Publications

the lung as a target organ in patients with hematologic disorders.	the lung is one of the organs most severely affected by complications during the course of hematologic disorders. in the last years an impressive amount of progress has been made in clarifying the pathogenesis of lung diseases, particularly those occurring in conditions of severe immunosuppression such as bone marrow transplantion, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or leukemia. peculiar anatomical characteristics render the lung parenchyma highly susceptible to infections, but the clinical outc ...	2000	10942933
prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: too much of a good thing?		2000	10943633
cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with wegner's granulomatosis undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.	to assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of 3 pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis strategies in patients with wegener's granulomatosis (wg) receiving immunosuppressive therapies: 1) no prophylaxis; 2) trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) 160 mg/800 mg 3 times a week, which is discontinued if patients experience an adverse drug reaction (adr); and 3) tmp/smx 160 mg/800 mg 3 times a week, which is replaced by monthly aerosolized pentamidine (300 mg) if patients experience an ad ...	2000	10943875
[pneumonia in hiv-infected patients: clinical observations].	to determine the occurrence of pneumonias in hiv-infected patients in our hospital during 1990-1999; to evaluate the clinical significance of pneumonias in hiv-seropositive patients; to estimate the ethiology of pulmonary infection.	2000	10944952
the shape of the hiv/aids epidemic in puerto rico.	this study presents information on aids patients in puerto rico, including their general sociodemographic profile, some risk-related parameters, characteristics of vulnerable groups, and elements of the clinical spectrum of the disease. data were analyzed from the puerto rico aids surveillance program and available studies about the hiv/aids epidemic in puerto rico. a total of 23,089 aids cases was reported to the puerto rico aids surveillance program from january 1981 through february 1999. the ...	2000	10949898
prophylactic effect of fk463, a novel antifungal lipopeptide, against pneumocystis carinii infection in mice.	the prophylactic effect of fk463, a new water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide with inhibitory activity against 1, 3-beta-d-glucan synthase, against pneumocystis carinii infection was investigated with the severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mouse model. treatment with fk463, pentamidine, and saline only was performed for 6 weeks from the day after the scid mice were inoculated intranasally with infected lung homogenates. fk463 at 0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg of body weight, pentamidine at 4 mg/kg, ...	2000	10952565
pcr-based quantification of pneumocystis carinii in in vitro systems.	in many laboratories, pcr has become a routine method for the sensitive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii in patient samples. in contrast, quantification of fungal numbers in in vitro setups still largely relies on more conventional procedures such as histological stainings. these are time consuming and their applications are limited when dealing with small fungal numbers contaminated with tissue and cellular debris. this study presents a sensitive and rapid method for p. carinii quantification ...	2000	10955953
mechanisms of defence in the lung: lessons from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii continues to represent an important complication of individuals with compromised immunity. p. carinii interacts with immune and non-immune cells in the lung and mediates lung injury through a variety of mechanisms. cd4+ t lymphocytes are the cornerstone in defence against p. carinii. recent studies indicate that alveolar macrophages provide essential functions that significantly enhance clearance of p. carinii infection. p. carinii also attaches to alveolar epithelial cells, ...	2000	10957761
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as a complication of immunosuppressive therapy.	patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents may develop opportunistic infections such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). this indicates a severe t-cell defect, but so far there are no established criteria for identifying patients at risk.	2000	10961529
'infectious web'.	infections by helicobacter pylori are responsible for duodenal and gastric ulcers and are a significant risk factor for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. h. pylori was discovered in 1983, but many institutes in canada, europe, and the united states are already involved in programs to understand and treat the infections, as reflected by the growing number of internet sites devoted to this bacterium. most aids patients and about 20% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia develop pn ...	2000	10962282
[severe apnea: an early sign of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an hiv-negative infant].	a few reports in the medical literature suggest an association between pneumocystis caring and apnea in small infants. this patient, a 1 month 20 days old, hiv negative, infant girl weighing 2,000 grams was admitted to hospital after presenting a severe episode of apnea with cyanosis and bradycardia. she progressively developed bronchopneumonia by p. carinii that required prolonged mechanical ventilation with high ventilatory parameters. the clinical course of this patient illustrates that apnea ...	2000	10962861
neuropathology and general autopsy findings in aids during the last 15 years.	a retrospective study of 450 consecutive aids autopsy cases (397 males, 53 females; mean age at death 38.4 years) in vienna, austria, between 1984 and 1999 compares the central nervous system (cns) findings in three cohorts: 1984-1992 (190 cases), 1993-1995 (162 cases) and 1996-1999 (98 cases, after introduction of triple antiretroviral therapy) and the relationship of cns findings to systemic aids pathology in the latter two cohorts. in these two groups, following involvement of the lung (85% a ...	2000	10963370
