Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| a bayesian approach to acute infectious diarrhea in adults. | acute infectious diarrhea is a yearly occurrence for most americans, and is associated with 1 million hospitalizations and about 6000 deaths in the united states annually. up to 80% of acute infectious diarrhea is caused by noroviruses, which produce a clinically mild illness with a predictable short course and good outcome that make laboratory testing and antimicrobial treatment unnecessary. most diarrhea-causing bacteria and protozoa can cause a clinical illness "like norovirus"; when they do ... | 2006 | 16880065 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of bipd, a virulence factor from burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, possesses a protein-secretion apparatus that is similar to those found in salmonella and shigella. a major function of these secretion systems is to secrete virulence-associated proteins into target cells of the host organism. the bipd gene of b. pseudomallei encodes a secreted virulence factor that is similar in sequence and most likely functionally analogous to ipad from shigella and sipd from salmonella. thus, the bipd protein is ... | 2006 | 16880550 |
| [concentration limitations of pathogenic microorganisms in reclaimed water]. | using the technique of microbial risk assessment, concentration limitations of pathogenic microorganisms for various reclaimed water uses are studied. the concentration limitations are: escherichia coli 70 mpn/l, salmonella 0.5 cfu/l, shigella 0.1 cfu/100l, hepatitis a virus 0.001 pfu/100l, rotavirus 1.2 x 10(-3) pfu/100l, poliovirus 0.07 pfu/100l, coxsackie 0.04 pfu/100l, echovirus 0.05 pfu/100l, cryptosporidium 0.1 oocysts/100 l, giardia lamblia 0.03 cysts/100 l. | 2006 | 16881318 |
| increasing single and multi-antibiotic resistance in shigella species isolated from shigellosis patients in sana'a, yemen. | the epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella species changes over time. updated susceptibility knowledge is necessary for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. thus, this research aimed to study these changes in 2 time periods with an interval of 10 years. | 2006 | 16883444 |
| antimicrobial and toxicological profile of the new biocide akacid plus. | akacid plus is a new member of the polymeric guanidine family of disinfectants. it was especially developed to enhance the antimicrobial activity of this class with significantly less toxicity. the in vitro activity of akacid plus compared with chlorhexidine digluconate and mupirocin was tested against a total of 369 recent clinical isolates. | 2006 | 16751199 |
| a novel functional t cell hybridoma recognizes macrophage cell death induced by bacteria: a possible role for innate lymphocytes in bacterial infection. | we have established a novel tcralphabeta (tcrvbeta6)(+)cd4(-)cd8(-) t cell hybridoma designated b6ho3. when the b6ho3 cells were cocultured with bacterial-infected j774 macrophage-like cells, ifn-gamma production by b6ho3 cells was triggered through direct cell-cell contact with dying j774 cells infected with listeria monocytogenes (lm), shigella flexneri, or salmonella typhimurium that expressed the type iii secretion system, but not with intact j774 cells infected with heat-killed lm, nonhemol ... | 2006 | 16751404 |
| enucleated l929 mouse fibroblasts support invasion and multiplication of shigella flexneri 5a. | invasive bacteria can induce their own uptake and specify their intracellular localization; hence it is commonly assumed that proximate modulation of host cell transcription is not required for infection. however, bacteria can also modulate, directly or indirectly, the transcription of many host cell genes, whose role in the infection may be difficult to determine by global gene expression. is the host cell nucleus proximately required for intracellular infection and, if so, for which pathogens ... | 2006 | 16751980 |
| inducing endogenous antimicrobial peptides to battle infections. | 2006 | 16754884 | |
| keratitis due to shigella flexneri. | multiresistant shigella flexneri isolates were cultured from the cornea and stool of a girl. genetic analysis showed the isolates were identical. shigella spp. are rare causes of ulcerative keratitis; there have only been 14 published cases since 1943. although prognosis after local treatment is good, shigellosis is a systemic infection, possibly leading to dehydration. | 2006 | 16757643 |
| diarrheal epidemics in dhaka, bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004. | we examined demographic, microbiologic, and clinical data from patients presenting during 1988, 1998, and 2004 flood-associated diarrheal epidemics at a diarrhea treatment hospital in dhaka, bangladesh. compared with non-flood periods, individuals presenting during flood-associated epidemics were older, more severely dehydrated, and of lower socioeconomic status. during flood-associated epidemics, vibrio cholerae was the most commonly identified cause of diarrhea, and the only diarrheal pathogen ... | 2006 | 16760521 |
| defending the epithelium. | 2006 | 16760999 | |
| role of shigella flexneri 2a 34 kda outer membrane protein in induction of protective immune response. | emergence of shigella vaccine is in great need in developing countries. in this paper we have shown that 34 kda shigella flexneri 2a outer membrane protein has a role in eliciting immune responses. when injected parentarally this protein gives significant protection against challenge with virulent shigella flexneri 2a. macrophages activated with the 34 kda protein resulted in the dose dependent production of nitric oxide, the highly reactive free radical responsible for killing of invading bacte ... | 2006 | 16765491 |
| molecular characteristics of class 1 and class 2 integrons and their relationships to antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri. | to analyse the gene cassettes and determine the roles of class 1 and class 2 integrons in antibiotic-resistant strains of shigella sonnei (n=31) and shigella flexneri (n=33). | 2006 | 16766536 |
| molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in shigella sonnei isolates in korea. | the antimicrobial resistance of 122 shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea during the period 1991-2000 was characterized. these isolates were highly resistant to traditional antibiotics such as trimethoprim (100 %), streptomycin (100 %), sulfamethoxazole (94 %), tetracycline (93 %) and nalidixic acid (90 %). all s. sonnei isolates carried tn7 in their chromosomes. the 8.4 kb non-transferable resistance (r) plasmid carrying teta, stra-strb and sul1 was found in 93 % of the s. sonnei isolates. ... | 2006 | 16772414 |
| [antibiotic resistance rates of shigella species isolated from stool cultures in the years 1999-2003]. | in this study, species distribution, seasonal isolation rates and antibiotic susceptibilitiy patterns of 115 shigella spp, isolated from 5396 stool samples in our microbiology laboratory between 1999 and 2003, were investigated. of the isolates, 96 (83.5%) were s. sonnei, 15 (13%) were s. flexneri, 3 (2.6%) were s. dysenteriae and 1 (1.9%) was s. boydii. maximum isolation rates were observed at summer and fall seasons, especially in august, september and november (24%, 40%, 17%, respectively). t ... | 2006 | 16775951 |
