructural studies, platelets from some species lack ocs. in an attempt to correlate biochemical and functional attributes with the presence of an ocs, platelets from human, mouse and dog (ocs(+)), and from cow, ... | 2010 | 20196629 |
| anticancer effects of camel peptide. | this study analyzed whether therapy with camel, an antimicrobial peptide (kwklfkkigavlkvl), possess anticancer benefits. although the peptide was cytotoxic for all the cell lines tested, it did not cause hemolysis, which suggests that camel does not damage cell membranes. after cellular internalization, camel localized to mitochondria and lowered the mitochondrial potential, resulting in the organelles' swelling, a decrease in cellular atp level and, finally, cellular breakdown. high mobility gr ... | 2010 | 20212453 |
| a preliminary investigation of the efficacy of riparian fencing schemes for reducing contributions from eroding channel banks to the siltation of salmonid spawning gravels across the south west uk. | the low productivity of salmonids in many river systems across the uk is testament to their intolerance of water quality perturbations including those associated with excessive sedimentation. catchment and fishery managers concerned with combating such issues require reliable information on the key sources of the sediment problem to target management and on the efficacy of the mitigation options being implemented. in recognition of the latter requirement, a pre- and post-remediation sediment sou ... | 2010 | 20223585 |
| camel no. 9 cigarette-marketing campaign targeted young teenage girls. | the 1998 master settlement agreement (msa) restricted tobacco industry advertising practices that targeted teens. | 2010 | 20231181 |
| purification and functional characterization of a camelid-like single-domain antimycotic antibody by engineering in affinity tag. | single-domain single-chain variable fragment (scfv) antibody is sometimes critical for purification using affinity tagging strategy. we failed in our initial effort to purify a prematurely developed camelid-like e-tagged short scfv-k2 antibody that contained a complete variable region of the heavy chain and partial region of the light chain by using an anti-e-tag affinity column. to expedite the purification of this altered but interesting antimycotic agent, we replaced a long and large e-tag by ... | 2010 | 20060473 |
| in vitro maturation of dromedary (camelus dromedarius) oocytes: effect of different protein supplementations and epidermal growth factor*. | the present experiment was aimed to compare the effect of different protein supplementation sources, foetal calf serum (fcs), oestrous dromedary serum (eds) and bsa, in experiment 1, and the effect of different concentrations of epidermal growth factor (egf), in experiment 2, on in vitro nuclear maturation of the dromedary oocytes. cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs) were harvested from the ovaries collected from a local slaughterhouse by aspirating the visible follicles in pbs supplemented with 5% ... | 2010 | 20088850 |
| a v h h that neutralizes the zinc metalloproteinase activity of botulinum neurotoxin type a. | the current treatment of botulism is to administer animal-derived antitoxin, which frequently causes severe adverse reactions in the recipients. in this study, a heavy chain antibody fragment (vh/v(h)h) phage display library was constructed by amplification of the immunoglobulin genes of a nonimmune camel, camelus dromedarius, using primers specific to human vh gene segments. a recombinant light chain of type a botulinum toxin, botxa/lc, with zinc endoprotease activity was used in phage bio-pann ... | 2010 | 20093370 |
| camel cocktail sausage and its physicochemical and sensory quality. | the objective of this study was to compare the nutritional values of camel semitendinosus muscles with those of calves. then, sausages were made from camel meat, beef and equal proportions of each and stored at 4 degrees c for 45 days. the composition, physicochemical characteristics, sensory properties, and microstructure of the samples were evaluated. the proximate composition of meat from the two species was significantly different. beef contained a significantly higher amount of vitamin e, w ... | 2010 | 20095913 |
| blocking of pseudomonas aeruginosa and chromobacterium violaceum lectins by diverse mammalian milks. | pseudomonas aeruginosa and chromobacterium violaceum morbid and mortal infections are initiated by bacterial adherence to host-cell receptors via their adhesins, including lectins (which also contribute to bacterial biofilm formation). pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a galactophilic lectin, pa-il (leca), and a fucophilic (lewis-specific) lectin, pa-iil (lecb), and c. violaceum produces a fucophilic (h-specific) lectin, cv-iil. the antibiotic resistance of these bacteria prompted the search for g ... | 2010 | 20105519 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) test for detection of trypanosoma evansi strain b. | camel trypanosomiasis (surra) is mainly caused by trypanosoma evansi strains that express variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) rotat 1.2. however, in kenya a second causative strain that does not express rotat 1.2 vsg (t. evansi type b) has been identified. the prevalence of t. evansi type b largely remains unknown due to inadequate diagnostic assay. this work reports the development of a sensitive and specific diagnostic assay capable of detecting t. evansi type b based on the strategy of loop-m ... | 2010 | 20109454 |
| camel bite, an unusual mechanism of severe head injury. | 2010 | 20118794 | |
| molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of integrins alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta6 of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | bactrian camels can relatively easily be infected with fmdv, but dromedary camels remain resistant even to high doses of the virus. to understand the different susceptibility between the two camel species from the standpoint of viral receptors, this work reports the sequences of the dromedary camel integrin cdnas encoding alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta6 and compare them to those of other species, especially to bactrian camels. the complete coding sequences for the dromedary camel alphav, beta1 and b ... | 2010 | 20015555 |
