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delivery of a foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid subunit antigen with nonstructural protein 2b improves protection of swine.to develop a more efficacious human adenovirus (ad5)-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) subunit vaccine (ad5-a24) we have included coding regions for fmdv nonstructural proteins 2b and 2c. these proteins are involved in membrane re-arrangements resulting in the proliferation of cytoplasmic vesicles which serve as the sites of virus replication. cells infected with a vector containing full-length 2b (ad5-ci-a24-2b) had a significant increase in the number of cytoplasmic vesicles as comp ...200818762225
induction of a protective antibody response to fmdv in mice following oral immunization with transgenic stylosanthes spp. as a feedstuff additive.the expression of antigens in transgenic plants has increasingly been used as an alternative to the classical methodologies for the development of experimental vaccines, and it remains one of the real challenges in this field to use transgenic plant-based vaccines effectively as feedstuff additives. we report herein the development of a new oral immunization system for foot and mouth disease with the structural protein vp1 of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) produced in transgenic stylosa ...200818651235
inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in vitro and in vivo by small interfering rna.by using bioinformatics computer programs, all foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome sequences in public-domain databases were analyzed. based on the results of homology analysis, 2 specific small interfering rna (sirna) targeting homogenous 3d and 2b1 regions of 7 serotypes of fmdv were prepared and 2 sirna-expression vectors, psi-fmd2 and psi-fmd3, were constructed. the sirna-expressing vectors were used to test the ability of sirnas to inhibit virus replication in baby hamster kidney (bh ...200818652701
enhanced mucosal immune response in cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.the mucosal immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia 1 was examined in experimentally infected cattle by assaying antibodies by the virus-neutralizing test (vnt) and iga elisa in two secretory fluids, oesophageal pharyngeal fluid (opf) and oro-nasal fluid (onf). out of 17 animals infected by the intradermo-lingual route, 12 became persistently infected (carriers), as defined by positive antigen capture rt-pcr reactions for fmdv rna in opf samples collected at 28 days or l ...200818656268
engineering a single-chain fv antibody to alpha v beta 6 integrin using the specificity-determining loop of a foot-and-mouth disease virus.the alpha v beta 6 integrin is a promising target for cancer therapy. its expression is up-regulated de novo on many types of carcinoma where it may activate transforming growth factor-beta1 and transforming growth factor-beta 3, interact with the specific extracellular matrix proteins and promote migration and invasion of tumor cells. the viral protein 1 (vp1) coat protein of the o(1) british field strain serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus is a high-affinity ligand for alpha v beta 6, and ...200818656482
molecular characterization of a dual inhibitory and mutagenic activity of 5-fluorouridine triphosphate on viral rna synthesis. implications for lethal mutagenesis.the basis for a dual inhibitory and mutagenic activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) on foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna replication has been investigated with purified viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (3d) in vitro. 5-fluorouridine triphosphate acted as a potent competitive inhibitor of vpg uridylylation, the initial step of viral replication. peptide analysis by mass spectrometry has identified a vpg fragment containing 5-fluorouridine monophosphate (fump) covalently attached to tyr3, the ...200818662697
techniques developed in china for foot-and-mouth disease diagnosis.over the past several decades, a series of new methods have been developed in china for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). these methods are theoretically consistent with office international des epizooties standards for fmd diagnosis and include: antigen-capture elisa and colloid-gold test strip for viral antigen typing, liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) for detection of antibodies against o and asia 1 fmdv, and an indirect elisa for detection of antibodies against the non-structur ...200818666962
internal translation initiation on the foot-and-mouth disease virus ires is affected by ribosomal stalk conformation.a human cell line, in which expression of the ribosomal stalk proteins p1 and p2 has been suppressed by rnai technology, has been used to test how the loss of these proteins affects ires-dependent translation. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires-dependent translation from a bicistronic construct is about three fold higher in the p1/p2-depleted cells than in control cells in the presence of lb protease. by contrast, no effect on hepatitis c virus (hcv) ires translation was observed. these re ...200818675807
clinical and laboratory investigations of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in southern england in 2007.a case of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) on a cattle farm in normandy, surrey, was confirmed on friday august 3, 2007, the first case in the uk since 2001. the infection was detected nearby on a second farm on august 6. on september 12, fmd was confirmed on a farm approximately 20 km from normandy in egham, and this was followed by cases on five more farms in that area in the next three weeks. the majority of the infected farms consisted of multiple beef cattle holdings in semi-urban areas. in tot ...200818676997
comparison of the characters of the plaque-purified viruses from foot-and-mouth disease virus o/jpn/2000.at least two biotypes were observed at the 2nd passage stage after the isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/jpn/2000 strain. these 2 types of viruses differed from their plaque phenotypes and were distinguishable by using a monoclonal antibody (mab) 64g8 that was made for the fmdv o/jpn/2000 strain. one of these 2 biotypes formed small plaque (sp) and with immuno staining showed a positive reaction to mab 64g8, while the other formed clear large plaque (lp) and did not react with m ...200818685235
uv inactivation and model of uv inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in suspension.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes one of the most contagious diseases affecting cloven-hoofed animals (e.g., cattle and swine) and causes severe economic loss for many countries. the resistance to uv irradiation of fmdv strains isolated from outbreaks in thailand was investigated in phosphate-buffered saline at 25 degrees c. since the regression coefficients of linear regression were large and root mean square errors were small, uv inactivation could be appropriately summarized and fitt ...200818625534
herd reproduction ratio and time-space analysis of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in peru in 2004.the herd reproductive ratio (rh) and spatio-temporal clustering were estimated in the 2004 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epidemic in peru. the epidemic lasted 39 days and involved 26 herds. movement of cattle was restricted, all susceptible species within a 25-km buffer zone were revaccinated, and infected animals with clinical signs of fmd were killed or destroyed to control and eradicate the disease. the rh declined from 5.3 on the second day of the epidemic to 1.31 on the 25th day. spatio-temp ...200818631231