effect of cd40 ligand and other immunomodulators on pneumocystis carinii infection in rat model.	the corticosteroid-treated animal is well established as an experimental model for the study of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (pcp). latent or acquired infection with p. carinii in the murine lung progresses to fatal pneumonitis when the host is profoundly immunocompromized. in this study the effects of five immunomodulators; recombinant cd40 ligand (cd40l), bryostatin 1, recombinant flt3 ligand (flt3l), recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) and recombinant interleukin-15 ...	2000	10968950
relationship between mutations in dihydropteroate synthase of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis isolates in japan and resistance to sulfonamide therapy.	we examined mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) genes of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis (p. carinii) strains isolated from 24 patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) in japan. dhps mutations were identified at amino acid positions 55 and/or 57 in isolates from 6 (25.0%) of 24 patients. the underlying diseases for these six patients were human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (n = 4) or malignant lymphoma (n = 2). this frequency was almost the same as those reported in d ...	2000	10970350
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum treated with cyclosporin.		2000	10971375
toxic epidermal necrolysis following combination of methotrexate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.	a 15-year-old boy with t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) (fab l1), diagnosed in 1995, received combination chemotherapy consisting of 6 weeks of induction (vincristine, epirubicin, l-asparaginase, prednisolone) and 2 weeks of consolidation (cytosine arabinosides, etoposide). after achieving remission, for further maintenance of remission, he was treated with 14 cycles of intensive chemotherapy consisting of 6-mp, 10 mg/kg orally on the first 4 days, and cyclophosphamide, 1200 mg/m2, vinc ...	2000	10971734
genetic divergence at the soda locus of six different formae speciales of pneumocystis carinii.	genetic divergence at the soda (manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase, mnsod) locus were compared in six pneumocystis carinii formae speciales isolated from mouse, rabbit, human, macaque and pig. a degenerate oligonucleotide primer strategy was designed to amplify 85-90% of the full-length soda gene from p. carinii genomic dna isolates. dna sequence analysis revealed an a/t bias in the nucleotide composition (71-77.2%) and the presence of seven small introns (41-142 bp), interrupting each p. ...	2000	10975697
sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis and geographic region predict mutations in the pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene.	to determine factors associated with mutations in the pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) gene, a prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with confirmed p. carinii pneumonia was conducted in atlanta, seattle, and san francisco. clinical information was obtained from patient interview and chart abstraction. dhps genotype was determined from dna sequencing. overall, 76 (68.5%) of 111 patients had a mutant dhps genotype, including 22 (81.5%) of 27 ...	2000	10979917
genotyping of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis isolates in japan based on nucleotide sequence variations in internal transcribed spacer regions of rrna genes.	genotyping of pneumocystis carinii (pc) isolated from 24 bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid specimens in japan was examined based on nucleotide sequence variations in internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (its1 and its2, respectively) of rrna genes. we found 11 its1 genotypes including 2 novel ones and 11 its2 genotypes including 3 new ones. combining the its1 and its2 genotypes resulted in 30 its genotypes, of which 10 are newly described in this report. two or more genotypes in its regio ...	2000	10981832
evaluating a new strategy for prophylaxis to prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-exposed infants in thailand. bangkok collaborative perinatal hiv transmission study group.	to evaluate a strategy for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) for infants in thailand.	2000	10983643
fungal pneumonias.	hundreds of fungal species have been associated with pulmonary diseases in humans, but few are consistently found to cause pneumonia. this paper reviews the clinical presentations, geographic prevalence, and epidemiology of, as well as the most recent, yet readily available, diagnostic methods and general therapy for the more common fungal pneumonias. the chapter is divided into categories based on the fungi's physiological and growth characteristics, clinical presentations, and prevalence in th ...	2000	10983933
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		2000	10985118
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients in africa--an important pathogen?		2000	10985125
dual infection with pneumocystis carinii and pasteurella pneumotropica in b cell-deficient mice: diagnosis and therapy.	the clinical presentation, diagnosis, histopathologic findings, and elimination of dual respiratory tract infection with pasteurella pneumotropica and pneumocystis carinii were studied in 100 adult barrier-reared c.b17 and mrl- lpr mice homozygous for a targeted mutation of the jh region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain.	2000	10987669
prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in an era of effective antiretroviral therapy.	potent antiretroviral treatment is associated with dramatic improvements in immune function in many human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. this has led to new us public health service/infectious diseases society of america guidelines that suggest that in certain circumstances (primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection, and secondary prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus retinitis), antimicrobial prophylaxis can be discontinue ...	2000	10987727
