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bio-based nanoemulsion formulation, characterization and antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens.the current study deals with the formulation and characterization of bio-based oil in water nanoemulsion and its potential antibacterial activity. a typical v/v% of eucalyptus oil (16.66%), tween 80 (16.66%), and water (68.68%) was prepared by ultrasonication method. the mean droplet size was 17.1 nm as confirmed by dynamic light scattering. different concentrations of the formulation ranging from undiluted to 10-, 100-, and 1000-fold dilutions were used to check the antibacterial activity in th ...201322961665
biodegradation of dioxin by a newly isolated rhodococcus sp. with the involvement of self-transmissible plasmids.a newly isolated rhodococcus sp. strain p52 could aerobically utilize dibenzofuran as the sole source of carbon and energy, and completely remove dibenzofuran at 500 mg l(-1) within 48 h. the strain metabolizes dibenzofuran by initial angular dioxygenation to yield 2,2',3-trihydroxybiphenyl. strain p52 could also remove 70 % of 100 mg l(-1) 2-chlorodibenzofuran within 96 h and could metabolize a variety of aromatic compounds, namely dibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,8-dichlorodibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, b ...201322940801
chemical characteristics of beddings for swine: effects of bedding depths and of addition of inoculums in a pilot-scale.the effect of depths and of addition of inoculums on the chemical content of swine beddings was evaluated. for beddings 0.25m (25d) and 0.50m (50d) deep, three treatments were tested in two repeats with the same beddings: control (no inoculums); t1 (250g of bacillus cereus var. toyoii at 8.4×10(7)cfu/g); and t2 (250g of a pool of bacillus sp. at 8.4×10(7)cfu/g) (250g for 25d and 500g for 50d). for 25d, the c:n ratio was lower, but n, k and c contents were greater than for 50d (p<0.05). the inocu ...201222940299
fermented and enzymatic production of chitin/chitosan oligosaccharides by extracellular chitinases from bacillus cereus tku027.two chitinases, chi i and chi ii, were purified from the culture supernatant of bacillus cereus tku027 with shrimp head powder (shp) as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. the molecular masses of chi i and chi ii determined using sds-page were approximately 65kda and 63kda, respectively. chi i toward various surfactants showed high stability, such as sds, tween 20, tween 40 and triton x-100, and these surfactants were stimulator of chi i chitinase activity. concomitant with the production of chi i ...201222939345
antibacterial effect of phosphates and polyphosphates with different chain length.the aim of this study was to monitor the antibacterial effect of seven phosphate salts on selected strains of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, which could be considered responsible for food-borne diseases (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, enterococcus faecalis, micrococcus luteus, staphylococcus aureus, citrobacter freundii, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, salmonella enterica ser. enteritidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa). for these purposes, phosphates differing in chain length w ...201222934995
probiotic activity of a bacterial strain isolated from ancient permafrost against salmonella infection in mice.bacillus cereus strain f, collected from relict permafrost located in siberia, was analyzed for probiotic activity in the mouse salmonella enterica model. viable bacterial cells were found in frozen soils taken at mammoth mountain in yakutia from a depth below the level of seasonal thawing. geological data indicated the absence of a thawing within millions of years of deposited soils, which helped to ensure the ancient origin of our sample. according to dna analysis, bacterial cells collected fr ...201226782040
[bacteriological quality and toxigenic bacillus cereus detection in cooked white rice sold at the metropolitan area of san josé, costa rica].the wide use of rice is one of the factors that favors its implication in food borne diseases, and one of the most important pathogens associated to it is bacillus cereus. the aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of 50 samples of white cooked rice sold in restaurants at the metropolitan area of san josé, costa rica, including the determination of the total aerobic plate count, the most probable number of total and fecal coliforms and escherichia coli. mpn of bacillus cere ...201224617031
bacillus cereus bloodstream infection in a preterm neonate complicated by late meningitis.central nervous system infections caused by bacillus cereus have rarely been reported in infants. in this paper, the case of a 2-month-old low-birth-weight female who developed meningitis 45 days after resolution of a bloodstream infection (bsi) is described. the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results revealed that the patterns of both b. cereus isolates responsible for the acute meningitis and for the prior bacteraemic episode were closely related. although the source of the infection from wi ...201222924139
chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oil from cordia verbenacea dc leaves.cordia verbenacea is a brazilian coastal shrub popularly known as "erva baleeira". the essential oil from fresh leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by cg/ms. the main components were identified as β-caryophyllene (25.4%), bicyclogermacrene (11.3%), δ-cadinene (9.%) and α-pinene (9.5%). in this study, the antimicrobial activity of cordia verbenacea was evaluated.201222923954
pacemaker-associated bacillus cereus endocarditis.we report the case of a pacemaker-associated bacillus cereus endocarditis in a nonimmunocompromised patient. antibiotic treatment was ineffective, and the pacemaker had to be removed. b. cereus was cultured from several blood samples and from the pacemaker electrodes. this case underlines the contribution of the rpob gene for bacillus species determination.201222959918
prevalence of foodborne pathogens in retailed foods in thailand.the consumption of foodborne pathogens contaminated in food is one of the major causes of diarrheal diseases in thailand. the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and types of contaminating bacteria in retailed foodstuffs in thailand. food from four categories (137 samples total), including meat (51 samples), vegetables (38 samples), fish or seafood (37 samples), and fermented food (11 samples), was purchased randomly from seven different open-markets and seven supermarkets in ...201222953752
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the nhea component of the nhe toxin from bacillus cereus.the nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) of bacillus cereus plays a key role in cases of b. cereus food poisoning. the toxin is comprised of three different proteins: nhea, nheb and nhec. here, the expression in escherichia coli, purification and crystallization of the nhea protein are reported. the protein was crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using peg 3350 as a precipitant. the crystals of nhea diffracted to 2.05 å resolution and belonged to space group c2, with unit-cell pa ...201222949198