the crystal structure of coxsackievirus b3 rna-dependent rna polymerase in complex with its protein primer vpg confirms the existence of a second vpg binding site on picornaviridae polymerases.the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is a central piece in the replication machinery of rna viruses. in picornaviruses this essential rdrp activity also uridylates the vpg peptide, which then serves as a primer for rna synthesis. previous genetic, binding, and biochemical data have identified a vpg binding site on poliovirus rdrp and have shown that is was implicated in vpg uridylation. more recent structural studies have identified a topologically distinct site on the closely related foot-an ...200818632861
crystal structure of coxsackievirus b3 3dpol highlights the functional importance of residue 5 in picornavirus polymerases.the crystal structure of the coxsackievirus b3 polymerase has been solved at 2.25-a resolution and is shown to be highly homologous to polymerases from poliovirus, rhinovirus, and foot-and-mouth disease viruses. together, these structures highlight several conserved structural elements in picornaviral polymerases, including a proteolytic activation-dependent n-terminal structure that is essential for full activity. interestingly, a comparison of all of the picornaviral polymerase structures show ...200818632862
specific n-terminal protein labelling: use of fmdv 3c pro protease and native chemical ligation.we report an effective strategy for generating n-terminal cysteinyl proteins by proteolytic cleavage using the enzyme 3c pro, suitable for a wide range of applications via native chemical ligation.200818633492
multiplexed molecular assay for rapid exclusion of foot-and-mouth disease.a nucleic acid-based multiplexed assay was developed that combines detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with rule-out assays for two other foreign animal diseases and four domestic animal diseases that cause vesicular or ulcerative lesions indistinguishable from fmdv infection in cattle, sheep and swine. the fmdv "look-alike" diagnostic assay panel contains 5 pcr and 12 reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) signatures for a total of 17 simultaneous pcr amplifications for 7 diseases plus ...200818634827
topology of evolving, mutagenized viral populations: quasispecies expansion, compression, and operation of negative selection.the molecular events and evolutionary forces underlying lethal mutagenesis of virus (or virus extinction through an excess of mutations) are not well understood. here we apply for the first time phylogenetic methods and partition analysis of quasispecies (paq) to monitor genetic distances and intra-population structures of mutant spectra of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) quasispecies subjected to mutagenesis by base and nucleoside analogues.200818637173
generation and characterization of an npro-disrupted marker bovine viral diarrhea virus derived from a bac cdna.in vitro studies showed that n(pro) protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) interferes with cellular antiviral defense. to understand the role of n(pro) protein in successful viral invasion of the host and establishment of the lifetime persistence, an infectious n(pro)-disrupted virus with a noncytopathic (ncp) background is desired. in this study, an n(pro)-disrupted cdna, pbsd1-n(pro)/egfp2a, was constructed based on an infectious full-length bac cdna clone of ncp bvdv strain sd1, pbsd1. ...200818555541
evaluation of different adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing all the sat serotypes.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is primarily controlled by vaccination of susceptible animals and movement restrictions for animals and animal-derived products in south africa. vaccination using aluminium hydroxide gel-saponin (as) adjuvanted vaccines containing the south african territories (sat) serotypes has been shown to be effective both in ensuring that disease does not spread from the endemic to the free zone and in controlli ...200818575060
evaluation of fta cards as a laboratory and field sampling device for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus and serotyping by rt-pcr and real-time rt-pcr.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) samples transported to the laboratory from far and inaccessible areas for serodiagnosis pose a major problem in a tropical country like india, where there is maximum temperature fluctuation. inadequate storage methods lead to spoilage of fmdv samples collected from clinically positive animals in the field. such samples are declared as non-typeable by the typing laboratories with the consequent loss of valuable epidemiological data. the present study evaluated ...200818584888
variation in the vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a associated with epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks in the 2001 epizootic in argentina.a mixed binomial bayesian regression model was used to quantify the relation between nucleotide differences in the vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a, and epidemiologic characteristics of the outbreaks from which the viruses were obtained between january and december 2001 in argentina. an increase in the probability of different nucleotides between isolates was associated with a longer time between isolation dates, a greater distance between isolation locations, an increa ...200818599847
therapeutic application of rna interference against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro and in vivo.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important animal disease because of the speed of its transmission. routine vaccination may not be effective for early protection in an outbreak situation. small interfering rna (sirna) can be used in a rapid and effective antiviral approach. however, sirna has limitations when used in disease prevention, such as a short duration of action. in this study, we have demonstrated that treatment with sirna after fmd virus (fmdv) infection has an antivira ...200818601955
heparan sulfate-binding foot-and-mouth disease virus enters cells via caveola-mediated endocytosis.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) utilizes different cell surface macromolecules to facilitate infection of cultured cells. virus, which is virulent for susceptible animals, infects cells via four members of the alpha(v) subclass of cellular integrins. in contrast, tissue culture adaptation of some fmdv serotypes results in the loss of viral virulence in the animal, accompanied by the loss of virus' ability to use integrins as receptors. these avirulent viral variants acquire positively charge ...200818614639
minority report: hidden memory genomes in hiv-1 quasispecies and possible clinical implications.the rna viruses replicate as complex distributions of closely related genomes termed viral quasispecies. the behavior of the evolving quasispecies and its response to selective pressures such as antiviral treatment is influenced by the ensemble of mutants that compose the viral population. one such influence is the presence of minority subpopulations in the mutant spectra of viral quasispecies. biologically relevant mutants have long been known to be present as minority components of replicating ...200818615120