| biofilm formation in an ice cream plant. | the sites of biofilm formation in an ice cream plant were investigated by sampling both the production line and the environment. experiments were carried out twice within a 20-day period. first, stainless steel coupons were fixed to surfaces adjacent to food contact surfaces, the floor drains and the doormat. they were taken for the analysis of biofilm at three different production stages. then, biofilm forming bacteria were enumerated and also presence of listeria monocytogenes was monitored. b ... | 2006 | 16779628 |
| [functional analysis of icsb protein secreted via the type iii secretion system of shigella]. | 2006 | 16780119 | |
| function and distribution of espg2, a type iii secretion system effector of enteropathogenic escherichia coli. | the enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) effector protein espg, like the shigella effector vira, functions through disruption of the host cell microtubule network. reports have differed as to whether the espg homologue, espg2, is also responsible for microtubule disruption. in this study we show that following translocation, espg2 and vira are localised under adherent bacteria and able to restore the microtubule disruption phenotype to an espg/espg2 double epec mutant. the espg/espg2 double ... | 2006 | 16781180 |
| differential killing activity of cetylpyridinium chloride with or without bacto neutralizing buffer quench against firmly adhered salmonella gaminara and shigella sonnei on cut lettuce stored at 4 degrees c. | cetylpyridinium chloride (cpc) activity was quenched with bacto neutralizing buffer on inoculated cut iceberg lettuce. this protocol permitted comparison of the numbers of salmonella gaminara- or shigella sonnei-inoculated cells on lettuce that survived 1 min of cpc treatment. cut lettuce was inoculated with about 6 log of salmonella or 9 log of shigella and stored in whirl-pak bags at 4 degrees c for up to 4 days. loosely adhered pathogen cells were washed off before cpc treatment. firmly adher ... | 2006 | 16786847 |
| plasticity of the p junc promoter of isec11, a new insertion sequence of the is1111 family. | we describe identification and functional characterization of isec11, a new insertion sequence that is widespread in enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), in which it is always present on the virulence plasmid (pinv) and very frequently also present on the chromosome. isec11 is flanked by subterminal 13-bp inverted repeats (irs) and is bounded by 3-bp terminal sequences, and it transposes with target specificity without generating duplication of the target site. isec11 is characterized by an atypical t ... | 2006 | 16788177 |
| polar localization of the autotransporter family of large bacterial virulence proteins. | autotransporters are an extensive family of large secreted virulence-associated proteins of gram-negative bacteria. secretion of such large proteins poses unique challenges to bacteria. we demonstrate that autotransporters from a wide variety of rod-shaped pathogens, including icsa and sepa of shigella flexneri, aida-i of diffusely adherent escherichia coli, and brka of bordetella pertussis, are localized to the bacterial pole. the restriction of autotransporters to the pole is dependent on the ... | 2006 | 16788193 |
| antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of some sulfonamide-derived chromones. | a series of antibacterial and antifungal sulfonamide (sulfanilamide, sulfaguanidine, sulfamethaxozole, 4-aminoethylbenzene-sulfonamide and 4-amino-6-trifluoromethyl-benzene-1,3-disulfonamide) derived chromones, previously reported as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase, have been screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi and shigella flexener) and two gram-positive (bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus) ... | 2006 | 16789431 |
| antibacterial cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes of mercaptothiadiazole--derived furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, salicylyl and pyridinyl schiff bases. | a series of co (ii), cu (ii), ni (ii) and zn (ii) complexes of mercaptothiadiazole-derived furanyl, thienyl, pyrrorlyl, salicylyl and pyridinyl schiff bases were synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi and shigella fexneri, and two gram-positive; bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureous bacterial strains. the results of these studies show the metal complexes to be ... | 2006 | 16789433 |
| aetiology of diarrhoea in a birth cohort of children aged 0-2 year(s) in rural mirzapur, bangladesh. | the incidence of aetiology-specific diarrhoea and the pathogenicity of infectious agents in a birth cohort (n=252) in rural bangladesh were determined. stool specimens or rectal swabs were collected from diarrhoeal cases over two years and routinely on a monthly basis. stool samples from children with diarrhoea were compared with stool samples from children without diarrhoea to calculate rates of isolation and pathogenicity of agents. in total, 1750 stool specimens from diarrhoea patients and 56 ... | 2006 | 16796147 |
| myopericarditis in a patient with campylobacter enteritis: a case report and literature review. | myocarditis sometimes occurs as a complication of bacterial infection, including enteric infections caused by salmonella, shigella and yersinia. only a few cases of campylobacter-associated myocarditis are known. we describe a 47-y-old patient with myopericarditis in association with campylobacter spp. enteritis, and review similar cases previously described in the english literature. | 2006 | 16798711 |
| glycolipids from the red alga chondria armata (kutz.) okamura. | three distinct fractions containing polar glycolipids (pf(1-3)) were isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of crude methanolic extract of red alga chondria armata (kütz.) okamura on gel chromatography over sephadex lh20. their structure was elucidated by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) techniques like 1h, 1h correlation spectroscopy (cosy), 1h, 1h total cosy (tocsy), 1h, 13c heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (hmqc), and 1h, 13c heteronuclear multiple bond correla ... | 2006 | 16799167 |
| a periplasmic glutamate/aspartate binding protein from shigella flexneri: gene cloning, over-expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of the recombinant protein. | periplasmic substrate binding proteins (psbps) are essential components of the bacterial periplasmic transport system, which transports a wide variety of nutrients from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. the glutamate/aspartate binding protein sfglu/aspbp is a unique psbp consisting of 279 amino acid residues. the sfglu/aspbp gene was cloned, over-expressed, and purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography. the recombinant protein sfglu/aspbp h ... | 2006 | 16800808 |