| ovarian follicular dynamics and hormonal secretory profiles in guanacos (lama guanicoe). | the objective of the present study was to describe ovarian activity in 11 adult non-mated guanacos, evaluated every second day for 40 days by transrectal ultrasonography and by plasma estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentrations. an inverse relationship (r = -0.29, p < 0.001) was observed between the diameter of the largest ovarian follicle and the total number of follicles indicating that follicular growth in guanacos occurs in waves. the mean duration of follicular wave was 15.1 +/- 4.2 da ... | 2010 | 20022436 |
| outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis in a camel herd caused by a specific biovar of moraxella canis. | two tributyrin hydrolysis-negative moraxella isolates obtained in cases of keratoconjunctivitis in camelus dromedarius in the canary islands showed highest degrees of 16s rrna gene sequence similarity to moraxella canis. a level of dna relatedness to the m. canis type strain of 79% confirmed the identity of the isolates as a tributyrin hydrolysis-negative biovar of m. canis. | 2010 | 20032257 |
| isolation and identification of yeast flora from genital tract in healthy female camels (camelus dromedarius). | yeasts are commensal organisms found in the skin, genital and gastrointestinal tracts, and other mucosal sites in mammalians. the purposes of this study were to identify yeast flora and to determine the number of colony forming units (cfus) in genital tract of healthy female dromedary camels, establishing their connection in both mated and unmated conditions. the samples were taken from different parts of genital tract including vestibule, vagina, cervix, uterine body, and uterine horns of 50 ca ... | 2010 | 20036469 |
| high affinity anti-inorganic material antibody generation by integrating graft and evolution technologies: potential of antibodies as biointerface molecules. | recent advances in molecular evolution technology enabled us to identify peptides and antibodies with affinity for inorganic materials. in the field of nanotechnology, the use of the functional peptides and antibodies should aid the construction of interface molecules designed to spontaneously link different nanomaterials; however, few material-binding antibodies, which have much higher affinity than short peptides, have been identified. here, we generated high affinity antibodies from material- ... | 2010 | 20044483 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection of camels (camelus dromedaries). | this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in camels in sudan. a total of 272 camel lung specimens showing pneumonia were collected from slaughter houses at four different areas in sudan, additionally 8 specimens were collected from outbreaks of respiratory infection in camels. using sandwich elisa kits for rsv antigen detection 4 out of 280 tested lungs (1.4%) were positive, all were from central sudan (tambool slaughter house). fat was used t ... | 2010 | 19840769 |
| unique strategies to control reproduction in camels. | the reproductive efficiency of camels is low under natural pastural conditions and so the use of artifical insemination and embryo transfer are becoming increasingly important to improve their breeding potential. methods to control their reproductive cycle are therefore essential. this review describes characteristics of the ovarian follicular wave pattern in camels and exogenous hormonal control of ovulation. it also summarizes the difficulties involved with artifical insemination and analyzing ... | 2010 | 21755692 |
| isolation and optimization of camelid single-domain antibodies: dirk saerens' work on nanobodies. | it is well established that all camelids have unique antibodies circulating in their blood. unlike antibodies from all other species, these special antibodies are devoid of light chains, and are composed of a heavy chain homodimer. these so-called heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) are expressed after a v-d-j rearrangement and require dedicated constant gamma genes. an immune response is raised in these hcabs following a classical immunization protocol. these hcabs are easily purified from serum, an ... | 2010 | 21537479 |
| mysterious mortality in camels (camelus dromedarius) in borana, ethiopia: evidence of its association with reproductive age groups. | in may and june of 2007, sudden death was observed in camels in southern pastoral areas of oromia, ethiopia. it significantly (p < 0.001) affected reproductive age groups of both male and female camels (in females and males, 63.9% and 10.8% of those in reproductive age groups were affected, respectively). pregnant females (37.6%) were affected significantly more often (p < 0.001) than non-pregnant females. absence of rigor mortis and absence of blood clotting, together with the death of pregnant ... | 2010 | 21309459 |
| brucellosis in camels, cattle and humans: associations and evaluation of serological tests used for diagnosis of the disease in certain nomadic localities in sudan. | brucellosis was studied in 2,225 camels, 20 camel nomads and 33 abattoir workers in certain nomadic localities in sudan, using serum and milk samples. lymph nodes, testicular tissues and udder tissues from positive camels and hygroma aspirates from three affected cows were used for isolation of brucella. serum samples were examined by rose bengal plate test (rbpt), modified rbpt (mrbpt), serum agglutination test (sat) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa), and milk by the mi ... | 2010 | 21309464 |
| molecular detection of meat animal species targeting mt 12s rrna gene. | the efficacy of pcr-rflp analysis of mt 12s rrna gene in identification of animal species from meat samples of known and unknown origin and adulterated meat samples was evaluated. in pcr, all the samples generated an amplicon of 456 bp. restriction enzyme digestion of the pcr product with alui, hhai, bspti and apoi revealed characteristic rflp patterns. of the samples of unknown origin few were identified as cattle, few as buffalo and some were admixtures of two, suggesting adulteration. the rfl ... | 2010 | 21227595 |
| phage-derived fully human monoclonal antibody fragments to human vascular endothelial growth factor-c block its interaction with vegf receptor-2 and 3. | vascular endothelial growth factor c (vegf-c) is a key mediator of lymphangiogenesis, acting via its receptors vegf-r2 and vegf-r3. high expression of vegf-c in tumors correlates with increased lymphatic vessel density, lymphatic vessel invasion, sentinel lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. recently, we found that in a chemically induced skin carcinoma model, increased vegf-c drainage from the tumor enhanced lymphangiogenesis in the sentinel lymph node and facilitated metastatic spread of ... | 2010 | 20689828 |