inclusion bodies: specificity in their aggregation process and amyloid-like structure.the accumulation of aggregated protein in the cell is associated with the pathology of many diseases and constitutes a major concern in protein production. intracellular aggregates have been traditionally regarded as nonspecific associations of misfolded polypeptides. this view is challenged by studies demonstrating that, in vitro, aggregation often involves specific interactions. however, little is known about the specificity of in vivo protein deposition. here, we investigate the degree of in ...200818619498
experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease among indian buffalo (bubalus bubalis) and from buffalo to cattle.indian buffalo and cattle were infected experimentally with a serotype o strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus of buffalo origin. whereas intradermolingual inoculation of buffalo produced largely sub-clinical infection, inoculation in the dental pad produced vesicles in the mouth and on the feet. a buffalo infected via the dental pad transmitted infection to cattle and buffalo by direct contact with them for 24h. the contact-exposed buffalo developed (1) delayed-onset clinical signs, and (2) sh ...200818619607
epithelial distribution and replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna in infected pigs.although the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been extensively investigated, relatively few studies have addressed the localization of fmd virus (fmdv) and in particular its replication in relation to the typical in-vivo sites of fmd lesions. in the present study, pigs were infected experimentally with fmdv serotype o ukg 34/2001 and tissue samples were collected from 1 to 4 days post-infection. samples were stored at -70 degrees c and frozen sections were prepared for in-situ hy ...200818620703
foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in fetal lambs: tissue tropism and cytokine response.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can cause transplacental infection and death in fetal lambs. this study investigates the pathogenesis of fmdv infection in ovine fetuses using in-situ hybridization (ish) to detect viral transcripts in tissue and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays to quantify the fetal cytokine response to infection. fmdv ribonucleic acid (rna) was localized mainly to the heart and skeletal muscles of fetuses and was only occasionally exp ...200818295784
residue l143 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase is a determinant of cleavage specificity.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader proteinase (l(pro)) self-processes inefficiently at the l(pro)/vp4 cleavage site lysleulys*glyalagly (* indicates cleaved peptide bond) when the leucine at position p2 is replaced by phenylalanine. molecular modeling and energy minimization identified the l(pro) residue l143 as being responsible for this discrimination. the variant l(pro) l143a self-processed efficiently at the l(pro)/vp4 cleavage site containing p2 phenylalanine, whereas the l143m ...200818305051
foliar extracts from transgenic tomato plants expressing the structural polyprotein, p1-2a, and protease, 3c, from foot-and-mouth disease virus elicit a protective response in guinea pigs.the expression of recombinant antigens in transgenic plants is increasingly used as an alternative method of producing experimental immunogens. in this report, we describe the production of transgenic tomato plants that express the structural polyprotein, p1-2a, and protease, 3c, from foot-and-mouth disease (fmdv). p1-2a3c was inserted into the plant binary vector, pbin438, and transformed into tomato plants using agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, gv3101. the presence of p1-2a3c was confirmed by ...200818006078
enhanced immunogenicity of multiple-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus fused with porcine interferon alpha in mice and protective efficacy in guinea pigs and swine.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically devastating vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in this study, three amino acid residues 21-60, 141-160 and 200-213 from vp1 protein of fmdv were selected as multiple-epitopes (vpe), and a recombinant adenovirus expressing the multiple-epitopes fused with porcine interferon alpha (rad-pifn alpha-vpe) was constructed. six groups of female balb/c mice (18 mice per group) were inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) twice at 2-we ...200818294705
an mhc-restricted cd8+ t-cell response is induced in cattle by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection and also following vaccination with inactivated fmdv.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hooved animals that carries enormous economic consequences. cd8(+) cytotoxic t lymphocytes play an important role in protection and disease outcome in viral infections but, to date, the role of the cd8(+) t-cell immune response to fmdv remains unclear. this study aimed to investigate major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i-restricted cd8(+) t-cell responses to fmdv in vaccinated and in infected cattle. an in ...200818272757
genetic characterization and molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated from afghanistan in 2003-2005.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolates collected from various geographic locations in afghanistan between 2003 and 2005 were genetically characterized, and their phylogeny was reconstructed utilizing nucleotide sequences of the complete vp1 coding region. three serotypes of fmdv (types a, o, and asia 1) were identified as causing clinical disease in afghanistan during this period. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the type a viruses were most closely related to isolates collected in iran ...200818278548
subcellular distribution of swine vesicular disease virus proteins and alterations induced in infected cells: a comparative study with foot-and-mouth disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus.the intracellular distribution of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) proteins and the induced reorganization of endomembranes in ibrs-2 cells were analyzed. fluorescence to new svdv capsids appeared first upon infection, concentrated in perinuclear circular structures and colocalized to dsrna. as in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-infected cells, a vesicular pattern was predominantly found in later stages of svdv capsid morphogenesis that colocalized with those of non-structural proteins 2 ...200818279902
orally delivered foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protomer vaccine displayed on t4 bacteriophage surface: 100% protection from potency challenge in mice.an orally delivered foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine has not previously been reported. by using a t4 bacteriophage nanoparticle surface gene-protein display system (t4-s-gpds), we created a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) entire capsid protein vaccine candidate. on the t4 phage surface soc site, a full length fmdv capsid precursor polyprotein (p1, 755 aa) and proteinase 3c (213 aa) derived from an infected pig of serotype o strain gd-10 (1999), were separately displayed on different t4 p ...200818289743
development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against fmd virus type asia-1 and determination of antigenic variations in the field strains.twelve mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were developed against an indian vaccine strain of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia-1 wbn 117/85. the mabs were tested for their ability to bind to whole virus particle, trypsin-treated 146s (tt-146s) virus particle, sub-viral (12s and disrupted virus) antigens by elisa and to neutralize virus infectivity in cell culture. extensive characterization of mabs revealed the existence of three different groups based on the binding of non-overlappi ...200818291535
persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture revisited: implications for contingency in evolution.if we could rewind the tape of evolution and play it again, would it turn out to be similar to or different from what we know? obviously, this key question can only be addressed by fragmentary experimental approaches. twenty-two years ago, we described the establishment of bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a system that displayed as its major biological feature a coevolution of the cells and the resident virus in the course of persistence. now we report ...200818089747
integrating genetic and epidemiological data to determine transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus.estimating detailed transmission trees that reflect the relationships between infected individuals or populations during a disease outbreak often provides valuable insights into both the nature of disease transmission and the overall dynamics of the underlying epidemiological process. these trees may be based on epidemiological data that relate to the timing of infection and infectiousness, or genetic data that show the genetic relatedness of pathogens isolated from infected individuals. genetic ...200818230598
construction and immune response characterization of a recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing capsid precursor protein (p1) and a multiepitope peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most contagious and devastating disease of livestock. our previous studies demonstrated that tk(-)/gg(-)/p1(+), a recombinant expressing the fmdv capsid precursor protein (p1) based on attenuated pseudorabies virus (prv) tk(-)/gg(-), could be used as a recombinant vaccine to protect pigs against both pseudorabies and fmd. however, because the p1 expression cassette is inserted into the gg locus of the genome of prv tk(-)/gg(-), this bivalent vaccine cannot be ...200818246420
[the effectiveness of vaccination to prevent foot and mouth disease in several species]. 200818260556
a bayesian evaluation of six diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease for vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle.the sensitivity and specificity of six elisa tests for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) to discriminate between sero-converted (for non-structural fmd virus proteins) and non-sero-converted cattle were evaluated for vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle. since none of the tests could be considered as a proper reference test and for about half of the tested sera the true status (sero-converted or not for non-structural proteins, i.e. presence of antibodies) of the animals was unknown, a bayesian analysi ...200818455817
the effects of il-6 and tnf-alpha as molecular adjuvants on immune responses to fmdv and maturation of dendritic cells by dna vaccination.various approaches have been developed to improve efficacy of dna vaccination, such as the use of plasmid expressing cytokine as a molecular adjuvant. in this study, we investigated whether co-inoculation of a construct expressing either il-6 or tnf-alpha as the molecular adjuvant with fmdv dna vaccine, pcd-vp1, can increase immune responses. compared to the group immunized with pcd-vp1 alone, the co-inoculation with either molecular adjuvant induced a higher ratio of igg2a/igg1, higher levels o ...200818462845
interleukin-15 enhance dna vaccine elicited mucosal and systemic immunity against foot and mouth disease virus.aerosol transmission of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is believed to be an important route of infection. induction of mucosal response is thought to be effective way against such infection. various approaches have been developed including the use of molecules adjuvant and polymers delivery for the mucosal delivery of dna vaccine. in this study, using low molecular weight chitosan as a delivery vehicle, we investigated whether co-administration intranasally of the fmdv dna vaccine, pcd-vp1 ...200818462848
[construction and eukaryotic expression of recombinant plasmid encoding fusion protein of goat complement c3d and foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1].we constructed a recombinant plasmid encoding vp1 gene of o type foot-and-mouth disease virus fused to a molecular adjuvant, goat complement c3d gene. the goat c3d gene was cloned and three copies were tandem-linked with the linker (g4s)2 sequence. vp1 gene of o type foot-and-mouth disease virus was linked to three tandem repeats of c3d through the linker sequence and cloned into puc19 to obtain the recombinant plasmid puc19-vp1-c3d3. the vp1-c3d3 fusion gene was then subcloned into the eukaryot ...200818464602
[cloning and expression of 3c protease gene from foot-and-mouth disease virus in insect cell].the 3c protease from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv 3cpro) is critical for viral pathogenesis, has vital roles in both processing of the polyprotein precursor and rna replication, and is a potential anti-viral drug target. in the study, 3c gene of fmdv from serotype asia i was obtained through polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and subcloned into baculovirus transfer vector pmelbac-b. the recombinant transfer plasmid and linearized baculovirus dna were co-transfected into sf9 insect cell, and ...200818479056
comparative study of experimental foot-and-mouth disease in cattle (bos indicus) and buffaloes (bubalis bubalus).foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is one of the most contagious diseases affecting wide range of host species with variable severity and decreased productivity. the present study was undertaken to compare the clinical and leucocytic changes in indigenous indian cattle and buffaloes experimentally infected with fmd virus (fmdv) asia 1. a mild type of disease was observed in the cattle, more so in buffaloes infected with fmdv. difference in terms of type, site and healing of lesion was observed between ...200818491212
development and characterization of a bovine serum evaluation panel as a standard for immunoassays based on detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease viral non-capsid proteins.the widespread perception of the effectiveness of applying tests based on the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viral non-capsid proteins (ncps) to assess virus circulation irrespective of vaccination triggered the demand for international standards to evaluate the comparative performance of the upcoming assays against the oie index test developed at the pan american foot-and-mouth disease center, paho/who. to this end, a panel was developed composed of 34 cattle sera ...200818499275
foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing in cattle using homologous and heterologous challenge strains: precision of the "protection against podal generalisation" test.the level of protection conferred by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines in primovaccinated animals primarily depends on the potency of the vaccine and the relatedness of the vaccine strain and circulating field isolate. the "gold standard" fmd vaccine potency test is the in vivo test performed in the target species. the objective of the study was to determine the precision of the in vivo "protection against podal generalisation" (ppg) fmd vaccine potency test in cattle using homologous (vacci ...200818499310
