Publications

preliminary foodnet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--10 states, united states, 2005.	foodborne illnesses are a substantial health burden in the united states. the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet) of cdc's emerging infections program collects data from 10 u.s. states regarding diseases caused by enteric pathogens transmitted commonly through food. foodnet quantifies and monitors the incidence of these infections by conducting active, population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed illness. this report describes preliminary surveillance data for 2005 ...	2006	16617286
synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial and anticonvulsant activities of some new 3-[2- (5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl/4-carbethoxymethylthiazol-2-yl) imino-4-thiazolidinon-5-ylidene]-5-substituted/nonsubstituted 1h-indole-2-ones and investigation of their structure-activity relationships.	in the present study, 20 new compounds having 3-[2-(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) imino-4-thiazolidinon-5-ylidene]-5-substituted/nonsubstituted 1h-indole-2-one (i-xii) and 3-[2-(4-carbethoxymethylthiazol-2-yl)imino-4-thiazoldinon-5-ylidenel-5-substituted/nonsubstituted ih-indole-2-one (xiii-xx) systems were synthesized. the structures were confirmed by spectral methods (uv, ir, 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr, 13c-dept (135), electron impact mass spectrometry) and elemental analysis. all compounds were tested fo ...	2006	16618017
archaeology and evolution of transfer rna genes in the escherichia coli genome.	transfer rna genes tend to be presented in multiple copies in the genomes of most organisms, from bacteria to eukaryotes. the evolution and genomic structure of trna genes has been a somewhat neglected area of molecular evolution. escherichia coli, the first phylogenetic species for which more than two different strains have been sequenced, provides an invaluable framework to study the evolution of trna genes. in this work, a detailed analysis of the trna structure of the genomes of escherichia ...	2006	16618964
antienterobacterial activity of hemidesmus indicus r. br. root extract.	the antienterobacterial activity of the chloroform and methanol extracts of hemidesmus indicus root was demonstrated using a variety of methods and different enterobacterial strains. although the constituents were similar in the chloroform extract (chi) and the fatty substance separated (me1) from the methanol extract (mhi), me1 was found to be more effective than chi as evident from the disc diffusion method. me1 was found to be more active than mhi, followed by chi. this may be due to the inef ...	2006	16619372
ospe2 of shigella sonnei is required for the maintenance of cell architecture of bacterium-infected cells.	the ospe2 product of shigella spp., the expression of which is regulated by the mxie gene, is secreted through a type iii secretion system into host cells. we investigated the function of ospe2 of shigella sonnei by using cultured epithelial cells. cells invaded by an ospe2 deletion mutant altered their morphology into the rounding shape, which was not due to cell death, whereas cells invaded by the wild-type strain kept their cell shape intact. the ospe2 mutation did not affect initial cell ent ...	2006	16622194
mucosal adjuvant properties of the shigella invasin complex.	the shigella invasin complex (invaplex) is an effective mucosal vaccine capable of protecting against shigella challenge in animal models. the major antigenic constituents of invaplex are the ipa proteins and lipopolysaccharide. the cell-binding capacity of the ipa proteins prompted the investigation into the adjuvanticity of invaplex. using ovalbumin (ova) as a model antigen, intranasal immunization with ova combined with invaplex was found to enhance anti-ova serum immunoglobulin g (igg) and i ...	2006	16622224
a recurring outbreak of shigella sonnei among traditionally observant jewish children in new york city: the risks of daycare and household transmission.	dispersed community outbreaks of shigella sonnei have occurred cyclically among traditionally observant jews in the united states. in february 2000, we investigated a s. sonnei outbreak in one jewish community in new york city. to determine risk factors for introduction of infection into households, we conducted a cohort study of households to compare risk factors for illness among primary subjects within households and age-matched well siblings. isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electr ...	2006	16623986
newly identified bacteriophages carrying the stx2g shiga toxin gene isolated from escherichia coli strains in polluted waters.	shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages are the main vehicle involved in horizontal transmission of stx1 and stx2 genes, which has led to the current spread of stx genes among a high number of escherichia coli serotypes and other enterobacteria. several stx gene variants have been described, although some of the variants have never been isolated from inducible bacteriophages. in this study, two stx2g-carrying bacteriophages induced from two different e. coli o2:h25 strains isolated from different ...	2006	16630267
[the development of irritable bowel syndrome after shigella infection: 3 year follow-up study].	bacterial gastroenteritis seems to be a risk factor of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). the incidence of post-infectious ibs (pi-ibs) was reported to be in the range of 7-31%, but few studies have reported long term follow-up results. so, we investigated the clinical course and prognosis of pi-ibs three years after shigella infection.	2006	16632982
[application of pulse field gel electrophoresis in molecular typing method on dealing with the outbreak of intestinal pathogen].	to explore and establish fast and sensitive typing diagnostic methods on intestinal pathogen.	2006	16640911
fast, easy and efficient: site-specific insertion of transgenes into enterobacterial chromosomes using tn7 without need for selection of the insertion event.	inserting transgenes into bacterial chromosomes is generally quite involved, requiring a selection for cells carrying the insertion, usually for drug-resistance, or multiple cumbersome manipulations, or both. several approaches use phage lambda red recombination, which allows for the possibility of mutagenesis of the transgene during a pcr step.	2006	16646962