| recovery of environmental human dna by insects. | we tested the hypotheses that foraging insects can acquire human dna from the environment and that insect-delivered human dna is of sufficient quantity and quality to permit standard forensic analyses. houseflies, german cockroaches, and camel crickets were exposed to dusty surfaces and then assayed for human mitochondrial and nuclear loci by conventional and qpcr, and multiplex str amplification. over two experiments, 100% of insect groups and 94% of dust controls tested positive for human dna. ... | 2010 | 20666923 |
| contrast-enhanced ultrasound (ceus) of lesions occupying renal space. indications, limits, personal experience. | in focal kidney disease, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (ceus) using 2nd generation contrast enhancement allows continuous dynamic assessment of the arterial, venous and late perfusion phases of the renal parenchyma, as well as of focal lesions. ceus is particularly useful in cases of an uncertain diagnosis after the performance of unenhanced ultrasound (us) and echocolordoppler (ecd) (e.g. dromedary humps, hypertrophic column of bertin, outcomes of pyelonephritis), and for differential diagnosis ... | 2010 | 21341566 |
| anomalously large capacitance of an ionic liquid described by the restricted primitive model. | we use monte carlo simulations to examine the simplest model of a room-temperature ionic liquid (rtil), called the "restricted primitive model," at a metal surface. we find that at moderately low temperatures the capacitance of the metal-rtil interface is so large that the effective thickness of the electrostatic double layer is up to three times smaller than the ion radius. to interpret these results we suggest an approach which is based on the interaction between discrete ions and their image ... | 2010 | 21230540 |
| disseminated rhodococcus equi infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | rhodococcus (r). equi, a recognized pathogen in horses, is emerging as a human opportunistic pathogen, especially in immunocompromized people. it affects also new world camelids, but there are no reports of r. equi infection in old world camelids yet. four cases of disseminated r. equi infection in adult breeding dromedaries occurred at one camel farm near dubai within 16 months of each other. at necropsy the lungs were diffusely consolidated with large caseous areas. histology revealed severe s ... | 2010 | 21035967 |
| importance of ethnic foods as predictors of and contributors to nutrient intake levels in a minority population. | to evaluate the role of ethnic foods as predictors of intake levels of selected nutrients that are important during pregnancy among the bedouin arab minority population in southern israel, and to compare the main food predictors for bedouin intakes of the selected nutrients with those for the region's jewish majority population. | 2010 | 21045858 |
| evaluating the acute effects of oral, non-combustible potential reduced exposure products marketed to smokers. | non-combustible potential reduced exposure products (preps; eg, star scientific's ariva; a variety of other smokeless tobacco products) are marketed to reduce the harm associated with smoking. this marketing occurs despite an absence of objective data concerning the toxicant exposure and effects of these preps. methods used to examine combustible preps were adapted to assess the acute effects of non-combustible preps for smokers. | 2010 | 19346218 |
| selenium distribution in camel blood and organs after different level of dietary selenium supplementation. | eight young female camels shared in four groups of two 2 years received a basal diet enriched respectively with 0, 2, 4, and 8 mg selenium under sodium selenite form for 64 days. feed intake was assessed daily; blood samples were taken on weekly basis. one camel from each group was killed at the end of the experiment. se concentration in serum was increased significantly in the supplemented groups with an average of 176.3 +/- 18.0 ng/ml in the control group, 382.7 +/- 107.6 in the group receivin ... | 2010 | 19488685 |
| current situation of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in the sudan. | the current situation of ppr in sudan was investigated. a total of 61 tissue samples were collected from various ppr suspected outbreaks in sheep in sudan during 2008. collected tissue samples were tested for ppr antigen using icelisa, ppr antigen was detected in 26 out of 61 samples (42.6%). highest antigen detection rate was in specimens collected from western sudan. a total of 1198 serum samples were collected from sheep (n = 500), camels (n = 392), and goats (n = 306) from different areas in ... | 2010 | 19548103 |
| a serologic investigation for peste des petits ruminants infection in sheep, cattle and camels (camelus dromedarius) in aydin province, west anatolia. | 2010 | 19554466 | |
| physiological response of dromedary camels to road transportation in relation to circulating levels of cortisol, thyroid hormones and some serum biochemical parameters. | transportation is often considered as one of the main causes of stress raising considerable interest, both in economic and animal welfare terms. the objective of the current study was to determine physiological response of dromedary camels to road transportation in relation to circulating levels of cortisol, thyroid hormones and some serum biochemical factors during summer conditions. ten iranian dromedary camels, five males and five females, were selected for the study. the study was conducted ... | 2010 | 19544085 |
| improvement of llama (lama glama) seminal characteristics using collagenase. | llama semen is characterized by great structural viscosity and minimal sperm progressive motility. these characteristics, inherent to south american camelid ejaculates, have slowed down the development of assisted reproductive techniques in these species. the aim of the present research was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of dilutions and incubation time with h-talp-bsa medium, with and without adding 0.1% collagenase, on the qualitative and quantitative semen characteristics, f ... | 2010 | 19616391 |
