Publications

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genomic organization of the translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp) gene from shrimp marsupenaeus japonicus.the shrimp translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp) gene was previously found up-regulated in response to viral infection. in order to further understand the transcriptional regulation of tctp gene expression under viral challenge, the 5'-flanking promoter region of the tctp gene in shrimp marsupenaeus japonicus (mj-tctp) was cloned by using genomic walking method. the sequence shows that this region contains many important potential binding sites for transcription factors, such as activa ...200918587664
the phylogeny of cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies.we perform bayesian phylogenetic analyses on cytochrome b sequences from 264 of the 290 extant cetartiodactyl mammals (whales plus even-toed ungulates) and two recently extinct species, the 'mouse goat' and the 'irish elk'. previous primary analyses have included only a small portion of the species diversity within cetartiodactyla, while a complete supertree analysis lacks resolution and branch lengths limiting its utility for comparative studies. the benefits of using a single-gene approach inc ...200818590827
fitting probability distributions to animal movement trajectories: using artificial neural networks to link distance, resources, and memory.animal movement paths are often thought of as a confluence of behavioral processes and landscape patterns. yet it has proven difficult to develop frameworks for analyzing animal movement that can test these interactions. here we describe a novel method for fitting movement models to data that can incorporate diverse aspects of landscapes and behavior. using data from five elk (cervus canadensis) reintroduced to central ontario, we employed artificial neural networks to estimate movement probabil ...200818598199
cholangiectasis and duodenal diverticulosis in a farm-raised elk (cervus elaphus).a 6-year-old male elk presented in august with a 4-month history of weight loss and a 1-day history of being recumbent and unable to rise. the elk's body condition score was 1.5/5. hematology and blood chemistry showed an inflammatory leukogram, mild electrolyte abnormalities, and elevated liver enzyme activities. because of poor prognosis, the owner elected euthanasia. on necropsy, 8 diverticula were in the duodenum distal to the common bile duct, which was dilated and filled with feed material ...200818599862
prevalence of yersinia species in healthy free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) in norway. 200818603633
hypogonadism in wegener's granulomatosis.current developments in the management of wegener's granulomatosis (wg) focus on adoption of therapeutic strategies to avoid complications of both the disease and its therapy. systematic analyses with respect to the reproductive system in wg are missing.200818609261
regulation of erk1/2 phosphorylation by acute and chronic morphine - implications for the role of camp-responsive element binding factor (creb)-dependent and ets-like protein-1 (elk-1)-dependent transcription; small interfering rna-based strategy.extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) have been shown to be activated by opioids and functionally linked to addiction. morphine-associated changes in erk activity seem to be the characteristic features of opioid action. in this study, we observed a rapid and severe increase in erk1/2 activity after a 5 min morphine treatment of hek-mor cells (transfected with the rat mu-opioid receptor mor1) expressing mu-opioid receptor. cellular adaptations to chronic (72 h) morphine treatment were man ...200818616461
patterns of lesions of bovine tuberculosis in wild red deer and wild boar.the data obtained from a survey of mycobacterium bovis infection in wild red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) conducted in france in the 2005/06 hunting season were used to describe and quantify the pathological findings in the two species. the red deer had caseous abscessed lesions in their organs and lymph nodes, whereas in the wild boar the lesions were predominantly caseocalcareous and occurred mainly in the lymph nodes. the severity of the gross tuberculosis-like lesions was ...200818621995
transfer of metals to plants and red deer in an old lead mining area in spain.lead mining in the sierra madrona mountains and the valley of alcudia in southern spain began in the 1st millennium b.c., and the area was intermittently exploited up until the end of the 20th century. the degree of contamination by pb, zn, cd, cu, as and se of soil, water and sediment, and the transfer to 13 species of plants, and then to red deer (cervus elaphus) have been studied. mined areas had higher concentrations in stream sediments than control areas. the highest concentrations were obs ...200818625513
adaptation to estradiol deprivation causes up-regulation of growth factor pathways and hypersensitivity to estradiol in breast cancer cells.deprivation of estrogen causes breast tumors in women to adapt and develop enhanced sensitivity to this steroid. accordingly, women relapsing after treatment with oophorectomy, which substantially lowers estradiol for a prolonged period, respond secondarily to aromatase inhibitors with tumor regression. we have utilized in vitro and in vivo model systems to examine the biologic processes whereby long term estradiol deprivation (lted) causes cells to adapt and develop hypersensitivity to estradio ...200818637482
bovine tuberculosis in doñana biosphere reserve: the role of wild ungulates as disease reservoirs in the last iberian lynx strongholds.doñana national park (dnp) in southern spain is a unesco biosphere reserve where commercial hunting and wildlife artificial feeding do not take place and traditional cattle husbandry still exists. herein, we hypothesized that mycobacterium bovis infection prevalence in wild ungulates will depend on host ecology and that variation in prevalence will reflect variation in the interaction between hosts and environmental risk factors. cattle btb reactor rates increased in dnp despite compulsory testi ...200818648665
cadmium, cobalt and lead cause stress response, cell cycle deregulation and increased steroid as well as xenobiotic metabolism in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells which is coordinated by at least nine transcription factors.workers occupationally exposed to cadmium, cobalt and lead have been reported to have increased levels of dna damage. to analyze whether in vivo relevant concentrations of heavy metals cause systematic alterations in rna expression patterns, we performed a gene array study using primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. cells were incubated with 15 microg/l cd(ii), 25 microg/l co(ii) and 550 microg/l pb(ii) either with individual substances or in combination. differentially expressed gene ...200818654764
[infestation of game animals from north-western poland by common tick (ixodes ricinus)].ixodes ricinus tick species is the most common tick in poland and is the primary vector of many pathogens. the aim of this study was to determine the infestation of three species of game animals: roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from forest area of north-western poland.200818664103