| interaction between enteric epithelial cells and peyer's patch lymphocytes in response to shigella lipopolysaccharide: effect on nitric oxide and il-6 release. | to investigate the effect of interaction between enteric epithelial cells and lymphocytes of peyer's patch on the release of nitric oxide (no) and il-6 in response to shigella lipopolysaccharide (lps). | 2006 | 16804978 |
| post-natal development of the porcine microbiota composition and activities. | the current study describes the development of the porcine microbiota and its metabolic activities during the neonatal and weaning period. using 16s rrna-based approaches, we first analysed the ileal and colonic microbiota of neonatal piglets at days 2, 5 and 12 after birth. to further investigate the effect of weaning at 3 weeks of age, 19-day-old piglets (n = 64) were randomly allocated into two groups. half of the piglets remained with their sows throughout the study, while the remaining pigl ... | 2006 | 16817927 |
| comparison of the concentrations of phenolic compounds in olive oils and other plant oils: correlation with antimicrobial activity. | the antimicrobial activity of different edible vegetable oils was studied. in vitro results revealed that the oils from olive fruits had a strong bactericidal action against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, this effect being higher in general against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria. thus, olive oils showed bactericidal activity not only against harmful bacteria of the intestinal microbiota (clostridium perfringens and escherichia coli) also against beneficial microorganisms such as ... | 2006 | 16819902 |
| cladophora (chlorophyta) spp. harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of lake michigan. | cladophora glomerata, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the great lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. recently, cladophora has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria escherichia coli and enterococci. cladophora may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. in the present study, we determined whether attached cladophora, obtained from the lake ... | 2006 | 16820442 |
| the caenorhabditis elegans abl-1 tyrosine kinase is required for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. | shigellosis is a diarrheal disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium shigella flexneri. following ingestion of the bacterium, s. flexneri interferes with innate immunity, establishes an infection within the human colon, and initiates an inflammatory response that results in destruction of the tissue lining the gut. examination of host cell factors required for s. flexneri pathogenesis in vivo has proven difficult due to limited host susceptibility. here we report the development of a pathoge ... | 2006 | 16820504 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a large subunit of salmonella typhimurium glutamate synthase (gogat) gene in escherichia coli. | two pathways of ammonium assimilation and glutamate biosynthesis have been identified in microorganisms. one pathway involves the nadp-linked glutamate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the amination of 2-oxoglutarate to form glutamate. an alternative pathway involves the combined activities of glutamine synthetase, which aminates glutamate to form glutamine, and glutamate synthase, which transfers the amide group of glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate to yield two molecules of glutamate. we have cloned th ... | 2006 | 16820760 |
| surveillance of bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrheal disease in the republic of korea during one year, 2003. | an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections was conducted to determine the prevalence of enteropathogens in the republic of korea during one year, 2003. we tested for infectious diseases in 26,992 stool samples obtained from people who visited clinics located in six big cities and six rural provinces. from these samples, we isolated 1,291 cases of enteritis bacterial infection (4.8%). in the urban areas, 821 cases of bacterial infection (6.4%) were identified and, in the rural ... | 2006 | 16820763 |
| comparison of antagonistic ability against enteropathogens by g+ and g- anaerobic dominant components of human fecal microbiota. | to confirm if anaerobic g+-components are those responsible for the function of colonization resistance, obligate anaerobic g+- and g- -bacteria from normal dominant microbiota of human feces were isolated from three successive collections and then used in in vitro assays for antagonism against two enteropathogenic bacteria. the production of inhibitory diffusible compounds was determined on supplemented bhi agar and mrs agar media for g- - and g+-bacteria, respectively. salmonella enterica subs ... | 2006 | 16821725 |
| nutritive value, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of struchium sparganophora leaves. | struchium sparganophora leaf is a green leafy vegetable popularly used in soup preparations in processed and unprocessed forms in nigeria. fresh leaves of s. sparganophora were soaked overnight to remove its bitterness, before determination of the nutrient and antinutrient content, while sun-dried s. sparganophora leaves were extracted with rectified spirit. the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the extracts were subsequently determined. the result of the study revealed that the fresh ... | 2006 | 16822216 |
| complete genome sequence of shigella flexneri 5b and comparison with shigella flexneri 2a. | shigella bacteria cause dysentery, which remains a significant threat to public health. shigella flexneri is the most common species in both developing and developed countries. five shigella genomes have been sequenced, revealing dynamic and diverse features. to investigate the intra-species diversity of s. flexneri genomes further, we have sequenced the complete genome of s. flexneri 5b strain 8401 (abbreviated sf8401) and compared it with s. flexneri 2a (sf301). | 2006 | 16822325 |
| a genome rearrangement has orphaned the escherichia coli k-12 acpt phosphopantetheinyl transferase from its cognate escherichia coli o157:h7 substrates. | phosphopantetheinyl transferases (pptases) are enzymes that catalyse the transfer of a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety from coa to a conserved serine residue of a carrier protein. these carrier proteins use the 4'-phosphopantetheine thiol to shuttle intermediates between the active sites of biosynthetic enzymes involved in fatty acid, non-ribosomal peptide and polyketide synthesis. three pptases have been previously been identified in escherichia coli k-12 and other e. coli strains by homology sear ... | 2006 | 16824108 |
| [etiology of community - acquired acute diarrhea in children]. | of the study was to analyse the etiology of home acute diarrhea in children. | 2006 | 16825723 |
| structural mimicry for vinculin activation by ipaa, a virulence factor of shigella flexneri. | invasion of epithelial cells by shigella flexneri is characterized by cytoskeletal rearrangements of the host cell membrane, promoting internalization of the bacterium. the bacterial effector ipaa is injected into the epithelial cell by a type iii secretion apparatus and recruits vinculin to regulate actin polymerization at the site of entry. we analysed the complex formed between a carboxy-terminal fragment of ipaa (ipaa(560-633)) and the vinculin d1 domain (vd1), both in crystals and in soluti ... | 2006 | 16826238 |
