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synergistic and feedback signaling mechanisms in the regulation of inflammation in respiratory infections.pneumonia, the most typical and frequent lower respiratory tract infection (lrti), is a leading cause of health problems in the united states. bacteria represent the most prevailing cause of pneumonia in both children and adults. although pneumonia with a single bacterial infection is common, a significant portion of patients with pneumonia is polymicrobial. this infection is often complexed with other physiological factors such as cytokines and growth factors. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae ...201222307042
clinical evaluation of the role of ceftaroline in the management of community acquired bacterial pneumonia.ceftaroline fosamil (ceftaroline) was recently approved for the treatment of community- acquired pneumonia (cap) and complicated skin infections. this newly developed cephalosporin possesses a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. most importantly, ceftaroline demonstrates potent in vitro antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus. in two phase iii, double-blinded, ...201222355258
a bacterial siren song: intimate interactions between neisseria and neutrophils.neisseria gonorrhoeae and neisseria meningitidis are gram-negative bacterial pathogens that are exquisitely adapted for growth at human mucosal surfaces and for efficient transmission between hosts. one factor that is essential to neisserial pathogenesis is the interaction between the bacteria and neutrophils, which are recruited in high numbers during infection. although this vigorous host response could simply reflect effective immune recognition of the bacteria, there is mounting evidence tha ...201222290508
infection, eosinophilia and childhood asthma.there is a growing list of viruses and bacteria associated with wheezing illness and asthma. it is well known that a few of these pathogens are strongly associated with wheezing illness and asthma exacerbations. what is not known is if early childhood infections with these pathogens cause asthma, and, if so, exactly what are the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind its development. the current consensus is respiratory infection works together with allergy to produce the immune and physiologic cond ...201222348202
conjunctival sac bacterial flora isolated prior to cataract surgery.to determine the trends of conjunctival sac bacterial flora isolated from patients prior to cataract surgery.201222294861
transcriptome signature in young children with acute otitis media due to streptococcus pneumoniae.streptococcus pneumoniae (spn) is the predominant causative organism of acute otitis media in children. to better understand the genes that are regulated at the onset of aom caused by spn infection in the middle ear, the transcriptome profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from children prior to and during an aom event was evaluated by microarray. we found that 1903 (6.2%) of 29,187 genes were differentially regulated greater than 2-fold at the onset of aom compared to the pre-in ...201222306269
bedside prediction rule for infections after pediatric cardiac surgery.infections after pediatric cardiac surgery are a common complication, occurring in up to 30% of cases. the purpose of this study was to develop a bedside prediction rule to estimate the risk of a postoperative infection.201222258564
ceftaroline in complicated skin and skin-structure infections.ceftaroline is an advanced-generation cephalosporin antibiotic recently approved by the us food and drug administration for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections (csssis). this intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic exerts potent bactericidal activity by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. a high affinity for the penicillin-binding protein 2a (pbp2a) of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) makes the drug especially beneficial to patients with mrsa css ...201222294860
the upec pore-forming toxin α-hemolysin triggers proteolysis of host proteins to disrupt cell adhesion, inflammatory, and survival pathways.uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec), which are the leading cause of both acute and chronic urinary tract infections, often secrete a labile pore-forming toxin known as α-hemolysin (hlya). we show that stable insertion of hlya into epithelial cell and macrophage membranes triggers degradation of the cytoskeletal scaffolding protein paxillin and other host regulatory proteins, as well as components of the proinflammatory nfκb signaling cascade. proteolysis of these factors requires host serine p ...201222264513
gargling for oral hygiene and the development of fever in childhood: a population study in japan.fever is one of the most common symptoms among children and is usually caused by respiratory infections. although japanese health authorities have long recommended gargling to prevent respiratory infections, its effectiveness among children is not clear.201222123226
managing wheeze in preschool children: how difficult can it be?wheeze is a common symptom in infants and preschool children. up to 30% of children wheeze at least once before the age of 3 years and 2% of those have it severe enough to warrant hospital admission. not only parents but also physicians have difficulty in recognizing wheeze. wrong diagnosis of the underlying condition leads to inappropriate and unnecessary management and patient morbidity. asthma is the commonest underlying condition in children with wheeze, but the differential diagnosis is qui ...201227493341
functional heterogeneity in the basophil cell lineage.cd4(+) t-helper type 2 (th2) cells, characterized by their expression of interleukin (il)-4, il-5, il-9, and il-13, are required for immunity to helminth parasites and promote the pathological inflammation associated with asthma and allergic diseases. recent reports from a number of laboratories have indicated that basophils can influence the induction and/or effector stages of th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation. however, the impact of basophils appears to depend on the anatomical location and n ...201222608258
risk factors and outcomes for pandemic h1n1 influenza compared with seasonal influenza in hospitalized children in china.to compare clinical features and outcomes of children hospitalized in china with pandemic (p)h1n1 between 2009 and 2010 versus seasonal influenza a between 2008 and 2009.201224294275