prevalence and fate of bacillus cereus in african traditional cereal-based foods used as infant foods.the objective of the present work was to estimate the prevalence of bacillus cereus group species in traditional cereal-based lactic acid-fermented slurries and nonfermented flours used to prepare infant foods in an african context. high counts on mannitol-egg yolk-polymixin agar medium were determined for the fermented slurries (median, 4.5 × 10(4) cfu/ml of slurry) compared with the nonfermented flours, most of whose counts were lower than 10(-1) cfu/g. virulence genes were characterized in 60 ...201222947472
[the changes of ocular bacterial isolates and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility in the past six years].to analyze the changes of ocular bacterial isolates and their susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and tobramycin in henan province in the past six years.201222943811
response of bacillus cereus vegetative cells after exposure to repetitive sublethal radiation processing in combination with nisin.the present study evaluated the response of bacillus cereus lspq 2872 vegetative cells, following exposure to single and repetitive sublethal γ-radiation treatment at 1 kgy alone or in combination with nisin at its maximum tolerated concentration, in bhi broth supplemented with 0.5% glucose. results showed that b. cereus has the capability to develop increased resistance to subsequent cycles of gamma irradiation and a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) of the relative radiation resistance (d(10)) v ...201222986202
characterization of lactic acid bacteria from naturally-fermented manzanilla aloreña green table olives.manzanilla aloreña (or aloreña) table olives are naturally fermented traditional green olives with a denomination of protection (dop). the aim of this study was to search for lactic acid bacteria (lab) with technological properties of interest for possible inclusion in a starter or protective culture preparation or also as probiotics. a collection of 144 lab obtained from aloreña green table olives naturally-fermented by four small-medium enterprises (smes) from málaga (spain), including lactoba ...201222986194
bacteriostatic mode of action of trypsin-hydrolyzed palm kernel expeller peptide against bacillus cereus.palm kernel expeller (pke), the by-product derived from the palm kernel oil milling industry, is commonly added to ruminant feed as a source of protein. recent research has demonstrated that the enzymatically hydrolyzed protein is inhibitory to spore-forming bacteria including bacillus cereus. the trypsin-hydrolyzed pke peptide appears to disrupt the membrane integrity and inhibit the intracellular macromolecule metabolism of b. cereus. the addition of the pke peptide (350 and 700 μg/ml) to b. c ...201226781737
isolation and characterization of cr (vi) tolerant bacteria from tannery waste and its bioremediation potential.the east kolkata wetland, situated in west bengal, india, is presently being exploited by housing many leather complexes surrounding the zone in and around. high amount of either untreated or partially treated liquid tannery wastes are discharged in the wetland. treated effluent from some common effluent treatment plant (cetp) showed the presence of cr (vi) exceeding the limiting concentration. three different bacterial strains (l1, l2, and l3) were isolated from the treated effluent. morphologi ...201224749383
characterization of a spore-specific protein of the bacillus cereus group.bc1245 is a monocistronic chromosomal gene of bacillus cereus atcc 14579 encoding a putative protein of 143 amino acids identified in this study to have a spore-related function in b. cereus. bc1245 is highly conserved in the genome of members of the b. cereus group, indicating an important function of the gene in this group of bacteria. quantitative pcr revealed that bc1245 is transcribed late in sporulation (upon formation of phase-bright spores) and at the same time as the mother cell-specifi ...201222458449
characterization of zinc-solubilizing bacillus isolates and their potential to influence zinc assimilation in soybean seeds.one hundred thirty-four putative bacillus isolates were recovered from soybean rhizosphere soils of nimar region to select effective zinc solubilizers for increased assimilation of zinc (zn) in soybean seeds. these isolates were screened in vitro for zinc-solubilization ability on tris-minimal agar medium supplemented separately with 0.1% zinc in the form of zinc oxide, zinc phosphate, and zinc carbonate. of all, 9 isolates and a reference bacillus cereus atcc 13061 were characterized and identi ...201222450791
structural analysis of the leptospiral sphingomyelinases: in silico and experimental evaluation of sph2 as an mg-dependent sphingomyelinase.leptospiral sphingomyelinases are candidate virulence factors present only in pathogenic leptospira spp. leptospira interrogans serovar lai encodes sph1, sph2, sph3, sph4 and sphh. except for sph4, they all possess the exo-endo-phosphatase domain that groups them under the dnase i superfamily.201222441407
impact of intestinal microbiota and gastrointestinal conditions on the in vitro survival and growth of bacillus cereus.ingestion of b. cereus can result in diarrhea, if these bacteria survive gastrointestinal passage and achieve growth and enterotoxin production in the small intestine. the gastrointestinal survival of vegetative cells and spores of the diarrheal food poisoning strain b. cereus nvh 1230-88 was investigated during in vitro batch experiments simulating the stomach, duodenum and ileum using simulation media and competing intestinal microbiota. all spores and approx. 30% of the vegetative b. cereus c ...201222436640
'candidatus arthromitus' revised: segmented filamentous bacteria in arthropod guts are members of lachnospiraceae.the name arthromitus has been applied collectively to conspicuous filamentous bacteria found in the hindguts of termites and other arthropods. first observed by joseph leidy in 1849, the identity of these filaments has remained contentious. while margulis and colleagues declared them to be a life stage of bacillus cereus, others have assumed them to belong to the same lineage as the segmented filamentous bacteria (sfb) from vertebrate guts, a group that has garnered much attention due to their u ...201222436008
spectroscopic studies of the iron and manganese reconstituted tyrosyl radical in bacillus cereus ribonucleotide reductase r2 protein.ribonucleotide reductase (rnr) catalyzes the rate limiting step in dna synthesis where ribonucleotides are reduced to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. class ib rnrs consist of two homodimeric subunits: r1e, which houses the active site; and r2f, which contains a metallo cofactor and a tyrosyl radical that initiates the ribonucleotide reduction reaction. we studied the r2f subunit of b. cereus reconstituted with iron or alternatively with manganese ions, then subsequently reacted with mole ...201222432022
antiproliferative, antimicrobial and apoptosis inducing effects of compounds isolated from inula viscosa.the antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects of thirteen compounds isolated from inula viscosa (l.) were tested in this study. the antiproliferative activity was tested against three cell lines using the mtt assay. the microdilution method was used to study the antimicrobial activity against two gram positive bacteria, two gram negative bacteria and one fungus. the apoptotic activity was determined using a tunel colorimetric assay. scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphologi ...201222418930