diagnostic specificity of a real-time rt-pcr in cattle for foot-and-mouth disease and swine for foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever based on non-invasive specimen collection.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) are highly contagious and can cause great economic losses when introduced into disease-free regions. accurate estimates of diagnostic specificity (sp) are important when considering the implementation of surveillance for these agents. the purpose of this study was to estimate diagnostic sp of a real-time reverse-transcriptase pcr assay developed for detection of fmdv in cattle and domestic swine and csfv in domestic swine ...200818499360
expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins in silkworm-baculovirus expression system and its utilization as a subunit vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of livestock that causes severe economic loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. although the traditional inactivated vaccine has been proved effective, it may lead to a new outbreak of fmd because of either incomplete inactivation of fmdv or the escape of live virus from vaccine production workshop. thus, it is urgent to develop a novel fmdv vaccine that is safer, more effective and more economical than traditional vaccines.200818509464
immune responses of recombinant adenovirus co-expressing vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus and porcine interferon alpha in mice and guinea pigs.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically devastating vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in this study, we constructed and characterized the immune responses and vaccine efficacy conferred by the recombinant adenovirus co-expressing vp1 of fmdv and porcine interferon alpha as fusion protein (rad-pifnalpha-vp1). six groups of female balb/c mice each with 18 were inoculated subcutaneously twice 2-week intervals with the recombinant adenoviruses. the results show ...200818511133
comparative genomics of serotype asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from india sampled over the last two decades.this study deals with a comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of twenty-one serotype asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) field viruses isolated over a period of two decades from india, two vaccine strains and seven exotic sequences. the indian viruses could be grouped in to three distinct lineages at the entire coding region, evolving independently probably under differential selection pressure as evident from the lineage-specific signatures identified. this comparison revealed 80% o ...200818511143
partial sequence analysis of vp1 of indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia-1.nucleotide sequence of 3' end of vp1 (1d region) was determined using rt-pcr amplified dna of 31 foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia-1 field isolates originating from 11 different geographically distinct states of india during the period 1987-2000. these field strains exhibited an average of 7.5% divergence among them and were found to be divergent from the indian vaccine strains asia-1 wbn 117/85, ind 8/79, and ind 63/72, by an average 5.9, 14.8, and 7.4% divergence, respectively. phy ...200818512139
emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: significance and detection of subsequent sub-clinical infection.this study has quantified the level of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) replication and shedding in vaccinated sheep and correlated this to the severity of clinical signs, the induction of antibodies against fmdv non-structural proteins (nsps) and the transmission of virus to in-contact vaccinated sentinel sheep. to mimic an emergency vaccination regime in the field, sheep were vaccinated with o(1) manisa vaccine and 4 or 10 days later were indirectly challenged with aerosols from o(1) ukg fm ...200818513836
production of monoclonal antibodies against whole virus particles of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o and a and their potential use in quantification of intact virus for vaccine manufacture.a double antibody sandwich elisa for quantification of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) whole virus particle was developed using two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against fmd virus (fmdv) serotype o and a. the antibody binding epitopes were characterized. the two mabs reacted with all of the tested fmdv strains. the use of these two mabs in the sandwich elisa will allow the quantification of fmd whole virus particles during vaccine manufacture.200818513841
enhanced immune response of dna vaccine (vp1-pcdna) adsorbed on cationic plg for foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the major constraint to international trade in livestock and animal products. though conventional vaccine has shown to provide protection, it has several limitations, like short duration of immunity and poor cell mediated immune response compared to dna vaccines, which are known to induce both cell mediated as well as humoral responses. the present work envisages the production of dna vaccine construct with partial 1d gene (coding for vp1) of fmdv type 'a' and stu ...200818516668
passive immunization of pigs with bispecific llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease and porcine immunoglobulin.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals that occasionally causes outbreaks in europe. we aim to develop an immunotherapy that confers rapid protection against fmd in outbreak situations. for this purpose, we previously isolated llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) binding to fmdv or porcine immunoglobulin (pig). the pig binding vhhs can be genetically fused to other vhhs, resulting in so-called vhh2s. as compared to non-pig binding vhhs such v ...200818534789
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in infected pigs by rt-pcr four weeks after challenge. 200818540035
deceptive imprinting and immune refocusing in vaccine design.a large number of the world's most widespread and problematic pathogens evade host immune responses by inducing strain-specific immunity to immunodominant epitopes with high mutation rates capable of altering antigenic profiles. the immune system appears to be decoyed into reacting to these immunodominant epitopes that offer little cross protection between serotypes or subtypes. for example, during hiv-1 infection, the immune system reacts strongly to the v1, v2, and/or v3 loops of the surface e ...200818852005
foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: the influence of serotype, type of adjuvant, valency, fractionation method, and virus culture on the dose-response curve in cattle.the aim of this study was to determine a relationship between vaccine potency (amount of pd50 per dose) and fraction of clinically protected cattle following homologous challenge with infectious foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus, and to determine the effect of method of fractionation, serotype, type of adjuvant, valency and type of virus culture on the dose-response curve. data from 297 potency tests of fmd vaccines, comprising 4004 vaccinated cattle, performed at the fmd vaccine production fac ...200818822336
