Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| chemical trapping of ternary complexes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase, divalent metal, and dna substrates containing an abasic site. implications for the role of lysine 136 in dna binding. | we report a novel assay for monitoring the dna binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase and the effect of cofactors and inhibitors. the assay uses depurinated oligonucleotides that can form a schiff base between the aldehydic abasic site and a nearby enzyme lysine epsilon-amino group which can subsequently be trapped by reduction with sodium borohydride. chemically depurinated duplex substrates representing the u5 end of the hiv-1 dna were initially used. we next substitu ... | 1996 | 8910309 |
| antiviral activity and mechanism of action of calanolide a against the human immunodeficiency virus type-1. | calanolide a, recently discovered in extracts from the tropical rainforest tree, calophyllum lanigerum, is a novel inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1. the compound is essentially inactive against strains of the less common hiv type 2. the present study focused on the further characterization of the selective antiviral activity and mechanism of action of calanolide a. the compound inhibited a wide variety of laboratory strains of hiv type 1, with ec50 values ranging from 0 ... | 1996 | 8930167 |
| activation of pak by hiv and siv nef: importance for aids in rhesus macaques. | the primate lentiviruses, human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), encode a conserved accessory gene product, nef. in vivo, nef is important for the maintenance of high virus loads and progression to aids in siv-infected adult rhesus macaques. in tissue culture cells expressing nef, this viral protein interacts with a cellular serine kinase, designated nef-associated kinase. | 1996 | 8939608 |
| [occurrence of false positives in tests with synthetic peptides for the analysis of antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in brazilian patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)]. | 1996 | 9011891 | |
| nuclear import and cell cycle arrest functions of the hiv-1 vpr protein are encoded by two separate genes in hiv-2/siv(sm). | the vpr genes of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv/siv) encode proteins which are packaged in the virus particle. hiv-1 vpr has been shown to mediate the nuclear import of viral reverse transcription complexes in non-dividing target cells (e.g. terminally differentiated macrophages), and to alter the cell cycle and proliferation status of the infected host cell. members of the hiv-2/siv(sm) group encode, in addition to vpr, a related protein called vpx. because these two proteins sh ... | 1996 | 8947037 |
| serial cd4 and cd8 t-lymphocyte counts and associated mortality in an hiv-2-infected population in guinea-bissau. | in an urban community in guinea-bissau, we followed a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) seropositive individuals (n = 47) and seronegative controls (n = 82). t-lymphocyte subset determinations were done in 1988, 1990, and 1992. serial determinations of cd4 percentages, cd8 percentages, and cd4/cd8 ratios for the same individual were stable for 31 seropositive and 51 seronegative individuals with repeated measurements. we found no significant differences in the changes during ... | 1996 | 8948374 |
| baboon endogenous virus evolution and ecology. | cross-species transmission of retroviruses among primates has recently been recognized as the source of the current epidemics of hiv-1, hiv-2 and human t cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1). the distribution of baboon endogenous virus among non-human primates resembles that of exogenous viruses and appears to be a consequence of different primate species sharing the same habitat. | 1996 | 8950816 |
| binding properties of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) rna corresponding to the packaging signal to its nucleocapsid protein. | the nucleocapsid (nc) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) contains two zinc finger motifs (zfms), and binds specifically to the packaging signal which is located in the 5' leader sequence of the viral genomic rna between the first splice donor and the gag initiator codon (aug). in this study, we analyzed the specificity of the binding of the corresponding region of hiv-2 (region 3) to its nc protein (ncp8), by performing a competitive ultraviolet (uv) cross-linking assay using ... | 1996 | 8886267 |
| t cell apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 2- and simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. | recent evidence suggests that t cell apoptosis could be involved in the pathogenesis of hiv infection. in addition, lymphocyte apoptosis has been described in siv-infected macaques that developed simian aids. to investigate further the role of apoptosis in aids pathogenesis, we studied lymphocytes of hiv-2-infected cynomolgus macaques that did not develop simian aids. we compared apoptosis of lymphocytes from animals infected with non-pathogenic hiv-2 to that in macaques infected with pathogenic ... | 1996 | 8887474 |
| rapid sequon evolution in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 relative to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | 1996 | 8891118 | |
| development of a chronically catheterized maternal-fetal macaque model to study in utero mother-to-fetus hiv transmission: a preliminary report. | the lack of a representative animal model that permits frequent in utero fetal blood sampling is a major limiting factor for the study of maternal-fetal hiv transmission. therefore, we have developed a maternal-fetal virus infection model using chronically catheterized macaques to simultaneously study the time-course of viral infection in the mother and the response of the fetus to maternal hiv infection. pregnant macaques were infected with 10(3) infectious units of hiv-2(287); every 3 days blo ... | 1996 | 8892043 |
| infectivities of human and other primate lentiviruses are activated by desialylation of the virion surface. | the envelope protein, gp120, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is heavily glycosylated and sialylated. the heavy sialylation greatly affects the physical properties of the protein, as it resolves into a wide acidic ph range despite the basic pi value predicted for its polypeptide backbone (b. s. stein and e. g. engleman, j. biol. chem. 265:2640-2649, 1990). however, the functional significance of the heavy sialylation remains elusive. here, we show that desialylation of hiv-1 with n ... | 1996 | 8892864 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 tat function by transdominant tat protein localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm. | we introduced various mutations into the activation and rna binding domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat in order to develop a novel and potent transdominant tat protein and to characterize its mechanism of action. the different mutant tat proteins were characterized for their abilities to activate the hiv ltr and inhibit the function of wild-type tat in trans. a tat protein containing a deletion of the basic domain (tat(delta)49-57) localized exclusively to the cytoplasm o ... | 1996 | 8892930 |