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among gastroenteritis-causing pathogens recovered in europe and latin america and salmonella isolates recovered from bloodstream infections in north america and latin america: report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (2003).	gastroenteritis-causing pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. complicating the clinical diarrhoea syndrome is the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among the responsible bacterial pathogens. the reported increases in fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella, shigella and campylobacter have been extremely worrisome considering the primary role of ciprofloxacin as a treatment. in this study, 1479 bacterial isolates from gastroenteritis infections were col ...	2006	16647842
synthesis of hexa- to tridecasaccharides related to shigella dysenteriae type 1 for incorporation in experimental vaccines.	hexa- to tridecasaccharides corresponding to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of the gram-negative bacterium shigella dysenteriae type 1 were synthesized in solution phase. the syntheses utilized tetra-, octa-, and dodecasaccharide intermediates that represent one to three contiguous tetrasaccharide repeating units of the o-sp [synlett2003, 743]. these compounds were glycosylated with mono-, di-, and trisaccharide trichloroacetamidates, which were synthesized in this study. the excellent ste ...	2006	16650395
future directions for research on enterotoxigenic escherichia coli vaccines for developing countries.		2006	16671213
direct visualization of red fluorescent lipoproteins indicates conservation of the membrane sorting rules in the family enterobacteriaceae.	chimeras created by fusing the monomeric red fluorescent protein (rfp) to a bacterial lipoprotein signal peptide (liporfps) were visualized in the cell envelope by epifluorescence microscopy. plasmolysis of the bacteria separated the inner and outer membranes, allowing the specific subcellular localization of liporfps to be determined in situ. when equipped with the canonical inner membrane lipoprotein retention signal cdsr, liporfp was located in the inner membrane in escherichia coli, whereas ...	2006	16672606
future needs and directions for shigella vaccines.		2006	16673461
xylose utilization and short-chain fatty acid production by selected components of the intestinal microflora of a rodent pollinator (aethomys namaquensis).	namaqua rock mice (aethomys namaquensis) consume nectar xylose when visiting protea flowers. whole-animal metabolism studies suggest that the gastrointestinal microflora plays an important role in xylose metabolism in a. namaquensis. we collected caecal contents under anaerobic conditions, cultured caecal microflora both aerobically and anaerobically, and assessed caecal microbial xylose utilization using a (14)c-xylose incubation assay. all four mice sampled hosted culturable caecal micro-organ ...	2006	16676189
carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for infectious diseases.	adhesion of pathogenic organisms to host tissues is the prerequisite for the initiation of the majority of infectious diseases. in many systems, it is mediated by lectins present on the surface of the infectious organism that bind to complementary carbohydrates on the surface of the host tissues. lectin-deficient mutants often lack the ability to initiate infection. the bacterial lectins are typically in the form of elongated submicroscopic multi-subunit protein appendages, known as fimbriae (or ...	2006	16564136
prolonged outbreak of giardiasis with two modes of transmission.	large outbreaks of giardiasis caused by person-to-person transmission, or a combination of transmission routes, have not previously been reported. a large, prolonged giardiasis outbreak affected families belonging to a country club in a suburb of boston, massachusetts, during june-december 2003. we conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the source of this outbreak. giardiasis-compatible illness was experienced by 149 (25%) respondents to a questionnaire, and was laboratory confirmed ...	2006	16569269
in vitro antibacterial, antifungal & cytotoxic activity of some isonicotinoylhydrazide schiff's bases and their cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes.	isonicotinoylhydrazide schiff's bases formed by the reaction of substituted and unsubstituted furyl-2-carboxaldehyde and thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with isoniazid and, their co (ii), cu (ii), ni (ii) and zn (ii) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, bacillus cereus, corynebac ...	2006	16570512
isolation & antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella from patients with acute gastroenteritis in western nepal.	shigellae play an important role as a causative organism of acute gastroenteritis, which is a global health problem with significant morbidity and mortality in especially in developing countries. this study was carried out to determine the isolation and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella in patients with acute gastroenteritis in western nepal.	2006	16575113
the effects of alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on the association of caco-2 cells by enteropathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium and shigella flexneri.	two milk components, alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) and glycomacropeptide (gmp) may inhibit intestinal infection/intoxification. (3)[h] thymidine-labeled enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), salmonella typhimurium (atcc 6994) or shigella flexneri (atcc 9199) were introduced to caco-2 cultures and their association with caco-2 cells was assessed. undigested, pepsin-digested and pepsin- and pancreatin-digested alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide inhibited association. thus, milk supplemente ...	2006	16684117
the emerging strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 in bangladesh are clonal.	a total of 113 strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 isolated from patients attending the dhaka diarrhoea treatment centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research during the period 1999-2004 were studied. serotype of the isolates was confirmed using commercially available antisera. except for arabinose fermentation, all the strains had similar biochemical reactions. more than 60% of the strains were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics; only 6% (n=7) of the strains were resistan ...	2006	16684401
incidence, etiology, and impact of diarrhea among long-term travelers (us military and similar populations): a systematic review.	to determine regional estimates of pathogen-specific prevalence and incidence, as well as, describe morbidity associated with diarrhea among deployed us military and similar populations, a systematic review was conducted for publications between january 1990 to june 2005. point estimates and confidence intervals of pathogen prevalence and travelers' diarrhea incidence were combined in a random effects model and assessed for heterogeneity. in total, 262 studies were identified for potential inclu ...	2006	16687698