expression of biologically active recombinant porcine interleukin-12 from escherichia coli.the control of viral infections is of critical importance to livestock industries worldwide and is highlighted by costly infection outbreaks, such as that seen with foot and mouth disease virus. to ameliorate the impact of increasing problems with viral infections, new vaccine and anti-viral strategies are required and a greater understanding of the anti-viral response is essential. furthermore, in pigs, evidence is still being gathered on the components of a defined anti-viral immune response. ...200818823664
bovine viral diarrhea virus is a suitable viral vector for stable expression of heterologous gene when inserted in between n(pro) and c genes.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a group of small enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-oriented rna genome of approximately 12.3 kb. bvdv genome directs the production of a viral polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved to release the mature viral proteins. to explore the potential of using bvdv as viral vector for stable expression of heterologous genes, egfp2a was inserted in between n(pro) and c genes of a noncytopathic type-i bvdv strain sd1. egfp2a was designed with egfp ...200818824056
determinants of rna-dependent rna polymerase (in)fidelity revealed by kinetic analysis of the polymerase encoded by a foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant with reduced sensitivity to ribavirin.a mutant poliovirus (pv) encoding a change in its polymerase (3dpol) at a site remote from the catalytic center (g64s) confers reduced sensitivity to ribavirin and forms a restricted quasispecies, because g64s 3dpol is a high-fidelity enzyme. a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) mutant that encodes a change in the polymerase catalytic site (m296i) exhibits reduced sensitivity to ribavirin without restricting the viral quasispecies. in order to resolve this apparent paradox, we have established ...200818829745
engineering viable foot-and-mouth disease viruses with increased thermostability as a step in the development of improved vaccines.we have rationally engineered foot-and-mouth disease virus to increase its stability against thermal dissociation into subunits without disrupting the many biological functions needed for its infectivity. amino acid side chains located near the capsid intersubunit interfaces and either predicted or found to be dispensable for infectivity were replaced by others that could establish new disulfide bonds or electrostatic interactions between subunits. two engineered viruses were normally infectious ...200818829763
updating of the correlation between lpelisa titers and protection from virus challenge for the assessment of the potency of polyvalent aphtovirus vaccines in argentina.routine vaccination campaigns are carried out in argentina twice a year, involving more than 100 million doses of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine. although the challenge test in cattle has not been totally replaced for the assessment of fmd vaccine potency, argentine animal health authorities have used an indirect alternative method based on specific correlation studies of protection against podal generalization (ppg) tests performed in cattle with a validated liquid phase blocking elisa (l ...200818835312
specificity of non-structural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in a target population in new zealand.to determine the diagnostic specificities of two commercial screening elisa, the bommeli/idexx chekit fmd 3abc indirect elisa (elisa-1) and the ceditest fmdv ns blocking elisa (elisa-2), for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle, sheep and pigs in new zealand, and to compare them with other published studies. to consider the implications for fmd surveillance of using two elisa in series, a consideration arising from the absence of a gold standard virus neutralisation test (vnt) in new zealand.200818836503
immune evasion during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of swine.summary: the interface between successful pathogens and their hosts is often a tenuous balance. in acute viral infections, this balance involves induction and inhibition of innate responses. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is considered one of the most contagious viruses known and is characterized by rapid induction of clinical disease in cloven hoofed animals exposed to infection. viral shedding is extensive before the equally rapid resolution of acute disease. this positive strand rna viru ...200818837777
[preparation and characterization of the polyclonal antibody against pig integrin beta6 subunit lbd as fmdv receptor].to induce the expression of fmdv receptor integrin beta6 subunit ligand-binding domain in e.coli and prepare the rabbit polyclonal antibody against it.200818845083
enhancing effects of the chemical adjuvant levamisole on the dna vaccine pvir-p12a-il18-3c.dna-based vaccination is an attractive alternative for overcoming the disadvantages of inactivated virus vaccines; however, dna vaccines alone often generate only weak immune responses. in this study, the efficacy of lms as a chemical adjuvant on a dna vaccine (pvir-p12a-il18-3c) encoding the p1-2a and 3c genes of the fmdv and swine il-18, which provides protection against fmdv challenge, was tested. all test pigs were administered booster vaccinations 28 days after the initial inoculation, and ...200819039952
[analysis of the antigenicity of the expression product of fusion antigen epitope genes of fmdv].from the different recombinants of fmdv antigen epitope, the highest antigenicity one was selected, and that provided research foundation for making researches on fmd plant-based vaccines which could effectively induce cell immune response and be characterized by high eurytopicity.200818992188
foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in south sudan: benefit-cost analysis and livelihoods impact.a benefit-cost analysis of vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was conducted in an area of south sudan, which due to chronic conflict, had been subject to large-scale humanitarian assistance for many years. the study used participatory epidemiology (pe) methods to estimate the prevalence and mortality of acute and chronic fmd in different age groups of cattle, and the reduction in milk off-take in cows affected by fmd. the benefit-cost of fmd vaccination was 11.5. losses due to the chro ...200818786073
dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) are of low susceptibility to inoculation with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o.two sheep and five dromedaries were inoculated with a highdose of a cattle-passaged type o strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the sheep developed typical fmd. the inoculated camels, which were placed in contact with five further dromedaries and four sheep, showed no visible signs of illness or vesicular lesions. however, one of them had a raised body temperature at 3 days post-inoculation (pi) and a viraemia from days 2 to 10; probang samples from this animal were negative for infect ...200818789453
serotype-specific differences in antigenic regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv): a comprehensive statistical analysis.although vaccines are available for prophylaxis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), few cases of escape mutants have been reported. to develop serotype-specific fmdv vaccination strategies it is imperative to understand how host selection has influenced evolution of fmdv. this study identified several possible targets for serotype-specific fmdv vaccines using a novel statistical approach. pairs of closely related fmdv genomes identified in a phylogenetic analysis representing all seven serot ...200818790086