| possible role of the v3 domain of gp120 in resistance to an amphotericin b derivative (ms8209) blocking human immunodeficiency virus entry. | ms8209, an amphotericin b derivative blocking human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) entry after cd4 binding, neutralized the hiv-2 strains eho and rod10 but not rod(cem). in the v3 domain of gp120, rod(cem) differed from rod10 at two positions (a threonine instead of an isoleucine at position 312 and an arginine instead of a glutamine at position 329), and drug resistance was conferred to hiv-1 by substitution of the rod(cem) v3 but not the rod10 v3. v3 mutations may prevent the interactio ... | 1996 | 8892962 |
| receptor interference mediated by the envelope glycoproteins of various hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates. | the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) plays a major role in the down-regulation of its receptor, cd4. this down-regulation, at least in part, is caused by the formation of gp160-cd4 intracellular complexes which fail to transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum (er). in this report, we have evaluated the ability of envelope glycoproteins from various isolates to block cd4 transport within the endoplasmic reticulum. using a recombinant vaccinia virus expression ... | 1996 | 8896248 |
| evaluation of chiron hiv-1/hiv-2 recombinant immunoblot assay. | in a study to determine the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the chiron riba hiv-1/hiv-2 strip immunoblot assay (riba hiv-1/2 sia) for confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 antibodies, 1,263 serum samples from various populations in the united states, caribbean, africa, india, and thailand were evaluated by riba hiv-1/2 sia, and the results were compared with those obtained by an hiv-1 western blot (immunoblot) assay. all sera were tested by hiv enzyme ... | 1996 | 8897158 |
| inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase by guanosine quartet structures. | an oligonucleotide (t30177) composed entirely of deoxyguanosine and thymidine has previously been shown to fold upon itself in the presence of potassium into a highly stable four-stranded dna structure containing two stacked deoxyguanosine quartets (g4s). t30177 also protects host cells from the cytopathic effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). we report that this g4 oligonucleotide is the most potent inhibitor of hiv-1 integrase identified to date, with ic50 values in the nanom ... | 1996 | 8901518 |
| multicenter evaluation of new double-antigen sandwich enzyme immunoassay for measurement of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 antibodies. | a new enzyme immunoassay (eia), the cobas core anti-hiv-1/hiv-2 eia dags (also referred to as roche dags), for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 was evaluated in four centers. the assay is based on the double-antigen sandwich (dags) format, which enables the detection of all classes of antibodies. the antigens consist of recombinant proteins in their native conformation and of synthetic peptides. of a total of 5,836 negative serum samples, inclu ... | 1996 | 8904428 |
| epidemiology of hiv-2 infection in spain. the hiv-2 spanish study group. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is endemic in west africa, where it is responsible for many cases of aids. hiv-2-infected subjects have been described in other countries, mainly african immigrants, although infection in native individuals has been reported as well. the first cases of hiv-2 infection in spain were identified in 1988. through december 1995, 56 hiv-2 infected individuals have been diagnosed, primarily in large urban areas (23 cases in madrid and 18 in barcelon ... | 1996 | 8793396 |
| definition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and gp41 cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes and their restricting major histocompatibility complex class i alleles in simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. | with the development of chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv)-infected macaques as a model for assessing novel human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein (env)-based vaccine strategies for preventing hiv-1 infection in man, it will be important to determine hiv-1 env-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses in vaccinated and virus-infected monkeys. to facilitate performing such ctl studies, we have defined two hiv-1 env ctl epitopes in shiv-infected rh ... | 1996 | 8794394 |
| risk factor analysis and serological diagnosis of hiv-1/hiv-2 infection in a brazilian blood donor population: validation of the world health organization strategy for hiv testing. | to determine the relative prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 and to evaluate the world health organization testing strategy for hiv diagnosis in a low-risk population in brazil. in addition, to assess risk factors for hiv infection. | 1996 | 8874631 |
| inhibitory effect of 4-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2, 5-thiadiazol-3-yl-n-methyl, n-ethylcarbamate on replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and the mechanism of action. | in the search for effective antiviral agents, we have found 4-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2, 5-thiadiazol-3-yl-n-methyl, n-ethylcarbamate (rd4-2025) to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in vitro. the 50% effective concentration of rd4-2025 for hiv-1-induced cytopathic effect in mt-4 cells was 37 nm, yet no antiviral activity was observed against hiv-2. in hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) assays, rd4-2025 inhibited both rna-dependent and dna-de ... | 1996 | 8799326 |
| lessons from the second aids virus, hiv-2. | although the clinical signs and symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 are similar to those associated with hiv-1 infection, the former virus has a markedly lower perinatal transmission rate and heterosexual infectivity potential. an ongoing cohort study in senegal, where the disease was first encountered a decade ago, of 136 hiv-2-infected women found an overall incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome of only 0.18/100 person-years in 548 person-years of observation. moreover ... | 1996 | 8805859 |
| salivary testing for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in children born to infected mothers in sao paulo, brazil. the sao paulo collaborative study for vertical transmission of hiv-1. | to validate a method for salivary testing for hiv infection in children older than 12 months. | 1996 | 8878222 |
| molecular cloning of the human immunodeficiency virus subtype 2 strain hiv-2uc2. | an infectious molecular clone was derived from the hiv-2uc2 isolate that previously was found to persistently infect and induce an aids-like disease syndrome in baboons. the molecularly cloned virus (hiv-2uc2mc) showed in vitro properties similar to those of the parental isolate with regard to t-cell tropism, cytopathicity, and the ability to infect primary baboon pbmc. nevertheless, when inoculated into two baboons, the cloned virus showed a limited ability to replicate in these animals. dna se ... | 1996 | 8806506 |
| broad cross-neutralizing activity in serum is associated with slow progression and low risk of transmission in primate lentivirus infections. | sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2)-infected humans were tested with autologous (from the same individual) and heterologous (from other individuals) virus isolates in a neutralization assay. similarly, sera from experimentally simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm from sooty mangabey) or hiv-2sbl6669-infected cynomolgus macaques were tested for neutralizing activity against autologous and heterologous reisolates. in the neutralization assay, the virus dose r ... | 1996 | 8811351 |