characterization of lysb4, an endolysin from the bacillus cereus-infecting bacteriophage b4.bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen that causes emetic or diarrheal types of food poisoning. the incidence of b. cereus food poisoning has been gradually increasing over the past few years, therefore, biocontrol agents effective against b. cereus need to be developed. endolysins are phage-encoded bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases and have received considerable attention as promising antibacterial agents.201222416675
molecular and toxigenic characterization of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from commercial ground roasted coffee.thirty samples of roasted ground coffee beans from 10 different commercial brands were analyzed to investigate the occurrence and levels of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains. strains were evaluated for their genetic diversity by repetitive element sequence polymorphism pcr (rep-pcr) and for their toxigenic profiles, i.e., the presence of hbla, hblc, hbld, nhea, nheb, nhec, cytk, ces, and entfm. survival and multiplication of b. cereus sensu lato in the ready-to-drink coffee was ...201222410226
psychrotolerant paenibacillus tundrae isolates from barley grains produce new cereulide-like depsipeptides (paenilide and homopaenilide) that are highly toxic to mammalian cells.paenilide is a novel, heat-stable peptide toxin from paenibacillus tundrae, which colonizes barley. p. tundrae produced 20 to 50 ng of the toxin mg(-1) of cells (wet weight) throughout a range of growth temperatures from +5°c to +28°c. paenilide consisted of two substances of 1,152 da and 1,166 da, with masses and tandem mass spectra identical to those of cereulide and a cereulide homolog, respectively, produced by bacillus cereus ns-58. the two components of paenilide were separated from those ...201222407690
semisynthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel guttiferone-a derivatives.six derivatives of guttiferone-a (lfqm-79, 80, 81, 82, 113 and 114) were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the opportunistic or pathogenic fungi candida albicans (atcc 09548), candida glabrata (atcc 90030), candida krusei (atcc 6258), candida parapsilosis (atcc 69548), candida tropicalis (atcc 750), cryptococcus neoformans (atcc 90012), trichophyton tonsurans, microsporum gypseum and also against the opportunistic and pathogenic gram-positive bacteria staphylococ ...201222401914
prevalence, phenotypic traits and molecular characterization of emetic toxin-producing bacillus cereus strains isolated from human stools in korea.to investigate the prevalence and genotypic/phenotypic characters of emetic toxin-producing bacillus cereus strains isolated from sporadic food poisoning cases in korea.201222394210
detection and expression of enterotoxin genes in endophytic strains of bacillus cereus.the aim of this study was to determine whether endophytic bacillus cereus isolates from agronomic crops possessed genes for the nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) and haemolysin bl (hbl) and, therefore, have the potential to cause diarrhoeal illness in humans.201222394121
inhibition of cytotoxicity by the nhe cytotoxin of bacillus cereus through the interaction of dodecyl maltoside with the nheb component.nhe ('nonhaemolytic enterotoxin') is a three-component cytotoxin implicated in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea by bacillus cereus. nhe forms pores in pure lipid bilayers, but the function of the individual components (nhea, nheb and nhec) remains unclear. nheb and nhec are structural homologues of clya, a pore-forming cytotoxin of escherichia coli. the non-ionic detergent dodecyl maltoside (ddm) has been shown to inhibit haemolysis of clya. we used ddm as a probe to examine the response of the nhe ...201222385099
x-ray absorption spectroscopy of metal site speciation in the metallo-β-lactamase bcii from bacillus cereus.cobalt and zinc binding by the subclass b1 metallo-β-lactamase bcii from bacillus cereus is examined by x-ray absorption spectroscopy, at various levels of metal loading. the data show that a significant amount of the dinuclear enzyme is formed, even at substoichiometric levels of metal loading, whether the added metal is zn(ii) or co(ii). increasing metal addition, from 0.5 to 1.0 to 2.0eq/mol of enzyme, are shown to result in a more ordered active site. while zn(ii) appears to show no preferen ...201222381913
occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in aquaculture environment.the occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance and their pollution profile in the aquaculture environment of tianjin, northern china, were investigated. the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified and the corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (args) were quantified at 6 aquaculture farms in tianjin. sulfonamide-resistance genes were prevalent and their concentrations were the highest detected (3.0 × 10(-5) to 3.3 × 10(-4) for sul1/16s rdna, 2.0 × 10(-4) to 1.8 × 1 ...201222377146
complete genome sequence of the highly hemolytic strain bacillus cereus f837/76.highly hemolytic strain bacillus cereus f837/76 was isolated in 1976 from a contaminated prostate wound. the complete nucleotide sequence of this strain reported here counts nearly 36,500 single-nucleotide differences from the closest sequenced strain, bacillus thuringiensis al hakam. f827/76 also contains a 10-kb plasmid that was not detected in the al hakam strain.201222374959
bacillus cereus can attack the cell membranes of the alga chara corallina by means of hlyii.we studied the influence of bacillus cereus bacteria on cells of the freshwater alga chara corallina. these bacteria and recombinant bacillus subtilis strains are capable of producing the secreted toxin hlyii, which changes the electrophysiological parameters of the algal electrically excitable plasma membrane by forming pores. cooperative incubation of bacterial cells, which carry active hlyii gene, and chara corallina cells caused a decrease in the resting potential (v(m)) and plasma membrane ...201222281415
milk microbiome signatures of subclinical mastitis-affected cattle analysed by shotgun sequencing.metagenomic analysis of milk samples collected from kankrej, gir (bos indicus) and crossbred (bos taurus × b. indicus) cattle harbouring subclinical mastitis was carried out by next-generation sequencing 454 gs-flx technology to elucidate the microbial community structure of cattle milk.201222277077
influence of anaerobiosis and low temperature on bacillus cereus growth, metabolism, and membrane properties.the impact of simultaneous anaerobiosis and low temperature on growth parameters, metabolism, and membrane properties of bacillus cereus atcc 14579 was studied. no growth was observed under anaerobiosis at 12°c. in bioreactors, growth rates and biomass production were drastically reduced by simultaneous anaerobiosis and low temperature (15°c). the two conditions had a synergistic effect on biomass reduction. in anaerobic cultures, fermentative metabolism was modified by low temperature, with a m ...201222247126
critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy caused by bacillus cereus sepsis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.we report a pediatric case of critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy caused by bacillus cereus sepsis during acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. a 15-year-old boy developed b. cereus sepsis and multiple organ failure on the 19th day after initiation of chemotherapy, and multidisciplinary treatment was started. treatment was effective and septic shock with multiple organ failure remitted. he was weaned from a respirator on day 23 after the onset of sepsis, but complete flaccid paralysis o ...201222246161
bacillus cereus, an unusual cause of fulminant liver failure: diagnosis may prevent liver transplantation.bacillus cereus is a well-known cause of foodborne disease usually of benign course. here, we present the case of a 15-year-old boy who developed reversible fulminant liver failure associated with rhabdomyolysis after pasta consumption. suspecting b. cereus as the aetiological agent may prevent unnecessary liver transplantation.201222245788
cereulide produced by bacillus cereus increases the fitness of the producer organism in low-potassium environments.cereulide, produced by certain bacillus cereus strains, is a lipophilic cyclic peptide of 1152 da that binds k(+) ions with high specificity and affinity. it is toxic to humans, but its role for the producer organism is not known. we report here that cereulide operates for b. cereus to scavenge potassium when the environment is growth limiting for this ion. cereulide-producing b. cereus showed higher maximal growth rates (µ(max)) than cereulide non-producing b. cereus in k(+)-deficient medium (k ...201222241046
microbial biodiversity, quality and shelf life of microfiltered and pasteurized extended shelf life (esl) milk from germany, austria and switzerland.information on factors limiting the shelf life of extended shelf life (esl) milk produced by microfiltration and subsequent pasteurization is very limited. in this study, three different batches of esl milk were analyzed at different stages of the production process and during storage at 4 °c, 8 °c and 10 °c in order to evaluate the changes in bacterial cell counts, microbial diversity and enzymatic quality. additionally, detailed biodiversity analyses of 250 retail esl milk packages produced by ...201222240060
antimicrobial prenylated acetophenones from berries of harrisonia abyssinica.the ripe berries of harrisonia abyssinica yielded two new prenylated acetophenones, namely 5-(ethan-1'''-one)-4,6-dihydroxy-7-(3'',3''-dimethylallyl)-2 s-(1' s-hydroxy-1',5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (1) and 5-(2'''-hydroxyethan-1'''-one)-4,6-dihydroxy-7-(3'',3''-dimethylallyl)-2 s-(1' s-hydroxy-1',5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (2), herein named harronin i and harronin ii, respectively. the compounds were isolated following activity guided fractionation and the s ...201222234410
a comparison of the effects of e-beam irradiation and heat treatment on the variability of bacillus cereus inactivation and lag phase duration of surviving cells.the effects of electron beam irradiation and heat treatments on the variability of inactivation of bacillus cereus spores (cect 131/atcc 10876) and of the lag phase of single surviving cells have been studied. in general, dispersion in the number of survivors increased as the stress became more intense. a polynomial relationship was derived between the coefficient of variation of the survivor number and the inactivation achieved. heat treatments caused wider distributions than irradiation for th ...201222225985
cr(vi) uptake mechanism of bacillus cereus.in this study, we investigated the cr(vi) uptake mechanism in an indigenous cr(vi)-tolerant bacterial strain -bacillus cereus through batch and microscopic experiments. we found that both the cells and the supernatant collected from b. cereus cultivation could reduce cr(vi). the valence state analysis revealed the complete transformation from cr(vi) into cr(iii) by living b. cereus. further x-ray absorption fine structure and fourier transform infrared analyses showed that the reduced cr(iii) wa ...201222225704
regulation of xylanase biosynthesis in bacillus cereus bsa1.microbial xylanases have a promising biotechnological potential to be used in industries. in this study, regulation of xylanase production was examined in bacillus cereus bsa1. xylanase production was induced by xylan. the enzyme production further increased in the presence of xylose and arabinose in very low concentration with addition of xylan (0.5% up to 6.02 u/ml). addition of glucose (about 0.1%) to the media supplemented with xylan repressed xylanase production. even higher concentration ( ...201222222433
isolation, partial purification and evaluation of bioactive compounds from leaves of ageratum houstonianum.the present study deals with the isolation and partial purification of bioactive compounds from the crude methanol extracts of the leaves of ageratum houstonianum (asteraceae). the quantification and the identification of compounds in the crude extract and active bands isolated by preparative tlc were accomplished using gc-ms analysis. the most important compounds identified in the crude extract and active bands (ab-1 and ab-2) were 6-acetyl-7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethylchromene, hexadecanoic acid and ...201227350770
electrochemical biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of magnetically extracted bacterial pathogens.biological defense and security applications demand rapid, sensitive detection of bacterial pathogens. this work presents a novel qualitative electrochemical detection technique which is applied to two representative bacterial pathogens, bacillus cereus (as a surrogate for b. anthracis) and escherichia coli o157:h7, resulting in detection limits of 40 cfu/ml and 6 cfu/ml, respectively, from pure culture. cyclic voltammetry is combined with immunomagnetic separation in a rapid method requiring ap ...201225585629
invasive bacillus cereus infection in a renal transplant patient: a case report and review.bacillus cereus is a common cause of gastrointestinal diseases. the majority of individuals with b cereus-related food poisoning recover without any specific treatment. it can, however, rarely cause invasive disease in immunocompromised patients.201224294281
synthesis, sar and antibacterial activity of hybrid chloro, dichloro-phenylthiazolyl-s-triazines.a series of hybrid novel chloro (1a-9a) and dichloro (10b-18b) phenylthiazolyl-s-triazine were synthesized and subsequently subjected to their antibacterial activity against three gram positive viz. lactobacillus casei (ncim-2651); bacillus cereus (ncim-2458); staphylococcus aureus (ncim-2120) and three gram negative viz salmonella typhimurium (ncim-2501); escherichia coli (ncim-2065); klebsiella aerogenes (ncim-2098). the sar studies around the lead compound revealed that introduction of electr ...201223960775