| neutralization of bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from bolivia: experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid precipitation. | polyspecific bothropic/crotalic and bothropic/lachesic antivenoms were produced in bolivia by immunizing two donkeys with the venoms of bothrops mattogrossensis and crotalus durissus terrificus and one llama with the venoms of b. mattogrossensis and lachesis muta. these antivenoms are currently being used for snakebite envenomation in bolivia. the rationale for using these animals is that donkeys and llamas are better adapted than horses to the high altitudes in south america and constitute good ... | 2010 | 19647761 |
| cryptosporidium muris in a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata). | cryptosporidium spp. infection in captive exotic mammals was investigated using staining and molecular biological methods. a total of 323 fecal samples from 100 mammalian species (62 artiodactyla, 33 rodentia, 3 perissodactyla, and 2 paenungultata) in 4 zoological gardens in the czech republic was examined. only in a reticulated giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) sample was cryptosporidium sp. infection detected. the partial small subunit rrna sequence obtained from the isolate was iden ... | 2010 | 19685941 |
| ophthalmology of south american camelids. | in the past 10 years, information about south american camelid anatomy, physiology, medicine, and surgery has increased exponentially, including information about the eye. although trauma-related diseases are the most common eye problems for which camelids are presented to veterinarians, there have recently been many anecdotal reports and published case reports of camelids having ocular malignancies and potentially hereditary ocular abnormalities. the increased number of ocular diseases being re ... | 2010 | 21056800 |
| examination techniques and therapeutic regimens for the ruminant and camelid eye. | a step-wise procedure and necessary equipment for examination of the ruminant and camelid eye are detailed. restraint techniques and usage of local anesthetics to facilitate examination are described. common examination findings and their significance are discussed. finally, therapeutic options for keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis are explored. a complete ocular examination of ruminants is often not performed in the field because of lack of time, lack of appropriate facilities, and/or lack of eq ... | 2010 | 21056794 |
| structure and properties of a complex of α-synuclein and a single-domain camelid antibody. | the aggregation of the intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein to form fibrillar amyloid structures is intimately associated with a variety of neurological disorders, most notably parkinson's disease. the molecular mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity is not yet understood in any detail, not least because of the paucity of structural probes through which to study the behavior of such a disordered system. here, we describe an investigation involving a single-domain camelid antib ... | 2010 | 20620148 |
| effect of ovary preservation period on recovery rate and categories of dromedary camel oocytes. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different periods of ovary preservation at 25-30 °c for 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 24 h on recovery rate and oocyte categories of dromedary camel oocytes. camel ovaries were collected from el-bassatein slaughterhouse, cairo. the collected ovaries were placed immediately after slaughtering into thermos in saline solution (0.9% nacl) supplemented with antibiotics (100 iu penicillin and 100 μg streptomycin/ml) at 25-30 °c and transported to the laboratory ... | 2010 | 23961083 |
| effect of age, pubertal stage and season on testosterone concentration in male dromedary camel. | the present study was conducted in the laboratory of animal physiology and biotechnology, department of animal production, faculty of agriculture, mansoura university, egypt. the present investigation aimed at studying effects of ages, pubertal stages and seasons of the year on testosterone concentrations in blood plasma and tissue homogenate of the testes. the testes used in the current study were collected from a total of 104 one-humped male camels (camelus dromedarius). samples were taken fro ... | 2010 | 23961082 |
| top-down de novo protein sequencing of a 13.6 kda camelid single heavy chain antibody by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | the primary structure of a 13.6 kda single heavy chain camelid antibody (v(h)h) was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight (maldi-tof/tof) top-down sequence analysis. the majority of the sequence was obtained by mass spectrometric de novo sequencing, with the n-terminal 14 amino acid residues being determined using t(3)-sequencing and database interrogation. the determined sequence was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (l ... | 2010 | 20329751 |
| generation and characterization of inhibitory nanobodies towards thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. | as activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (tafia) is a potent antifibrinolytic enzyme, the development of tafi inhibitors is a new promising approach in the development of profibrinolytic drugs. we, therefore, aimed to generate nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibodies towards tafi. | 2010 | 20180900 |
| evaluation of antidiphtheria toxin nanobodies. | nanobodies are the smallest fragments of naturally occurring single-domain antibodies that have evolved to be fully functional in the absence of a light chain. conventional antibodies are glycoproteins comprising two heavy and two light chains. surprisingly, all members of the camelidae family possess a fraction of antibodies devoid of both light chains and the first constant domain. these types of antibodies are known as heavy-chain antibody (hcab) nanobodies. there are three subclasses of igg ... | 2010 | 24198468 |
| one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) infestation with linguatula serrata in tabriz, iran. | linguatula serrata is one of well known members of pentastomida which infects both human and animals. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of l. serrata in mesenteric lymph nodes, livers and lungs of camels slaughtered in tabriz area, iran. | 2010 | 22808389 |