| actin-based motility of intracellular bacteria, and polarized surface distribution of the bacterial effector molecules. | several intracellular bacterial pathogens, including species of listeria, rickettsia, shigella, mycobacteria, and burkholderia, have evolved mechanisms to exploit the actin polymerization machinery of their hosts to induce actin-based motility, enabling these pathogens to spread between host cells without exposing themselves to the extracellular milieu. efficient cell-to-cell spread requires directional motility, which the bacteria may achieve by concentrating the effector molecules at one pole ... | 2006 | 16826602 |
| [antibacterial action of ether oils of some plants]. | inhibitory effect of clove oil on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae and candida albicans was detected. mint ether oil had the high antibacterial action on s. aureus, however against other microorganisms mint oil had a reliably low effect then clove oil. fennel oil had high antibacterial effect on c. albicans, and bactericidal action on s. typhimurium and s. dysenteriae. | 2006 | 16830599 |
| inactivation of escherichia coli and shigella in acidic fruit and vegetable juices by peroxidase systems. | to study the bactericidal properties of the lactoperoxidase (lper)-thiocyanate and soybean peroxidase (sbp)-thiocyanate systems at low ph, their efficiency for inactivation of escherichia coli and shigella in acidic fruit and vegetable juices, their effect on colour stability of the juices and interaction with ascorbic acid. | 2006 | 16834612 |
| an aflp-based database of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei isolates and its use for the identification of untypable shigella strains. | amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) can be used to assess the genetic diversity of closely related microbial genomes. in this study, the first of its kind for identification of shigella, the high discriminatory power of aflp has been used to determine the genetic relatedness of 230 isolates of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei strains. an aflp database was generated to demonstrate its utility in the discrimination of closely related strains. based on aflp, s. flexneri strains could ... | 2006 | 16837089 |
| surveillance for bacterial diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance in rural western kenya, 1997-2003. | diarrhea is a major cause of preventable illness in sub-saharan africa. although most cases of bacterial gastroenteritis do not require antimicrobial treatment, antimicrobial use is widespread. we examined the bacterial causes of diarrhea and monitored antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates through clinic-based surveillance in a rural kenyan community. | 2006 | 16838225 |
| agronomic aspects and environmental impact of reusing marginal water in irrigation: a case study from egypt. | egypt produces approximately 2.4 million m3 of secondary treated wastewater (tww) annually, used for irrigation directly or indirectly by blending with agricultural drainage water (bdw). the annual re-use of (bdw) is approximately 4 million m3. the safe and efficient use of marginal water (bdw and tww) is a core objective of this study which has been operating from 1997 to date. after six growing seasons the main results can be summarized as follows: maximizing crop production: tww can be used f ... | 2006 | 16841747 |
| inactivation of gram-negative bacteria in milk and banana juice by hen egg white and lambda lysozyme under high hydrostatic pressure. | the effect of hen egg white lysozyme (hewl) and bacteriophage lambda lysozyme (lal) in combination with high pressure (hp) treatment on the inactivation of four gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli o157:h7, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica and salmonella typhimurium), was studied in skim milk (ph 6.8; a(w) 0.997) and in banana juice (ph 3.8; a(w) 0.971). in the absence of lysozymes, s. flexneri was more sensitive to hp in milk than in banana juice, while the opposite was observed f ... | 2006 | 16843561 |
| studies on pongamia pinnata (l.) pierre leaves: understanding the mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhea. | while data are available on the effect of medicinal plants on intestinal motility and their antibacterial action, there is a paucity of information on their mode of action on various aspects of diarrheal pathogenicity, namely colonization to intestinal epithelial cells and production/action of enterotoxins. crude decoction of dried leaves of pongamia pinnata was evaluated for its antimicrobial (antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral) effect; and its effect on production and action of ente ... | 2006 | 16845722 |
| shigella sonnei biotype g carrying class 2 integrons in southern italy: a retrospective typing study by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. | emergence and global dissemination of multiresistant strains of enteric pathogens is a very concerning problem from both epidemiological and public health points of view. shigella sonnei is the serogroup of shigella most frequently responsible for sporadic and epidemic enteritis in developed countries. the dissemination is associated most often to human to human transmission, but foodborne episodes have also been described. in recent years the circulation of multiresistant strains of s. sonnei b ... | 2006 | 16846516 |
| antibacterial activity of the soy isoflavone genistein. | genistein, a radioprotective soy isoflavone and protein kinase inhibitor, blocks the invasion of pathogenic bacteria in mammalian epithelial cells. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the direct effect of genistein on the survival and growth of the probiotic lactobacillus reuteri and selected opportunistic bacteria in vitro as a prelude to in vivo use for managing postirradiation sepsis. we evaluated the opportunistic bacterial enteropathogens escherichia coli, shigella sonnei, and staphyl ... | 2006 | 16847837 |
| construction, detection and microarray analysis on shigella dysenteriae a1 iron, shua single, double mutants. | in this study, we constructed single mutants mts-1, mts-2 of iron and shua gene and double mutant mts of them in shigella dysenteriae a1 strain 51197 by insert and absence. the functional detection of every mutant was performed at the level of culture medium and cell experiment. the gene expression profiles of the mutants and the wild-type strains under iron-enriched and iron-limited conditions were analyzed by the sd51197 whole genomic microarray. the results showed that all the mutants grew ob ... | 2006 | 16856494 |