management and outcome patterns for adult pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995: comparison of hiv-associated cases to other immunocompromised states.	encompassing periods preceding and following major advances in the diagnosis and management of hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), the purpose of this study was to determine whether management and outcome patterns of non-hiv pcp parallel the management and outcomes of aids-related pcp.	2000	10988192
peripheral blood cd4 + t-lymphocyte counts during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without hiv infection.	to assess the potential use of peripheral blood cd4 + t-lymphocyte counts (cd4 + counts) as a clinically useful biological marker to identify specific immunocompromised patients (without hiv infection) at high risk for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp).	2000	10988193
neutrophil-rich anaplastic large cell lymphoma of t-cell lineage. a report of two cases arising in hiv-positive patients.	neutrophil-rich anaplastic large cell lymphoma (alcl) is an uncommon morphologic variant of alcl. we report 2 cases of neutrophil-rich t-cell alcl that presented as scalp masses in hiv-positive men. histologically, the neoplastic cells extensively infiltrated the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. the neoplastic cells strongly expressed cd30 and were of t-cell lineage, positive for cd3 and cd45ro, and negative for cd20. the neoplastic cells were negative for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1. numerous a ...	2000	10989649
in vitro activity of monoclonal and recombinant yeast killer toxin-like antibodies against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive cocci.	monoclonal (mabkt) and recombinant single-chain (scfvkt) anti-idiotypic antibodies were produced to represent the internal image of a yeast killer toxin (kt) characterized by a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including gram-positive cocci. pathogenic eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms, such as candida albicans, pneumocystis carinii, and a multidrug-resistant strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis, presenting specific, although yet undefined, kt-cell wall receptors (ktr), have prove ...	2000	10997342
involvement of the pancreas in aids: a prospective study of 109 post-mortems.	pancreatic involvement in aids is rarely mentioned in medical literature.	2000	10997390
visceral leishmaniosis caused by leishmania (l.) mexicana in a mexican patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	a 36 year old male was admitted in december 1997 to hospital with afternoon fever, malaise and hepatosplenomegaly. he also had a dry cough, dyspnoea and anaemia. pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection were documented. the hiv infection was confirmed in 1997 with 290,000 virus copies. the patient had been in the mexican state of chiapas which is known to be endemic for visceral leishmaniosis (vl) and localized cutaneous leishmaniosis (lcl). the v ...	2000	10998226
genetic heterogeneity of pneumocystis carinii from rats of several regions and strains.	pneumocystis carinii is a major opportunistic pathogen which has been found in the lungs of a wide variety of mammalian host species, and the fact suggests the possibility of intraspecific variation. until now, p. carinii from different mammalian species are differentiated as subspecies, and the rats are known to be infected by two subspecies. the present study investigated genetic heterogeneity of p. carinii isolates from two strains of rats in korea and china by molecular karyotyping, rflp and ...	2000	11002650
purification of a 68-kda cysteine proteinase from crude extract of pneumocystis carinii.	the present study intended to verify activities of cysteine proteinase of pneumocystis carinii from rats and to purify the enzyme. in order to exclude the contamination of host-derived enzymes, concentrates of p. carinii was primarily treated with a mixture of proteinase inhibitors before lysis of p. carinii. a 68-kda cysteine proteinase was finally purified from the crude extract of p. carinii by 4 sequential chromatographic methods. the enzyme showed an optimal activity at ph 5.5 in 0.1 m sodi ...	2000	11002651
[admissions of patients with aids to pediatric intensive care units].	to describe the most significant clinical features of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who required admission to a pediatric intensive care unit (picu).	2000	11003962
enhanced pneumocystis carinii activity of new primaquine analogues.	new analogues of the venerable antimalarial drug primaquine have been synthesized and bioassayed in vivo against pneumocystis carinii, a life-threatening infection common among immunosuppressed patients. two of these new compounds are significantly more active than primaquine itself, and provide new information for future drug design and development in this area.	2000	11012030
cell wall assembly by pneumocystis carinii. evidence for a unique gsc-1 subunit mediating beta -1,3-glucan deposition.	pneumocystis carinii remains a persistent cause of severe pneumonia in immune compromised patients. recent studies indicate that p. carinii is a fungal species possessing a glucan-rich cyst wall. pneumocandin antagonists of beta-1,3-glucan synthesis rapidly suppress infection in animal models of p. carinii pneumonia. we, therefore, sought to define the molecular mechanisms of beta-glucan cell wall assembly by p. carinii. membrane extracts derived from freshly purified p. carinii incorporate urid ...	2000	11013231
detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in patients with chronic lung diseases.		2000	11014633
reduced toxicity with gradual initiation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: aids clinical trials group 268.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) is recognized as the superior agent for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis but a high incidence of adverse drug reactions, which may be due to toxic drug metabolites, limits its use. aids clinical trials group protocol 268 was a randomized, double-blind, controlled two-arm trial designed to determine whether gradual initiation of tmp/smx suspension reduced the incidence of treatment-limiting adverse drug reactions compared with routine initia ...	2000	11015150