naturally occurring medicinal mushroom-derived antimicrobials: a case-study using lingzhi or reishi ganoderma lucidum (w. curt.:fr.) p. karst. (higher basidiomycetes).antibacterial activity of lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, ganoderma lucidum, collected from central india was evaluated against four bacterial pathogens. ethyl alcohol and water extracts of fruit body powder were tested using the disc diffusion method against staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, bacillus cereus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. it was noted that the aqueous extract inhibited growth of pathogenic bacteria. the combined effect of fruit body extract with synthetic antibio ...201223510217
[evaluation of the immunochromatography kit for detection of emetic-toxin producing bacillus cereus].we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of an immunochromatography kit, single-path emetic tox mrk (merck), which targets a marker protein for the detection of bacillus cereus that produces emetic toxin. strains were isolated after outbreaks of food poisoning, and from retail prepared foods and food products. the strains were examined for the presence of the emetic toxin-synthetase gene by pcr. all 58 emetic strains isolated from the food poisoning cases showed a positive reaction in the im ...201223470854
enhancement of cypermethrin degradation by a coculture of bacillus cereus zh-3 and streptomyces aureus hp-s-01.degradation of cypermethrin was significantly enhanced in a coculture of bacillus cereus zh-3 and streptomyces aureus hp-s-01. in the pure culture, longer half-lives (t(1/2)=32.6-43.0h) of cypermethrin were observed, as compared to the mixed cocultures (t(1/2)=13.0h). the optimal degradation conditions were determined to be 28.2°c and ph 7.5 based on response surface methodology (rsm). under these conditions, the mixed cultures completely metabolized cypermethrin (50mgl(-1)) within 72h. analysis ...201222326328
bioaugmentation for polyacrylamide degradation in a sequencing batch reactor and contact oxidation reactor.in the present study, one pam degrading bacterial strain, originally named hwbi, was isolated from an activated sludge sample and used as an exogenous bacteria for bioaugmentation. the strain was primarily identified as bacillus cereus. one contact oxidation reactor (cor) and one sequencing batch reactor (sbr) were bioaugmented with the hwbi, respectively, and the performance of the bioaugmented systems for pam removal were investigated under long term operation. results showed that for the cor ...201222320687
comparison of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and two water-forming nadh oxidases from bacillus cereus atcc 14579.bacillus cereus (b. cereus) is an ubiquitous facultative anaerobic bacterium, and its growth in aerobic environment correlates to the functions of its oxygen defense system. water-forming nadh oxidase (nox-2) can catalyze the conversion of oxygen to water with concomitant nadh oxidation in anaerobic microorganisms. here, we report the cloning and characterization of two annotated nox-2 s (nox-2(444) and nox-2(554)) from b. cereus atcc 14579 and their comparison with another oxidative stress defe ...201222311647
functional assignment of yvgo, a novel set of purified and chemically characterized proteinaceous antifungal variants produced by bacillus thuringiensis sf361.this study reports a novel class of antifungal protein derived from bacterial origin. bacillus thuringiensis sf361, the strain also responsible for producing the novel bacteriocin thurincin h, exhibits broad antifungal activity against select members of several fungal genera, including aspergillus, byssochlamys, and penicillium, as well as the pathogenic yeast candida albicans. optimal antifungal production and secretion were observed after-log phase growth when incubated at 37°c in a carbohydra ...201222307285
temperature-dependent production of various plcr-controlled virulence factors in bacillus weihenstephanensis strain kbab4.the bacillus cereus sensu lato complex has recently been divided into several phylogenetic groups with clear differences in growth temperature range. however, only a few studies have investigated the actual pathogenic potential of the psychrotolerant strains of the b. cereus group at low temperature, and little information is available concerning gene expression at low temperature. we found that vegetative cells of the psychrotolerant b. weihenstephanensis strain kbab4 were pathogenic against th ...201222307282
antimicrobial activity and essential oils of curcuma aeruginosa, curcuma mangga, and zingiber cassumunar from malaysia.to analyze the chemical composition of the essential oils of curcuma aeruginosa (c. aeruginosa), curcuma mangga (c. mangga), and zingiber cassumunar (z. cassumunar), and study their antimicrobial activity.201222305785
evaluation of the sterility testing process of hematopoietic stem cells at canadian blood services.sterility testing of hematopoietic stem cells (hscs) at the canadian blood services stem cell laboratory is performed using bact/alert aerobic (sa) culture bottles. this study was conducted to verify the efficacy of this method and to assess the use of the bact/alert aerobic (bpa) and anaerobic (bpn) culture bottles for microbial testing of hscs.201222304655
mechanism and diversity of the erythromycin esterase family of enzymes.macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin and erythromycin are mainstays of modern antibacterial chemotherapy, and like all antibiotics, they are vulnerable to resistance. one mechanism of macrolide resistance is via drug inactivation: enzymatic hydrolysis of the macrolactone ring catalyzed by erythromycin esterases, erea and ereb. a genomic enzymology approach was taken to gain insight into the catalytic mechanisms and origins of ere enzymes. our analysis reveals that erythromycin esterases co ...201222303981
novel bacterial lipoprotein structures conserved in low-gc content gram-positive bacteria are recognized by toll-like receptor 2.bacterial lipoproteins/lipopeptides inducing host innate immune responses are sensed by mammalian toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2). these bacterial lipoproteins are structurally divided into two groups, diacylated or triacylated lipoproteins, by the absence or presence of an amide-linked fatty acid. the presence of diacylated lipoproteins has been predicted in low-gc content gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasmas based on the absence of one modification enzyme in their genomes; however, we recently d ...201222303020
iodine-stabilized cu nanoparticle chitosan composite for antibacterial applications.we report herein the synthesis of a new composite consisting of cu nanoparticles (nps) and chitosan (cs), which has been found to be stable in the presence of molecular iodine and has also high antimicrobial activities. the composite could be obtained when aqueous cuso(4) was treated with hydrazine in the presence of cs. the spherical cu nps present in the composite were of average diameters 8±4 nm. the nps were unstable in atmospheric conditions leading to the formation of oxides of cu. on the ...201222301575
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray characterization of bacillus cereus arylamine n-acetyltransferase 3 [(baccr)nat3].arylamine n-acetyltransferases (nats) are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (xmes) that catalyze the acetylation of arylamines. all functional nats described to date possess a strictly conserved cys-his-asp catalytic triad. here, the purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray characterization of bacillus cereus arylamine n-acetyltransferase 3 [(baccr)nat3], a putative nat isoenzyme that possesses a unique catalytic triad containing a glutamate residue, is reported. the crystal diffracted ...201222297998