selective decontamination of the digestive tract: an update of the evidence.selective decontamination of the digestive tract has been proven to prevent severe infections and to reduce mortality in critically ill patients. historical arguments against its use, like the development of bacterial resistance and the absence of influence on mortality, have not been confirmed. recent clinical trials designed to evaluate these variables and meta-analyses showed remarkable reductions in the incidence of resistant bacteria and a significant beneficial effect on survival. this rev ...201223440328
childhood microbial keratitis.to evaluate risk factors for pediatric microbial keratitis and to describe the clinical picture, microbial spectrum, treatment modalities, posttreatment sequelae, and visual outcome in cases with pediatric microbial keratitis.201222557873
repellency effects of essential oils of myrtle (myrtus communis), marigold (calendula officinalis) compared with deet against anopheles stephensi on human volunteers.malaria and leishmaniasis are two most significant parasitic diseases which are endemic in iran. over the past decades, interest in botanical repellents has increased as a result of safety to human. the comparative efficacy of essential oils of two native plants, myrtle (myrtus communis) and marigold (calendula officinalis) collected from natural habitats at southern iran was compared with deet as synthetic repellent against anopheles stephensi on human subjects under laboratory condition.201122808414
determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in taraxacum formosanum kitam by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a post-column derivatization technique.a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (lc-ms/ms) was developed for the determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in a medicinal chinese herb taraxacum formosanum kitam. initially, both phenolic acids and flavonoids were extracted with 50% ethanol in a water-bath at 60 °c for 3 h and eventually separated into acidic fraction and neutral fraction by using a c(18) cartridge. a total of 29 compounds were separated within 68 min by employing a gemini c(18) column and a gradient ...201122312251
determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in taraxacum formosanum kitam by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a post-column derivatization technique.a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (lc-ms/ms) was developed for the determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in a medicinal chinese herb taraxacum formosanum kitam. initially, both phenolic acids and flavonoids were extracted with 50% ethanol in a water-bath at 60 °c for 3 h and eventually separated into acidic fraction and neutral fraction by using a c(18) cartridge. a total of 29 compounds were separated within 68 min by employing a gemini c(18) column and a gradient ...201122312251
impaired release of antimicrobial peptides into nasal fluid of hyper-ige and cvid patients.patients with primary immunodeficiency (pid) often suffer from frequent respiratory tract infections. despite standard treatment with igg-substitution and antibiotics many patients do not improve significantly. therefore, we hypothesized that additional immune deficits may be present among these patients.201122216247
rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.hepatic encephalopathy is a challenging complication in patients with advanced liver disease. it can be defined as a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by portosystemic venous shunting, ranging from minimal to overt hepatic encephalopathy or coma. its pathophysiology is still unclear, although increased levels of ammonia play a key role. diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is currently based on specific tests evaluating the neuropsychiatric state of patients and their quality of life; the severity ...201124367227
formulation of cefuroxime axetil oral suspension and investigation of its pharmaceutical properties.cefuroxime is the second generation cephalosporin, which its intravenous and oral dosage forms are available. oral route is the selective method for administration of most of the drugs. the aim of this study was formulating 'for oral' cefuroxime axetil suspensions.201124312763
sinusitis (acute).acute sinusitis is defined pathologically, by transient inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses lasting less than 4 weeks. clinically, it is characterised by nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, facial pain, hyposmia, sneezing, and, if more severe, additional malaise and fever. it affects 1% to 5% of the adult population each year in europe.201122189346
moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in outpatient acute exacerbations of copd: maestral results.bacterial infections causing acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) frequently require antibacterial treatment. more evidence is needed to guide antibiotic choice. the moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis trial (maestral) was a multiregional, randomised, double-blind non-inferiority outpatient study. patients were aged ≥ 60 yrs, with an anthonisen type i exacerbation, a forced expiratory volume in 1 s < 60% predicted and two or more exacerbatio ...201122135277
moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in outpatient acute exacerbations of copd: maestral results.bacterial infections causing acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) frequently require antibacterial treatment. more evidence is needed to guide antibiotic choice. the moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis trial (maestral) was a multiregional, randomised, double-blind non-inferiority outpatient study. patients were aged ≥ 60 yrs, with an anthonisen type i exacerbation, a forced expiratory volume in 1 s < 60% predicted and two or more exacerbatio ...201122135277
oral microflora: a comparative study in hiv and normal patients.the study was designed to compare the oral microbiota in normal and hiv-infected individuals. the study tries to establish a significant shift in oral microflora in hiv-infected patients. antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed to establish any rise in resistance against the antibiotics. it was a two and half year prospective study conducted in a tertiary care centre. the study group consisted of eighty subjects divided into two groups of control and hiv. the age range for this group was 9- ...201124533371