clinical spectrum, morbidity, and mortality of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in taiwan: a 5-year prospective study.	the clinical spectrum of aids and changes of morbidity and mortality associated with hiv infection following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) are rarely described in the less developed countries in the asia-pacific region. we prospectively observed on a follow-up basis 309 hiv-infected patients (82.8% with aids) at national taiwan university hospital in taiwan, where highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has been provided to all patients at no charge at any stage ...	2000	11015155
role of alveolar macrophages in host defense against pneumocystis carinii.		2000	11017906
alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons demonstrate impaired oxidative burst response to pneumocystis carinii in vitro.	the alveolar macrophage (am) oxidative burst response is an important component of microbicidal effector cell function against a variety of potential pathogens in the lungs, although the role against pneumocystis carinii has not been fully investigated. the goals of this study were to characterize the p. carinii-mediated oxidative burst of ams from healthy individuals, and to examine the oxidative burst of ams from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. for healthy individuals, the ...	2000	11017909
pneumocystis carinii enhances soluble mannose receptor production by macrophages.	phagocytosis of extracellular organisms in the alveolar spaces of the lungs represents the first-line of host defense against pulmonary pathogens. disruption of this process is likely to interfere with the generation of appropriate specific immune responses, and lead to a delayed or inefficient clearance of the pathogen. pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic pathogen in immunodeficient individuals, is cleared from the lung by alveolar macrophages. in the absence of specific anti-pneumocystis an ...	2000	11018446
inhibition of growth of pneumocystis carinii by lactoferrins alone and in combination with pyrimethamine, clarithromycin and minocycline.	the in vitro activity of lactoferrins alone and in combination with clarithromycin, minocycline and pyrimethamine was investigated against three clinical isolates of pneumocystis carinii. susceptibility was tested by inoculating isolates on to cell monolayers and determining the parasite count after 72 h incubation at 37 degrees c. the culture medium was supplemented with serial dilutions of each agent. at 20 mg/l, bovine lactoferrin, the most active agent, suppressed the growth of cystic and tr ...	2000	11020255
[opportunistic infections and hiv-associated malignancies. an evaluation of 58 autopsy cases within 10 years].	of all patients who died of hiv infection within 10 years (1. 1. 1988 to 31. 12. 1997) at the klinikum nürnberg 58 autopsy cases were reviewed at the institute of pathology of the above mentioned hospital.	2000	11028164
risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	two hundred eleven adults with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia, including pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp; patients), and 192 matched hiv-infected hospitalized patients without pneumonia (controls) were interviewed to determine risk factors for pneumonia. multivariate logistic regression showed that patients were less likely than controls to have used trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) prophylaxis (odds ratio [or], 0.22; 95% con ...	2000	10608762
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in patients with rheumatic diseases undergoing immunosuppressive therapy: prealence and associated features.	abstract: pneumocystis carini (pcp) has been recognized as a cause of pneumonia in immuocompromised patients, most notably in aids patients, but also in those receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a variety of other conditions, including malignancy, having an organ transplant, connective tissue diseases, and vasculitic syndromes. in non-hiv pcp patients, presentations may be more dramatic than in hiv-related pcp and the mortality may be higher, thus emphasizing the need to identify and provide ...	2000	19078457
antibiotic side effects.	there is recent enhanced interest in the potential of medication to produce serious toxicity, and the television media have focused on the serious side effects and drug-drug interactions caused by antibiotics. in fact, a recent hospital study noted that drug-related toxicity was one of the most common causes of death for hospitalized patients. antibiotic-induced adverse events contribute to host injury diagnostic confusion and excessive medical costs. in addition, however, a "spin-off'' of antib ...	2000	16088718
living unrelated renal transplant: outcome and issues.	living unrelated transplantation (lurt) is emerging as a practical option in renal transplantation due to shortage of living related and cadaver donors. we report a six-years (december 1991 to december 1996) follow-up of 60 lurt patients. the majority of these patients (95%) were transplanted outside the kingdom of saudi arabia; 37 in india, 14 in egypt, five in the usa and one in pakistan. only three patients (emotionally related) were transplanted in saudi arabia. before transplantation, 50 (8 ...	2000	18209344
human, monoclonal and recombinant candidacidal, pneumocysticidal and mycobactericidal antibodies.	antiidiotypic antibodies (antiids) representing the internal image of some antigenic deteminants have been proposed as surrogate vaccines or, conjugated with toxins, in the immunotherapy of cancer. experimental studies on antiidiotypic vaccination against fungal infections have been lacking. a conceptually new model of idiotypic vaccination against fungal infection has been recently developed. the vaccine used is monoclonal antibody that in vitro neutralizes the activity of killer toxin from the ...	2000	15597672