| enhancement of mice susceptibility to infection with listeria monocytogenes by the treatment of morphine. | the effect of morphine on the susceptibility of balb/c mice to diarrheagenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enteritidis, yersinia enterocolitica, was examined via the intraperitoneal inoculation. morphine treatment increased the susceptibility to s. enteritidis and l. monocytogenes, resulting in bacteremia and central nervous system (cns) invasion (for l. monocytogenes), while the infection with other bacteria did not show the systemic dissemination in th ... | 2006 | 16858145 |
| structural and molecular characterization of shigella boydii type 16 o antigen. | shigella is a well-known human pathogen causing dysentery and their typing is solely based on the o antigens. we investigated the chemical structure and gene cluster of shigella boydii type 16 o antigen. as judged by sugar and methylation analyses along with nmr spectroscopy data, the o antigen has an o-acetylated branched pentasaccharide repeating o unit, which consists of two d-mannose residues (d-man), one residue each of d-glucuronic acid (d-glca), n-acetylglucosamine (d-glcnac) and d-galact ... | 2006 | 16859842 |
| ipad localizes to the tip of the type iii secretion system needle of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri, the causative agent of shigellosis, is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that initiates infection by invading cells within the colonic epithelium. contact with host cell surfaces induces a rapid burst of protein secretion via the shigella type iii secretion system (ttss). the first proteins secreted are ipad, ipab, and ipac, with ipab and ipac being inserted into the host cell membrane to form a pore for translocating late effectors into the target cell cytoplasm. the resulti ... | 2006 | 16861624 |
| role and regulation of the shigella flexneri sit and mnth systems. | shigella flexneri possesses at least two putative high-affinity manganese acquisition systems, sitabcd and mnth. mutations in the genes encoding the components of both of these systems were constructed in s. flexneri. the sita mnth mutant showed reduced growth, relative to the wild type, in luria broth (l broth) containing the divalent metal chelator ethylene diamino-o-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and the addition of either iron or manganese restored growth to the level of the wild-type strain. ... | 2006 | 16861654 |
| frequency of serovars and antimicrobial resistance in shigella spp. from brazil. | a total of 296 shigella spp. were received from state public health laboratories, during the period from 1999 to 2004, by national reference laboratory for cholera and enteric diseases (nrlced)--ioc/fiocruz, rio de janeiro, brazil. the frequency of shigella spp. was: s. flexneri (52.7%), s. sonnei (44.2%), s. boydii (2.3%), and s. dysenteriae (0.6%). the most frequent s. flexneri serovars were 2a and 1b. the highest incidence rates of shigella isolation were observed in the southeast (39%) and n ... | 2006 | 16862316 |
| spectroscopic and calorimetric analyses of invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) from shigella flexneri reveal the presence of two structural domains. | shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis in humans. invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) is an essential participant in shigella invasion of intestinal cells, but no detailed structural information is available to help understand the proposed role of ipad in invasion or its interaction with other invasion proteins. therefore, the secondary and tertiary structure and thermal stability of ipad as well as selected ipad deletion mutants were investiga ... | 2006 | 16866368 |
| simple enzymatic in situ generation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and its use in a cascade reaction for the production of carbohydrates: increased efficiency by phosphate cycling. | a new enzymatic method for the generation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (dhap) using the acid phosphatase from shigella flexneri (phon-sf) and the cheap phosphate donor pyrophosphate (ppi) is described. the utility of this method was demonstrated in an aldolase-catalyzed condensation carried out in one pot in which dhap was generated and coupled to propionaldehyde to give a yield of 53% of the isolated dephosphorylated end product. | 2006 | 16872211 |
| developing live shigella vaccines using lambda red recombineering. | live attenuated shigella vaccines have shown promise in inducing protective immune responses in human clinical trials and as carriers of heterologous antigens from other mucosal pathogens. in the past, construction of shigella vaccine strains relied on classical allelic exchange systems to genetically engineer the bacterial genome. these systems require extensive in vitro engineering of long homologous sequences to create recombinant replication-defective plasmids or phage. alternatively, the la ... | 2006 | 16872384 |
| shigella and autophagy. | bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells, and host recognition and elimination of the invading bacteria, determines the fate of bacterial infection. once inside mammalian cells, many pathogenic bacteria enter the host cytosol to escape from the lytic compartment and gain a replicative niche. recent studies indicate that autophagy also recognizes intracellular bacteria. although autophagy is a conserved membrane trafficking pathway in eukaryotic cells that sequesters undesirable or recyclable cytop ... | 2006 | 16874102 |
| [detection of class i integron and its relation to antimicrobial resistance of shigella flexneri in children]. | to investigate class i integron of shigella flexneri, its prevalence in children, and its relation to bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. | 2006 | 17217663 |
| [short communication: prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases in gram negative rods: data of 2001-2004 period]. | this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) production by gram negative rods (gnrs) isolated from various clinical specimens (3.240 urine, 336 pus, 277 feces, 83 blood, 38 sputum) sent to our hospital laboratory, between 2001-2004. of isolated bacteria 71.4% were identified as escherichia coli, 11.1% were klebsiella spp, 4.2% were salmonella spp, 3.7% were pseudomonas spp, 3.5% were proteus spp, 2.9% were shigella spp, 2.3% were enterobacter s ... | 2006 | 17205693 |
| [time course changes in cytokines content and gas composition in blood of patients with salmonellosis and acute shigellosis]. | to study changes in serum concentrations of interleukines (il) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfa) in the course of acute moderate and severe shigellosis and salmonellosis; to elicit their correlation with disorders of gas and electrolyte blood composition and acid-base balance (abb). | 2006 | 17195521 |
| enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered infant formula manufactured in indonesia and malaysia. | to determine the occurrence of salmonella and shigella in infant formula from southeast asia, 74 packages of dehydrated powdered infant follow-on formula (recommended age, > 4 months) from five different manufacturers, four from indonesia and one from malaysia, were analyzed. none of the 25-g test portions yielded salmonella or shigella. however, further identification of colonies growing on selective media used for salmonella and shigella detection revealed the frequent occurrence of several ot ... | 2006 | 17186672 |