functional toll-like receptor 4 mutations modulate the response to fibrinogen.fibrinogen has been implicated in atherosclerosis; in part by activating the lipopolysaccharide (lps) receptor toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4). the fibrinogen-tlr4 signalling pathway remains uncharacterised. in human macrophages fibrinogen stimulated interleukin (il)6 expression and erk (extracellular signal-related kinase) phosphorylation. in hek293-cd14-md2 cells expressing tlr4, fibrinogen induced robust phosphorylation of erk1, p38alpha and jnk and activated transcription factors nfkappab, elk-1 ...200818690351
indicators for elevated risk of human exposure to host-seeking adults of the rocky mountain wood tick (dermacentor andersoni) in colorado.the human-biting adult stage of the rocky mountain wood tick (dermacentor andersoni) can cause tick paralysis in humans and domestic animals and is the primary tick vector in the intermountain west of the pathogens causing colorado tick fever, rocky mountain spotted fever, and tularemia. we conducted drag sampling studies in poudre canyon and rocky mountain national park of larimer county, co, to determine microhabitat use patterns by host-seeking d. andersoni adults and find environmental facto ...200818697314
induction of ovarian follicular wave emergence in wapiti (cervus elaphus).two experiments were done to test the effects of treatments designed to electively induce ovarian follicular wave emergence in wapiti for the purpose of group synchronization. in experiment 1, hinds were assigned randomly to three groups and given saline im (controls; n=5), 5mg of estadiol-17beta im (n=4), or 5mg estradiol-17beta plus 100mg progesterone im (n=5). in experiment 2, hinds were assigned randomly to two groups and given no treatment (controls; n=6), or transvaginal ultrasound-guided ...200818706684
epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (egfr1) and its variant egfrviii regulate tata-binding protein expression through distinct pathways.the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) family regulates essential biological processes. various epithelial tumors are linked to egfr overexpression or expression of variant forms, such as the egfr1 variant, egfrviii. perturbations in expression of the transcription initiation factor, tata-binding protein (tbp), alter cellular growth properties. here we demonstrate that egfr1 and egfrviii, but not her2, induce tbp expression at a transcriptional level through distinct mechanisms. egfr1 enhan ...200818710943
tnf-alpha/il-1/nf-kappab transduction pathway in human cancer prostate.tnfalpha exerts apoptosis throughout an intracellular transduction pathway that involves the kinase proteins traf-2 (integration point of apoptotic and survival signals), ask1 (pro-apoptotic protein), mek-4 (p38 activator and metastasis suppressor gene), jnk (stress mitogen activated protein kinase) and the transcription factor ap-1. tnfalpha also exerts proliferation by p38 activation, or when traf-2 simultaneously induces the transcription factor nf-kappab by nik. nik and p38 may also be activ ...200818712680
evidence of the importance of host habitat use in predicting the dilution effect of wild boar for deer exposure to anaplasma spp.foci of tick-borne pathogens occur at fine spatial scales, and depend upon a complex arrangement of factors involving climate, host abundance and landscape composition. it has been proposed that the presence of hosts that support tick feeding but not pathogen multiplication may dilute the transmission of the pathogen. however, models need to consider the spatial component to adequately explain how hosts, ticks and pathogens are distributed into the landscape. in this study, a novel, lattice-deri ...200818714379
tnf/il-1/nik/nf-kappa b transduction pathway: a comparative study in normal and pathological human prostate (benign hyperplasia and carcinoma).tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha induces death or cell proliferation by activation of nuclear factor (nf)-kappab, also activated by interleukin (il)-1 alpha. the aim was to investigate upstream and downstream components of nik transduction pathway in normal (np), benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostatic carcinoma (pc).200818752500
wegener's granulomatosis in finland in 1981-2000: clinical presentation and diagnostic delay.to determine the features of clinical presentation and the diagnostic delay of wegener's granulomatosis (wg) in finland in 1981-2000.200818759164
kruppel-like factor 4, elk-1, and histone deacetylases cooperatively suppress smooth muscle cell differentiation markers in response to oxidized phospholipids.phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (smcs), such as increased proliferation, enhanced migration, and downregulation of smc differentiation marker genes, is known to play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. however, the factors and mechanisms controlling this process are not fully understood. we recently showed that oxidized phospholipids, including 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (povpc), which accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions, are po ...200818768922
smad-independent transforming growth factor-beta regulation of early growth response-1 and sustained expression in fibrosis: implications for scleroderma.transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) plays a key role in scleroderma pathogenesis. the transcription factor early growth response-1 (egr-1) mediates the stimulation of collagen transcription elicited by tgf-beta and is necessary for the development of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. here, we report that tgf-beta causes a time- and dose-dependent increase in egr-1 protein and mrna levels and enhanced transcription of the egr-1 gene via serum response elements in normal fibroblasts. the ability ...200818772333
nmr structure of the bank vole prion protein at 20 degrees c contains a structured loop of residues 165-171.the recent introduction of bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) as an additional laboratory animal for research on prion diseases revealed an important difference when compared to the mouse and the syrian hamster, since bank voles show a high susceptibility to infection by brain homogenates from a wide range of diseased species such as sheep, goats, and humans. in this context, we determined the nmr structure of the c-terminal globular domain of the recombinant bank vole prion protein (bvprp) [bv ...200818773909
persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in wild cervids of colorado.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a significant viral pathogen of domestic cattle. worldwide, there is evidence of bvdv exposure and infection in wild ungulates; however, the frequency and significance of such events are unknown. to determine the prevalence and distribution of colorado deer, elk, and moose persistently infected (pi) with bvdv, a cross-sectional study was conducted using full-thickness ear tissue samples collected from animals presented to the colorado division of wildlife fo ...200818776103