[antibiotic resistance, plasmid profile and ribotyping in cuban shigella sonnei strains].		2006	16688295
sex and virulence in escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective.	pathogenic escherichia coli cause over 160 million cases of dysentery and one million deaths per year, whereas non-pathogenic e. coli constitute part of the normal intestinal flora of healthy mammals and birds. the evolutionary pathways underlying this dichotomy in bacterial lifestyle were investigated by multilocus sequence typing of a global collection of isolates. specific pathogen types [enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, enteropathogenic e. coli, enteroinvasive e. coli, k1 and shigella] have arise ...	2006	16689791
anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies in acute appendicitis detected by elisa.	in acute appendicitis the bowel transmissibility of the intestinal flora increases in relation to inflammation and edema formation. we can therefore observe an immunologic response in patients, which is detectable using different bacteria isolated from the normal intestinal flora. our aim was to measure this immunologic reaction and to detect the relationship between this response and histologic types of acute appendicitis. sera from 47 cases, comprising 38 patients suffering from appendicitis a ...	2006	16689825
epidemiology and genetic characterization of shigella flexneri strains isolated from three paediatric populations in egypt (2000-2004).	ninety-seven isolates of shigella flexneri from children seeking medical care from three sites in egypt were characterized. overall, 46.4% of children (median age 17 months) were febrile or reported blood in their stools, 25.8% were dehydrated and 16.5% were admitted to hospital. serotypes 2a (37.1%), 1b (18.6%), 1c (17.5%), and 6 (15.5%) comprised over 88.7% of the total isolates. we observed marked resistance to ampicillin (87.6%), tetracycline (84.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63.9%) ...	2006	16690004
antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against entero- and uropathogens.	to develop in vitro assays for comparing the antagonistic properties and anti-oxidative activity of probiotic lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains against various entero- and urinary pathogens.	2006	16696680
[aeromonas associated with an acute diarrhea outbreak in são bento do una, pernambuco].	an acute diarrhea outbreak, with 2170 cases, was described during january to july, 2004, in são bento do una, pernambuco. 582 stools were examined and an enteric pathogen was recovered in 25% (145 patients). aeromonas species were the most frequent (114-19.5%) and the main isolates were aeromonas caviae (57-9.8%), aeromonas veronii biovar sobria (23-3.9%), aeromonas veronii biovar veronii (15-2.6%) and other species (19-3.2%). the other isolated enteropathogens were vibrio cholerae o1-ogawa toxi ...	2006	16699653
waterborne epidemic outbreak of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis in santa maria de palautordera, catalonia, spain.	in august 2002 an outbreak of shigella sonnei infection occurred in a spanish town of 6343 inhabitants. in total, 756 people developed acute gastroenteritis and 181 cases were shigella-confirmed. the peak incidence was during 5-6 august 2002. the estimated primary attack rate was 9.97%; the attack rate for secondary cases was 38%. the <15 years ago group was most affected (16.49%). the town and its surroundings were served by two water systems, a and b. the cases had consumed water provided by s ...	2006	16194288
immunogenicity of multivalent shigella-etec candidate vaccine strains in a guinea pig model.	shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli continue to be significant causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries as well as prevalent agents of traveler's diarrhea. a vaccine which provides protection against disease caused by both pathogens would serve common at-risk populations. such a vaccine would require inclusion of multiple shigella strains as well as multiple etec antigens. the use of attenuated strains of shigella as live vectors for the express ...	2006	16169130
the "domino theory" of gene death: gradual and mass gene extinction events in three lineages of obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens.	during the adaptation of an organism to a parasitic lifestyle, various gene functions may be rendered superfluous due to the fact that the host may supply these needs. as a consequence, obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens tend to undergo reductive genomic evolution through gene death (nonfunctionalization or pseudogenization) and deletion. here, we examine the evolutionary sequence of gene-death events during the process of genome miniaturization in three bacterial species that have experienc ...	2006	16237210
antibacterial and wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of some nigerian medicinal plants.	this study was conducted to evaluate methanolic extracts of ageratum conyzoides, anthocleista djalonensis, napoleona imperialis, ocimum gratissimum, and psidium guajava for antibacterial and wound healing properties. antibacterial properties of the extracts were studied against eleven wound isolates (staphylococcus aureus (four strains), e. coli (two strains), pseudomonas aeruginosa (one strain), proteus spp. (three strains), and shigella spp. (one strain)) using the well diffusion method. wound ...	2006	16226414
shigella spa33 is an essential c-ring component of type iii secretion machinery.	type iii secretion machinery (ttsm), composed of a needle, a basal body, and a c-ring compartment, delivers a subset of effectors into host cells. here, we show that shigella spa33 is an essential component of the c-ring compartment involved in mediating the transit of various ttsm-associated translocated proteins. electron microscopic analysis and pull-down assay revealed spa33 to be localized beneath the ttsm via interaction with mxig and mxij (basal body components). spa33 is also capable of ...	2006	16246841
shigella and salmonella: death as a means of survival.	shigella and salmonella kill host cells and trigger inflammatory responses by mechanisms that are not fully understood. the goal of this review is to reevaluate key observations reported over the past 15 years and, whenever possible, to provide a chronological perspective as to how our understanding of the pathways by which shigella and salmonella kill host cells has evolved.	2006	16297650