oral microflora: a comparative study in hiv and normal patients.the study was designed to compare the oral microbiota in normal and hiv-infected individuals. the study tries to establish a significant shift in oral microflora in hiv-infected patients. antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed to establish any rise in resistance against the antibiotics. it was a two and half year prospective study conducted in a tertiary care centre. the study group consisted of eighty subjects divided into two groups of control and hiv. the age range for this group was 9- ...201124533371
population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in critically ill septic patients: a reappraisal.to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in critically ill patients suffering from sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock.201121545483
update on acute otitis media in children younger than 2 years of age.as concern about antimicrobial resistance grows, i am aware of the need to reduce unnecessary antibiotic treatment; however, in my practice i see many children with acute otitis media (aom) and this is the most common reason i prescribe antibiotics. most of these children are young and otherwise healthy, and i am uncertain about when to prescribe antibiotics and when to endorse "watchful waiting." which children will benefit from antibiotic treatment?201122084458
multi-species bacterial biofilm and intracellular infection in otitis media.bacteria which are metabolically active yet unable to be cultured and eradicated by antibiotic treatment are present in the middle ear effusion of children with chronic otitis media with effusion (come) and recurrent acute otitis media (raom). these observations are suggestive of biofilm presence or intracellular sequestration of bacteria and may play a role in om pathogenesis. the aim of this project is to provide evidence for the presence of otopathogenic bacteria intracellularly or within bio ...201122018357
roflumilast, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, for copd patients with a history of exacerbations.acute exacerbations of copd (aecopd) are major clinical events. they are associated with a more rapid decline in lung function, poorer quality of life scores, and an increased risk of dying. exacerbations that require hospitalization have particular significance. approximately 40% of the aecopd patients who require hospitalization will die in the subsequent year. since many aecopd require hospitalization, they account for most of the expense of caring for copd patients. treatment with long-actin ...201122084617
acute lung failure.lung failure is the most common organ failure seen in the intensive care unit. the pathogenesis of acute respiratory failure (arf) can be classified as (1) neuromuscular in origin, (2) secondary to acute and chronic obstructive airway diseases, (3) alveolar processes such as cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and pneumonia, and (4) vascular diseases such as acute or chronic pulmonary embolism. this article reviews the more common causes of arf from each group, including the pathologi ...201121989697
antimicrobial, antiviral and immunomodulatory activity studies of pelargonium sidoides (eps(®) 7630) in the context of health promotion.pelargonium species contribute significantly to the health care of a large population in the southern african region, as part of a long-standing medical system intimately linked to traditional healing practices. most notably, extracts of the roots of p. sidoides have commonly been applied for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea but only occasionally for respiratory complaints. clinical trials have shown that a modern aqueous-ethanolic formulation of p. sidoides extracts (eps(®) 7630) is an ...201127721327
high prevalence of sinusitis in children with henoch-schönlein purpura.we evaluated the prevalence and the types of infectious foci in oral as well as ear, nose, and throat diseases, and we examined incidence of renal involvement with active treatment for focal infection in children with henoch-schönlein purpura. a total of 96 children who presented at aichi children's health and medical center and were diagnosed as having hsp were evaluated for infectious foci in the ear, nose, throat, and oral cavities. seventy-one of 96 children (74.0%) had some type of infectio ...201121977045
pre-hospital intubation factors and pneumonia in trauma patients.we reported similar rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) previously in trauma patients intubated either in a pre-hospital (ph) venue or the emergency department. a subset of ph intubations with continuous quality assessment was re-examined to identify the intubation factors associated with vap.201121933010
large unilateral pleural effusion secondary to moraxella catarrhalis infection.a 43-year-old male with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis presented with breathlessness, cough and right-sided abdominal pain. examination revealed a large right-sided pleural effusion and subsequent thoracocentesis yielded an exudate. although the fluid culture was sterile, sputum culture produced moraxella catarrhalis. tuberculosis was ruled out by pleural fluid analysis and pleural biopsy. antibiotics were administered and subsequent radiograms indicated resolution of the eff ...201123393539
management of patients during and after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of primary care physicians.current treatments have failed to stem the continuing rise in health care resource use and fatalities associated with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). reduction of severity and prevention of new exacerbations are therefore important in disease management, especially for patients with frequent exacerbations. acute exacerbation treatment includes short-acting bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, and antibiotics if bacterial infections are present. oxygen and/or ...201121941453
pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions of mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.we evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions of critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). twenty-five mechanically ventilated patients with severe copd who were suffering from an acute, infectious exacerbation were included in this prospective, open-label study. all subjects received a 1-hour intravenous infusion of 400 mg ciprofloxacin every 8 h. serial blood and bronchial secretion samples were obtained ...201121670178
acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: who needs antibiotics? an individual patient data meta-analysis.acute infective conjunctivitis is a common problem in primary care, traditionally managed with topical antibiotics. a number of clinical trials have questioned the benefit of topical antibiotics for patients with acute infective conjunctivitis.201122152728
azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of copd.acute exacerbations adversely affect patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). macrolide antibiotics benefit patients with a variety of inflammatory airway diseases.201121864166
pneumonia in healthy canadian children and youth: practice points for management.although immunization has decreased the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in vaccinated children, pneumonia remains common in healthy children. unless it is totally impractical, a chest radiograph should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia. factors such as age, vital signs and other measures of illness severity are critical in the decision regarding whether to admit a patient to hospital. because streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia ...201122851898
optimal dose finding of garenoxacin based on population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and monte carlo simulation.garenoxacin, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, possesses potent antibacterial activity against infectious pathogens in the respiratory tract. population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) modeling and monte carlo simulations were used to optimize garenoxacin dosage regimens.201121796376
optimal dose finding of garenoxacin based on population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and monte carlo simulation.garenoxacin, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, possesses potent antibacterial activity against infectious pathogens in the respiratory tract. population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) modeling and monte carlo simulations were used to optimize garenoxacin dosage regimens.201121796376
risk factors of postoperative pneumonia after lung cancer surgery.the purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors of postoperative pneumonia (pop) after lung cancer surgery. the 417 lung cancer patients who underwent surgical resection in a tertiary referral hospital were included. clinical, radiological and laboratory data were reviewed retrospectively. male and female ratio was 267:150 (median age, 65 yr). the incidence of pop was 6.2% (26 of 417) and in-hospital mortality was 27% among those patients. by univariate analysis, age ≥ 70 yr (p < 0.001 ...201121860545
higher rate of bronchoalveolar lavage culture positivity in children with nonacid reflux and respiratory disorders.the aim of the study was to determine if children with chronic cough or wheezing and with more full-column, nonacid reflux have a higher likelihood of a positive bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture. in a prospective study of 46 children with cough who were undergoing endoscopy, multichannel intraluminal impedance testing, and bronchoscopy, we found that patients who had a positive culture had significantly more full-column, nonacid gastroesophageal reflux than those who had a negative culture.201121777922
clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with severe h1n1/09 pandemic influenza in australia and new zealand: an observational cohort study.background pandemic influenza h1n1/09 emerged in april 2009 and spread widely in australia and new zealand. although an unprecedented number of cases required intensive care, comparative community-based studies with seasonal influenza strains have not shown any significant differences in clinical symptoms or severity. methods the authors performed active surveillance on confirmed influenza-related admissions and compared the clinical profile of patients with pandemic h1n1/09 influenza and patien ...201122021761
a clinical pathway for community-acquired pneumonia: an observational cohort study.six hospitals instituted a voluntary, system-wide, pathway for community acquired pneumonia (cap). we proposed this study to determine the impact of pathway antibiotics on patient survival, hospital length of stay (los), and total hospital cost.201121733161
a novel study design for antibiotic trials in acute exacerbations of copd: maestral methodology.antibiotics, along with oral corticosteroids, are standard treatments for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). the ultimate aims of treatment are to minimize the impact of the current exacerbation, and by ensuring complete resolution, reduce the risk of relapse. in the absence of superiority studies of antibiotics in aecopd, evidence of the relative efficacy of different drugs is lacking, and so it is difficult for physicians to select the most effective antibio ...201121760724
acute otitis media in children.what is the best treatment for acute otitis media in children?201121731893
bioequivalence of 2 azithromycin capsule formulations: a randomized, single-dose, open-label, 2-period crossover study in healthy male pakistani volunteers.approximately 68 brands of azithromycin capsule formulations are available in pakistan; however, published data on their bioequivalence in the pakistani population are not available.201124648579
a randomized, double-blinded, open label study of the efficacy and safety of cefcapene pivoxil and amoxicillin·clavulanate in acute presumed bacterial rhinosinusitis.currently established first line therapy of acute (presumed bacterial) rhinosinusitis (ars) consists of 10 to 14 days of oral amoxicillin or cephalosporins. this study compared the clinical efficacy and tolerance of cefcapene pivoxil (cp) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (amc) in patients with ars.201121716955
aom in children.in the uk, about 30% of children under 3 years of age visit their gp each year with acute otitis media (aom), and 97% of these receive antibiotics. in the us, aom is the most common reason for outpatient antibiotic treatment. without antibiotics, aom resolves within 24 hours in about 60% of children, and within 3 days in about 80% of children.201121554768
always one step ahead: how pathogenic bacteria use the type iii secretion system to manipulate the intestinal mucosal immune system.the intestinal immune system and the epithelium are the first line of defense in the gut. constantly exposed to microorganisms from the environment, the gut has complex defense mechanisms to prevent infections, as well as regulatory pathways to tolerate commensal bacteria and food antigens. intestinal pathogens have developed strategies to regulate intestinal immunity and inflammation in order to establish or prolong infection. the organisms that employ a type iii secretion system use a molecula ...201121539730