the spectrum of respiratory mycoses in a referral hospital in north-western india.	there has been an increasing recognition of respiratory mycoses in this country in the recent past. candidiasis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis have been reported from different centres. occasional cases of histoplasmosis and sporotrichosis have also been reported. infections with pneumocystis carinii, which is now classified as a fungus, are being frequently diagnosed, especially in the immuno-compromised patients such as those on prolonged immunosuppressive therapy or with hiv infection. alt ...	2000	15597676
emerging importance of pneumocystis carinii among indian immunosuppressed patients.	pneumocystis carinii is known to cause both significant morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed individuals. in a six and a half year period starting with 1992, a total of 204 samples including bronchial aspirates, induced sputum and suction catheter tips were examined for p. carinii by direct microscopic examination of giemsa's and toluidine 'o' stained smears. at a later stage of the investigation, immunofluorescent staining using monoclonal reagent (meriflour, usa) was also used for exami ...	2000	15597681
[mycoses in domestic animals].	in the present paper we will present a general view of the main mycoses affecting domestic animals. in the dog, we show the importance of the dermatophytoses, increased by its zoonosic character and the problem of the false negatives in the traditional microbiological culture. under the general term of systemic mycoses we include a series of conditions considered usually as aspergillosis, bat with more and more fungal species implicated as possible etiological agents. in addition, fungi, especia ...	2000	15762776
20 years, 20 articles: studies to know.	this article presents a compilation of top researches conducted during the past 2 decades by the contraceptive technology update. the following lists offer a brief insight into the breadth of research available to family planners: 1) the multicenter study of the lactational amenorrhea method to test its acceptability and efficacy as an introductory postpartum method; 2) the multinational study of breast cancer and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (dmpa) confirmed the decrease in risk of having ...	2000	12295509
who / unaids hail consensus on cotrimoxazole use for prevention of hiv related infections in africa.	this article reports on the recommendation of the who/joint un program on aids/hiv to promote the use of cotrimoxazole for the prevention of hiv-related infections in africa. several arguments have been raised since the recommendation for its use. controversies lie in its efficacy in treating opportunistic infections despite its use for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. researchers, however, argue that the drug is effective in preventing certain kinds of bacterial pneumonia and diarrheal diseases ...	2000	12295853
[the toxicity of busulphan and cyclophosphamide as the preparative regimen for allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation].	to analyse the treatment-related complications of busulphan and cyclophosphamide (bu-cy) as the conditioning regimen for allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (allo-pbsct).	2000	11877010
[immune response in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats].	to study the inflammatory immune response to pneumocystis canii pneumonia(pcp) in rats induced by glucocorticoid(gc).	2000	12567474
the role of cd8+ t cells in the pathogenesis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice depleted of cd4+ t cells.	to define the cell populations contributing to inflammation-associated respiratory impairment in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp).	2000	12567660
[pathological charges induced by the growth of pneumocystis carinii in rat lungs].		2000	12567674
differential metabolic response in aids-related chronic protozoal diarrhoea.	as the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha is greater in microsporidiosis than cryptosporidiosis, there may be a distinct metabolic response between the two organisms.	2000	11737332
comparative yield of different respiratory samples for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infections in hiv-seropositive and seronegative individuals in india.	respiratory specimens were prospectively examined for pneumocystis carinii from 53 patients. the majority of specimens were comprised of expectorated sputum, induced sputum, broncho-alveolar lavage (bal), and tracheal aspirates. in only four patients pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) was detected. all the samples were produced by broncho-alveolar lavage. candida spp and aspergillus spp were also identified in a small number of patients. acid-fast-bacilli were not detected in any of the cases und ...	2000	11289004
[evaluation of a panfungal pcr assay for the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp)].	we compared a universal fungal pcr assay with fluorescence microscopy for the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 82 bronchoalveolar lavages (bals) of 64 immunocompromised patients with atypical pneumonia and 50 bals of 50 immunocompetent adults without lung disease were examined. 10 immunocompromised patients were clinically and/or histologically proven to suffer from pcp. for fluorescence microscopy, sensitivity and specificity in detecting p. carinii were 80.0% and 98.1%, for the pcr ...	2000	11291575
[cytomegalic disease as a cause of disseminated lung lesions in an immunosuppressed patient].	a case of disseminated lesions in the lungs was diagnosed just during autopsy as cytomegalic infection. 54-year old patient treated since 10 years because of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma of low malignancy was admitted to institute of tuberculosis with suspicion of miliary tuberculosis. the high temperature, pemphigus--like skin lesions and disseminated lesions in the chest x-ray appeared immediately after succeeding chemotherapy. tuberculous bacilli. aspergillus fumigatus and pneumocystis carinii ...	2000	11276977