bacterial mixture from greenhouse soil as a biocontrol agent against root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita, on oriental melon.the biological control efficacy of a greenhouse soil bacterial mixture of lactobacillus farraginis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis strains with antinematode activity was evaluated against the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. two control groups planted in soil drenched with sterile distilled water or treated with the broadspectrum carbamate pesticide carbofuran were used for comparison. the results suggest that the bacterial mixture is effective as a biocontrol agent against ...201222297227
genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and toxigenic profiles of bacillus cereus strains isolated from sunsik.bacillus cereus can cause emetic and diarrheal types of food poisoning, but little study has been done on the toxins and toxin-encoding genes of b. cereus strains isolated from sunsik, a korean ready-to-eat food prepared from grains, fruits, and vegetables. in this study, 39 unique b. cereus strains were isolated and identified from sunsik samples, with an average contamination level of 10 to 200 cfu/g. the detection rates of the hblacd, cytk, and bcet genes among all the strains were 48.7, 66.7 ...201222289581
the additive and synergistic antimicrobial effects of select frankincense and myrrh oils--a combination from the pharaonic pharmacopoeia.the in vitro antimicrobial activity of three essential oil samples of frankincense (boswellia rivae, boswellia neglecta and boswellia papyrifera) and two essential oil samples of myrrh and sweet myrrh (commiphora guidotti and commiphora myrrha), collected from different regions of ethiopia, was investigated independently and in combination to determine their anti-infective properties.201222288378
bioactives of microbes isolated from western ghat belt of kerala show β-lactamase inhibition along with wide spectrum antimicrobial activity.the present study describes the exploitation of microbial biodiversity from western ghats of kerala for screening of bioactives having β-lactamase inhibitory activities. a total of 700 pure cultures were isolated and were screened for antibacterial activity against a β-lactam resistant bacillus cereus strain (pl 10) isolated from the same niche. bioactive extracts made from 45 isolates showed inhibitory activities against pl 10, of which two strains showed inhibition of extended spectrum β-lacta ...201222350938
volatile organic compounds from centaurium erythraea rafn (croatia) and the antimicrobial potential of its essential oil.gc and ms were used for the analysis of croatian centaurium erythraea rafn essential oil (obtained by hydrodistillation) and headspace (applying headspace solid-phase microextraction). the headspace contained numerous monoterpene hydrocarbons (the major ones were terpinene-4-ol, methone, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and limonene). oxygenated monoterpenes were present in the headspace and oil, while 1,8-cineole, bornyl acetate and verbenone were present only in the headspace. high headspace percentages ...201222349896
bacillus cereus catheter related bloodstream infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.bacillus cereus infection is rarely associated with actual infection and for this reason single positive blood culture is usually regarded as contamination . however it may cause a number of infections, such catheter-related bloodstream infections. significant catheter-related bloodstream infections (crbsi) caused by bacillus spp. are mainly due to b. cereus and have been predominantly reported in immunocompromised hosts. catheter removal is generally advised for management of infection. in this ...201222348186
seasonal variations of phenolic compounds and biological properties in sage (salvia officinalis l.).the aim was to investigate the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity of dalmatian sage (salvia officinalis l.) leaves collected during different vegetation periods. separation and quantification of the individual phenols were performed by reversed-phase (rp)-hplc coupled with a pda (photodiode array) detector and using an internal standard, while the contents of total phenols, flavonoids, flavones, and flavonols were determined spectrophotometrically. the antioxidant ...201222344920
molecular differences between a mutase and a phosphatase: investigations of the activation step in bacillus cereus phosphopentomutase.prokaryotic phosphopentomutases (ppms) are di-mn(2+) enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of α-d-ribose 5-phosphate and α-d-ribose 1-phosphate at an active site located between two independently folded domains. these prokaryotic ppms belong to the alkaline phosphatase superfamily, but previous studies of bacillus cereus ppm suggested adaptations of the conserved alkaline phosphatase catalytic cycle. notably, b. cereus ppm engages substrates when the active site nucleophile, thr-85, is phosp ...201222329805
application of atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma for the in vitro eradication of bacterial biofilms.the use of atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma represents an interesting and novel approach for the decontamination of surfaces colonized with microbial biofilms that exhibit enhanced tolerance to antimicrobial challenge. in this study, the influence of an atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma jet, operated in a helium and oxygen gas mixture under ambient pressure, was evaluated against biofilms of bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. within < ...201222329678
the immune modulation of bacillus cereus var. toyoi in mice immunized with experimental inactivated bovine herpesvirus type 5 vaccine.in recent years, there been significant progress toward develop more efficient vaccines. different compounds with adjuvant capacity have been tested; however, no compound has emerged that suitable for universal use. several efforts have been made to produce effective vaccines against bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5), an important cattle pathogen. in this study we examine the use the probiotic bacillus cereus var. toyoi as a potential adjuvant to improve bohv-5 vaccine efficacy. we observed in the s ...201222285271
assessment of microbial quality of commercial and home-made tiger-nut beverages.we aimed to assess the microbiological quality of spanish commercial tiger-nut beverages as well as home-made samples collected from supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars and ice-cream parlours located in valencia.201222283438
gc/ms method for positive detection of bacillus anthracis endospores.a simple method was developed for detection of bacillus anthracis (ba) endospores and for differentiation of them from other species in the bacillus cereus group. chemical profiles that include lipids (i.e., fatty acids), carbohydrates (i.e., sugars), and the spore-specific biomarker, dipicolinic acid, were generated by one-step thermochemolysis (tcm) at 140 °c in 5 min to provide specific biomarker signatures. anthrose, which is a biomarker characteristic of the b. cereus group of bacteria, was ...201222243393