| immunogenicity of full length and truncated forms of the human immunodeficiency virus type i envelope glycoprotein. | we have monitored the immunogenicity of a v1v2 sub-fragment of gp 120 in contrast to the full length protein and to a truncated form (pr12) where the v1, v2 and v3 regions were removed. in contrast to previously published work [1] these studies show that monomeric forms of envelope are capable of inducing antibodies specific for both linear and discontinuous epitopes. these antibodies are capable of neutralising hiv infectivity. the majority of neutralising antibodies were specific for epitopes ... | 1996 | 8811352 |
| performance characteristics of recombinant enzyme immunoassay to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 and to measure early antibody responses in seroconverting patients. | we investigated the performance of a double-antigen sandwich recombinant enzyme immunoassay (eia; abbott laboratories, north chicago, ill.) and compared it with that of a synthetic-peptide-based eia (biochem immunosystems, montreal, quebec, canada) for the detection of human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 antibodies in 2,321 clinical serum samples. the results of both eia methods and western blot (immunoblot) were in agreement for 1,046 hiv-1 and 10 hiv-2 specimens from a panel of kno ... | 1996 | 8815130 |
| mutational analysis of the fusion peptide of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1: identification of critical glycine residues. | the ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) to fuse its membrane with the membrane of the target cell is a function of a approximately 23-amino-acid amino-terminal segment of the gp41 subunit of the envelope glycoprotein complex, known as the fusion peptide. the sequence of the fusion peptide is highly conserved among different variants of hiv-1 and is also very similar to that of hiv-2 and siv. the fusion peptide is very hydrophobic and has a high content of glycine and alanine r ... | 1996 | 8615045 |
| initiation of (-) strand dna synthesis from trna(3lys) on lentiviral rnas: implications of specific hiv-1 rna-trna(3lys) interactions inhibiting primer utilization by retroviral reverse transcriptases. | initiation of minus (-) strand dna synthesis was examined on templates containing r, u5, and primer-binding site regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), and equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) genomic rna. dna synthesis was initiated from (i) an oligoribonucleotide complementary to the primer-binding sites, (ii) synthetic trna(3lys), and (iii) natural trna(3lys), by the reverse transcriptases of hiv-1, fiv, eiav, simian immunodeficiency ... | 1996 | 8816751 |
| synthesis of 2'-aminomethyl derivatives of n-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl) nucleotide analogues as potential antiviral agents. | a series of purine and pyrimidine n-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl) derivatives bearing aminomethyl, (dimethylamino)methyl, morpholinomethyl, and (trimethylammonio)methyl groups at the 2'-position were synthesized. the compounds were prepared by alkylation of the heterocyclic bases with appropriately substituted (aminoalkyl)oxiranes followed by condensation of the resulting intermediates with dialkyl ((p-tolylsulfonyl)oxy)methanephosphonate and subsequent treatment of the obtained diester with bromo ... | 1996 | 8765509 |
| multiple immunizations with attenuated poxvirus hiv type 2 recombinants and subunit boosts required for protection of rhesus macaques. | vaccine protocols involving multiple immunizations with molecularly attenuated vaccinia virus (nyvac) or naturally attenuated canarypox virus (alvac) hiv-2 recombinants and subunit boosts have conferred longlasting protection against hiv-2 infection of macaques. similar complex protocols using hiv-1 nyvac and alvac recombinants and subunit boosts have provided cross-protection against hiv-2 challenge. here a simplified three-immunization regimen over 24 weeks was tested in 18 juvenile rhesus mac ... | 1996 | 8827214 |
| prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and htlv antibody, in fortaleza, ceara, brazil, 1993-1994. | to evaluate the respective part of hiv-1, hiv-2, and human t lymphotropic virus (htlv) infection in fortaleza, the principal city of the ceara state (northeast of brazil), a cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey was conducted from july 1993 to february 1994 in 6 selected groups: pregnant women, tuberculosis (tb) patients, sexually transmitted disease (std) patients, female and male commercial sex workers (csws) and prisoners. sera were screened by mixt hiv-1/hiv-2 commercial enzyme immunoas ... | 1996 | 8894828 |
| acyclic nucleotide analogs derived from 8-azapurines: synthesis and antiviral activity. | reaction of phosphoroorganic synthons with 8-azaadenine, 8-aza-2, 6-diaminopurine, and 8-azaguanine using cesium carbonate yielded regioisomeric 8-azapurine n7-, n8-, and n9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkyl) derivatives. this reaction followed by deprotection afforded isomeric 2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl (pme), (s)-(3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-hpmp], (s)-(3-flouro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-fpmp], (s)-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-pmp], and (r)-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(r)- ... | 1996 | 8831773 |
| antiviral and resistance studies of ag1343, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease. | ag1343 ([3s-(3r*,4ar*,8ar*,2's*,3's*)]-2-[2' hydroxy-3'-phenylthiomethyl-4'-aza-5'-oxo-5'-(2''-methyl-3''-hydro xy-phenyl) pentyl]-decahydroiso-quinoline-3-n-t-butylcarboxamide methanesulfonic acid) is a selective, nonpeptidic inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease (ki = 2 nm) that was discovered by protein structure-based drug design methodologies. ag1343 was effective against the replication of several laboratory and clinical hiv type 1 (hiv-1) or hiv-2 isolates including pyr ... | 1996 | 8834868 |
| a model for alignment of env v1 and v2 hypervariable domains from human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | hiv-1 env gene encodes a multifunctional glycoprotein that is involved in virus infectivity, interactions between the virus and the host immune system, and phenotypic characteristics of virus isolates in culture. a number of env functions map by genetic analysis to v3, one of five hypervariable domains that compose the surface component of env gp120. v1 and v2 hypervariable domains of env also contribute to the phenotype of hiv-1, although relationships between v1 and v2 genotypes and biological ... | 1996 | 8844021 |
| evaluation of a new third generation anti-hiv-1/anti-hiv-2 assay with increased sensitivity for hiv-1 group o. | although the hiv-1 group o virus found in two persons of cameroonian origin has been described in 1990 (de leys et al., 1990), sera from group o infected individuals became available only recently. several studies showed that some of the anti-hiv-1/hiv-2 screening tests failed to detect all of these samples (loussert-ajaka et al., 1994; simon et al., 1994; schable et al., 1994; gürtler et al., 1995). in the current version of an anti-hiv-1/anti-hiv-2 screening assay, namely the vironostika hiv u ... | 1996 | 8844618 |
| specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mediated by soulattrolide, a coumarin isolated from the latex of calophyllum teysmannii. | soulattrolide (1), a coumarin isolated from calophyllum teysmannii latex, was found to be a potent inhibitor of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) with an ic50 of 0.34 microm. inhibition was remarkably specific, with no appreciable activity being observed toward hiv-2 rt, amv rt, rna polymerase, or dna polymerases alpha or beta. | 1996 | 8864237 |
| trends in hiv-1 and hiv-2 prevalence and risk factors in pregnant women in harare, zimbabwe. | the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the resulting morbidity and mortality are major public health challenges with adverse social and economic implications. the pregnant population serves as an important marker of the extent of the problem in the sexually active low risk categorized population. furthermore, a high hiv prevalence among women of childbearing age contributes to neonatal and infant mortality through perinatal transmission and also a large number of uninfected chi ... | 1996 | 8868380 |
| the v3 domain of sivmac251 gp120 contains a linear neutralizing epitope. | antisera to 21 synthetic peptides containing hydrophilic sequences of simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251 (sivmac251) gp120 and gp32 were tested for the ability to neutralize sivmac251. goat antisera raised to peptides sp-1 and sp-1v containing the carboxy-terminal portion of the v3 domain of sivmac251 gp120 between amino acids 327 and 339 inhibited syncytium formation (90% inhibition at a 1/1024 dilution) and cell killing of cemx174 cells by sivmac251 (50%) inhibition of cell killing at ... | 1996 | 8874502 |
| development of hiv vectors for anti-hiv gene therapy. | current gene therapy protocols for hiv infection use transfection or murine retrovirus mediated transfer of antiviral genes into cd4+ t cells or cd34+ progenitor cells ex vivo, followed by infusion of the gene altered cells into autologous or syngeneic/allogeneic recipients. while these studies are essential for safety and feasibility testing, several limitations remain: long-term reconstitution of the immune system is not effected for lack of access to the macrophage reservoir or the pluripoten ... | 1996 | 8876146 |
| human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) nef is an rna binding protein in cell-free systems. | the function of human immunodeficiency virus nef gene product has been much debated but the precise activity of this protein in the hiv replication cycle remains unknown. hiv-1 nef was obtained as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (mbf), purified by amylose column chromatography and separated from mbp by cleavage with factor xa. purified hiv-1 nef protein, but not the fusion protein mbp-nef, binds to rna in vitro as tested by three different assays, radioactive or non-radioactive. no ... | 1996 | 8876644 |
| native oligodeoxynucleotides specifically active against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro: a g-quartet-driven effect? | among a series of unmodified phosphodiester (po)-oligodeoxynucleotides (po-odns) complementary to some of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) regulatory genes, several po-odn sequences complementary to the vpr gene (po-odns-a-vpr, where a-vpr is the antisense vpr sequence) emerged as potent inhibitors (at concentrations of 0.8 to 3.3 microm) of hiv-1 multiplication in de novo infected mt-4 cells, while they showed no cytotoxicity for uninfected cells at concentrations up to 100 micro ... | 1996 | 8878576 |
| protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques vaccinated against human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | 1996 | 8882330 | |
| hiv-2 infection in 12 european residents: virus characteristics and disease progression. | to assess the disease progression rate among 12 hiv-2-infected west european residents (nine of west african descent), compared with the disease progression rate among hiv-1-infected individuals of the same population, and the characteristics of the hiv-2 strains involved. | 1996 | 8970685 |
| the molecular target of bicyclams, potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus replication. | bicyclams are a novel class of antiviral compounds which act as potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. they block an early step in the viral life cycle following adsorption to the cd4 receptor and preceding reverse transcription. to identify the molecular target of these compounds, we genetically analyzed variants of the hiv-1 molecular clone nl4-3, which developed resistance against two structurally related bicyclams, jm2763 ... | 1996 | 8551604 |
| the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhances viral particle release: a vpu-like factor? | the vpu protein is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-specific accessory protein that is required for the efficient release of viral particles from infected cells. even though hiv-2 does not encode vpu, we found that this virus is nevertheless capable of efficiently releasing virus particles. in fact, the rate of virus release from hela cells transfected with a full-length molecular clone of hiv-2, rod10, was comparable to that observed for the vpu+ hiv-1 nl4-3 isolate and was not fur ... | 1996 | 8551620 |
| biological and biochemical anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of uc 38, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. | uc 38, a simple analog of oxathiin carboxanilide, uc 84, lacking the oxathiin ring, was found to be a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1-induced cell killing and hiv replication in a variety of human cell lines, as well as in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. uc 38 was active against a wide range of biologically diverse laboratory and clinical strains of hiv-1. however, uc 38 was inactive against hiv-2 and both nevirapine- and pyridinone-resistant strains ... | 1996 | 8558446 |
| 2-sulfonyl-4-chloroanilino moiety: a potent pharmacophore for the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of pyrrolyl aryl sulfones. | the synthesis and the evaluation of cytotoxicity and anti-hiv-1 activity of new aryl pyrrolyl (8) and aryl indolyl (9) sulfones are reported. preparation of above sulfones was achieved by reacting arylsulfonyl chlorides with substituted pyrroles and indoles or by condensing sulfonamides with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in glacial acetic acid according to the clauson-kaas method. chemical requisites relevant to the anti-hiv-1 activity of these compounds are both a 2-sulfonyl-4-chloroanilino moie ... | 1996 | 8558522 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-tetraazamacrocycles that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus replication. 2. effect of heteroaromatic linkers on the activity of bicyclams. | a series of bicyclam analogs connected through a heteroaromatic linker have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hiv-1 (iiib) and hiv-2 (rod) replication in mt-4 cells. the activity of pyridine- and pyrazine-linked bicyclams was found to be highly dependent upon the substitution of the heteroaromatic linker connecting the cyclam rings. for example, 2,6- and 3,5-pyridine-linked bicyclams were potent inhibitors of hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication, whereas the 2,5- and 2,4-subs ... | 1996 | 8568797 |
| bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride blocks the cd4 cell receptor for hiv. | sexual transmission is the most frequent (86%) route of adult hiv-1 transmission worldwide. in the absence of a prophylactic anti-hiv vaccine, other methods of preventing infection should be implemented. virucidal spermicides have been considered for this purpose, but their application is contraindicated by adverse effects. anti-hiv drugs or virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are expensive, suggesting that their wide use in topical chemoprophylaxis is unlikely. this emphasizes the importan ... | 1996 | 8574970 |