malignancy: 2'-chlorodeoxyadenosine effectively induces complete remission in hairy cell leukaemia.	hairy cell leukaemia, previously known as leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis, is an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology. it typically affects males, causes marked splenomegaly and moderate enlargement of the liver, whilst lymphadenopathy is inconspicuous. pancytopenia is characteristic with unusually profound monocytopenia, variable reduction in platelets, and the presence in the peripheral blood and marrow of abnormal small lymphocytes having irregular cytoplasmic margins. ul ...	2000	11399582
atovaquone resistance in malaria parasites.	atovaquone is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent active against malaria, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis and babesiosis. when used as a single agent, resistance to atovaquone arose rapidly in falciparum malaria, requiring the development of a new antimalarial drug combination of atovaquone and proguanil. recent laboratory investigations have provided insights into the mode of atovaquone action, and identified the molecular basis for the resistance development. mutations within a ...	2000	11498396
relationship between the burden of pneumocystis carinii, the inflammatory reaction and lung injury in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to study the relationship between the burden of pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) and the inflammatory reaction and biochemical markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (balf) in a rat model of p. carinii pneumonia (pcp).	2000	11776138
[study on inflammatory response and alteration of biochemical components in balf from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	to study the cellular and biochemical changes in airways in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp).	1999	11776769
tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients.	tuberculosis (tb) has been described in kidney transplant recipients as an infection with predominantly pulmonary involvement. we report the impact of tb in kidney transplantation. clinical records of adult kidney recipients, transplanted between 1 january 1986 and 31 december 1995 were analyzed for sex, age, graft origin, immunosuppressive therapy, tb sites, diagnostic methods and concomitant infections. annual incidence, mean time of onset, relation to rejection treatment, tuberculin skin test ...	1999	11428977
synthesis and anti-pneumocystis carinii pneumonia activity of novel dicationic dibenzothiophenes and orally active prodrugs.	dicationic carbazoles have been found to be highly active against a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). unfortunately, amidoxime derivatives, designed as prodrugs, were inactive against pcp even though the corresponding amidines were highly active. in the present work, a series of 2,8- and 3,7-bis cationic dibenzothiophenes was synthesized and assayed for anti-pcp activity. three of the compounds proved to be more potent and less toxic than a standard anti-pcp drug (pentamidine) w ...	1999	11278043
temporal trends in aids-related survival.	although research indicates that aids-related survival has improved over calendar time, studies of temporal aids-related survival patterns are often confounded by the stage of aids diagnosis. the objective of the present study was therefore to assess temporal trends in aids-related survival from clinical indicators other than point of aids diagnosis. the study sample consisted of 2126 adult hiv-positive patients who were treated between 1987 and 1996 at a large southwestern academic medical cent ...	1999	11362081
study finds nac fails to prevent bactrim/septra hypersensitivity.	bactrim/septra is a drug used for treating and preventing pcp (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) and toxoplasmosis. however, people with hiv are more likely to develop hypersensitivity reactions to bactrim/septra. nac (n-acetyl-cysteine) is being studied to determine if its detoxifying properties could reduce the risk of hypersensitivity to bactrim/septra. however, a canadian study found no statistically significant difference in the rates of hypersensitivity among the nearly 200 subjects.	1999	11366023
opportunistic infections: down but not out.	while the 6th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections focused heavily on hiv therapies and their complications, issues related to opportunistic infections (ois) continued to draw attention. the dramatic reduction in ois in the haart era and evidence supporting the discontinuation of oi prophylaxis were discussed. studies related to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), mac and tb, cmv, and kaposi's sarcoma (ks) were presented. ois continue to be a major area of concern in develop ...	1999	11366247
raising the stakes at retro '99 or amplified diversity.	the 6th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections raised serious concerns about the development of multidrug-resistant strains of hiv. there are press reports of hiv-positive men increasingly engaging in unprotected anal sex and who are seeking thrills by engaging in high risk behavior. this behavior may be attributed to the view that acquiring the virus no longer seems like a death sentence. data from studies of hiv-positive people demonstrate how the disease spreads within a popu ...	1999	11366257
protect yourself from pneumocystis carinii.	the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) has determined that hiv-infected people are more likely to become infected first with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) than any other opportunistic infection. about 53 percent of people who died of aids between 1992 and 1997 had pcp. the symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, and breathing problems. pcp is thought to be spread through the air - and not through sexual transmission - so it is difficult to prevent exposure. there is no vac ...	1999	11366414