genetics of complex airway disease.the past 3 years have seen highly significant genetic effects identified for a wide variety of common complex diseases, including the airway disorders of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. it appears that only a portion of the genetically mediated susceptibility to complex diseases has been identified, and there is much left to be discovered. this review briefly describes the results of the genome-wide association studies of asthma and gives an overview of the parallel and increas ...201121543792
access to a polymerase chain reaction assay method targeting 13 respiratory viruses can reduce antibiotics: a randomised, controlled trial.viral respiratory infections are common worldwide and range from completely benign disease to life-threatening illness. symptoms can be unspecific, and an etiologic diagnosis is rarely established because of a lack of suitable diagnostic tools. improper use of antibiotics is common in this setting, which is detrimental in light of the development of bacterial resistance. it has been suggested that the use of diagnostic tests could reduce antibiotic prescription rates. the objective of this study ...201121521505
immunoglobulin responses at the mucosal interface.mucosal surfaces are colonized by large communities of commensal bacteria and represent the primary site of entry for pathogenic agents. to prevent microbial intrusion, mucosal b cells release large amounts of immunoglobulin (ig) molecules through multiple follicular and extrafollicular pathways. iga is the most abundant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions and owes its success in frontline immunity to its ability to undergo transcytosis across epithelial cells. in addition to translocating ig ...201121219173
intravenous moxifloxacin in routine hospital treatment of respiratory tract infections in china: results of a multicenter, noninterventional study.to investigate the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of moxifloxacin (mxf) (intravenous [iv] or sequential therapy [iv followed by oral]) under daily treatment conditions in a large number of patients with respiratory tract infections.201121674024
randomized placebo-controlled trial on azithromycin to reduce the morbidity of bronchiolitis in indigenous australian infants: rationale and protocol.acute lower respiratory infections are the commonest cause of morbidity and potentially preventable mortality in indigenous infants. infancy is also a critical time for post-natal lung growth and development. severe or repeated lower airway injury in very young children likely increases the likelihood of chronic pulmonary disorders later in life. globally, bronchiolitis is the most common form of acute lower respiratory infections during infancy. compared with non-indigenous australian infants, ...201121492416
comparison between nasopharyngeal swab and nasal wash, using culture and pcr, in the detection of potential respiratory pathogens.nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens is important as it is both the major source of transmission and the prerequisite of invasive disease. new methods for detecting carriage could improve comfort, accuracy and laboratory utility. the aims of this study were to compare the sensitivities of a nasopharyngeal swab (nps) and a nasal wash (nw) in detecting potential respiratory pathogens in healthy adults using microbiological culture and pcr.201121489228
sublingual therapeutic immunization with a polyvalent bacterial preparation in patients with recurrent respiratory infections: immunomodulatory effect on antigen-specific memory cd4+ t cells and impact on clinical outcome.recurrent respiratory tract infections (rrtis) are common clinical conditions in individuals with alterations of the immune function. a prospective open pilot study in a cohort of patients with rrtis has been performed to assess whether sublingual immunization with a polyvalent bacterial vaccine could exert an immunomodulatory effect on the antigen-specific immunological responses and have an impact on the clinical outcome. seventeen patients with rrtis were recruited. an oral polyvalent bacteri ...201121391984
infections and immunodeficiency in down syndrome.down syndrome (ds) is the most common genetic disease and presents with cognitive impairment, cardiac and gastrointestinal abnormalities, in addition to other miscellaneous clinical conditions. ds individuals may have a high frequency of infections, usually of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by increased severity and prolonged course of disease, which are partially attributed to defects of the immune system. the abnormalities of the immune system associated with ds include: mild to mo ...201121352207
common cold.each year, children suffer up to 5 colds and adults have two to three infections, leading to time off school or work, and considerable discomfort. most symptoms resolve within 1 week, but coughs often persist for longer.201121406124
the use of c-reactive protein in predicting bacterial co-infection in children with bronchiolitis.bronchiolitis is a potentially life-threatening respiratory illness commonly affecting children who are less than two years of age. patients with viral lower respiratory tract infection are at risk for co-bacterial infection.201122540082
complication of warfarin therapy presenting as empyema.a number of risk indices have been formulated in an attempt to predict risk of a major hemorrhage in an individual on warfarin therapy. no single index to date is able to reliably predict this risk in an individual patient. although most warfarin related hemorrhages are gastrointestinal or intracranial in origin this case represents a particularly rare entity of a major hemorrhage presenting as an encysted empyema. to the best of our knowledge this has never before been described.201122263065
ligation of cd46 to cd40 inhibits cd40 signaling in b cells.cd40 induces b cells to switch to ige in the presence of il-4 and up-regulates their expression of the low-affinity receptor for ige, cd23, which promotes the immune response to allergen complexed with ige antibody. cd40 binds to cd40l and to the c4b-binding protein (c4bp) using distinct sites. cd46 is a receptor for the product of activated complement c4b. some microbial antigens bind both c4bp and cd46, potentially bridging cd40 to cd46. in addition, immune complexes containing both c4b and c4 ...201121393637