| live-attenuated shigella vaccines. | several live-attenuated shigella vaccines, with well-defined mutations in specific genes, have shown great promise in eliciting significant immune responses when given orally to volunteers. these responses have been measured by evaluating antibody-secreting cells, serum antibody levels and fecal immunoglobulin a to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and to individual bacterial invasion plasmid antigens. in this review, data collected from volunteer trials with live shigella vaccines from three differe ... | 2006 | 17181440 |
| [acute dysentery shigella sonnei outbreak in child day care center: study of the source of infection]. | 2006 | 17163149 | |
| the contribution of cytolethal distending toxin to bacterial pathogenesis. | cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is a bacterial toxin that initiates a eukaryotic cell cycle block at the g2 stage prior to mitosis. cdt is produced by a number of bacterial pathogens including: campylobacter species, escherichia coli, salmonella enterica serovar typhi, shigella dystenteriae, enterohepatic helicobacter species, actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (the cause of aggressive periodontitis), and haemophilus ducreyi (the cause of chancroid). the functional toxin is composed of three ... | 2006 | 17123907 |
| incidence of enteric bacterial pathogens in water found at the bottom of commercial freezers in calabar, southeastern nigeria. | bacteriological analysis of water that accumulates at the bottom of freezers in restaurants when the power was cut in calabar, southeastern nigeria, was carried out using standard procedures. mean heterotrophic bacterial counts and escherichia coli counts ranged from 3.1 +/- 0.02 to 7.1 +/- 0.30 x 10(4) cfu/ml and 0.2 +/- 0.10 to 0.6 +/- 0.50 x 10(4) cfu/ml, respectively, indicating heavy bacterial contamination whose source was mostly fecal. there was no significant difference (p > 0.05, 0.01) ... | 2006 | 17125005 |
| occurrence and diversity of integrons and beta-lactamase genes among ampicillin-resistant isolates from estuarine waters. | the aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence and molecular diversity of beta-lactamase genes and integrons among gram-negative ampicillin-resistant bacteria from ria de aveiro. ampicillin-resistant isolates were selected and subjected to genotyping using rep-pcr. representatives from each rep pattern were affiliated with the following taxa by sequencing the 16s rrna gene: aeromonas caviae, a. hydrophila, a. media, a. molluscorum, a. veronii, a. salmonicida, aeromonas sp., pseudomona ... | 2006 | 17125975 |
| salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice, fresh oranges, and wiping cloths collected from public markets and street booths in guadalajara, mexico: incidence and comparison of analytical routes. | a survey of the presence of salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice and related samples was conducted in guadalajara, mexico. one hundred samples of freshly squeezed orange juice were collected from 49 street booths and 51 small food service establishments. in addition, 75 fresh orange samples, each consisting of five orange units, and 75 wiping cloths were collected from the same establishments from which juice had been collected. salmonella was isolated from 14, 20, and 23% of ... | 2006 | 17133801 |
| outbreak of gastroenteritis at a peruvian naval base. | in april of 2003, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported in a training command (centro de instrucción técnica y entrenamiento naval (citen)) at a peruvian naval base located near lima, peru. the naval medical research center detachment, in collaboration with the national peruvian naval hospital, conducted an investigation to determine the causative agent and potential source of the outbreak. between april 3 and 5, 172 (16%) of 1,092 military trainees reported to the citen clinic with diarrh ... | 2006 | 17153548 |
| a new monoterpene glycoside and antibacterial monoterpene glycosides from paeonia suffruticosa. | antibacterial activity-guided fractionation of the chci3-meoh (1:1) extract of paeonia suffruticosa root bark furnished three monoterpene glycosides, 6-o-vanillyoxypaeoniflorin (1), mudanpioside-h (2), and galloyl-oxypaeoniflorin (3). of the isolated compounds, compound 1 is a new compound. all isolated compounds showed broad, but moderate, antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values in the range of 100 to 500 microg/ml against eighteen pathogenic microorganisms of ... | 2006 | 17121173 |
| analysis of fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes in shigella infections in urban bangladesh. | we evaluated the usefulness of enumeration of fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes in making an early diagnosis of shigella infection, where shigella is a leading cause of invasive diarrhea. stool specimens from 561 invasive diarrhea patients were submitted for microscopic examination. a presumptive diagnosis of shigellosis based on microscopic examination was made in 389 of them; 227 had stool cultures positive for shigella spp (shigella patients). one hundred sixty-two patients with no detectable ... | 2006 | 17121301 |
| production, characterization, and application of antibodies against heat-labile type-i toxin for detection of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | strains of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) are responsible for significant rates of morbidity and mortality among children, particularly in developing countries. the majority of clinical and public health laboratories are capable of isolating and identifying salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and escherichia coli o157:h7 from stool samples, but etec cannot be identified by routine methods. the method most often used to identify etec is polymerase chain reaction for heat-stable and heat ... | 2006 | 17293982 |
| [dysentery in poland in 2004]. | the number of notified dysentery cases is the lowest of all years since 1918 when notification started. only 74 cases were notified in the year 2004 (incidence rate 0.19/100,000 population) while 220 cases were registered in 2002 (incidence 0.58/100,000 population). no one death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. two dysentery outbreaks (due to s. flexneri 3a): were notified when the outbreaks of food poisoning were examined by regional laboratory of sanitary-ep ... | 2006 | 17249165 |
| occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria in children under 5 years with diarrhoea in south tehran. | this study was carried out on 1600 rectal swabs from children under 5 years of age admitted at the health centre in islamshahr, tehran province, islamic republic of iran, during 1998-99. the specimens were examined for various bacterial pathogens. isolation rates were: enteropathogenic escherichia coli 6.8%, shigella spp. 3.4%, salmonella spp. 2.9%, campylobacter spp. 0.9%, yersinia spp. 0.7%. the isolation rate was highest in the summer, except for yersinia spp., which was predominantly isolate ... | 2006 | 17333824 |