toward a better understanding of the basis of the molecular mimicry of polysaccharide antigens by peptides: the example of shigella flexneri 5a.	protein conjugates of oligosaccharides or peptides that mimic complex bacterial polysaccharide antigens represent alternatives to the classical polysaccharide-based conjugate vaccines developed so far. hence, a better understanding of the molecular basis ensuring appropriate mimicry is required in order to design efficient carbohydrate mimic-based vaccines. this study focuses on the following two unrelated sets of mimics of the shigella flexneri 5a o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp): (i) a synthet ...	2006	16251186
detection of intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using conventional serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is commonly used in molecular epidemiology. however, this technique has never been used in studying intra-family spread of enteric diseases in bangladesh. our objective was to evaluate the intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using pfge. children of either sex, less than 10 years old, who were family contacts of shigella-infected index cases were the study population. pfge was applied if the same serotypes/sub-serotypes of shigella were isolat ...	2006	16288683
a large, multiple-restaurant outbreak of infection with shigella flexneri serotype 2a traced to tomatoes.	foodborne outbreaks of shigella infection are uncommon and tomatoes are an unusual vehicle. we describe a large, multiple-restaurant outbreak of shigella flexneri serotype 2a infection that was associated with tomatoes.	2006	16355324
bacterial gene therapy strategies.	the ability of bacteria to mediate gene transfer has only recently been established and these observations have led to the utilization of various bacterial strains in gene therapy. the types of bacteria used include attenuated strains of salmonella, shigella, listeria, and yersinia, as well as non-pathogenic escherichia coli. for some of these vectors, the mechanism of dna transfer from the bacteria to the mammalian cell is not yet fully understood but their potential to deliver therapeutic mole ...	2006	16362987
development and evaluation of a shigella flexneri 2a and s. sonnei bivalent invasin complex (invaplex) vaccine.	over 160 million cases of shigellosis occur annually worldwide, with the two most prevalent species being shigella flexneri and s. sonnei. protective immunity against shigella infection is primarily directed at the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of the homologous serotype, so it may be necessary to combine monovalent vaccines for multiple shigella serotypes to construct a multivalent vaccine against predominant serotypes. recently, we described a subcellular vaccine isolated from virulent s. flexneri, ...	2006	16364513
shibase: an integrated database for comparative genomics of shigella.	among the major enteric bacterial pathogens, shigella is found to display extreme genome diversity and dynamics, which imposes a challenge in comparative genomic studies. to facilitate further studies in this area, we have constructed an integrated online database, shibase (http://www.mgc.ac.cn/shibase/),which contains shigella genomic sequences of four species and additional comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) data of 43 serotypes. shibase offers online comparative analysis on dna sequences ...	2006	16381896
bacterial and plant enterotoxin b subunit-autoantigen fusion proteins suppress diabetes insulitis.	several bacterial and plant enterotoxin b subunit-islet autoantigen fusion proteins were compared for their ability to serve as islet autoantigen carriers and adjuvants for reduction of pancreatic islet inflammation associated with type 1 diabetes. the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb), the heat-labile toxin b subunit from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (ltb), the shigella toxin b subunit (stb), and the plant toxin ricin b subunit (rtb) were genetically linked to the islet autoantigens proinsulin ...	2006	16382177
[control of the host inflammatory response during shigella flexneri infection].		2006	16386212
update on emerging infections: news from the centers for disease control and prevention. shigella flexneri serotype 3 infections among men who have sex with men--chicago, illinois 2003-2004.		2006	16387224
proteomic and functional analysis of the suite of ysp proteins exported by the ysa type iii secretion system of yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1b.	full virulence of yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1b requires two distinct and distantly related contact-dependent type iii secretion (t3s) systems. the plasmid-encoded ysc t3s system is essential for systemic stages of infection and the yop effector proteins it translocates have been extensively studied. the chromosome-encoded ysa t3s system contributes to gastrointestinal stages of infection, but the suite of ysp effectors proteins it translocates into host cells remains obscure. using a proteo ...	2006	16390460
low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in bangladesh.	hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) may complicate up to 15% of cases of shiga toxin (stx)-expressing enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 infections in children. administration of antimicrobials has been reported to increase the risk of stec-associated hus by >10-fold, presumably by increasing the expression and release of stx by dying stec bacteria. shigella dysenteriae type 1 also expresses stx. however, the effect of antimicrobial therapy on stx release and the risk of hus in humans ...	2006	16392080
anti-inflammatory effect of lactobacillus casei on shigella-infected human intestinal epithelial cells.	shigella invades the human intestinal mucosa, thus causing bacillary dysentery, an acute recto-colitis responsible for lethal complications, mostly in infants and toddlers. conversely, commensal bacteria live in a mutualistic relationship with the intestinal mucosa that is characterized by homeostatic control of innate responses, thereby contributing to tolerance to the flora. cross-talk established between commensals and the intestinal epithelium mediate this active process, the mechanisms of w ...	2006	16394013
distribution of a transposon-like element carrying bla(cmy-2) among salmonella and other enterobacteriaceae.	the dissemination of cephamycin resistance in enterobacteriaceae and its correlation with a transposon-like dna element consisting of a specific tnpa-bla(cmy-2)-blc-suge structure were investigated.	2006	16396917
antidiarrhoeal evaluation of aegle marmelos (correa) linn. root extract.	a study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antidiarrhoeal potential of chloroform extract of the root of aegle marmelos (correa) linn. the in vitro activity was determined by agar dilution and disc diffusion techniques. the extract was studied in vivo in rats. of the 35 tested pathogenic diarrhoea causing strains, the extract was found to be mostly active against the strains of vibrio cholerae, followed by escherichia coli and shigella spp. the in vitro activity was found to be ...	2006	16397850