vesiculobullous eruption of the right arm after intravenous clarithromycin.clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic. in clinical trials, adverse drug reactions of clarithromycin are usually mild and transient. only 1% of the adverse reactions are severe. herein, we present a case with vesiculobullous skin reaction and vein thrombosis caused by administration of intravenous clarithromycin.201121455431
parental administration of antipyretics to children with upper respiratory tract infections without consultation with a physician.to evaluate the administration of antipyretics to children with upper respiratory tract infections (urti) by their parents or guardians without consultation with physicians, and compare epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients who received antipyretics and of untreated patients.201121328720
a computational and experimental study of the regulatory mechanisms of the complement system.the complement system is key to innate immunity and its activation is necessary for the clearance of bacteria and apoptotic cells. however, insufficient or excessive complement activation will lead to immune-related diseases. it is so far unknown how the complement activity is up- or down- regulated and what the associated pathophysiological mechanisms are. to quantitatively understand the modulatory mechanisms of the complement system, we built a computational model involving the enhancement an ...201121283780
effect of pasteurization temperature on quality of aonla juice during storage.a study was carried out to detect the changes in colour and quality attributes of aonla juice during storage after pasteurization at different temperatures. after extracting juice from aonla cv. chakaiya, it was pasteurized at five different temperatures and preserved with 500 ppm so2 in pet bottles under ambient conditions. juice was periodically analysed for colour and chemical characters up to 9 months of storage. though the contents of ascorbic acid and polyphenols in juice decreased with in ...201123572745
are there any differences in clinical and laboratory findings on admission between h1n1 positive and negative patients with flu-like symptoms?the world health organization alert for the h1n1 influenza pandemic led to the implementation of certain measures regarding admission of patients with flu-like symptoms. all these instructions were adopted by the greek national health system. the aim of this study was to retrospectively examine the characteristics of all subjects admitted to the unit of infectious diseases with symptoms indicating h1n1 infection, and to identify any differences between h1n1 positive or negative patients. patient ...201121214902
cumulative clinical experience from over a decade of use of levofloxacin in community-acquired pneumonia: critical appraisal and role in therapy.levofloxacin is the synthetic l-isomer of the racemic fluoroquinolone, ofloxacin. it interferes with critical processes in the bacterial cell such as dna replication, transcription, repair, and recombination by inhibiting bacterial topoisomerases. levofloxacin has broad spectrum activity against several causative bacterial pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). oral levofloxacin is rapidly absorbed and is bioequivalent to the intravenous formulation such that patients can be convenient ...201122046107
update and critical appraisal of the use of topical azithromycin ophthalmic 1% (azasite) solution in the treatment of ocular infections.azithromycin is an azalide that acts by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit of susceptible microorganisms and interfering with microbial protein synthesis. azithromycin is also noted by anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. azasite(®) (inspire pharmaceuticals, inc, durham, nc) is azithromycin ophthalmic solution, 1% formulated in polycarbophil (the aqueous mucoadhesive polymer contained in durasite(®)) that delivers high and prolonged azithromycin concentrations in a variety of ocula ...201121750614
inhaled innate immune ligands to prevent pneumonia.epithelial surfaces throughout the body continuously sample and respond to environmental stimuli. the accessibility of lung epithelium to inhaled therapies makes it possible to stimulate local antimicrobial defences with aerosolized innate immune ligands. this strategy has been shown to be effective in preclinical models, as delivery of innate immune ligands to the lungs of laboratory animals results in protection from subsequent challenge with microbial pathogens. survival of the animal host in ...201121250981
healthcare-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a korean tertiary hospital.healthcare-associated pneumonia (hcap) has more similarities to nosocomial pneumonia than to community-acquired pneumonia (cap). however, there have only been a few epidemiological studies of hcap in south korea. we aimed to determine the differences between hcap and cap in terms of clinical features, pathogens, and outcomes, and to clarify approaches for initial antibiotic management.201121396096
clinical effectiveness and safety of gemifloxacin versus cefpodoxime in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a randomized, controlled trial.acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb) is a commonly encountered problem and those suspected to be due to bacterial infections require antibiotic therapy. this randomized, controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of gemifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, versus cefpodoxime, an oral third-generation cephalosporin, for the treatment of mild to moderately severe cases of aecb.201121455420
symptoms of the oral cavity and their association with local microbiological and clinical findings--a prospective survey in palliative care.symptoms of the oral cavity clearly encompass more than radiation or chemotherapy-induced mucositis. still, the burden of oral symptoms in palliative care has hardly been addressed directly, and considerations towards underlying disease processes have often been extrapolated from oncology patients.201121336528
symptoms of the oral cavity and their association with local microbiological and clinical findings--a prospective survey in palliative care.symptoms of the oral cavity clearly encompass more than radiation or chemotherapy-induced mucositis. still, the burden of oral symptoms in palliative care has hardly been addressed directly, and considerations towards underlying disease processes have often been extrapolated from oncology patients.201121336528
incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital: a retrospective analysis.to determine the incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis seen at a tertiary care eye hospital.201123960995
incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital: a retrospective analysis.to determine the incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis seen at a tertiary care eye hospital.201123960995
rapid identification of acinetobacter spp. by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) from colony and blood culture material.multi-drug-resistant strains of the acinetobacter baumannii complex cause nosocomial infections. rapid identification of acinetobacter spp. is desirable in order to facilitate therapeutic or hygiene decisions. we evaluated a newly designed dna probe that can be used under standard conditions in both a microwave oven and a slide chamber for the rapid identification of acinetobacter spp. by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). using fish, the new probe correctly identified 81/81 acinetobacte ...201124516735
trimeric autotransporter adhesins in members of the burkholderia cepacia complex: a multifunctional family of proteins implicated in virulence.trimeric autotransporter adhesins (taas) are multimeric surface proteins exclusively found in bacteria. they are involved in various biological traits of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria including adherence, biofilm formation, invasion, survival within eukaryotic cells, serum resistance, and cytotoxicity. taas have a modular architecture composed by a conserved membrane-anchored c-terminal domain and a variable number of stalk and head domains. in this study, a bioinformatic approach has been u ...201122919579
the emerging relationship between the airway microbiota and chronic respiratory disease: clinical implications.until recently, relationships between evidence of colonization or infection by specific microbial species and the development, persistence or exacerbation of pulmonary disease have informed our opinions of airway microbiology. however, recent applications of culture-independent tools for microbiome profiling have revealed a more diverse microbiota than previously recognized in the airways of patients with chronic pulmonary disease. new evidence indicates that the composition of airway microbiota ...201122082166
challenges of antibacterial discovery.the discovery of novel small-molecule antibacterial drugs has been stalled for many years. the purpose of this review is to underscore and illustrate those scientific problems unique to the discovery and optimization of novel antibacterial agents that have adversely affected the output of the effort. the major challenges fall into two areas: (i) proper target selection, particularly the necessity of pursuing molecular targets that are not prone to rapid resistance development, and (ii) improveme ...201121233508
bronchitis (acute).acute bronchitis affects over 40/1000 adults a year in the uk. the causes are usually considered to be infective, but only around half of people have identifiable pathogens. the role of smoking or of environmental tobacco smoke inhalation in predisposing to acute bronchitis is unclear. one third of people may have longer-term symptoms or recurrence. methods and outcomes: we conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: what are the effects of treatments for a ...201121711957
the luxs-dependent quorum sensing system regulates early biofilm formation by streptococcus pneumoniae strain d39.streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide and form highly organized biofilms in the nasopharynx, lungs and middle ear mucosa. the luxs-controlled quorum sensing (qs) system has recently been implicated in virulence and persistence in the nasopharynx, but its role in biofilms had not been studied. here, we show that this qs system plays a major role in controlling s. pneumoniae biofilm formation. our results demonstrate that the luxs gene is encoded by invas ...201121825061
potential role of tigecycline in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.tigecycline is a member of the glycylcycline class of antimicrobials, which is structurally similar to the tetracycline class. it demonstrates potent in vitro activity against causative pathogens that are most frequently isolated in patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp), including (but not limited to) streptococcus pneumoniae (both penicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains), haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis (including +¦-lactamase-producing strains), klebs ...201121694911
characterization of specific antibody deficiency in adults with medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis.specific antibody deficiency may predispose patients to recurrent respiratory tract infections. there is limited literature assessing specific antibody deficiency in chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). this study evaluated the role of specific antibody deficiency in patients with crs who have failed medical therapy.201121819760
recombination and population structure in salmonella enterica.salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen that causes enteric fever and gastroenteritis in humans and animals. although its population structure was long described as clonal, based on high linkage disequilibrium between loci typed by enzyme electrophoresis, recent examination of gene sequences has revealed that recombination plays an important evolutionary role. we sequenced around 10% of the core genome of 114 isolates of enterica using a resequencing microarray. application of two different ...201121829375
a naturally occurring single residue mutation in the translocator domain of neisseria meningitidis nhha affects trimerization, surface localization and adhesive capabilities.neisseria meningitidis nhha (neisseria hia/hsf homologue a) is an oligomeric outer membrane protein, belonging to the family of trimeric autotransporter adhesins. nhha mediates the interaction of n. meningitidis with human epithelial cells and components of the extracellular matrix. the recombinant protein is able to induce bactericidal antibodies and hence has also been considered as a potential vaccine candidate. in this study, we analyzed the production of nhha in a large panel of n. meningit ...201121844231
temporal development of the humoral immune response to surface antigens of moraxella catarrhalis in young infants.the primary moraxella catarrhalis-specific humoral immune response, and its association with nasopharyngeal colonization, was studied in a cohort of infants from birth to 2 years of age. results indicated that the levels of antigen-specific igg, iga and igm showed extensive inter-individual variability over time, with igm and iga levels to all 9 recombinant domains, from 7 different omps, being relatively low throughout the study period. in contrast, the level of antigen-specific igg was signifi ...201121704103