| modulation of protein properties in living cells using nanobodies. | protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (gfp). one nanobody could reversibly reduce gfp fluorescence by a factor of 5, whereas its displacement by a second nanobody caused an increase by a factor of 10. structural analysis of gfp-nanobody complexes r ... | 2010 | 20010839 |
| application of a novel affinity adsorbent for the capture and purification of recombinant factor viii compounds. | recombinant factor viii (fviii) therapies have been created to provide treatment for hemophilia a, an inherited bleeding disorder caused by mutation in the fviii gene. a major challenge in the purification of recombinant fviii molecules is the development of an affinity chromatography step. such a step must be highly specific and selective for the fviii molecule, but also must be designed appropriately to ensure the fviii molecule can be effectively recovered without resorting to harsh elution c ... | 2009 | 19800068 |
| hapten-induced dimerization of a single-domain vhh camelid antibody. | antibodies that recognize small molecule ligands (haptens) provide unique insight into the immune response and frequently serve as biological reagents for the detection of small molecules. while conventional antibodies typically recognize haptens using two variable domains (vl and vh), much less is known regarding how antibodies with a single variable domain recognize small ligands. here we investigate the binding thermodynamics for an anti-caffeine camelid (vhh) antibody. surprisingly, a noncon ... | 2009 | 19572722 |
| engineering properties of a camelid antibody affinity sorbent for immunoglobulin g purification. | an igg-specific camelid antibody matrix (bac, naarden, the netherlands), developed from an immune phage display library, was characterized regarding engineering properties including mass transfer characteristics. uptake kinetics and equilibrium binding capacity were determined by a finite bath method. adsorption kinetic parameters were also determined using a real time biosensor. slightly different properties to conventional staphylococcal protein a affinity media were shown; especially a 2-2.5 ... | 2009 | 19524934 |
| camelid cardiology. | cardiovascular disorders, although not thoroughly described in the literature, are frequently diagnosed in south american camelids, causing morbidity, mortality, and loss of production. definitive confirmation concerning the heritability of cardiac defects in these species is lacking; however, this potential exists and should be taken into account when counseling breeders and owners. this article describes the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in llamas and alpacas and reviews t ... | 2009 | 19460649 |
| approach to the critically ill camelid. | the estimation of fluid deficits in camelids is challenging. however, early recognition and treatment of shock and hypovolemia is instrumental to improve morbidity and mortality of critically ill camelids. early goal-directed fluid therapy requires specific knowledge of clinical indicators of hypovolemia and assessment of resuscitation endpoints, but may significantly enhance the understanding, monitoring, and safety of intravenous fluid therapy in south american camelids (sac). it is important ... | 2009 | 19460648 |
| disorders of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism in camelids. | camelids develop a number of disturbances related to energy metabolism. some are similar to disorders seen in other species, but most relate to camelids' unusual characteristics of poor glucose tolerance, partial insulin resistance, and low concentrations of circulating insulin. camelids are especially prone to abnormalities related to stimuli that inhibit insulin release or activity, or that promote activities normally antagonized by insulin. these include stimuli that mobilize glycogen or fat ... | 2009 | 19460644 |
| viral diseases of new world camelids. | the increased popularity and population of new world camelids in the united states requires the development of a broader base of knowledge of the health and disease parameters for these animals by the veterinary livestock practitioner. although our knowledge regarding infectious diseases of camelids has increased greatly over the past decade, the practice of camelid medicine is a relatively new field in north america, so it is important to seek out seasoned colleagues and diagnostic laboratories ... | 2009 | 19460643 |
| camelid herd health. | the area of herd health is particularly important when considering camelid operations because of the high frequency of travel for exhibition, breeding, and boarding. this article outlines the considerations for routine husbandry, facility and animal maintenance, and infectious disease control in the form of biosecurity, vaccination, and health testing that should be included in any farm's herd-health plan. veterinary input into the design of programs for biosecurity and infectious disease preven ... | 2009 | 19460638 |
| brightness of venous blood in south american camelids: implications for jugular catheterization. | to compare the brightness of south american camelid venous blood to that of equidae. | 2009 | 19121160 |
| ricin detection using phage displayed single domain antibodies. | phage-displayed single domain antibodies (sdab) were compared to monomeric solubly expressed sdab and llama polyclonal antibodies for the detection of ricin. sdab are comprised of the variable domain derived from camelid heavy chain only antibodies (hcab). although hcab lack variable light chains, they as well as their derivative sdab are able to bind antigens with high affinity. the small size of sdab (∼16 kda), while advantageous in many respects, limits the number of labels that can be incorp ... | 2009 | 22389616 |
| conserved amino acid networks involved in antibody variable domain interactions. | engineered antibodies are a large and growing class of protein therapeutics comprising both marketed products and many molecules in clinical trials in various disease indications. we investigated naturally conserved networks of amino acids that support antibody v(h) and v(l) function, with the goal of generating information to assist in the engineering of robust antibody or antibody-like therapeutics. we generated a large and diverse sequence alignment of v-class ig-folds, of which v(h) and v(l) ... | 2009 | 19089973 |