characterization of the interaction of single tryptophan containing mutants of ipac from shigella flexneri with phospholipid membranes.	shigella flexneri causes dysentery after invading the epithelial cells of the human colon. enterocyte invasion is induced by the bacterial effector ipac (invasion plasmid antigen c), which triggers shigella entry into epithelial cells by a rather poorly understood mechanism. ipac is also involved in pathogen escape into the host cell cytoplasm following uptake, and this property may be reflected in its ability to disrupt phospholipid vesicles in vitro. purified recombinant ipac interacts with li ...	2006	16401091
partial characterization of enterocin mr99 from a corn silage isolate of enterococcus faecalis.	to assess the inhibitory activity on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria of several species of enterococci recovered from a natural corn silage.	2006	16405692
clinic-based surveillance for bacterial- and rotavirus-associated diarrhea in egyptian children.	to identify enteropathogens for vaccine development, we implemented clinic-based surveillance for severe pediatric diarrhea in egypt's nile river delta. over 2 years, a physician clinically evaluated and obtained stool samples for microbiology from patients with diarrhea and less than 6 years of age. in the first (n = 714) and second clinic (n = 561), respectively, 36% (n = 254) and 46% (n = 260) of children were infected with rotavirus, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), campylobacter, or ...	2006	16407360
comparing shigella waterborne outbreaks in four different areas in greece: common features and differences.	in greece the public health surveillance for most infectious diseases, including shigellosis, is not well developed. however, four waterborne outbreaks of shigellosis have been recorded in greece in the last three decades, in different areas of the country, under different environmental and socioeconomic conditions. this study presents the epidemiological characteristics of these four outbreaks in order to examine common points and differences and to investigate their possible association with e ...	2006	16409663
identification of a bacterial type iii effector family with g protein mimicry functions.	many bacterial pathogens use the type iii secretion system to inject "effector" proteins into host cells. here, we report the identification of a 24 member effector protein family found in pathogens including salmonella, shigella, and enteropathogenic e. coli. members of this family subvert host cell function by mimicking the signaling properties of ras-like gtpases. the effector ipgb2 stimulates cellular responses analogous to gtp-active rhoa, whereas ipgb1 and map function as the active forms ...	2006	16413487
yersinia's stratagem: targeting innate and adaptive immune defense.	in contrast to salmonella and shigella, enteropathogenic yersinia species are extracellular multiplying gram-negative bacteria. this life style requires a sophisticated anti-host strategy, which is implemented by the yersinia virulence plasmid. this plasmid encodes the type 3 secretion system (injectisome), at least six microinjected anti-host effector proteins, a trimeric coiled coil outer membrane protein (yersinia adhesin) with cell adhesin and protective functions against complement and defe ...	2006	16413818
sorbitol-fermenting shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157: indications for an animal reservoir.	this study investigates a sorbitol-fermenting enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (sf ehec) o157 infection in a farmer's family in the austrian province of salzburg. the investigation commenced after a 10-month-old boy was admitted to hospital with the clinical diagnosis of a haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) and his stool specimen grew sf ehec o157:h-. in a subsequent environmental survey, a stool specimen of the 2-year-old brother and faecal samples of two cattle from the family's farm were al ...	2006	16371175
high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among shigella isolates in the united states tested by the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system from 1999 to 2002.	shigella spp. infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the united states, resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations. since 1999, the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms) for enteric bacteria has tested every 10th shigella isolate from 16 state or local public health laboratories for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. from 1999 to 2002, narms tested 1,604 isolates. among 1,598 isolates identified to species level, 1,278 (80%) were shigella sonnei, 295 (18%) w ...	2006	16377666
outbreak of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis in northeastern taiwan.	a gastroenteritis outbreak of shigella sonnei involving 122 children occurred between april 2001 and january 2002 in i-lan, taiwan. the resistant rates of the isolates to nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and ceftriaxone were 98, 97.5, 32 and 27%, respectively. none of the isolates was resistant to ciprofloxacin. prolonged bacterial shedding in the feces can occur when an inappropriate antibiotic is used.	2006	16395118
a novel strategy for the identification of genomic islands by comparative analysis of the contents and contexts of trna sites in closely related bacteria.	we devised software tools to systematically investigate the contents and contexts of bacterial trna and tmrna genes, which are known insertion hotspots for genomic islands (gis). the strategy, based on mauve-facilitated multigenome comparisons, was used to examine 87 escherichia coli mg1655 trna and tmrna genes and their orthologues in e.coli edl933, e.coli cft073 and shigella flexneri sf301. our approach identified 49 gis occupying approximately 1.7 mb that mapped to 18 trna genes, missing 2 bu ...	2006	16414954
actin-dependent movement of bacterial pathogens.	listeria, rickettsia, burkholderia, shigella and mycobacterium species subvert cellular actin dynamics to facilitate their movement within the host cytosol and to infect neighbouring cells while evading host immune surveillance and promoting their intracellular survival. 'attaching and effacing' escherichia coli do not enter host cells but attach intimately to the cell surface, inducing motile actin-rich pedestals, the function of which is currently unclear. the molecular basis of actin-based mo ...	2006	16415925