light-activated porphyrin-based formulations to inactivate bacterial spores.the objective of this study was to develop porphyrin-based formulations to inactivate bacillus spores. we probed the effect of porphyrins alone and in combination with germinants against both bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis spores in the presence of light.201222925067
combined bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis infection in a patient with oesophageal perforation.species of the genus bacillus are a common laboratory contaminant, therefore, isolation of these organisms from blood cultures does not always indicate infection. in fact, except for bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus, most species of the genus bacillus are not considered human pathogens, especially in immunocompetent individuals. here, we report an unusual presentation of bacteraemia and mediastinitis due to co-infection with bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis, which were identifi ...201222918867
filament formation of the ftsz/tubulin-like protein tubz from the bacillus cereus pxo1 plasmid.stable maintenance of low-copy-number plasmids requires partition (par) systems that consist of a nucleotide hydrolase, a dna-binding protein, and a cis-acting dna-binding site. the ftsz/tubulin-like gtpase tubz was identified as a partitioning factor of the virulence plasmids pbtoxis and pxo1 in bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus anthracis, respectively. tubz exhibits high gtpase activity and assembles into polymers both in vivo and in vitro, and its "treadmilling" movement is required for pla ...201222847006
razor ex anthrax air detection system.the razor ex anthrax air detection system, developed by idaho technology, inc. (iti), is a qualitative method for the detection of bacillus anthracis spores collected by air collection devices. this system comprises a dna extraction kit, a freeze-dried pcr reagent pouch, and the razor ex real-time pcr instrument. each pouch contains three assays, which distinguish potentially virulent b. anthracis from avirulent b. anthracis and other bacillus species. these assays target the pxo1 and pxo2 plasm ...201222816278
crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the bacillus cereus sleb protein, important in cortex peptidoglycan degradation during spore germination.the sleb protein is one of two redundant cortex-lytic enzymes (cles) that initiate the degradation of cortex peptidoglycan (pg), a process essential for germination of spores of bacillus species, including bacillus anthracis. sleb has been characterized as a soluble lytic transglycosylase that specifically recognizes spore cortex pg and catalyzes the cleavage of glycosidic bonds between n-acetylmuramic acid (nam) and n-acetylglucosamine residues with concomitant formation of a 1,6-anhydro bond i ...201222730118
development of metal-chelating inhibitors for the class ii fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (fbp) aldolase.it has long been suggested that the essential and ubiquitous enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (fbp) aldolase could be a good drug target against bacteria and fungi, since lower organisms possess a metal-dependant (class ii) fbp aldolase, as opposed to higher organisms which possess a schiff-base forming (class i) fbp aldolase. we have tested the capacity of derivatives of the metal-chelating compound dipicolinic acid (dpa), as well a thiol-containing compound, to inhibit purified recombinant cla ...201222546686
trace detection of meglumine and diatrizoate from bacillus spore samples using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.following the september 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, letters containing bacillus anthracis were distributed through the united states postal system killing five people. a complex forensic investigation commenced to identify the perpetrator of these mailings. a novel liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry protocol for the qualitative detection of trace levels of meglumine and diatrizoate in dried spore preparations of b. anthracis was developed. meglumine and diatrizoate are components of radiogr ...201222537353
biosecurity aspects and pathogen inactivation in acidified high risk animal by-products.the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of formic acid addition to ground high risk animal by-products (abp 1) in terms of stabilization and pathogen inactivation and to evaluate the biosecurity risk connected with the abp 1 based combustion fuel biomal. laboratory studies were performed on the persistence of salmonella typhimurium, bacillus cereus spores, porcine herpes virus, avian influenza virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, equine rhinitis a virus and porcine parvovirus in bioma ...201222506709
laccase- and chloroperoxidase-nanotube paint composites with bactericidal and sporicidal activity.laccase and chloroperoxidase (cpo) were separately immobilized onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwnts) and subsequently mixed with a commercial eco-friendly paint to generate biocatalytic coatings. the laccase-nanotube based paints showed >99% bactericidal activity against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus (both challenged with 10⁶ cfu/ml) within 30 min and >98% sporicidal activity against bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis-δsterne (initially challenged with 10⁴ cfu/ml) within 12 ...201222500892
invariant gly residue is important for α-defensin folding, dimerization, and function: a case study of the human neutrophil α-defensin hnp1.the human α-defensins (hnp) are synthesized in vivo as inactive prodefensins, and contain a conserved glycine, gly(17), which is part of a β-bulge structure. it had previously been shown that the glycine main chain torsion angles are in a d-configuration, and that d-amino acids but not l-alanine could be substituted at that position to yield correctly folded peptides without the help of a prodomain. in this study, the glycine to l-alanine mutant defensin was synthesized in the form of a prodefen ...201222496447
sverdlovsk revisited: pulmonary pathology of inhalational anthrax versus anthraxlike bacillus cereus pneumonia. 201222372894
characterization of a novel lytic protein encoded by the bacillus cereus e33l gene ampd as a bacillus anthracis antimicrobial protein.lytic proteins encoded by bacterial genomes have been implicated in cell wall biosynthesis and recycling. the bacillus cereus e33l ampd gene encodes a putative n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase. this gene, expressed in vitro, produced a very stable, highly active lytic protein. very low concentrations rapidly and efficiently lyse vegetative bacillus anthracis cells.201222344637
diversity of spore-forming bacteria and identification of bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a species frequently associated with the ropy spoilage of bread.this study examines the diversity of spore-forming bacteria isolated from raw materials/bread using molecular methods along with a rapid and innovative technology, the ft-nir spectroscopy. microbiological analysis showed that 23% of semolina and 42% of other raw materials (including grain, brewer yeast, improvers) contained more than 100 spores/g and more than 50% of each kind of sample was contaminated at a level ranging from 1 to 100 spores/g. a high bacterial diversity characterized raw mater ...201222551674