the scale-dependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates.resource selection is a fundamental ecological process impacting population dynamics and ecosystem structure. understanding which factors drive selection is vital for effective species- and landscape-level management. we used resource selection probability functions (rspfs) to study the influence of two forms of wolf (canis lupus) predation risk, snow conditions and habitat variables on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), elk (cervus elaphus) and moose (alces alces) resource selection in ...200818481095
experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) to white-tailed deer by intracerebral route.to compare clinical and pathologic findings of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a natural host, 3 groups (n = 5) of white-tailed deer (wtd) fawns were intracerebrally inoculated with a cwd prion of wtd, mule deer, or elk origin. three other uninoculated fawns served as controls. approximately 10 months postinoculation (mpi), 1 deer from each of the 3 inoculated groups was necropsied and their tissues were examined for lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (se) and for the presence of abnormal pri ...200818487485
sperm parameters on iberian red deer: electroejaculation and post-mortem collection.artificial reproductive technologies (art) for cervids have improved, but a need remains for the collection of basic data. we studied two models of sperm collection in iberian red deer, post-mortem (pm) in a wild population (179 samples) and by electroejaculation (ee) in a farmed population (37 samples), recording: testicular and epididymal weight, testicular diameter, sperm quantity, ph and osmolality and spermatozoa quality (motility by casa, abnormal forms, cytoplasmic droplets, viability and ...200818499244
hypoxia-induced deactivation of ngf-mediated erk1/2 signaling in hippocampal cells: neuroprotection by acetyl-l-carnitine.cellular and molecular pathways underlying hypoxic neurotoxicity and cell death are multifaceted and complex. although many potentially neuroprotective agents have been investigated, the protection conferred is often inadequate, resulting in their insufficient clinical utility. in light of the above, we investigated the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of acetyl-l-carnitine (alcar) in protecting hippocampal neurons from hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity and cellular death. results showe ...200818500755
cavernous haemangiosarcoma in a free-living red deer (cervus elaphus). 200818503071
experimental transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), primarily affects cattle. transmission is via concentrate feed rations contaminated with infected meat and bone meal (mbm). in addition to cattle, other food animal species are susceptible to bse and also pose a potential threat to human health as consumption of infected meat products is the cause of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans, which is invariably fatal. in the uk, farmed and ...200818507844
individual differences, density dependence and offspring birth traits in a population of red deer.variation between individuals is an essential component of natural selection and evolutionary change, but it is only recently that the consequences of persistent differences between individuals on population dynamics have been considered. in particular, few authors have addressed whether interactions exist between individual quality and environmental variation. in part, this is due to the difficulties of collecting sufficient data, but also the challenge of defining individual quality. using a l ...200818522909
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis: usefulness in international trade.tuberculosis (tb) represents a barrier for free trade of livestock between mexico and the united states of america (us). in spite of efforts from mexico to export tb-free animals, some of those found with tb lesions in slaughterhouses in the us are traced back to that country. therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine, through molecular epidemiology, the most probable source of infection for cattle found with tb lesions in the us. ninety m. bovis isolates, 50 from mexico obtained fro ...200818524398
effect of combined source (f0) and filter (formant) variation on red deer hind responses to male roars.studying female response to variation in single acoustic components has provided important insights into how sexual selection operates on male acoustic signals. however, since vocal signals are typically composed of independent components, it is important to account for possible interactions between the studied parameter and other relevant acoustic features of vocal signals. here, two key components of the male red deer roar, the fundamental frequency and the formant frequencies (an acoustic cue ...200818529210
faunal migration in late-glacial central italy: implications for human resource exploitation.the hunter-gatherer transhumance model presents foragers as specialised hunters of migratory ungulates, which moved seasonally between coastal lowlands and interior uplands. we studied six animal teeth of horse (equus hydruntinus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) from four different archaeological sites: the grotta di vado all'arancio, grotta di settecannelle, grotta polesini and grotta di pozzo, in central italy to test whether the migratory patterns and seasonal variations recorded in their teeth ...200818537188
erythropoietin enhancement of rat pancreatic tumor cell proliferation requires the activation of erk and jnk signals.erythropoietin (epo) regulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells by binding to its specific transmembrane receptor epor. recent studies, however, have shown that the epor is additionally present in various cancer cells and epo induces the proliferation of these cells, suggesting a different function for epo other than erythropoiesis. therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine epor expression and the role of epo in the proliferation and signaling cascades in ...200818550701
divergence within the marker region of the groesl operon in anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite in human and animal granulocytes. in europe, a. phagocytophilum is transmitted by ixodes ticks; ixodes ricinus is the vector of the parasite in poland. in terms of epidemiology, the identification of pathogens in ticks increasingly relies on molecular techniques. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with species-specific primers is a tool that allows the quick and accurate detection of pathogens in ticks, humans, or animals. dn ...200818551326
vocal fold elasticity of the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) - producing high fundamental frequency vocalization with a very long vocal fold.the vocal folds of male rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) are about 3 cm long. if fundamental frequency were to be predicted by a simple vibrating string formula, as is often done for the human larynx, such long vocal folds would bear enormous stress to produce the species-specific mating call with an average fundamental frequency of 1 khz. predictions would be closer to 50 hz. vocal fold histology revealed the presence of a large vocal ligament between the vocal fold epithelium and th ...200818552304