| chromosomal-gene-mediated inhibition of intestinal and foodborne pathogens by lactobacillus acidophilus aa11. | approximately 63 strains of lactobacillus acidophilus were isolated from egyptian home-made cheese and examined for production of antagonism. only eight strains demonstrated inhibitory activity against spoilage microorganisms (i.e. staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus) and pathogens (i.e. e. coli, salmonella sp. and shigella sp.). lactobacillus acidophilus aa11 produced a more antimicrobial activity with a wide range of inhibition. the agent aa11 was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes and ret ... | 2006 | 17357571 |
| antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts of combretum molle. | in traditional medical practices of ethiopia the aqueous extracts obtained from the stem bark of combretum molle (r. br. ex. g. don.) engl & diels (combretaceae) have a longstanding reputation for the treatment of liver diseases malaria and tuberculosis. owing to the widespread traditional uses of this plant, the studyinvestigated the antimicrobial activity the bark extract of this plant against gram positive and and gram negative bacteria. | 2006 | 17447394 |
| [rapid simultaneous detection of salmonella and shigella using modified molecular beacons and real-time pcr]. | dual detection of salmonella and shigella using modified molecular beacons and real-time pcr was developed. the established method was applied to rapid diagnosis of salmonella and shigella' food poisoning, and for routine monitoring programs. | 2006 | 17415984 |
| [pyrazinamidase activity of bacteria from enterobacteriaceae family as characteristic for taxonomy]. | pyrazinamidase activity in 330 strains of bacteria from enterobacteriaceae family (14 genus, 27 species) has been assessed. pyrazinamidase activity detected in species from following genuses: citrobacter, escherichia, klebsiella, kluyvera, morganella, providencia, raourtella, salmonella, shigella, and also in proteus mirabilis, and nonpathogenic serovars of yersinia enterocolitica, y. frederiksenii. pirasinamidase was absent in serratia (s. marcescens, s. liguefaciens), hafnia alvei, p. vulgaris ... | 2006 | 17297889 |
| in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity of cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes with furanylmethyl- and thienylmethyl-dithiolenes: [1, 3-dithiole- 2-one and 1,3-dithiole-2-thione]. | some antibacterial and antifungal furanylmethyl-and thienylmethyl dithiolenes and, their co(ii), cu(ii), ni (ii) and zn (ii) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative; escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi and shigella flexeneri, and two gram-positive; bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains, and for in-vitro antifungal activity against trichophyton longifusus, candid ... | 2006 | 17252947 |
| in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of metal-based furanyl derived sulfonamides. | a new series of antibacterial and antifungal furanyl-derived sulfonamides and their cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) metal complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella typhi) and two gram-positive (bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and, for in-vitro antifungal activity against trichophyton l ... | 2006 | 17252952 |
| a new antibacterial compound produced by an indigenous marine bacteria--fermentation, isolation, and biological activity. | the use of microorganisms for biological purpose has become an effective alternative to control pathogens. a marine bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from eal fish of baluchistan coast of pakistan. this strain produced a bactericidal antibiotic against environmental and clinical isolates. in this study, we purified bactericidal antibiotic from the ethyl acetate extract of the cells of p. aeruginosa and analyzed its chemical structure. based on spectrometric analysis, this compound 1 ... | 2006 | 17393659 |
| metal-based antibacterial and antifungal agents: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological evaluation of co(ii), cu(ii), ni(ii), and zn(ii) complexes with amino acid-derived compounds. | a series of antibacterial and antifungal amino acid-derived compounds and their cobalt(ii), copper(ii), nickel(ii), and zinc(ii) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments, and ir, and electronic spectral measurements. ligands (l(1))-(l(5)) were derived by condensation of beta-diketones with glycine, phenylalanine, valine, and histidine and act as bidentate towards metal ions (cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc) via the ... | 2006 | 17497020 |
| biosafety evaluation of recombinant live oral bacterial vaccines in the context of european regulation. | live bacterial vaccines represent a highly valid preventive strategy in the fight against infectious disease. however, the road from research to market is peppered with hurdles, one of which is the requirement for high biosafety characteristics, which the candidate vaccine has to display. in europe, the european agency for the evaluation of medicinal products (emea) is the relevant authority regulating the licensure of genetically engineered vaccines. for this purpose, the agency may rely on sev ... | 2006 | 16115705 |
| willingness to be vaccinated against shigella and other forms of dysentery: a comparison of three regions in asia. | we conducted a cross sectional survey of 3163 women and men in six asian countries to examine willingness for children and adults to be vaccinated against shigellosis and other forms of dysentery. the six sites were clustered into three regions for ease of comparison. the regions are: northeast asia (china), southeast asia (thailand, vietnam, and indonesia) and south asia (bangladesh and pakistan). we used multiple logistic regression to identify region-specific models for vaccination willingnes ... | 2006 | 16137802 |
| safety and immunogenicity of an oral, inactivated, whole-cell vaccine for shigella sonnei: preclinical studies and a phase i trial. | orally delivered, inactivated whole-cell vaccines are safe methods of inducing local and systemic immunity. to increase surface proteins associated with adherence and invasion, shigella sonnei were grown in bhi broth containing deoxycholate. a whole-cell vaccine (sswc) was then produced by formalin inactivation. in pre-clinical studies, the sswc vaccine was immunogenic and protected against s. sonnei-induced keratoconjunctivitis in the guinea pig model. in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-con ... | 2006 | 16095766 |
| differences in perception of dysentery and enteric fever and willingness to receive vaccines among rural residents in china. | enteric diseases including dysentery and enteric fever remain significant public health problems in china. while vaccines offer great potential in controlling these diseases, greater understanding of factors influencing acceptance of vaccines is needed to create effective enteric disease control programs in rural china. | 2006 | 16159688 |