[diagnosis and control of human food poisoning outbreaks].medical microbiology laboratories play a key role in the investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks. bacterial pathogens (salmonella, escherichia coli, campylobacter, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, etc) have historically been implicated in foodborne illness, while the role of viruses (especially norovirus) appears to have been underestimated. culture-based diagnosis has gradually been complemented, or replaced, by rapid molecular methods applied directly to bi ...201224313020
genome organization of temperate phage 11143 from emetic bacillus cereus nctc11143.a temperate phage was isolated from emetic bacillus cereus nctc 11143 by mitomycin c and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dna and protein analyses. whole genome sequencing of bacillus phage 11143 was performed by gs-flx. the phage has a dsdna genome of 39,077 bp and a 35% g+c content. bioinformatic analysis of the phage genome revealed 49 putative orfs involved in replication, morphogenesis, dna packaging, lysogeny, and host lysis. bacillus phage 11143 could be classified as ...201222561859
a urea channel from bacillus cereus reveals a novel hexameric structure.urea is exploited as a nitrogen source by bacteria, and its breakdown products, ammonia and bicarbonate, are employed to counteract stomach acidity in pathogens such as helicobacter pylori. uptake in the latter is mediated by urei, a uac (urea amide channel) family member. in the present paper, we describe the structure and function of uacbc, a homologue from bacillus cereus. the purified channel was found to be permeable not only to urea, but also to other small amides. cd and ir spectroscopy r ...201222553922
antibacterial anthraquinone derivatives from a sea anemone-derived fungus nigrospora sp.chemical investigation of a marine-derived fungus nigrospora sp., isolated from an unidentified sea anemone, yielded two new hydroanthraquinone analogues, 4a-epi-9α-methoxydihydrodeoxybostrycin (1) and 10-deoxybostrycin (2), together with seven known anthraquinone derivatives (3-9). the structures of the two new compounds were established through extensive nmr spectroscopy as well as a single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis using cu kα radiation. the antibacterial activities of compounds 1-9 ...201222545792
two piperazic acid-containing cyclic hexapeptides from streptomyces alboflavus 313.two novel cyclic hexapeptides, designated nw-g10 (1) and nw-g11 (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of streptomyces alboflavus 313. their relative structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations of several constituent amino acids were determined by marfey's method. nw-g10 (1) and nw-g11 (2) exhibited significant activity against gram-positive bacteria, such as bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus, inc ...201222543750
cody, a pleiotropic regulator, influences multicellular behaviour and efficient production of virulence factors in bacillus cereus.in response to nutrient limitation in the environment, the global transcriptional regulator cody modulates various pathways in low g+c gram-positive bacteria. in bacillus subtilis cody triggers adaptation to starvation by secretion of proteases coupled to the expression of amino acid transporters. furthermore, it is involved in modulating survival strategies like sporulation, motility, biofilm formation, and cody is also known to affect virulence factor production in pathogenic bacteria. in this ...201222540344
global mrna decay analysis at single nucleotide resolution reveals segmental and positional degradation patterns in a gram-positive bacterium.recent years have shown a marked increase in the use of next-generation sequencing technologies for quantification of gene expression (rna sequencing, rna-seq). the expression level of a gene is a function of both its rate of transcription and rna decay, and the influence of mrna decay rates on gene expression in genome-wide studies of gram-positive bacteria is under-investigated.201222537947
on the active site of mononuclear b1 metallo β-lactamases: a computational study.metallo-β-lactamases (mβls) are zn(ii)-based bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics, hampering their beneficial effects. in the most relevant subclass (b1), x-ray crystallography studies on the enzyme from bacillus cereus point to either two zinc ions in two metal sites (the so-called '3h' and 'dch' sites) or a single zn(ii) ion in the 3h site, where the ion is coordinated by asp120, cys221 and his263 residues. however, spectroscopic studies on the b1 enzyme from b. cereus in the ...201222532071
biochemical analysis and investigation on the prospective applications of alkaline protease from a bacillus cereus strain.proteases have prospective financial and environment-friendly applications; hence attention is focused currently on the finding of new protease producing microorganism so as to meet the requirements of industry. a thermophilic bacterial strain producing extracellular protease activity was isolated from soil and identified as bacillus cereus by analysis of 16s rrna. protease production by the microorganism was improved by studying the impact of the type of nitrogen and carbon source, fermentation ...201222528469
characterization of an endolysin, lysbps13, from a bacillus cereus bacteriophage.use of bacteriophages as biocontrol agents is a promising tool for controlling pathogenic bacteria including antibiotic-resistant bacteria. not only bacteriophages but also endolysins, the peptidoglycan hydrolyzing enzymes encoded by bacteriophages, have high potential for applications as biocontrol agents against food-borne pathogens. in this study, a putative endolysin gene was identified in the genome of the bacteriophage bps13, which infects bacillus cereus. in silico analysis of this endoly ...201222524239
iron regulates expression of bacillus cereus hemolysin ii via global regulator fur.the capacity of pathogens to respond to environmental signals, such as iron concentration, is key to bacterial survival and establishment of a successful infection. bacillus cereus is a widely distributed bacterium with distinct pathogenic properties. hemolysin ii (hlyii) is one of its pore-forming cytotoxins and has been shown to be involved in bacterial pathogenicity in a number of cell and animal models. unlike many other b. cereus pathogenicity factors, hlyii is not regulated by pleiotropic ...201222522892
development of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of cronobacter muytjensii (formerly called enterobacter sakazakii).this study aimed to produce a polyclonal antibody against cronobacter muytjensii (c. muytjensii, formerly called enterobacter sakazakii) and to develop an immunoassay for its detection. the optimum production of rabbit anti-c. muytjensii immunoglobulin g (igg) and chicken anti-c. muytjensii igy was reached in weeks 8 and 9, respectively. purification of rabbit anti-c. muytjensii igg from immunized rabbit sera was accomplished using the caprylic acid and ammonium sulfate precipitation method. as ...201222519814
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