| the in vitro ejection of zinc from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 nucleocapsid protein by disulfide benzamides with cellular anti-hiv activity. | several disulfide benzamides have been shown to possess wide-spectrum antiretroviral activity in cell culture at low micromolar to submicromolar concentrations, inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) clinical and drug-resistant strains along with hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus [rice, w. g., supko, j. g., malspeis, l., buckheit, r. w., jr., clanton, d., bu, m., graham, l., schaeffer, c. a., turpin, j. a., domagala, j., gogliotti, r., bader, j. p., halliday, s. m., c ... | 1996 | 8577770 |
| a community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 provirus load in rural village in west africa. | a community-based study of provirus load in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2-infected subjects was done in a rural village in guinea-bissau. hiv-2 provirus load varied considerably, with a geometric mean of 124.3 (95% confidence interval, 86.0-179.6) copies/10(5) cd4 cells, which is a level similar to that found in hiv-1 infection. neither malaria parasitemia, active syphilis, or human t cell leukemia virus coinfection significantly influenced provirus load, nor did age. eleven of 104 h ... | 1996 | 8537668 |
| mycobacterium avium complex sputum isolates from patients with respiratory symptoms in guinea-bissau. | in total, 814 patients with clinically suspected tuberculosis were examined at the raoul follerau hospital in bissau, guinea-bissau. sputum samples were collected, and cultures were grown on löwenstein-jensen medium. isolates were further characterized by standard biochemical methods and nucleic acid probes for mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex (mac). serum samples were collected and analyzed for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2. of 17 ... | 1996 | 8537673 |
| [infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2--hiv-2]. | the majority of patients with hiv-2 infection come from west africa or have had sexual contact with a person from there, as hiv-2 is prevalent in this area. hiv-2 is phylogenetically closer related to sivsm and sivmac than to hiv-1. hiv-2 is mainly transmitted by heterosexual contact, whereas the risk of mother-to-child infection is very low. nine cases of hiv-2 infection have been diagnosed in denmark. out of these, seven are from west africa and two have been infected in denmark by individuals ... | 1996 | 8644408 |
| polyanion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses. part 2. polymerized anionic surfactants derived from amino acids and dipeptides. | a series of new polyanions was synthesized via gamma-polymerization, in aqueous micellar solution, of omega-unsaturated anionic surfactants whose polar head was derived from amino acids or dipeptides. the obtained polyanions were evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and various other rna and dna viruses. all the test compounds proved active against hiv-1 and hiv-2, their 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) being in the range of 0.04-7.5 micrograms/ml, ... | 1996 | 8648602 |
| use of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 reverse transcriptases for structure-function analysis and for mapping susceptibility to nonnucleoside inhibitors. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) are evolutionary related. to study the effect of homologous sequence replacements on polymerase function and to map the determinants of the lack of susceptibility of hiv-2 rt to nonnucleoside drugs, a series of chimeric hiv-1/hiv-2 rts were constructed. analysis of the chimeric rts showed that wild-type levels of rna-dependent dna polymerase activity were retained when both finger and palm subdomain ... | 1996 | 8601218 |
| u.s. public health service guidelines for testing and counseling blood and plasma donors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigen. | the public health service (phs) has recommended a multifaceted approach to blood safety in the united states that includes stringent donor selection practices and the use of screening tests. blood donations in the united states have been screened for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) since march 1985 and type 2 (hiv-2) since june 1992. an estimated one in 450,000 to one in 660,000 donations per year (i.e., 18-27 donations) are infectious for hiv but are not detected by curr ... | 1996 | 8604210 |
| frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among contemporary anti-hiv-1 and anti-hiv-1/2 supplemental test-indeterminate blood donors. the retrovirus epidemiology donor study. | follow-up studies from the mid-1980s showed that 1 to 5 percent of blood donors testing reactive in anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) enzyme immunoassay (eia) and testing indeterminate in western blot were infected with hiv-1 and were in the process of seroconverting. the present study was conducted to establish the rate of hiv infection among contemporary anti-hiv-1/hiv type 2 (hiv-2) eia-reactive, western blot-indeterminate donors. | 1996 | 8607151 |
| false-positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blot tests in noninfected blood donors. | the manufacturers' criteria for a positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) western blot (wb) test were recently revised to require reactivity to only two of the following bands: p24, gp41, and gp120/160. in a recent report, low-risk blood donors were identified in whom nonspecific reactivity to multiple env antigens in wb testing resulted in apparently false-positive wbs by these criteria. the present study was conducted to verify the existence of false-positive wbs among noninfected ... | 1996 | 8607152 |
| genetic characterization of new west african simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm: geographic clustering of household-derived siv strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop. | it has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (cercocebus torquatus atys). to test this hypothesis, sivs from eight sooty mangabeys, including six new viruses from west africa, were genetically characterized. gag and env sequences showed that while the viruses of all eight sooty mangabeys belonged to the sivsm/hiv-2 family, each was widely divergent from sivs found earlie ... | 1996 | 8648696 |
| protein stability influences human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpr virion incorporation and cell cycle effect. | using recombinant proteins as standards, we calculated the amount of vpr and vpx present in hiv-2rod particles. we find 2000-3000 copies of vpx per particle but only 40-50 copies of vpr. we investigated the reasons for this discrepancy between vpx and vpr and found that viral factors, including hiv-2 vpx, do not restrict its incorporation. instead, the accumulation of hiv-2rod vpr during infection is restricted by a short protein half-life which acts to limit its virion incorporation. the half-l ... | 1996 | 8610459 |