tolerance to mutations in the foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin-binding rgd region is different in cultured cells and in vivo and depends on the capsid sequence context.engineered rnas carrying substitutions in the integrin receptor-binding arg-gly-asp (rgd) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were constructed (aa 141-147 of vp1 capsid protein) and their infectivity was assayed in cultured cells and suckling mice. the effect of these changes was studied in the capsid proteins of two fmdvs, c-s8c1, which enters cells through integrins, and 213hs(-), a derivative highly adapted to cell culture whose ability to infect cells using the glycosaminoglycan he ...200818796722
riboproteomic analysis of polypeptides interacting with the internal ribosome-entry site element of foot-and-mouth disease viral rna.initiation of translation driven by internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements depends upon the structural organization of this mrna region. besides translation initiation factors (eifs), auxiliary proteins can also affect ires activity. with the aim to identify proteins interacting with two unrelated iress present in the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) we have used a proteomic approach. this procedure allowed the identification of 21 rna-binding prote ...200818937254
foot-and-mouth disease virus persists in the light zone of germinal centres.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most contagious viruses of animals and is recognised as the most important constraint to international trade in animals and animal products. two fundamental problems remain to be understood before more effective control measures can be put in place. these problems are the fmdv "carrier state" and the short duration of immunity after vaccination which contrasts with prolonged immunity after natural infection. here we show by laser capture microdis ...200818941503
the tale of a modern animal plague: tracing the evolutionary history and determining the time-scale for foot and mouth disease virus.despite significant advances made in the understanding of its epidemiology, foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is among the most unexpected agricultural devastating plagues. while the disease manifests itself as seven immunologically distinct strains their origin, population dynamics, migration patterns and divergence times remain unknown. herein we have assembled a comprehensive data set of gene sequences representing the global diversity of the disease and inferred the time-scale and evolutio ...200818945462
[establishment of bhk-21 cell lines stably expressing fmdv 3dpol gene by retroviral-mediated gene transfer technique].the aim of the study is to establish in vitro cell line with stable and effective 3dpol gene expression, so as to study the biological function of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv ) 3dpol and foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) gene engineering vaccine.200818972644
diagnosis of foot-and mouth disease by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction under field conditions in brazil.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important and highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals. virus isolation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) are the gold standard tests for diagnosis of fmd. as these methods are time consuming, assays based on viral nucleic acid amplification have been developed.200819117507
differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected pigs from vaccinated pigs using a western blotting assay based on baculovirus-expressed nonstructural proteins 2c and 3d.baculovirus-expressed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins 2c and 3d were used as the antigens in a western blotting assay. this assay allowed for differentiation of fmdv-infected pigs from vaccinated pigs. serial studies were performed using sera collected from experimentally infected and vaccinated pigs. positive reactions were found in the sera derived from the experimentally infected pigs. there was, however, no positive reaction in the vaccinated pigs. these results su ...200819122405
serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus by antigen capture-elisa using monoclonal antibodies and chicken igy.laboratory detection of specific foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is routinely carried out by elisa and rt-pcr. identification and serotyping of fmdv by elisa requires polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits and guinea pigs. the polyclonal antibodies have certain disadvantages such as batch to batch variation, inconsistent yields of antibodies and limited quantity of serum obtained from individual animals. this paper describes a method wherein monoclonal antibodies and chicken igy were used i ...200819123312
pi3k-akt signaling and viral infection.pi3k-akt pathway is an important mechanism through which viral infection influences various cell functions. activating pi3k-akt signaling is a strategy employed by viruses to slow down apoptosis and prolong viral replication in both acute and persistent infection. it is also probable that prevention of cell death facilitates virus-induced carcinogenesis. accumulating evidence suggests that the activity of pi3k or akt is critical for survival of a few viruses. adenovirus relies on pi3k-mediated o ...200819097333
temporal assessment of seroconversion in response to inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).ten male arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) were vaccinated with a commercially available standard aqueous foot-and-mouth-disease vaccine containing aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant, and their antibody titres against serotypes o and a were measured using solid-phase blocking elisa and the virus neutralisation test. mean elisa antibody titres greater than 1.45 log(10) were recorded for serotype a, but low elisa titres were recorded for serotype 0; low titres were recorded by vnt for both serotypes.200819074789
processing of multimer fmd virus vp1-2a protein expressed in e. coli into monomers.expressions of several genes in bacteria were carried out by independent promoter. however, in case of eukaryotes ribosome skipping and introduction of ires are employed as alternative to multiple translation initiation. foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a peptide has been widely used for co-expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic, plant and mammalian systems. the 18 amino acid 2a peptide of fmdv facilitates efficient co-translational dissociation of the polyprotein into discrete protein p ...200819090346
foot and mouth's achilles' heel? 200819060865
foot and mouth disease in the borana pastoral system, southern ethiopia and implications for livelihoods and international trade.participatory epidemiology (pe) was used on the borana plateau of southern ethiopia to understand pastoralist's perceptions of the clinical and epidemiological features of foot and mouth disease (fmd) in cattle. matrix scoring showed good agreement between informant groups on the clinical signs of acute and chronic fmd, and findings were cross-checked by clinical examination of cattle and assessment of previous clinical fmd at herd level by detection of antibody to non structural proteins of fmd ...200818551776