smooth muscle phenotypic plasticity in mechanical obstruction of the small intestine.chronic, partial obstruction of the small intestine can dramatically alter peristaltic contractile properties. morphological studies have revealed hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle cells in the constricted part of the intestine. in this issue of neurogastroenterology and motility, chen et al. show that hyperplasia and hypertrophy of intestinal smooth muscle cells occur at distinct times in response to partial obstruction of the ileum. furthermore, the first evidence is provided to link i ...200818557891
regulation of srf/carg-dependent gene transcription during chronic partial obstruction of murine small intestine.intestinal obstructions lead to a variety of motility disorders. small intestine smooth muscles undergo dramatic phenotypic changes in response to obstruction, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. using rt-pcr, chip, re-chip, and western blots, we examined the effect of small bowel mechanical obstruction on smooth muscle gene expression. obstruction caused a transient hyperplasia, followed by a prolonged hypertrophic response of small intestine smooth muscle cells. smooth muscle ...200818557893
novel steroid receptor phyto-modulator compound a inhibits growth and survival of prostate cancer cells.androgen receptor (ar)- and glucocorticoid receptor (gr)- mediated signaling play opposite roles in prostate tumorigenesis: ar promotes prostate carcinoma (pc) development, whereas gr acts as a tumor suppressor. compound a (cpda) is a stable analogue of an aziridine precursor from the african shrub salsola tuberculatiformis botschantzev. it was shown recently that, in model cells, cpda inhibits ar function and strongly enhances anti-inflammatory function of gr. we determined the effects of cpda ...200818559523
differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the smooth muscle lineage by blocking erk/mapk signaling pathway.smooth muscle cells (smcs) are major components of blood vessels and other hollow visceral organs required for tissue engineering of these organs. this study aims to evaluate whether adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmmscs), multipotent cells, can be converted into smcs. we examined the erk/mapk pathway as it exerts anti-myogenic signals in smcs. undifferentiated bmmscs express most smc marker genes, albeit mainly at low levels, except smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smmhc), t ...200818564029
age distribution and seasonal dynamics of abomasal helminths in wild red deer from central spain.a study on age distribution and seasonal dynamics of abomasal helminths in wild red deer was conducted in central spain, by monthly samplings of fawns (<1 yr), subadult (1-2 yr), and adult (>2 yr) animals. both intensity and prevalence of abomasal parasitism were higher in older animals, particularly in males. a bimodal pattern for intensity of infection by gastrointestinal parasites was observed. maximum values attained in winter and summer may be related to variation in climate and the shiftin ...200818576697
mitochondrial activity and forward scatter vary in necrotic, apoptotic and membrane-intact spermatozoan subpopulations.in the present study, we have related mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsim) and forward scatter (fsc) to apoptotic-related changes in spermatozoa. thawed red deer spermatozoa were incubated in synthetic oviductal fluid medium (37 degrees c, 5% co2), with or without antioxidant (100 microm trolox). at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h, aliquots were assessed for motility and were stained with a combination of hoechst 33342, propidium ioide (pi), yo-pro-1 and mitotracker deep red for flow cytometry. the prop ...200818577351
a species barrier limits transmission of chronic wasting disease to mink (mustela vison).transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) occurs as sporadic outbreaks associated with ingestion of feed presumably contaminated with some type of prion disease. mink lack a species barrier to primary oral challenge with bovine spongiform encephalopathy, whereas they have a barrier to such challenge with scrapie. we investigated whether mink have a species barrier to chronic wasting disease (cwd) by performing primary intracerebral (ic) and primary oral challenge with cwd-positive elk brain. prima ...200818343853
group i metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated gene expression in striatal neurons.group i mglurs (mglur1/5) are g-protein-coupled receptors and are abundantly expressed in most of medium spiny projection neurons in the striatum. recent evidence demonstrates that group i mglurs are among essential regulators for constitutive and inducible gene expression in host neurons. upon activation, mglur1/5 signals activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) which in turn phosphorylate transcription factors such as camp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1, and th ...200818351459
selection for nutrients by red deer hinds feeding on a mixed forest edge.we studied the nutritional behaviour of hinds foraging on a mixed-forest edge by direct observation of their choices at each season and by measuring nutrient concentration in the plants. we compared nutrient concentrations in the observed diets with those in the total available vegetation, and with those of 1,000 randomly simulated diets in which we included only those plants that were actually eaten by the animal. whether the available or the consumed feeds were used as the basis for comparison ...200818357470
water tables constrain height recovery of willow on yellowstone's northern range.excessive levels of herbivory may disturb ecosystems in ways that persist even when herbivory is moderated. these persistent changes may complicate efforts to restore ecosystems affected by herbivores. willow (salix spp.) communities within the northern range in yellowstone national park have been eliminated or degraded in many riparian areas by excessive elk (cervus elaphus l.) browsing. elk browsing of riparian willows appears to have diminished following the reintroduction of wolves (canis lu ...200818372557
map kinase-mediated c-fos regulation relies on a histone acetylation relay switch.gene activation is often associated with high levels of histone acetylation. enhanced acetylation levels can promote the recruitment of further chromatin modifying complexes or the basal transcription machinery. here, we have studied map kinase-mediated upregulation of c-fos and uncover a role for histone acetylation in promoting the recruitment of a second transcription factor, nfi. map kinase signaling to elk-1 enhances the net histone acetylase activity associated with the c-fos promoter, whi ...200818374651