| artificial insemination in south american camelids and wild equids. | an overview of the present status of the use of artificial insemination (ai) in south american camelids and wild equids is offered. technical aspects of semen collection, dilution and cryopreservation have limited the development and use of ai in camelid and equid species. to-date, efficiency is low but progress has been made and viable offspring have been produced through the use of ai in domestic south american camelids using both fresh and frozen semen. the origin, composition, and function o ... | 2009 | 18922569 |
| tobacco industry lifestyle magazines targeted to young adults. | this is the first study describing the tobacco industry's objectives developing and publishing lifestyle magazines, linking them to tobacco marketing strategies, and how these magazines may encourage smoking. | 2009 | 19699423 |
| purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of haemoglobin from camel (camelus dromedarius): a high oxygen-affinity lowland species. | haemoglobin is a prototypical allosteric protein that is mainly involved in the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and of carbon dioxide back to the lungs in an intrinsically coordinated manner to maintain the viability of cells. haemoglobin from camelus dromedarius provides an interesting case study of adaptation to life in deserts at extremely high temperatures. an ambition to unravel the integrated structural and functional aspects of the casual survival of this animal at high ... | 2009 | 19652336 |
| the microanatomy of the palatine tonsils of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | tonsils form a first line of defense against foreign antigens and are also a route of entry and a replication site for some pathogens. the palatine tonsils are the largest of all the tonsils. despite their general importance, little is known about the microanatomy of the palatine tonsils of the one-humped camel. palatine tonsils of 10 clinically healthy male camels were obtained directly after slaughtering for human consumption. the tonsils were examined macroscopically and by light, scanning, a ... | 2009 | 19645021 |
| pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in male camels (camelus dromedarius). | 2009 | 19646095 | |
| comparison between some oxidative stress biomarkers values in serum and plasma of clinically healthy adult camels (camelus dromedarius) in iran. | in this study, we measured some oxidative stress biomarkers, mda and total thiol groups content in plasma along by this parameters in serum and ferric reducing ability of plasma (frap) of camels. the present study was undertaken first to establish a background of free radical damage status and second to comparison these levels in serum and plasma. to accomplish this, blood samples from 50 male dromedary clinically healthy adult camels aged 24-48 months were collected. the correlation between ser ... | 2009 | 19548099 |
| light chain-deficient mice produce novel multimeric heavy-chain-only iga by faulty class switching. | recently, we identified that diverse heavy chain (h-chain)-only igg is spontaneously produced in light chain (l-chain)-deficient mice (l(-/-) with silenced kappa and lambda loci) despite a block in b cell development. in murine h-chain igg, the first cgamma exon, c(h)1, is removed after dna rearrangement and secreted polypeptides are comparable with camelid-type h-chain igg. here we show that l(-/-) mice generate a novel class of h-chain ig with covalently linked alpha chains, not identified in ... | 2009 | 19561045 |
| ultra structure of camel platelets. | 2009 | 19562621 | |
| receptivity to taboka and camel snus in a u.s. test market. | the two largest u.s. cigarette manufacturers introduced swedish-style low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco (snus) to several u.s. test markets in summer 2006. since then, snus brands and test markets have proliferated. | 2009 | 19564175 |
| molecular identification of echinococcus isolates from peru. | genetic variations in tapeworms causing cystic echinococcosis in peru were investigated. seventy one larval isolates collected from different intermediate hosts and geographic regions were identified by the dna sequencing of genes for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear elongation factor 1 alpha (ef1a). the g7 genotype (e. canadensis pig strain) was found for the first time in pigs reared in the city of lima. echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (sheep strain or g1) ... | 2009 | 19567235 |
| identification of camelid specific residues in mitochondrial atp synthase subunits. | atp synthase is an enzyme involved in oxidative phosphorylation from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells. in mammals it comprises at least 16 subunits from which the mitochondrial encoded atp6 and atp8 are essential. mitochondrial genes variations have been suggested to allow rapid human and animal adaptation to new climates and dietary conditions (mishmar et al. 2003). camelidae taxa are uniquely adapted to extremely hot and dry climates of african-asian territories and to cold and hypoxic environm ... | 2009 | 19578988 |
| strategic (adaptive) hypothermia in bull dromedary camels during rut; could it increase reproductive success? | in this study of body temperatures (t(b)) in free ranging dromedary camels, we found that bulls in rut start the days cooler. daily minima during rut averaged 0.6 degrees c lower than at other times (95% ci 0.27-0.94 degrees c) and daily maxima averaged 0.45 degrees c higher (95% ci -0.01 to -0.91 degrees c), increasing the daily t(b) cycle. knut schmidt-nielsen described a similar pattern in captive dromedaries deprived of water in hot conditions, which he interpreted as a strategy to conserve ... | 2009 | 19605390 |
| cerebellar abiotrophy in an alpaca (lama pacos). | cerebellar abiotrophy, a premature degeneration of cerebellar neurons, has been described in most domestic animals. affected animals typically present with progressive neurologic signs after a variable period of postnatal normalcy. this report describes the clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical (ihc) findings of cerebellar abiotrophy in an alpaca. the alpaca developed intention tremors, hypermetria, and a wide-based stance at 1.5 years of age. histologic lesions, confined to the cer ... | 2009 | 19605911 |
| evaluation of single-dose pharmacokinetics of cefepime in healthy bull camels (camelus dromedaries). | 2009 | 19614845 | |