sensitivities of foodborne pathogens to pressure changes.	eight foodborne pathogens were suspended in ultrahigh-temperature whole milk and treated at pressure levels of 0.1 to 690 mpa at 21.5 degrees c for 10 min. there was no clear trend in pressure resistance between gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. the order of the single strains tested, from most to least pressure sensitive, was vibrio parahaemolyticus < yersinia enterocolitica < listeria monocytogenes < salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium < s. enterica serovar enteritidis < escherich ...	2006	16416910
characterization of virulence factors in the newly described salmonella enterica serotype keurmassar emerging in senegal (sub-saharan africa).	from 2000 to 2001, nine strains of salmonella enterica belonging to the new serotype keurmassar have been isolated from human and poultry samples at the senegalese national salmonella and shigella reference laboratory at the pasteur institute, in dakar. all strains carried virulence factors including salmonella pathogenicity islands (spi)-1, -2, -3 and -5 encoded genes. strains did not harbour virulence plasmid. ribotyping analysis revealed a single clone identical to salmonella decatur isolated ...	2006	16420724
foodborne bacterial infection and hospitalization: a registry-based study.	foodborne bacterial gastrointestinal infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite successful control programs in some developed countries, these infections continue to have a major impact on public health and economy.	2006	16421794
diarrhea in patients with aids.	diarrhea in patients with aids is a worldwide problem that can have a devastating impact on quality of life for the patient. chronic diarrhea, usually defined as at least 4 weeks' duration, is more common in patients with low cd4-positive t-lymphocyte counts, signaling advanced immunosuppression. some organisms, such as microsporidia, usually cause diarrhea only in the immunosuppressed; others, such as cryptosporidium, salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter, which are capable of causing diarrhe ...	2006	16423311
characterization of functional oligosaccharide mimics of the shigella flexneri serotype 2a o-antigen: implications for the development of a chemically defined glycoconjugate vaccine.	protection against reinfection with noncapsulated gram-negative bacteria, such as shigella, an enteroinvasive bacterium responsible for bacillary dysentery, is mainly achieved by abs specific for the o-ag, the polysaccharide part of the lps, the major bacterial surface ag. the use of chemically defined glycoconjugates encompassing oligosaccharides mimicking the protective determinants carried by the o-ag, thus expected to induce an efficient anti-lps ab response, has been considered an alternati ...	2006	16424198
safety and immunogenicity of escherichia coli o157 o-specific polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in 2-5-year-old children.	escherichia coli o157:h7 causes severe enteritis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome, mostly in young children and older adults. similar to the case with shigella, serum igg against the o-specific polysaccharide of e. coli o157:h7 may confer immunity by lysing the inoculum in the intestine. a phase 1 trial in adults showed that a vaccine of e. coli o157:h7 o-specific polysaccharide conjugated to recombinant exotoxin a of pseudomonas aeruginosa (o157-repa) was safe and immunogenic.	2006	16425130
molecular characteristics of shigella spp. isolated from patients with diarrhoea in a new industrialized area of thailand.	in this study, we used plasmid profile analysis, xbai macrorestriction with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and pcr of the ipah gene, to study the molecular characteristics of 183 shigella spp. isolated during may 2000 to april 2003 from rectal swabs of patients with watery and/or bloody diarrhoea in a new industrialized area of thailand. among the 183 isolates, 167 were s. sonnei and 16 were s. flexneri. for plasmid profile analysis, the 183 isolates revealed 16 different plasmid patte ...	2006	16438746
intracellular survival of shigella.	bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells and host recognition and killing of the invading bacteria are a key issue in determining the fate of bacterial infection. once inside host cells, pathogenic bacteria often modify the phagosomal compartment or enter the host cytosol to escape from the lytic compartment and gain a replicative niche. cytosolic invaders, however, are monitored by host innate immune systems, such as mediated by nod/card family proteins, which induce inflammatory responses via ac ...	2006	16441429
shiga toxin exposure modulates intestinal brush border membrane functional proteins in rabbit ileum.	the activities of lactase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase (ap) were studied in intestinal brush border membranes of control and toxin-treated rabbits. purified shiga toxin (stx) exposure to ileal mucosa inhibited activities of brush border enzymes by 50%. kinetic analysis revealed that the observed decrease in bbm enzyme activities was due to reduced v(max) with no change in the affinity constants of the systems. the observed changes in enzyme activities were corroborated by western blot analy ...	2006	16444589
activities of aqueous extracts of mallotus oppositifolium on shigella dysenteriae a1-induced diarrhoea in rats.	1. mallotus oppositifolium is reported to possess medicinal properties and is traditionally used in cameroon for the treatment of diarrhoea. in the present study, we have evaluated the acute toxicity, in vitro antibacterial and in vivo antidiarrhoeal effects of an aqueous extract of these plant leaves. 2. shigella dysenteriae a(1) (sd1)-induced diarrhoeal rats were obtained by oral administration of increasing densities of the sd1 strain isolated from bloody diarrhoea occurring in east cameroon. ...	2006	16445705
fluoroquinolone resistance linked to both gyra and parc mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	we examined the quinolone resistance-determining region (qrdr) of gyra, gyrb, and parc of recently isolated fluoroquinolone-resistant s. dysenteriae type 1 strains from south asia and compared data with fluoroquinolone-susceptible strains associated with previous epidemics of 1978, 1984, and 1994. in fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, double mutations (ser83-->leu, asp87-->asn or gly) and a single mutation (ser80-->ile) were detected in the qrdrs of gyra and parc, respectively.	2006	16450072
apyrase, the product of the virulence plasmid-encoded phon2 (apy) gene of shigella flexneri, is necessary for proper unipolar icsa localization and for efficient intercellular spread.	the role in virulence of the shigella flexneri ospb-phon2 operon has been evaluated. here we confirm that ospb is an effector and show that apyrase, the product of phon2, may be a virulence factor, since it is required for efficient intercellular spreading. apyrase may be important in a deoxynucleoside triphosphate-hydrolyzing activity-independent manner, suggesting that it may act as an interaction partner in the process of icsa localization.	2006	16452446