| secondary structural elements as a basis for antibody recognition in the immunodominant region of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2. | synthetic peptide antigens corresponding to the entire third variable region v3, the principal neutralizing determinant of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1 subtype b (1), hiv-2 subtype a (5), and hiv-2 subtype b (7) were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (table 1). 1 and 5 were also prepared as their glcnac-glycosylated forms at the natural n-glycosylation site nxt (positions 6-8; peptides 4 and 6). additionally, the proposed beta-turn region of 1 ... | 1996 | 8620873 |
| pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau: clinical and bacteriological findings, human immunodeficiency virus status and short term survival of hospitalized patients. | to study tuberculosis patients in guinea-bissau with regard to clinical findings, bacteriologically verified diagnosis, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) status and short term survival. | 1996 | 8758105 |
| vpr-induced cell cycle arrest is conserved among primate lentiviruses. | we previously reported that expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain nl4-3 (hiv-1(nl4-3))vpr causes cells to arrest in the g2 phase of the cell cycle. we examined the induction of cell cycle arrest by other hiv-1 isolates and by primary lentiviruses other than hiv-1. we demonstrate that the vpr genes from tissue culture-adapted or primary isolates of hiv-1 are capable of inducing g2 arrest. in addition, we demonstrate that induction of cell cycle arrest is a conserved function of ... | 1996 | 8642681 |
| inhibition of human and simian immunodeficiency virus protease function by targeting vpx-protease-mutant fusion protein into viral particles. | the human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) vpr and hiv-2 vpx proteins package into virions through interactions with their cognate gag polyprotein precursor. the targeting properties of vpr and vpx have been exploited to incorporate foreign proteins into virions by expression as heterologous fusion molecules (x. wu, h.-m. liu, h. xiao, j. kim, p. seshaiah, g. natsoulis, j. d. boeke, b. h. hahn, and j. c. kappes, j. virol. 69:3389-3398, 1995). to explore the possibility of utilizing vpx and ... | 1996 | 8648668 |
| fast analysis of genomic homologies: primate immunodeficiency virus. | we have recently published a new probabilistic algorithm which performs genomic comparisons on a huge scale. in the present paper it was applied to immunodeficiency viral sequences extracted from international gene databanks. during global sequence analysis of human (hiv1 and hiv2) and simian viruses by means of dot-matrix representation, series of homology were obtained which permitted the definition of families of viruses overlapping the species divisions. sequences of interest were characteri ... | 1996 | 8660432 |
| superinfection of hiv-2-preinfected macaques after rectal exposure to a primary isolate of sivmac251. | to test the protection afforded by a weakly pathogenic hiv-2 isolate against the superinfection or development of siv-induced disease, we intrarectally challenged six hiv-2-preinfected rhesus monkeys with a pathogenic isolate of sivmac251. at the time of siv challenge, none of these hiv-2-infected animals was positive for virus isolation, p27-gag antigenemia, or hiv-2 provirus detection in pbmcs or peripheral lymph nodes. however, all monkeys exhibited anti-hiv-2 antibody titers ranging from 10( ... | 1996 | 8661436 |
| a synthetic conformational epitope from the c4 domain of hiv gp120 that binds cd4. | the fourth conserved domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope, the c4 region of glycoprotein 120 (gp120), is believed to be a major part of gp120 that is necessary for binding to cd4. recently, we found that c4 in gp120 is probably an alpha-helix, because antibodies made against helical constructs of c4 react with native and recombinant gp120 but antibodies against linear c4 constructs do not. for the present study, we performed experiments to determine, first, if cd4 c ... | 1996 | 8663408 |
| tfiih functions in regulating transcriptional elongation by rna polymerase ii in xenopus oocytes. | we investigated the role of tfiih in transcription by rna polymerase ii (pol ii) in vivo by microinjection of antibodies against this factor into xenopus oocytes. five different antibodies directed against four subunits of tfiih were tested for effects on transcription of coinjected human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and c-myc templates. each of these antibodies severely reduced the efficiency of elongation through human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and c-myc terminator elements. in contrast, ... | 1996 | 8668144 |
| human immune response to hiv-1 nef. ii. induction of hiv-1/hiv-2 nef cross-reactive cytotoxic t lymphocytes in peripheral blood lymphocytes of non-infected healthy individuals. | hiv-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are thought to have a beneficial role in hiv infection. in a previous report we have shown that hiv-1 nef-specific ctl can be readily induced in peripheral blood lymphocytes of seronegative healthy young adults by in vitro stimulation with autologous epstein-barr virus-transformed b lymphoblastoid cell lines transfected with the hiv-1 nef gene. here we demonstrate that these nef-specific ctl can efficiently lyse hiv-infected primary cd4+ t lymphocy ... | 1996 | 8671645 |
| hiv and india: looking into the abyss. | serosurveillance of high risk groups started in india in october 1985. the first positive cases were detected in 1986. as of mid-1994, official figures stood at 15000 hiv positive cases and 559 cases of aids. this is most certainly an underestimate because of under reporting. among high risk groups, prevalence has risen rapidly. between 1986 and 1994, prevalence has risen from 1.6 to 40.0% in sex workers, 1.4 to 40% in std clinics and 0 to 70% in i.v. drug abusers in various studies. the penetra ... | 1996 | 8673831 |
| betulinic acid derivatives: a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 specific inhibitors with a new mode of action. | a series of omega-undecanoic amides of lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for activity in cem 4 and mt-4 cell cultures against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strain iiib/lai. the potent hiv inhibitors which emerged, compounds 5a, 16a, and 17b, were all derivatives of betulinic acid (3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid). no activity was found against hiv-2 strain rod. compound 5a showed no inhibition of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase activity with po ... | 1996 | 8676341 |
| location, exposure, and conservation of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 su glycoprotein. | eleven rat monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognize the su glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rod were produced and characterized. binding sites for eight of these mabs were mapped to epitopes within the cl, v1/v2, c2, and v3 envelope regions. the three other mabs defined at least two conformation-dependent, strain-specific epitopes outside vl/v2, v3, and the cd4-binding site. the mabs were used to probe the tertiary structure of oligomeric envelope glycoprotein expre ... | 1996 | 8676486 |
| anti-hiv viral interference induced by retroviral vectors expressing a nonproducer hiv-1 variant. | a hut-78 cell clone (f12) harboring a nonproducer human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) variant shows complete resistance to hiv-1 or hiv-2 superinfection. the f12-hiv provirus produces an altered hiv-1 protein pattern and cannot generate even immature viral particles. we demonstrated that hela cd4+ cells transfected with the f12-hiv genome resist hiv superinfection through a cd4-independent mechanism. as f12-hiv appears to be a useful system to induce anti-hiv intracellular immunization, we cons ... | 1996 | 8677743 |