| sedative and analgesic effects of romifidine in camels (camelus dromedarius). | to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and the sedative and analgesic effects of intravenous (iv) romifidine in camels. | 2009 | 19538572 |
| a new method to discriminate immunogen-specific heavy-chain homodimer from heterotetramer immunoglobulin g directly in immunized dromedary whole plasma proteins: western ligand blotting. | the variable domain of heavy-chain camelid antibodies (vhh), exclusively present in the homodimer iggs (hc igg), provides valuable ligands for diagnosis, imaging and therapy. these vhhs are efficiently produced from lymphocytes of immunized animals through phage display and recombination biotechnology. for vhh development it is desirable to identify animals with high affinity hc igg response by monitoring antigen-binding in the course of immunization. the aim of this study was to propose a direc ... | 2009 | 19091427 |
| nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (camelus dromedarius) on arid area of tunisia. | browsing camels have access to different plant species in relation to the kind of pasture they can reach. a study was conducted in an arid region of southern tunisia to determine the dietary preference and forage quality of free ranging camels. foliage consisting of leaves from limonium pruinosum, retama raetam and stipa tenacissima, was collected during the dry season to evaluate the chemical characteristics and nutritional value of these browse fodder species. the dietary preference was studie ... | 2009 | 19105041 |
| metastatic malignant melanoma in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a case of malignant melanoma in a 7-year-old, intact, black, male huacaya alpaca with a history of a chronic, nonhealing wound involving the left external nostril, weight loss, and inappetence is described. malignant melanoma was diagnosed by histology of punch biopsy specimens from a mass on the maxilla associated with the nonhealing wound and from a mass in the submandibular region. the alpaca was humanely euthanized 10 days after the diagnosis on the basis of the poor prognosis and rapid clin ... | 2009 | 19139517 |
| evidence for the presence of carbonic anhydrase 29-kda isoenzyme in salivary secretions of three ruminating species and the gelada baboon. | salivary glands are highly variable in composition of their secretions and thus could be one of the primary ways by which species adapt or react to their environments. it has been hypothesized that feeding adaptation correlates with saliva composition. hence, animals of different families using identical feeding niches should possess similar salivary proteins. for the first time, salivary secretions of grass-eating cattle, goat, camel and gelada baboon were compared by sds-gel electrophoresis an ... | 2009 | 19159864 |
| predicting judged similarity of natural categories from their neural representations. | we report a combined behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) study of conceptual similarity among members of a natural category (mammals). the study examined the relationship between computed pairwise similarity of neural responses to viewed mammals (e.g. bear, camel, dolphin) and subjective pairwise similarity ratings of the same set of mammals, obtained from subjects after the scanning session. in each functional region of interest (froi), measures of neural similarity were ... | 2009 | 19162048 |
| pre-weaning morbidity and mortality of llamas and alpacas. | to describe the morbidity and mortality patterns and identify factors associated with morbidity in pre-weaning llamas and alpacas. | 2009 | 19178480 |
| kinetic properties of dromedary pancreatic lipase: a comparative study on emulsified and monomolecular substrate. | using the classical emulsified system and the monomolecular film technique, we compared several interfacial properties of dromedary pancreatic lipase (drpl) with those of a mammal (human) and an avian (turkey) model. like turkey pancreatic lipase (tpl) and unlike human pancreatic lipase (hpl), in the absence of colipase and bile salts, using tributyrin emulsion or monomolecular films of dicaprin at low surface pressure, drpl hydrolyses pure tributyrin emulsion, as well as dicaprin films maintain ... | 2009 | 19195852 |
| effects of electrical stimulation on histochemical muscle fiber staining, quality, and composition of camel and cattle longissimus thoracis muscles. | the effects of electrical stimulation on muscle fiber type, meat quality, and composition of longissimus thoracis muscles from one-humped camels and dofari omani cattle of a comparable age range were investigated. a low-voltage electrical stimulation with 90 v, 14 hz (pulse of 7.5-millisecond duration every 70 milliseconds) 20 min postmortem was applied. samples from the left muscle were collected from 20 (2 to 3 y) camels and 24 cattle (1 to 3 y). for chemical composition, muscle samples were d ... | 2009 | 19200120 |
| interspecies embryo transfer in camelids: the birth of the first bactrian camel calves (camelus bactrianus) from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | interspecies embryo transfer is a possible approach that can be used to conserve endangered species. it could provide a useful technique to preserve the iranian and wild bactrian camels, both of which are threatened with extinction. in the present study, one bactrian camel was superovulated using decreasing doses of fsh (60, 40, 30, 30, 20, 20 mg, b.i.d.; folltropin-v; bioniche, london, on, canada) for 6 days, followed by a single injection of fsh (20 mg, i.m.) on day 7. daily ovarian ultrasonog ... | 2009 | 19210924 |
| open source marketing: camel cigarette brand marketing in the "web 2.0" world. | the international trend towards comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising has seen the tobacco industry become increasingly innovative in its approach to marketing. further fuelling this innovation is the rapid evolution and accessibility of web-based technology. the internet, as a relatively unregulated marketing environment, provides many opportunities for tobacco companies to pursue their promotional ambitions. | 2009 | 19211615 |