a prion disease of cervids: chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of deer, elk, and moose, initially recognized in colorado mule deer. the discovery of cwd beyond the borders of colorado and wyoming, in canada and as far east as new york, has led to its emergence as a prion disease of international importance. epidemiological studies indicate that cwd is horizontally transmitted among free-ranging animals, potentially indirectly by prion-containing secreta or excreta contaminating the environment. experimental c ...200818381058
experimental chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the ferret.chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of north american deer, elk and moose, affects both free-ranging and captive cervids. the potential host range for cwd remains uncertain. the susceptibility of the ferret to cwd was examined experimentally by administering infectious brain material by the intracerebral (ic) or oral (po) route. between 15 and 20 months after ic inoculation, ferrets developed neurological signs consistent with prion disease, including polyphagia, somnolence, piloerect ...200818387626
beneficial effects of low doses of red wine consumption on perturbed shear stress-induced atherogenesis.moderate wine intake is associated with a reduced risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. atherosclerosis is enhanced in arterial segments exposed to disturbed flow. perturbed shear stress increases also the endothelial expression of oxidation-sensitive responsive genes (such as elk-1 and p-jun). this study evaluates the effects of chronic consumption of red wine on perturbed shear stress-induced atherogenesis. results indicated that chronic treatment with red wine significa ...200818389338
brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates bone/cementum-related protein gene expression in cementoblasts.brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf), recognized as essential in the developing nervous system, is involved in differentiation and proliferation in non-neuronal cells, such as endothelial cells, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament cells. we have focused on the application of bdnf to the regeneration of periodontal tissue and indicated that bdnf promotes the regeneration of experimentally created periodontal defects. cementoblasts form cementum, mineralized tissue, which is key to establish ...200818390540
bluetongue virus antibodies in wild red deer in southern belgium. 200818390860
differential activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and a related complex in neuronal nuclei.the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erks 1/2) are known to participate in regulating transcription in response to moderate depolarization, such as synaptic stimulation, but how the same active enzyme can differentially regulate distinct transcriptional programs induced with abnormal depolarization (high potassium) is unknown. we hypothesized that erk1 or 2 accomplishes this differential nuclear response through close association with other proteins in stable complexes. in support ...200818392730
differential immune responses of red deer (cervus elaphus) following experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.immune responses of red deer (cervus elaphus) that presented with different levels of paucibacillary pathology were profiled to detail immune changes during the progression of johne's disease. immune responses were monitored using an immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), a gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) elisa, and flow cytometry. animals in the study were divided into outcome groups postmortem according to disease severity. all animals mounted igg1 antibody a ...200818400974
the effects of sex and age on phytohaemagglutinin skin-testing of deer.to determine if there are sex- or age-related differences in the increase in skinfold thickness in response to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (pha) in red deer.200818408793
minimum sampling effort for reliable non-invasive estimations of excretion abundance of elaphostrongylus cervi l1 in red deer (cervus elaphus) populations.faecal surveys are commonly used as non-invasive means to evaluate population abundance of animals as well as comparable indexes of prevalence and intensity of diseases between populations, especially macroparasites. while faecal surveys are among one of the simplest means to perform these evaluations, they are time consuming and labour intensive. the present study evaluated 80 red deer (cervus elaphus) faecal samples collected in two study sites for the presence and abundance of first-stage lar ...200818416882
characterisation of the first complete genome sequence of the roe deer (capreolus capreolus) papillomavirus.the complete genomic dna of a novel roe deer (capreolus capreolus) papillomavirus (ccpv1) was amplified and sequenced from fibropapillomatous skin lesions of a hungarian roe deer. viral dna was detected by a pair of degenerate primers and the remaining genomic sequence was amplified by a long-template high-fidelity pcr and sequenced. the ccpv1 genome was 8032 bp long and contained open reading frames (orfs) typical for delta-papillomaviruses (e6, e7, e1, e2, e4, e5, e9, l2, and l1) and a 799 bp ...200818417239
spoligotype diversity of mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium caprae animal isolates.the genetic diversity of 283 mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) and 10 mycobacterium caprae (m. caprae) strains, isolated between 2002 and 2007 from cattle, goat, red deer and wild boar from six different geographical regions of portugal was investigated by spoligotyping. the technique showed a good discriminatory power (hunter-gaston index, h=0.9) for the strains, revealing 29 different patterns. one pattern (sb0121) was clearly predominant, accounting for 26.3% of the isolates; ten patterns, repre ...200818417301
prp genotypes of free-ranging wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease.variation in prp prion gene sequence appears to modulate susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd), a naturally occurring prion disease affecting four north american species of the family cervidae. wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prp is polymorphic at codon 132 [methionine (m) or leucine (l)]. we genotyped 171 samples, collected between 2002 and 2005 from cwd-infected and uninfected wapiti from three free-ranging populations in colorado, usa, to study influences of prp polymorphisms on cwd ...200818420812
sarcoptic mange in red deer from spain: improved surveillance or disease emergence?concern about emerging diseases has risen in recent years, and multihost situations have become increasingly relevant for wildlife management and conservation. we present data on asturias, northern spain, where 80 mangy red deer (cervus elaphus) have been found since the beginning of the epizootic in chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica parva) in 1993. we combine field and necropsy data with the results of a serosurvey using an in-house elisa test to evaluate if deer mange due to sarcoptes scabiei is an ...200818430519