| antiretroviral agents as inhibitors of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and protease. | the human immunodeficiency virus type one integrase (hiv-1 integrase) is required for integration of a double-stranded dna copy of the viral rna genome into a host chromosome and for hiv replication. we have previously reported that phenolic moieties in compounds such as flavones, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape), tyrphostins, and curcumin confer inhibitory activity against hiv-1 integrase. we have investigated the actions of several recently described protease inhibitors, possessing novel st ... | 1996 | 8691444 |
| surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group o infections in the united states. | reports that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group o variants are not reliably detected by some commercial diagnostic tests have raised concerns about the sensitivity of existing screening tests, especially with regard to blood safety. although it is unlikely that these divergent strains are prevalent in north america, systematic, continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the potential spread of hiv variants into that region. | 1996 | 8693502 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of certain alkenyldiarylmethanes as anti-hiv-1 agents which act as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | several novel alkenyldiarylmethane (adam) non-nucleoside hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. the most potent of these proved to be 3',3"-dibromo-4',4"-dimethoxy-5'5"-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1-diphenyl-1-+ ++heptene (8) adam 8 inhibited the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 in cem cell culture with an ec50 value of 7.1 microm and was active against an array of laboratory strains of hiv-1 in cem-ss and mt-4 cells, but was inactive as an inhibitor of hiv-2. in common with the other kno ... | 1996 | 8759644 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 tat proteins specifically interact with rna polymerase ii. | the tat-responsive region (tar) element is a critical rna regulatory element in the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) long terminal repeat, which is required for activation of gene expression by the transactivator protein tat. recently, we demonstrated by gel-retardation analysis that rna polymerase ii binds to tar rna and that tat prevents this binding even when tat does not bind to tar rna. these results suggested that direct interactions between tat and rna polymerase ii may prevent rna poly ... | 1996 | 8700889 |
| purification of the pets factor. a nuclear protein that binds to the inducible tg-rich element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer. | the peri-ets (pets) site is a tg-rich element found immediately adjacent to two binding sites for the ets family member elf-1 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) enhancer. enhancer activation in response to t cell stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate, phytohemagglutinin, soluble or cross-linked antibodies to the t cell receptor, or antigen is mediated through this site in conjunction with its two adjacent elf-1 binding sites, pub1 and pub2, and a kappab site. site-specific mut ... | 1996 | 8702655 |
| lymphocyte subpopulation reference ranges for monitoring human immunodeficiency virus-infected chinese adults. | two hundred eight healthy human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1- and hiv type 2-seronegative chinese adults (78 males and 130 females; mean age, 32 years; age range, 18 to 71 years) were analyzed for lymphocyte subsets by a standardized and quality-controlled flow cytometric immunophenotyping technique. while the leukocyte differential values were comparable to those found in studies of caucasians, the means, medians, and 95% reference ranges of lymphocyte subsets were very different. the 95 ... | 1996 | 8705678 |
| acute community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected and non-hiv-infected adult patients in cameroon: aetiology and outcome. | yaounde central hospital, jamot hospital, yaounde, and cebec hospital in douala. | 1996 | 8733414 |
| viral rna binding properties of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) nucleocapsid protein-derived synthetic peptides. | the nucleocapsid (nc) protein of hiv-2 (ncp8) contains two cys-his arrays which function as zinc finger motifs (zfms). in this study, we analyzed the viral rna-binding properties of ncp8-derived synthetic peptides using ultraviolet (uv) cross-linking assay. several synthetic peptides containing zfm(s) interacted ph-dependently with in vitro-synthesized hiv-2 rna. although the peptides corresponding to the 1st and 2nd zfms, respectively, failed to interact with the viral rna, the corresponding pe ... | 1996 | 8739036 |
| a field test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in serum or plasma. | in response to the need for simple and rapid tests for infectious diseases, we have devised a test for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 which resembles many contemporary strip-style pregnancy tests in format and ease of use. the test was evaluated with 2,928 serum specimens (1,541 reactive and 1,387 nonreactive) collected and tested at a mexico city hospital clinic and was compared with a laboratory assay (abbott) performed simultaneously. the sensitivity and s ... | 1996 | 8807218 |
| antiviral activity of the bicyclam derivative jm3100 against drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | bicyclams have recently been identified as potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) replication. the prototype of this series, jm3100 exhibits anti-hiv potency at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 micrograms/ml. jm3100 proved to be active when tested against hiv strains resistant to the reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddi), 3tc, alpha apa and tibo, at roughly the same co ... | 1996 | 8739608 |
| proteolytic activity of human immunodeficiency virus vpr- and vpx-protease fusion proteins. | in addition to gag, pol, and env, primate lentiviruses encode other virion-associated proteins, including vpr, vpx, and vif. vpr- and vpx-staphylococcal nuclease and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion proteins incorporate into human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) virions and retain enzyme activity when expressed in trans with hiv proviruses (wu et al., j. virol. 69, 3389, 1995). to explore whether the viral protease (pr) could be expressed as a proteolytically active fusion protein, the hiv ... | 1996 | 8623547 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a patas monkey (erythrocebus patas): evidence for cross-species transmission from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in the wild. | socio-ethological studies on troops of african green monkeys (agms) (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) in senegal have documented physical contacts between these two species. elevated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) seroprevalence rates have been reported for the different agm subspecies. we report here the extent to which patas monkeys are infected and compare the relatedness of the viruses isolated from theses two different species. among the 85 agms an ... | 1996 | 8627266 |