effects of bacterial infection on airway antimicrobial peptides and proteins in copd.pathogenic bacteria colonize the airways of 30% to 40% of patients with copd and cause approximately 50% of exacerbations. new strains of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis are associated with exacerbations. antimicrobial protein/peptides (amps) play important roles in innate lung defense against pathogens. to our knowledge, the changes in amp baseline levels in respiratory secretions during bacterial colonization and exacerbation have not been described. the obj ...201121349930
microbial manipulation of receptor crosstalk in innate immunity.in the arms race of host-microbe co-evolution, successful microbial pathogens have evolved ingenious ways to evade host immune responses. in this review, we focus on 'crosstalk manipulation' - the microbial strategies that instigate, subvert or disrupt the molecular signalling crosstalk between receptors of the innate immune system. this proactive interference undermines host defences and contributes to microbial adaptive fitness and persistent infections. understanding how pathogens exploit hos ...201121350579
inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza a and b viruses.black elderberries (sambucus nigra l.) are well known as supportive agents against common cold and influenza. it is further known that bacterial super-infection during an influenza virus (iv) infection can lead to severe pneumonia. we have analyzed a standardized elderberry extract (rubini, berrypharma ag) for its antimicrobial and antiviral activity using the microtitre broth micro-dilution assay against three gram-positive bacteria and one gram-negative bacteria responsible for infections of t ...201121352539
modified real-time pcr for detecting, differentiating, and quantifying ureaplasma urealyticum and ureaplasma parvum.we evaluated a previously described quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) for quantifying and differentiating ureaplasma parvum and u. urealyticum. because of nonspecific reactions with staphylococcus aureus dna in the u. parvum pcr, we developed a modified qpcr and designed new primers. these oligonucleotides eradicated cross-reactions, indicating higher specificity. the detection limits of the qpcr were determined at 1 and 3 colony-forming units/ml for u. parvum and u. urealyticum, respectively. t ...201121354056
detection of nasba amplified bacterial tmrna molecules on slicsel designed microarray probes.we present a comprehensive technological solution for bacterial diagnostics using tmrna as a marker molecule. a robust probe design algorithm for microbial detection microarray is implemented. the probes were evaluated for specificity and, combined with nasba (nucleic acid sequence based amplification) amplification, for sensitivity.201121356118
microbiology of sinusitis.most sinus infections are viral, and only a small proportion develops a secondary bacterial infection. rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and parainfluenza viruses are the most common causes of sinusitis. the most common bacteria isolated from pediatric and adult patients with community-acquired acute purulent sinusitis are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pyogenes. staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic bacteria (prevotella and porphyromonas, ...201121364226
clinical and microbiological evaluation of hemodialysis-associated pneumonia (hdap): should hdap be included in healthcare-associated pneumonia?although hemodialysis-associated pneumonia (hdap) was included among the healthcare-associated pneumonias (hcap) in the 2005 american thoracic society (ats)/infectious diseases society of america (idsa) guideline, little information relevant to clinical epidemiology, especially microbiological characteristics, is available. this study aimed to reveal microbiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of hdap and to assess whether hdap should be included in the hcap category. we retrospectivel ...201121369775
exploring the oral microbiota of children at various developmental stages of their dentition in the relation to their oral health.an understanding of the relation of commensal microbiota to health is essential in preventing disease. here we studied the oral microbial composition of children (n = 74, aged 3 - 18 years) in natural transition from their deciduous to a permanent dentition and related the microbial profiles to their oral health status. the microbial composition of saliva was assessed by barcoded pyrosequencing of the v5-v6 hypervariable regions of the 16 s rrna, as well as by using phylogenetic microarrays.201121371338
rna-oligonucleotide quantification technique (roqt) for the enumeration of uncultivated bacterial species in subgingival biofilms.approximately 35% of the species present in subgingival biofilms are as yet uncultivated, so their role in periodontal pathogenesis is unknown. the aim of the present study was to develop a high throughput method to quantify a wide range of cultivated and uncultivated taxa in subgingival biofilm samples associated with periodontal disease or health. oligonucleotides targeting the 16s ribosomal dna gene were designed, synthesized and labeled with digoxigenin. these probes were hybridized with the ...201121375703
in vitro activity of ceftaroline against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens isolated from patients in canadian hospitals in 2009.the in vitro activities of ceftaroline and comparative agents were determined for a collection of the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens from hospital-associated patients across canada in 2009 as part of the ongoing canward surveillance study. in total, 4,546 isolates from 15 sentinel canadian hospital laboratories were tested using the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution method. compared with other cephalosporins, including ceftobiprole, cefepime, an ...201121402844
severe pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of new quinolones on prognosis.most guidelines have been proposing, for more than 15 years, a ß-lactam combined with either a quinolone or a macrolide as empirical, first-line therapy of severe community acquired pneumonia (cap) requiring icu admission. our goal was to evaluate the outcome of patients with severe cap, focusing on the impact of new rather than old fluoroquinolones combined with ß-lactam in the empirical antimicrobial treatments.201121406091
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