effects of selective bcl-2 inhibitor ha14-1 treatments on functional activity of magnocellular vasopressinergic neurons of rat hypothalamus.in this study we examined whether in vivo treatments with bcl-2 inhibitor ha14-1 can affect the function of vasopressinergic system of rat. ha14-1 is a novel organic compound that has micromolar affinity for bcl-2 and bcl-xl and acts as a mimetic of bh3-only proteins by antagonizing the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 proteins and triggering bax-dependent apoptosis. we found that intrahypothalamic injections of ha14-1 did not induce apoptosis of vasopressin (vp) cells of supraoptic nucleus, but led to acti ...200818434013
wildtype elk-1, but not a sumoylation mutant, represses egr-1 expression in sh-sy5y neuroblastomas.elk-1, an ets domain transcription factor of the tcf (ternary complex factor) subfamily, is known to be involved in the regulation of immediate-early genes such as c-fos upon mitogen activation, and thus commonly implied in cell proliferation. early growth response-1, egr-1, which was known to be an immediate-early gene, has recently been shown to be pro-apoptotic for sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells. in that respect, it was not clear whether elk-1 would activate or repress from this promoter, since ...200818434015
foot-and-mouth disease in north american bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni): susceptibility, intra- and interspecies transmission, clinical signs, and lesions.there is limited information about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in north american bison (bison bison) or elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). in these two experimental infection studies, we compared the susceptibilities of bison and elk to fmd virus (fmdv), respectively, with that of cattle; determined whether intra- and interspecies transmission could occur in bison and cattle, and elk and cattle; determined suitability of conventional available laboratory tests to ...200818436660
transcriptional profiling in human hacat keratinocytes in response to kaempferol and identification of potential transcription factors for regulating differential gene expression.kaempferol is the major flavonol in green tea and exhibits many biomedically useful properties such as antioxidative, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic activities. to elucidate its effects on the skin, we investigated the transcriptional profiles of kaempferol-treated hacat cells using cdna microarray analysis and identified 147 transcripts that exhibited significant changes in expression. of these, 18 were up-regulated and 129 were down-regulated. these transcripts were then classified into 12 ...200818446059
copper deficiency and effects of copper supplementation in a herd of red deer (cervus elaphus).copper (cu) deficiency was diagnosed in a norwegian red deer (cervus elaphus) herd subsequent to deaths due to emaciation in late autumn 1999. the animals had free access to salt licks containing 3000 mg cu/kg. an evaluation of the herd revealed poor calf growth rate, low weights of adult hinds, dull and light-coloured hair coats and cases of diarrhoea. the herd was subsequently monitored throughout a three-year period of cu-supplementation. the monitoring regimen included clinical observation, ...200818447913
human biliverdin reductase is an erk activator; hbvr is an erk nuclear transporter and is required for mapk signaling.activation of the mek/erk/elk-signaling cascade is a mechanism for relaying mitogenic and stress stimuli for gene activation. mek1 is the proximate kinase for activation of erk1/2, and nuclear targeting of erk1/2 is obligatory for elk1 transcriptional activity. human biliverdin reductase (hbvr) is a recently described ser/thr/tyr kinase in the mapk insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1)-signaling cascade. using 293a cells and in vitro experiments, we detail the formation of a ternary comple ...200818463290
[construction and characterization of hsef recombinant adenoviral vectors].sef (similar expression to fgf genes) was identified as a feedback antagonist of fgf signaling in zerbrafish, mouse and human. to construct recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing hsef-l and hsef-s, the coding sequences of the two isoforms were amplified and ligated into padtrack-cmv, forming shuttle vectors padtrack-cmv/hsef-l-myc and padtrack-cmv/hsef-s-myc. after sequence confirmation, these two shuttle vector plasmids were linearized by pme i and then co-transformed respectively with the a ...200818464599
identification of ets-like transcription factor 4 as a novel androgen receptor target in prostate cancer cells.transcriptional control by androgens via androgen receptor (ar) is strongly involved in prostate cancer development, but the critical target genes have remained elusive. we have characterized e twenty-six-like transcription factor 4 (elk4) (also known as serum response factor accessory protein 1) as a novel ar target in human prostate cancer cells. in-silico screening identified three putative ar response elements (ares) within -10 kb from the transcription start site of elk4. both are1 at -167/ ...200818469865
jnk/c-jun signaling mediates an anti-apoptotic effect of rankl in osteoclasts.rankl is known to be important not only for differentiation and activation of osteoclasts but also for their survival. experimentally, apoptosis of osteoclasts is rapidly induced by the deprivation of rankl. rankl activates elk-related tyrosine kinase (erk), p38, c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk), and nf-kappab pathways through traf6 in osteoclasts and the precursor cells. it has been shown that erk is critical for regulation of osteoclast survival. however, an involvement of other rankl signaling p ...200818251700
landscape features affect gene flow of scottish highland red deer (cervus elaphus).landscape features have been shown to strongly influence dispersal and, consequently, the genetic population structure of organisms. studies quantifying the effect of landscape features on gene flow of large mammals with high dispersal capabilities are rare and have mainly been focused at large geographical scales. in this study, we assessed the influence of several natural and human-made landscape features on red deer gene flow in the scottish highlands by analysing 695 individuals for 21 micro ...200818261043
mycobacterium bovis in wildlife in france.in early 2001, tuberculosis-like lesions were detected in three hunter-killed red deer (cervus elaphus) in the brotonne forest (normandy, france), and mycobacterium bovis was isolated. in subsequent hunting seasons, two surveys were conducted in the area. in the first survey (2001-02 hunting season), nine (13%) of 72 red deer sampled were positive for m. bovis. in the 2005-06 hunting season, the prevalence of m. bovis infection increased to 24% (chi2=3.85, df=1, p=0.05; 33 positive among 138 sam ...200818263825
socially informed random walks: incorporating group dynamics into models of population spread and growth.simple correlated random walk (crw) models are rarely sufficient to describe movement of animals over more than the shortest time scales. however, crw approaches can be used to model more complex animal movement trajectories by assuming individuals move in one of several different behavioural or movement states, each characterized by a different crw. the spatial and social context an individual experiences may influence the proportion of time spent in different movement states, with subsequent e ...200818270158