preaching what we practice: new guidelines for oi prophylaxis.	the recently revised guidelines for opportunistic infections (oi) prophylaxis from the u.s. public health service/infectious diseases society (usphs/idsa) have caught up with the practices of experienced providers and patients. statistics show a sharp decrease in aids-related ois and mortality. observational data on withdrawal of prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are presented, and the new guidelines address primary and secondary pcp prophylaxis. changes in prophylaxis for oth ...	1999	11366709
opportunistic infections update.	the incidence of opportunistic infections (ois) has been steadily decreasing due, in part, to the use of effective combination therapy with a protease inhibitor. recently, however, an increase in ois has been noted, suggesting that some people have depleted much or all of the available therapies and can no longer keep their cd4+ counts high enough to fight off infections. this demonstrates the need to initiate or re-initiate preventative medications for ois. treatment of mycobacterium avium comp ...	1999	11366735
children's care.	eight guidelines are detailed for providing care for children with hiv. they are (1) use of t-cell count as a guideline for therapy, (2) vaccination requirements, (3) the use of emla cream or adhesive discs to numb the skin enough to avoid needlestick pain, (4) the issue of possible drug resistance to azt in children whose mothers took the drug, (5) adherence problems specific to pediatric hiv treatment and how to address them, (6) discussions on side effects with children, (7) cdc guidelines fo ...	1999	11366808
stopping preventive treatments.	although combination therapy with haart (highly active antiretroviral therapy) can increase cd4 (t-cell) counts, doctors have been cautious about stopping preventive treatments, or prophylaxis, for pcp (pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis). two studies, however, suggest that if haart increases t-cell counts to over 200 for an extended time period, pcp prophylaxis may be safely stopped. partly as a result of these study findings, the united states public health service has rewritten guidelines on th ...	1999	11367080
smoking: it doesn't make living with hiv any easier.	smoking is a well-recognized risk to health, particularly for people with hiv. hiv-positive smokers are more likely to develop pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), thrush, and oral hairy leukoplakia. the bacteria that causes mycobacterium avium complex (mac), a life-threatening infection found in many people with hiv, has been found in tobacco products and can survive the smoking process. suggestions to help people with hiv quit smoking include choosing the right approach, using smoking cessati ...	1999	11367324
foregoing prophylaxis: better safe than sorry?	the widespread use of highly active antiretrroviral therapy (haart) has coincided with a dramatic decline in the incidence of opportunistic infections. this effect has lead some people to question whether they should continue taking prophylaxis medications against diseases such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac). research on this topic presented at the 39th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (icaac) is described.	1999	11367330
fever or unknown origin in hiv/aids patients.	fevers of unknown origin (fuo) in hiv/aids patients are due to the same infectious causes that are common in this subset of compromised hosts but manifest clinically as prolonged fevers. in north america, the most common etiologies of fuo in hiv/aids are due to intracellular pathogens, i.e., disseminated mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), fungi or cytomegalovirus. worldwide, leishmaniasis and mycobacterium tuberculosis are the most important. infections pre ...	1999	12973389
pneumocystosis associated with canine distemper virus infection in a mink.	an adult mink from a farm experiencing 100% mortality in affected animals was submitted for diagnostic examination. clinical history included signs of respiratory disease, oculonasal discharge, and thickening of footpads. canine distemper virus and pneumocystis carinii were identified in lung tissue, suggesting immunosuppresion and secondary infection due to morbillivirus disease.	1999	12001338
surveillance for aids-defining opportunistic illnesses, 1992-1997.	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-defining opportunistic illnesses (ois) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). as a result of new treatments that reduce mortality for persons with aids, the number of persons living with aids is increasing, and the incidence of aids is decreasing. in 1997, an estimated 271,245 persons were living with aids in the united states and thus were at high risk for ois. in 1997, an estimated ...	1999	12412613
pneumocystis carinii infection in non-aids patients.	infection with the opportunist fungus pneumocystis carinii remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in non-hiv-infected individuals immunosuppressed by a wide range of malignancies, transplantation and inflammatory conditions. glucocorticoid use appears to be an independent risk factor for the development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. transmission from infected to susceptible patients may occur, albeit infrequently. a diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia may be achieved ...	1999	17035802
non.invasive ventilation for adult acute respiratory failure. part ii.	to discuss the clinical indications and complications of non-invasive ventilation.	1999	16603004
[the molecular diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii in the light of a new biological and epidemiological data].	a new data from investigations on pneumocystis carinii were presented as well as an application of molecular techniques to the diagnosis of p. carinii pneumonia.	1999	16886385
2'-chlorodeoxyadenosine effectively induces complete remission in hairy cell leukaemia.	hairy cell leukaemia, previously known as leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis, is an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology. it typically affects males, causes marked splenomegaly and moderate enlargement of the liver, whilst lymphadenopathy is inconspicuous. pancytopenia is characteristic with unusually profound monocytopenia, variable reduction in platelets, and the presence in the peripheral blood and marrow of abnormal small lymphocytes having irregular cytoplasmic margins. ul ...	1999	27426844