| monoclonal antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase: epitope mapping and differential effects on integrase activities in vitro. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase (in) catalyzes the integration of viral dna into the host chromosome, an essential step in retroviral replication. as a tool to study the structure and function of this enzyme, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against hiv-1 in were produced. epitope mapping demonstrated that the 17 mabs obtained could be divided into seven different groups, and the selection of mabs representing these groups were tested for their effect on in vitro activities of ... | 1996 | 8627677 |
| predicting human immunodeficiency virus protease cleavage sites in proteins by a discriminant function method. | based on the sequence-coupled (markov chain) model and vector-projection principle, a discriminant function method is proposed to predict sites in protein substrates that should be susceptible to cleavage by the hiv-1 protease. the discriminant function is defined by delta = phi+ - phi-, where phi+ and phi- are the cleavable and noncleavable attributes for a given peptide, and they can be derived from two complementary sets of peptides, s+ and s-, known to be cleavable and noncleavable, respecti ... | 1996 | 8628733 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2: human biology of the other aids virus. | 1996 | 8714249 | |
| human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2-mediated inhibition of hiv type 1: a new approach to gene therapy of hiv-infection. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2, the second aids-associated human retrovirus, differs from hiv-1 in its natural history, infectivity, and pathogenicity, as well as in details of its genomic structure and molecular behavior. we report here that hiv-2 inhibits the replication of hiv-1 at the molecular level. this inhibition was selective, dose-dependent, and nonreciprocal. the closely related simian immunodeficiency provirus also inhibited hiv-1. the selectivity of inhibition was shown b ... | 1996 | 8633095 |
| a sensitive assay for the quantification of reverse transcriptase activity based on the use of carrier-bound template and non-radioactive-product detection, with special reference to human-immunodeficiency-virus isolation. | a non-radioactive 96-well microtitre plate reverse transcriptase (rt) assay, based on the use of covalently bound riboadenosine homopolymer in the wells and 5-bromodeoxyuridined 5'-triphosphate (brdutp) as dntp, is described. the whole assay is performed in a single well, including the quantitative detection of incorporated brdu, which is performed immunologically using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-brdu antibody and colorometric reading. the system also allows the use of variable amounts ... | 1996 | 8639277 |
| characterization of the p68/p58 heterodimer of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 reverse transcriptase. | recently we demonstrated that the p58 subunit of p68/p58 hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt) heterodimer, produced by processing of p68/p68 homodimer with recombinant hiv-2 protease, terminates at met484 [fan, n., et al. (1995) j. biol. chem. 270, 13573-13579]. here we describe purification and characterization of the p68/p58 heterodimer of recombinant hiv-2 rt. it exhibited both rt and rnase h activities, obeyed michaelis-menten kinetics, and was competitively inhibited by the dna chain terminator ... | 1996 | 8639674 |
| [residual risks of viral transmission by transfusions and projected yields of additional screening tests. retrovirus epidemiology donors study (reds)]. | the residual risk of virus transmission associated with infectious seroconversion, window period donations can be estimated by combining the incidence rate of infection among repeat donors with the duration of the pre-seroconversion window period, thus deriving the rate of window phase donations missed by current screening. the residual risks are for hiv 2.0/10(6); htlv 1.6/10(6); hcv 9.7/10(6); hbv 15.0/10(6). similarly the net yield and incremental reduction in risk of routine implementation o ... | 1996 | 8640316 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 glycoprotein enhancement of particle budding: role of the cytoplasmic domain. | previous studies have shown that the glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) or simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques modulate biological activities of the viral glycoprotein complex, including syncytium formation, exterior glycoprotein conformation, and glycoprotein incorporation into budding virus particles. we have now utilized a recombinant expression system to study interactions of full-length or truncated hiv-2 glycoproteins with coexpressed hiv- ... | 1996 | 8642705 |
| should hiv status alter indications for hemorrhoidectomy? | there is a widespread belief that performing hemorrhoidectomy on a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is an invitation for disaster. aim of this study was to compare morbidity of hemorrhoidectomy in hiv-positive (hiv+) with hiv-negative (hiv-) patients. | 1996 | 8646944 |
| pathology of paediatric human immunodeficiency virus infections in cote d'ivoire. | during an 8-month period in 1991-92, in abidjan, ivory coast, autopsies were conducted on 156 cadavers of children (76 hiv-1 positive cadavers, 2 hiv-2 positive cadavers, and 77 hiv-negative cadavers) located in the morgue of treichville university hospital center. morgue personnel had screened 417 dead children 1 month to 14 years old for hiv-1 or hiv-2 during the same period, 80 (19%) of whom were hiv-1 or hiv-2 positive. among the dead children younger than 18 months, 81% had hiv iga antibo ... | 1996 | 8756018 |
| antiviral effects of milk proteins: acylation results in polyanionic compounds with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in vitro. | a number of native and modified milk proteins from bovine or human sources were analyzed for their inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in vitro in an mt4 cell test system. the proteins investigated were lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin a, and beta-lactoglobulin b. by acylation of the amino function of the lysine residues in the proteins, using anhydrides of succinic acid or cis-aconitic acid, protein derivatives were obtained that all sho ... | 1996 | 8738428 |
| mutational studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase: the involvement of residues 183 and 184 in the fidelity of dna synthesis. | the high error rates characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase (hiv-1 rt) are a presumptive source of the viral hypermutability that impedes prevention and therapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we have analyzed two mutants of hiv-1 rt by conducting a comparative study of the accuracy of dna synthesis. each mutant bears a single amino acid substitution adjacent to the two aspartic acid residues at positions 185 and 186 in the highly conserved dna ... | 1996 | 8764985 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new aminoadamantane derivatives. 2. | the synthesis of some new aminoadamantane derivatives is described. the new compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses [influenza a h1n1, influenza a h2n2, influenza a h3n2, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) hsv-1, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, varicella-zoster virus (vzv), tk- vzv, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and human immunodeficiency vir ... | 1996 | 8765514 |