validation of an anaplasma marginale celisa for use in the diagnosis of a. ovis infections in domestic sheep and anaplasma spp. in wild ungulates.a commercially available (celisa) kit for diagnosing anaplasma marginale infection in cattle was validated for diagnosing a ovis infection in sheep using the bovine serum controls as supplied by the manufacturer (bcelisa) and sheep serum controls from pathogen-free sheep (ocelisa). true positives were identified using two previously established assays, a nested pcr (npcr) test and an indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa). the bcelisa was also applied to sera from various species of wild ruminan ...200818272296
dusp6/mkp-3 inactivates erk1/2 but fails to bind and inactivate erk5.extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (erk1/2) are activated by dual threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of a tey motif. the highly related kinase erk5 is also activated by phosphorylation at a tey motif. inactivation of erk1/2 is achieved by distinct members of the dual-specificity protein phosphatase (dusp) family, which are responsible for the specific, regulated de-phosphorylation of the tey motif. these include both nuclear (dusp5) and cytoplasmic (dusp6) enzymes. dusp6, a candi ...200818280112
blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the cervigam assay.mitogen- and antigen-induced interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) responses of peripheral blood leucocytes from cervids were evaluated by a commercial whole-blood assay. the assay was applied to mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer and reindeer, m bovis bcg-vaccinated white-tailed deer and elk, and unvaccinated, uninfected white-tailed deer, fallow deer, elk and reindeer. the responses of the m bovis-infected white-tailed deer to pokeweed mitogen (pwm) varied with time and between individuals. ...200818281626
rodent models for prion diseases.until today most prion strains can only be propagated and the infectivity content assayed by experimentally challenging conventional or transgenic animals. robust cell culture systems are not available for any of the natural and only for a few of the experimental prion strains. moreover, the pathogenesis of different transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) can be analysed systematically by using experimentally infected animals. while, in the beginning, animals belonging to the natural ho ...200818284909
the low molecular weight s-nitrosothiol, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine, promotes cell cycle progression in rabbit aortic endothelial cells.s-nitrosylation reactions are considered to be a major mechanism by which no-related bioactivities are regulated in vivo. in the present study, we show the effects of the low molecular weight s-nitrosothiol, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (snap), on cell cycle progression of rabbit aortic endothelial cells (raec). snap at low concentrations (0.1mm) stimulated the p21ras-erk1/2 map kinase signaling pathway. activation of this signaling pathway was strongly inhibited in cells stably transfected w ...200818291122
large-scale elisa testing of spanish red deer for paratuberculosis.a role of wildlife species as paratuberculosis reservoirs is strongly suspected based on field and molecular epidemiologic evidence. this paper presents the first large-scale data on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) antibodies in red deer from spain, and tests the effect of host and environmental risk factors on antibody levels. a total of 257 out of 852 serum samples tested positive, yielding a total seroprevalence of 30.16% ...200818313144
oncogenic activation of the human pygopus2 promoter by e74-like factor-1.pygopus is a component of the t-cell factor/beta-catenin transcriptional complex essential for activation of wnt target genes and is also required for cell regulation in the absence of wnt signaling. human pygopus2 (hpygo2) is overexpressed in a high proportion of breast and epithelial ovarian malignant tumors and is required for the growth of several cell lines derived from these carcinomas. the mechanisms regulating hpygo2 gene activation, however, are unknown. here, we have determined cis- an ...200818314487
inhibition of the ras-net (elk-3) pathway by a novel pyrazole that affects microtubules.net (elk-3/sap-2/erp) is a transcription factor that is phosphorylated and activated by the ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway and is involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. in a cell-based screen for small molecule inhibitors of ras activation of net transcriptional activity, we identified a novel pyrazole, xrp44x. xrp44x inhibits fibroblast growth factor 2 (fgf-2)-induced net phosphorylation by the ras-erk signaling upstream from ras. it also b ...200818316589
p21 waf1/cip1 expression by curcumin in u-87mg human glioma cells: role of early growth response-1 expression.curcumin, a natural compound, is a well-known chemopreventive agent with potent anticarcinogenic activity in a wide variety of tumor cells. curcumin inhibits cancer cell proliferation in part by suppressing cyclin d1 and inducing expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(waf1/cip1). both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms regulate p21(waf1/cip1) expression, but the mechanism by which curcumin regulates p21(waf1/cip1) expression remains unknown. here, we report that transc ...200818316600
adaptor skap-55 binds p21 activating exchange factor rasgrp1 and negatively regulates the p21-erk pathway in t-cells.while the adaptor skap-55 mediates lfa-1 adhesion on t-cells, it is not known whether the adaptor regulates other aspects of signaling. skap-55 could potentially act as a node to coordinate the modulation of adhesion with downstream signaling. in this regard, the gtpase p21(ras) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathway play central roles in t-cell function. in this study, we report that skap-55 has opposing effects on adhesion and the activation of the p21(ras) -erk pathway in ...200818320039
the role and mechanism of progesterone receptor activation of extra-nuclear signaling pathways in regulating gene transcription and cell cycle progression.human progesterone receptor (pr) contains a polyproline motif in the amino-terminal domain that interacts with the sh3 domain of src and mediates rapid activation of c-src and downstream mapk (erk-1/-2) independent of the transcriptional activity of pr. forcedly target pr to different locations in the cell by use of mutations or tags for different cell compartments showed that progestin activation of src/mapk is mediated by pr outside the nucleus. no distinction could be made between the cytopla ...200818321550
effector immediate-early gene arc in the amygdala plays a critical role in alcoholism.the immediate early gene, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (arc), has been implicated in synaptic plasticity. however, the role of arc in alcoholism is unknown. here, we report that the anxiolytic effects of acute ethanol were associated with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and tyrosine kinase b (trkb) expression, increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (erk1/2), elk-1, and camp responsive element-binding protein (creb), increa ...200818322102