| cigarette brand preference among middle and high school students who are established smokers - united states, 2004 and 2006. | studies have suggested a link between exposure to tobacco advertising and cigarette brand preference. knowing the brand preferences of young established smokers can provide insight into what influences young smokers to start and continue to smoke. a report of 2005 data indicated that the three most heavily advertised brands, marlboro, newport, and camel, were preferred by 81% of u.s. youths aged 12-17 years. to assess the cigarette brand preferences among middle school and high school students w ... | 2009 | 19214160 |
| crystal structure of the n-terminal domain of the secretin gspd from etec determined with the assistance of a nanobody. | secretins are among the largest bacterial outer membrane proteins known. here we report the crystal structure of the periplasmic n-terminal domain of gspd (peri-gspd) from the type 2 secretion system (t2ss) secretin in complex with a nanobody, the vhh domain of a heavy-chain camelid antibody. two different crystal forms contained the same compact peri-gspd:nanobody heterotetramer. the nanobody contacts peri-gspd mainly via cdr3 and framework residues. the peri-gspd structure reveals three subdom ... | 2009 | 19217396 |
| quality and acceptability of a set-type yogurt made from camel milk. | camel milk (cm) set yogurts were formulated with gelatin, alginate (alg), and calcium (ca). titratable acidity, ph, sensory properties, and acceptability of cm yogurts were studied. twelve treatments were prepared; 3 using gelatin at 0.5, 0.75, and 1% levels and 9 with combinations of alg and ca at different levels. titratable acidity and ph of fresh yogurt were not affected by the addition of gelatin or the alg and ca combinations. trained sensory panel results showed that cm yogurt containing ... | 2009 | 19233778 |
| camelid nanobodies raised against an integral membrane enzyme, nitric oxide reductase. | nitric oxide reductase (nor) is an integral membrane protein performing the reduction of no to n(2)o. nor is composed of two subunits: the large one (norb) is a bundle of 12 transmembrane helices (tmh). it contains a b type heme and a binuclear iron site, which is believed to be the catalytic site, comprising a heme b and a non-hemic iron. the small subunit (norc) harbors a cytochrome c and is attached to the membrane through a unique tmh. with the aim to perform structural and functional studie ... | 2009 | 19241371 |
| 'can you push a camel through the eye of a needle?' reflections on how the unconscious speaks to us and its clinical implications. | there has been a recent surge of interest in a type of thinking seen in some patients most of the time, and all patients some of the time. in the past it was simply called regressive thinking, but attempts to be more specific have led it to be called by various names, like 'pre-symbolic', 'pre-conceptual' and 'pre-operational'. what these labels attempt to capture is that the patient's thinking, at these times, is without representations and closer to actions. as a clinical phenomena i prefer to ... | 2009 | 19245570 |
| production of chimeric heavy-chain antibodies. | antibody has become a major category of therapeutics. however, igg, the primary molecular format of existing antibody drugs, has some major shortcomings such as undesirable pharmacokinetics, high dose requirement, and high production cost, partially due to its large molecular size. much efforts have been made to address these issues, which usually led to antibodies or antibody fragments with smaller size. however, in most cases these changes also resulted in complete or partial deletion of fragm ... | 2009 | 19252853 |
| selection of non-aggregating vh binders from synthetic vh phage-display libraries. | the particular interest in vh antibody fragments stems from the fact that they can rival their "naturally occurring" single-domain antibody (sdab) counterparts (camelid vhhs and shark vnars) with regard to such desirable characteristics as stability, solubility, expression, and ability to penetrate cryptic epitopes and outperform them in terms of less immunogenicity, a much valued property in human immunotherapy applications. however, human vhs are typically prone to aggregation. various approac ... | 2009 | 19252860 |
| through the eye of the needle: the unfolding of the unconscious body. | the body is the starting point of experience and the original source of psychic life. in the course of analysis "the camel" must "go through the eye of the needle," in the sense that the body must become the specific object of mental working through, although no link between the corporeal and the mental can be taken for granted. the body-mind relationship is explored in the light of matte blanco's hypothesis that symmetric and asymmetric relationships are always present in the mind in differing ... | 2009 | 19270246 |
| a survey of echinococcus species in wild carnivores and livestock in east africa. | we examined 71 faecal samples of carnivores from queen elizabeth national park (qenp), uganda, for eggs of echinococcus species. thirty-nine faecal samples contained taeniid eggs. for species diagnosis, dna was isolated from a total of 1984 individual taeniid eggs. to differentiate eggs of echinococcus felidis from other taeniid taxa (including the closely related echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto), a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp)-pcr of the mitochondrial nad1 gene was deve ... | 2009 | 19275902 |
| purification and characterization of camel (camelus dromedarius) milk amylase. | skimmed camel milk contains 59,900 u/l amylase, which is 39,363 times less than serum and plasma amylase. camel milk beta-amylase was purified as a 61 kda band using deae-sepharose and sephadex g-100 and yielded 561 u/mg. the optimum working ph, km and temperature were 7.0, 13.6 mg/lstarch, 30-40 degrees c, respectively. the enzyme has been shown higher affinity toward amylose and soluble starch than glycogen, amylopectin, dextrin, or pullulan. magnesium chloride, cacl(2) and nacl activated the ... | 2009 | 19291574 |
| monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (camelus bactrianus ferus). | the evolutionary relationship between the domestic bactrian camel and the extant wild two-humped camel and the factual origin of the domestic bactrian camel remain elusive. we determined the sequence of mitochondrial cytb gene from 21 camel samples, including 18 domestic camels (three camelus bactrianus xinjiang, three camelus bactrianus sunite, three camelus bactrianus alashan, three camelus bactrianus red, three camelus bactrianus brown and three camelus bactrianus normal) and three wild camel ... | 2009 | 19292708 |