class 2 integron-associated antibiotic resistance in shigella sonnei isolates in dakar, senegal.	forty-three shigella sonnei isolates from adult patients with diarrhoea in dakar were analysed for the presence of integrons. isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, streptomycin and spectinomycin. a high prevalence of class 2 integrons (93%) was found. these integrons showed three distinct structures: a class 2 integron, part of the tn7 family and its derivatives, carrying four cassettes in the order dfra1-sat-aada1-orfx; a truncated class 2 integron, without o ...	2006	16455233
[autophagic host defense mechanism].		2006	16457203
etiology and epidemiology of diarrhea in children in hanoi, vietnam.	this paper provides a preliminary picture of diarrhea with regards to etiology, clinical symptoms, and some related epidemiologic factors in children less than five years of age living in hanoi, vietnam.	2006	16458564
differential gene expression of pathogens inside infected hosts.	dna microarray is a useful technology for studying differential gene expression in the context of microbe-host interactions. this review concentrates on recent findings of the survival strategies of three intracellular pathogens: shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and mycobacterium tuberculosis.	2006	16459132
signal transduction events involved in human epithelial cell invasion by campylobacter jejuni 81-176.	analyses of invasive enteric bacteria (e.g. shigella, salmonella, listeria, and campylobacter) have shown that these pathogens initiate orchestrated signal transduction cascades in host cells leading to host cytoskeletal rearrangements that result in bacterial uptake. this current study was specifically aimed at examining the involvement of host membrane caveolae and certain protein kinases in epithelial cell invasion by c. jejuni strain 81-176, for which we have previously characterized the kin ...	2006	16426812
transcriptional slippage in mxie controls transcription and translation of the downstream mxid gene, which encodes a component of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion apparatus.	the shigella flexneri transcription activator mxie is produced by transcriptional slippage from two overlapping open reading frames. by using plasmids encoding a mxid-lacz translational fusion, we showed that transcriptional slippage in mxie influences both transcription and translation of the downstream mxid gene encoding an essential component of the type iii secretion apparatus.	2006	16428428
population-based incidence of infection with selected bacterial enteric pathogens in children younger than five years of age, 1996-1998.	previous studies of bacterial enteric infections have suggested a disproportionate disease burden for children younger than 5 years of age.	2006	16462289
new temperate dna phage bcp15 acts as a drug resistance vector.	this study was designed to determine the role of a new temperate dna phage bcp15 in relation to drug resistance. the multidrug resistant shigella flexneri nk1925 was isolated from a patient of infectious diseases hospital, kolkata, india. this strain contained five plasmids ranging in size from 3 to 212 kb. after curing of five plasmids, this strain became sensitive to antibiotics. a plasmidless multidrug-resistant strain burkholderia cepacia dr11 was isolated during the survey of microorganisms ...	2006	16463125
the use of fluoroquinolones in children.	the fluoroquinolones are an important group of antibiotics widely used in the treatment of various infectious diseases in adults, as a result of an excellent spectrum of activity, good tissue penetration and convenient ways of administration. their use in children is limited as a result of possible fluoroquinolone-induced joint/cartilage toxicity observed mainly in juvenile animal studies.	2006	16470165
bacterial invasin: structure, function, and implication for targeted oral gene delivery.	the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract is the first line of defense against foreign pathogens and toxins ingested orally. the content of the gi tract is constantly being sampled by the immune system through specialized epithelial cells known as m-cells, which are present in the peyer's patches of the gut, providing a thin covering over lymphoid tissue. in this way, once a harmful entity is found an immune response can be activated to eliminate the threat. many bacterial pathogens ...	2006	16472093
tennessee shigella update.		2006	16475596
plasmid-mediated bacteriocin production by shigella flexneri isolated from dysenteric diarrhoea and their transformation into escherichia coli.	to determine the production of bacteriocin by shigella flexneri strains, to relate their production to the presence of dysenteric diarrhoea and to asses the genetic determination of the bacteriocin.	2006	16478521
detection of escherichia coli o157 using equal-length double-stranded fluorescence probe in a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (e. coli) o157 is a dangerous pathogen, which causes bloody diarrhea and severe hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). although several assay systems based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) have been integrated to detect this pathogen, most of them are not specific. we report a real-time quantitative pcr method targeting rfbe, a gene specifically expressed in e. coli o157. this method can therefore be used to diagnose enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (e. ...	2006	16480968
ptdins5p activates the host cell pi3-kinase/akt pathway during shigella flexneri infection.	the virulence factor ipgd, delivered into nonphagocytic cells by the type iii secretion system of the pathogen shigella flexneri, is a phosphoinositide 4-phosphatase generating phosphatidylinositol 5 monophosphate (ptdins5p). we show that ptdins5p is rapidly produced and concentrated at the entry foci of the bacteria, where it colocalises with phosphorylated akt during the first steps of infection. moreover, s. flexneri-induced phosphorylation of host cell akt and its targets specifically requir ...	2006	16482216
a review of vaccine research and development: human enteric infections.	worldwide, enteric infections rank third among all causes of disease burden, being responsible for some 1.7-2.5 million deaths per year, mostly in young children and infants in developing countries. the main infectious agents responsible for human enteric infections include several viruses (enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, human caliciviruses (hucv), rotaviruses (rv)) and several bacterial agents, such as campylobacter jejuni, a variety of pathogenic escherichia coli strains including enterot ...	2006	16483695