| production, acceptability and microbiological evaluation of weaning food formulations. | weaning food formulations were produced from pearl millet cultivar (sosat c-88), cowpea and groundnut in the ratio of 70:20:10 and 5 per cent malt from six pearl millet cultivars (sosat c-88, zango, ex-borno, icmv is 94206, gwagwa, gb 8735) and one sorghum cultivar (icsv iii) were added to produce seven formulations plus the one without malt. microbiological quality of eight weaning food formulations was evaluated. twenty weaning mothers were used to determine the acceptability of gruels from th ... | 2006 | 16169859 |
| toxic megacolon complicating escherichia coli o157 infection. | toxic megacolon is a well known complication in inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease. the development of toxic megacolon as a complication of infectious colitis is rare. however it is recognised as a complication of enteric infections caused by clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejuni, shigella, salmonella species, cytomegalovirus and amoebae. we describe a case of necrotising haemorrhagic ileo-colitis in a previously fit and healthy young adult female caus ... | 2006 | 16126276 |
| immunogenicity of multivalent shigella-etec candidate vaccine strains in a guinea pig model. | shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli continue to be significant causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries as well as prevalent agents of traveler's diarrhea. a vaccine which provides protection against disease caused by both pathogens would serve common at-risk populations. such a vaccine would require inclusion of multiple shigella strains as well as multiple etec antigens. the use of attenuated strains of shigella as live vectors for the express ... | 2006 | 16169130 |
| waterborne epidemic outbreak of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis in santa maria de palautordera, catalonia, spain. | in august 2002 an outbreak of shigella sonnei infection occurred in a spanish town of 6343 inhabitants. in total, 756 people developed acute gastroenteritis and 181 cases were shigella-confirmed. the peak incidence was during 5-6 august 2002. the estimated primary attack rate was 9.97%; the attack rate for secondary cases was 38%. the <15 years ago group was most affected (16.49%). the town and its surroundings were served by two water systems, a and b. the cases had consumed water provided by s ... | 2006 | 16194288 |
| antibacterial and wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of some nigerian medicinal plants. | this study was conducted to evaluate methanolic extracts of ageratum conyzoides, anthocleista djalonensis, napoleona imperialis, ocimum gratissimum, and psidium guajava for antibacterial and wound healing properties. antibacterial properties of the extracts were studied against eleven wound isolates (staphylococcus aureus (four strains), e. coli (two strains), pseudomonas aeruginosa (one strain), proteus spp. (three strains), and shigella spp. (one strain)) using the well diffusion method. wound ... | 2006 | 16226414 |
| the "domino theory" of gene death: gradual and mass gene extinction events in three lineages of obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens. | during the adaptation of an organism to a parasitic lifestyle, various gene functions may be rendered superfluous due to the fact that the host may supply these needs. as a consequence, obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens tend to undergo reductive genomic evolution through gene death (nonfunctionalization or pseudogenization) and deletion. here, we examine the evolutionary sequence of gene-death events during the process of genome miniaturization in three bacterial species that have experienc ... | 2006 | 16237210 |
| toward a better understanding of the basis of the molecular mimicry of polysaccharide antigens by peptides: the example of shigella flexneri 5a. | protein conjugates of oligosaccharides or peptides that mimic complex bacterial polysaccharide antigens represent alternatives to the classical polysaccharide-based conjugate vaccines developed so far. hence, a better understanding of the molecular basis ensuring appropriate mimicry is required in order to design efficient carbohydrate mimic-based vaccines. this study focuses on the following two unrelated sets of mimics of the shigella flexneri 5a o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp): (i) a synthet ... | 2006 | 16251186 |
| shigella spa33 is an essential c-ring component of type iii secretion machinery. | type iii secretion machinery (ttsm), composed of a needle, a basal body, and a c-ring compartment, delivers a subset of effectors into host cells. here, we show that shigella spa33 is an essential component of the c-ring compartment involved in mediating the transit of various ttsm-associated translocated proteins. electron microscopic analysis and pull-down assay revealed spa33 to be localized beneath the ttsm via interaction with mxig and mxij (basal body components). spa33 is also capable of ... | 2006 | 16246841 |
| detection of intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using conventional serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is commonly used in molecular epidemiology. however, this technique has never been used in studying intra-family spread of enteric diseases in bangladesh. our objective was to evaluate the intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using pfge. children of either sex, less than 10 years old, who were family contacts of shigella-infected index cases were the study population. pfge was applied if the same serotypes/sub-serotypes of shigella were isolat ... | 2006 | 16288683 |
| shigella and salmonella: death as a means of survival. | shigella and salmonella kill host cells and trigger inflammatory responses by mechanisms that are not fully understood. the goal of this review is to reevaluate key observations reported over the past 15 years and, whenever possible, to provide a chronological perspective as to how our understanding of the pathways by which shigella and salmonella kill host cells has evolved. | 2006 | 16297650 |
| a large, multiple-restaurant outbreak of infection with shigella flexneri serotype 2a traced to tomatoes. | foodborne outbreaks of shigella infection are uncommon and tomatoes are an unusual vehicle. we describe a large, multiple-restaurant outbreak of shigella flexneri serotype 2a infection that was associated with tomatoes. | 2006 | 16355324 |
| development and evaluation of a shigella flexneri 2a and s. sonnei bivalent invasin complex (invaplex) vaccine. | over 160 million cases of shigellosis occur annually worldwide, with the two most prevalent species being shigella flexneri and s. sonnei. protective immunity against shigella infection is primarily directed at the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of the homologous serotype, so it may be necessary to combine monovalent vaccines for multiple shigella serotypes to construct a multivalent vaccine against predominant serotypes. recently, we described a subcellular vaccine isolated from virulent s. flexneri, ... | 2006 | 16364513 |