atovaquone suspension in hiv-infected volunteers: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tmp-smx interaction study.	to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of atovaquone suspension in volunteers infected with the human immunodeficiency virus ((hiv).	1999	10610011
antimicrobial activity of polycationic peptides.	the in vitro activity of six polycationic peptides, buforin ii, cecropin p1, indolicidin, magainin ii, nisin, and ranalexin, were evaluated against several clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria, yeasts, pneumocystis carinii and cryptosporidium parvum, by using microbroth dilution methods. the peptides exhibited different antibacterial activities and rapid time-dependent killing. the gram-negative organisms were more susceptible to buforin ii and cecropin p1, where ...	1999	10612440
[pathogenesis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	pneumocystis carinii is a ubiquitous fungus and opportunistic resident of the bronchoalveolar lumen of men and a variety of other mammalian species. this microorganism replicates under immunosuppressive conditions, ultimately resulting in lethal pneumonia (pcp) if left untreated. in the past decade, considerable progress has been made concerning the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of this infection, mostly with the help of animal models such as scid (severe combined immunod ...	1999	10613069
persistent high bal fluid granulocyte activation marker levels as early indicators of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplant.	the major cause of mortality in the long-term in lung transplant recipients is chronic rejection. this is a fibroproliferative process in the small airways leading to obliterative bronchiolitis and progressive loss of lung function, both constituting the clinical entity bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (bos). granulocyte activation has been implicated as one factor behind bos. granulocyte markers in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid were prospectively and longitudinally studied in order to ide ...	1999	10596701
occurrence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-1-infected patients responding to haart: is prophylaxis discontinuation a safe tool?		1999	10597798
the spectrum of aids-defining diseases: temporal trends in italy prior to the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapies, 1982-1996.	to evaluate time trends of the spectrum of aids-defining diseases in italy, 1982-1996.	1999	10597999
the impact of competing subsistence needs and barriers on access to medical care for persons with human immunodeficiency virus receiving care in the united states.	to examine whether competing subsistence needs and other barriers are associated with poorer access to medical care among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), using self-reported data.	1999	10599608
thermodynamics of rna-rna duplexes with 2- or 4-thiouridines: implications for antisense design and targeting a group i intron.	antisense compounds are designed to optimize selective hybridization of an exogenous oligonucleotide to a cellular target. typically, watson-crick base pairing between the antisense compound and target provides the key recognition element. uridine (u), however, not only stably base pairs with adenosine (a) but also with guanosine (g), thus reducing specificity. studies of duplex formation by oligonucleotides with either an internal or a terminal 2- or 4-thiouridine (s(2)u or s(4)u) show that s(2 ...	1999	10600128
clinical and laboratory findings of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection (dmac) in a pair matched case-control study.	a pair matched case/control study was conducted from january 1991 to 30 june 1992 in order to define clinical and laboratory findings associated with dmac infection in aids patients. since dmac infection is usually associated with advanced immunodeficiency, and therefore also with other opportunistic illnesses, in addition to the number of cd4+ lymphocytes, cases and controls were matched using the following criteria: date of aids diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy, number and severity of asso ...	1999	10602540
prevention of infectious complications in rheumatic disease patients: immunization, pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis, and screening for latent infections.	most rheumatology textbooks lack adequate recommendations for specific immunization of patients with rheumatic diseases, especially those treated with immunosuppressive medications. the authors wish to alert clinicians to issues pertinent to immunization of immunosuppressed rheumatology patients. by elucidating deficiencies in the current literature, the authors hope to identify future directions for clinical investigation and to increase the rates of effective immunization against vaccine preve ...	1999	10328575
atovaquone compared with dapsone to prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1999	10328722
therapeutic failure of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to report a case of failure of treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) in a patient with hiv infection, despite an adequate serum smx concentration.	1999	10332530
withdrawal of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after combination antiretroviral therapy in patients with aids.		1999	10335736
is age a negative prognostic indicator in hiv infection or aids?	to better understand disease progression in older persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), we studied patients aged 50 years and older hospitalized with a diagnosis of hiv infection or aids between january 1985 and october 1995. data collected included demographics, opportunistic infections, comorbid disease, neurologic dysfunction, and antiretroviral therapy. a total of 86 patients with a mean age of 54.3 years was identified. pneumo ...	1999	10337440