identifying a few foot-and-mouth disease virus signature nucleotide strings for computational genotyping.serotypes of the foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs) were generally determined by biological experiments. the computational genotyping is not well studied even with the availability of whole viral genomes, due to uneven evolution among genes as well as frequent genetic recombination. naively using sequence comparison for genotyping is only able to achieve a limited extent of success.200818554404
[virulence comparison of genetic engineering virus containing different length poly(c) tract of foot-and-mouth disease virus].study the association of the length of poly(c) tract with virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus.200819274849
protection of guinea pigs and swine by a recombinant adenovirus expressing o serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus whole capsid and 3c protease.two recombinant adenoviruses were constructed expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid and 3c/3cd proteins in replicative deficient human adenovirus type 5 vector. guinea pigs vaccinated with 1-3 x 10(8)tcid(50) ad-p12x3c recombinant adenovirus were completely protected against 10,000gid(50) homologous virulent fmdv challenge 25 days post vaccination (dpv). ad-p12x3cd vaccinated guinea pigs were only partially protected. swine were vaccinated once with 1x10(9)tcid(50) ad-p12x3c hybr ...200819178894
development of dna aptamers to a foot-and-mouth disease peptide for competitive fret-based detection.we sought to develop a novel competitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret)-aptamer-based strategy for detection of foot-and-mouth (fmd) disease within minutes. a 14-amino-acid peptide from the vp1 structural protein, which is conserved among 16 strains of o-serotype fmd virus, was synthesized and labeled with black hole quencher-2 (bhq-2) dye. polyclonal fmd dna aptamers were labeled with alexa fluor 546-14-dutp by polymerase chain reaction and allowed to bind the bhq-2-peptide conju ...200819137093
[screening and stability of madin-darby bovine kidney cell strain co-expressing the capsid precursor protein p1-2a gene and the protease 3c gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus].to screen the madin-darby bovine kidney [co1] cell strains for stable expression of capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv [co2]).200819149169
[preparation of monoclonal antibodies against vp2 protein of asia i type foot-and-mouth disease virus and establishment of a competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies].monoclonal antibodies against fmdv vp2 protein were prepared and a competitive elisa based on the monoclonal antibodies and vp2 protein was established. balb/c mice were immunized with escherichia coli expressed fusion protein. the splenocytes from immunized mice were fused with myeloma cells sp2/0. the hybridism cells were screened by indirect elisa and limited dilution method. two hybndoma cell iines secreting mabs against asia i type foot-and-mouth disease were obtained. the titer and relativ ...200819160854
molecular characterization of sat-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates obtained from cattle during a four-month period in 2001 in limpopo province, south africa.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. the virus is a single-stranded rna virus that has a high rate of nucleotide mutation and amino acid substitution. in southern africa the south african territories (sat) 1-3 serotypes of fmd virus are maintained by large numbers of african buffaloes (syncerus caffer), which provide a potential source of infection for domestic livestock and wild animals. during february 2001, an ...200819294983
foot and mouth disease in the lao people's democratic republic: ii. seroprevalence estimates, using structured surveillance and surveys of abattoirs.an examination of the seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus was conducted in the lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) from 1996 to 2005, using structured surveillance and abattoir-based studies. under structured surveillance, seropositivity ranged from 65.7% (vientiane capital, 1996) to 3% (houaphan, 2005) for cattle and buffalo; and from 2.8% (vientiane capital, 1998) to 0% in separate studies of pigs. in each study, species composition was significantly associated with ser ...200819284052
[expression of recombinant vp1 protein of enterovirus 71 and development of serological assay for detection of ev71 infection].to obtain a recombinant purified enterovirus 71 vpi protein and establishment of an early, rapid and accurate serological elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for detection of ev71 infection.200819544656
unravelling selection shifts among foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes.fmdv virus has been increasingly recognised as the most economically severe animal virus with a remarkable degree of antigenic diversity. using an integrative evolutionary and computational approach we have compelling evidence for heterogeneity in the selection forces shaping the evolution of the seven different fmdv serotypes. our results show that positive darwinian selection has governed the evolution of the major antigenic regions of serotypes a, asia1, o, sat1 and sat2, but not c or sat3. c ...200719455214
genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in the 1997, 2000 and 2005 outbreaks, peninsular malaysia.all known field isolates of enterovirus 71 (ev71) can be divided into three distinct genogroups (a, b, c) and 10 subgenogroups (a, b1-5, c1-4) based on vp1 gene sequences. we examined vp1 gene sequences of 10, 12 and 11 ev71 strains isolated in peninsular malaysia during the outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in 1997, 2000 and 2005 respectively. four ev71 strains isolated in the hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak of 2006 in sarawak (malaysian borneo) were included to describe their gen ...200719108398
john burns brooksby cbe: 25 december 1914 - 17 december 1998.john brooksby was an outstanding veterinary virologist, who worked at the animal virus disease research institute, pirbright, for 40 years, for 16 of which he was director of the institute. he will be remembered for his contributions to the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease, for his discovery of four new types, for the classification of subtypes and for fundamental studies of the virus. as deputy director and director he was responsible for programmes on fundamental investigations of foot-and- ...200718543463
fred brown: 31 january 1925 - 20 february 2004.fred brown was a major figure in british and international virology during most of the latter half of the twentieth century. he brought to the subject a rigorous and critical attitude acquired during his early training in chemistry. in addition, he was passionately interested in the practical application of his work and that of others to the prevention and alleviation of disease. he always believed that his research would make a significant contribution to the welfare of agricultural livestock. ...200718543464
[cloning and sequence analysis of cdna encoding porcine alphav subunit for fmdv receptor].receptors play a crucial role in determining the pathogenesis and tissue tropism of virus. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been showed to use four integrins, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta8 as receptors to initiate infection. in this study, the porcine integrin alphav gene was cloned by rt-pcr from the lung tissue of healed pig infected experimently with fmdv, and compared its nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with the av gene of other animals. the 3141bp c ...200718268814
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