comparison of bactericidal activity of six lysozymes at atmospheric pressure and under high hydrostatic pressure.	the antibacterial working range of six lysozymes was tested under ambient and high pressure, on a panel of five gram-positive (enterococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis, listeria innocua, staphylococcus aureus and micrococcus lysodeikticus) and five gram-negative bacteria (yersinia enterocolitica, shigella flexneri, escherichia coli o157:h7, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella typhimurium). the lysozymes included two that are commercially available (hen egg white lysozyme or hewl, and mutanolys ...	2006	16487612
comparative analysis of tandem t7-like promoter containing regions in enterobacterial genomes reveals a novel group of genetic islands.	based on molecular information theory, 10 t7-like promoter models were built for the t7 group of phages and used to scan their host genomes and closely related genomes. 38 genomes were scanned and 12 clusters of tandem promoters were identified in nine enteropathogens. comparative analysis of these tandem promoter-bearing regions reveals that they are similar to each other, forming prophage-like islands of 4-13 kb. each island appears to contain two or three tandem t7-like promoters within a str ...	2006	16493139
a chromogenic plating medium for the isolation and identification of enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients, and environmental sources.	a chromogenic agar, r&f enterobacter sakazakii chromogenic plating medium (espm), was developed for isolating presumptive colonies of e. sakazakii from foods and environmental sources. espm contains two chromogenic substrates (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-d-cellobioside), three sugars (sorbitol, d-arabitol, and adonitol), a ph indicator, and inhibitors (bile salts, vancomycin, and cefsulodin), which all contribute to its selectivity and d ...	2006	16496571
radiation processing to ensure safety of minimally processed carrot (daucus carota) and cucumber (cucumis sativus): optimization of dose for the elimination of salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes.	minimally processed vegetables are in demand, because they offer convenience to consumers. however, these products are often unsafe because of possible contamination with pathogens, such as salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, and shigella species. therefore, this study was carried out to optimize the radiation dose necessary to ensure the safety of precut carrot and cucumber. decimal reduction doses (d-values) of salmonella typhimurium mtcc 98 were ca. 0.164 kgy in carrot samples and 0.178 kgy ...	2006	16496592
epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology of traveler's diarrhea.	traveler's diarrhea (td) is the most frequent health problem in travelers to developing countries. several personal and environmental risk factors are at the basis of td acquisition and are discussed in this paper. td is caused by a wide range of infectious organisms, etec and eaec bacteria strains being the main enteropathogens incriminated in td. other causative bacteria are: shigella spp., campylobacter spp., vibrio spp., aeromonas spp., salmonella spp., and plesiomonas spp. parasite species ...	2006	16498258
crystal structure of hypothetical protein yfih from shigella flexneri at 2 a resolution.		2006	16498617
physical characterization of mxih and prgi, the needle component of the type iii secretion apparatus from shigella and salmonella.	shigella and salmonella use similar type iii secretion systems for delivering effector proteins into host cells. this secretion system consists of a base anchored in both bacterial membranes and an extracellular "needle" that forms a rod-like structure exposed on the pathogen surface. the needle is composed of multiple subunits of a single protein and makes direct contact with host cells to facilitate protein delivery. the proteins that make up the needle of shigella and salmonella are mxih and ...	2006	16501225
rapid, sequence-specific detection of unpurified pcr amplicons via a reusable, electrochemical sensor.	we report an electrochemical method for the sequence-specific detection of unpurified amplification products of the gyrb gene of salmonella typhimurium. using an asymmetric pcr and the electrochemical e-dna detection scheme, single-stranded amplicons were produced from as few as 90 gene copies and, without subsequent purification, rapidly identified. the detection is specific; the sensor does not respond when challenged with control oligonucleotides based on the gyrb genes of either escherichia ...	2006	16537478
isolation of enterobacter sakazakii from stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae).	enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. previously, it was suggested that stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. in our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16s rdna pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in kansas and florida. two stable flies ( ...	2006	16541702
genomic compositions and phylogenetic analysis of shigella boydii subgroup.	comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) microarray analysis was used to compare the genomic compositions of all eighteen shigella boydii serotype representative strains. the results indicated the genomic "backbone" of this subgroup contained 2552 orfs homologous to nonpathogenic e. coli k12. compared with the genome of k12199 orfs were found to be absent in all s. boydii serotype representatives, including mainly outer membrane protein genes and o-antigen biosynthesis genes. yet the specific orf ...	2006	16544575
antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in limpopo province, south africa.	the ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed that 21 plant species belonging to 14 families are used in traditional medical practice in limpopo province, south africa, for the treatment of diarrhoea. methanol, ethanol, acetone and hot water extract from different plant parts (leaves, roots, bark and stem rhizome), of several of these plants (indigofera daleoides, punica granatum, syzygium cordatum, gymnosporia senegalensis, ozoroa insignis, elephantorrhiza elephantina, elephantorrhiz ...	2006	16545928
molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus infections in kolkata, india.	the study is aimed to determine the seasonal distribution and clinical characteristics of astroviruses associated with acute watery diarrhoea among children in kolkata and characterize them at the molecular level.	2006	16546454