efficacy, immune responses and side-effects of vaccines against johne's disease in young red deer (cervus elaphus) experimentally challenged with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.to test the efficacy of a commercially available and an experimental vaccine against johne's disease in young red deer (cervus elaphus), using experimental challenge with live virulent mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. ptb), measure injection-site reactions, and assess the effects of vaccination and challenge on results of subsequent skin tests and ancillary blood tests for bovine tuberculosis (tb).200818322553
changes in population, growth, and physiological indices of longnose dace (rhinichthys cataractae) in the red deer river, alberta, canada.the red deer river, alberta, canada is a prairie river that is impacted by the point-source input of red deer's municipal wastewater effluent and non-point- source agricultural runoff. we used population, growth, and physiological performance end points in longnose dace (rhinichthys cataractae), an endemic and abundant minnow, to evaluate changes in fish health over a 220 km section of the red deer river. longnose dace immediately downstream of red deer had elevated catch per unit effort with la ...200818322724
cdna microarray analysis of the differentially expressed genes involved in murine pre-osteoclast raw264.7 cells proliferation stimulated by dexamethasone.glucocorticoids (gcs) are hormones with anti-inflammatory and immuno-suppressive effects. the use of hormonal medicine like gcs may cause systemic adverse effects. in the present study, the cellular response of murine pre-osteoclast cell line raw264.7 to dexamethasone (dex) was investigated and the result demonstrated that dex may stimulate raw264.7 cells proliferation. changes in gene expression involved in raw264.7 cells proliferation stimulated by dexamethasone were investigated using cdna mi ...200818083200
ccdc134, a novel secretory protein, inhibits activation of erk and jnk, but not p38 mapk.in this study, we report a novel gene, ccdc134 (coiled-coil domain containing 134), that encodes a secretory protein that can inhibit the mapk pathway as a novel human mapk-regulating protein. the ccdc134 mrna contains 1280 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 229 amino acids. ccdc134 is a classical secretory protein. expression profile analysis by northern blot, rt-pcr, immunohistochemistry and western blot reveals that ccdc134 is widely expressed in normal adult tissues, tumor tissues and cell l ...200818087676
serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 enhances zif268 expression through the mediation of srf and creb1 associated with spatial memory formation.serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (sgk1) has been shown to play an important role in spatial memory formation, but the molecular mechanism underlying this effect of sgk1 was not known. zif268 is an immediate early gene that is induced by water maze learning. to investigate the role of sgk1 in the regulation of zif268 expression, the dominant negative mutant of sgk1, sgk1 s422a, was infused to the hippocampal ca1 area of rats, and was found to decrease significantly the mrna level of z ...200818088355
a randomized clinical trial of elk velvet antler in rheumatoid arthritis.this article examines the effects of elk velvet antler on joint pain and swelling, patient/physician global assessment of disease activity, functional ability, quality of life, blood levels of c-reactive protein, and adverse events in persons with stage 2 to 3 rheumatoid arthritis experiencing residual symptoms after standard treatment. patients (n=168) were enrolled in a 6-month randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. instruments included the arthritis impact measurement sc ...200818077778
a multiplex assay to identify 18 european mammal species from mixtures using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.a novel species-specific multiplex to identify 18 common european mammalian species (badger, cat, cow, dog, donkey, fox, goat, guinea pig, harvest mouse, hedgehog, horse, house mouse, human, pig, rabbit, rat, red deer and sheep), many of which are often associated with forensic investigations, has been developed. the assay is based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, which is commonly used in species identification and phylogeny studies. areas of homology and variation were identified and we ...200818080254
development of body condition in hinds of iberian red deer during gestation and its effects on calf birth weight and milk production.reproductive effort affects body reserves and subsequent ability to reproduce. in fact, the energy costs of gestation and lactation in hinds of red deer have a marked effect on maternal condition. the objectives of this study were to examine the development of hind monthly body condition during gestation in relation to reproductive rest, age and age class, just as its effects on total milk yield and calf birth weight. eighty hinds of iberian red deer were used as subjects during 2 years of study ...200818095326
cloning and characterization of the promoter of hugl-2, the human homologue of drosophila lethal giant larvae (lgl) polarity gene.the human lgl gene, hugl-2 (llgl2, lgl2), codes for a cytoskeletal protein involved in regulating cell polarity. here, we report the identification and functional characterization of the promoter region ( approximately 1.2kb) of the hugl-2 gene. luciferase expression assays show a high basal hugl-2 promoter activity in different cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. truncations of the promoter identified a gc-rich region important for this activity. alignment of human and mouse genomic seque ...200818155665
regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of ever-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses.epidermodysplasia verruciformis (ev) is a genodermatosis associated with skin cancers that results from a selective susceptibility to related human papillomaviruses (ev hpv). invalidating mutations in either of two genes (ever1 and ever2) with unknown functions cause most ev cases. we report that ever1 and ever2 proteins form a complex and interact with the zinc transporter 1 (znt-1), as shown by yeast two-hybrid screening, gst pull-down, and immunoprecipitation experiments. in keratinocytes, ev ...200818158319
monoclonal antibodies that bind to common epitopes on the dengue virus type 2 nonstructural-1 and envelope glycoproteins display weak neutralizing activity and differentiated responses to virulent strains: implications for pathogenesis and vaccines.the abilities of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that bind to defined sequential epitopes on the dengue virus (denv) nonstructural-1 (ns1) glycoproteins to cross-react with epitopes on the denv envelope (e) glycoproteins were investigated. in this study, some of these mabs cross-reacted with the denv type 2 (denv-2) e glycoprotein and with synthetic peptides representing x-ray crystallographically confirmed surface-exposed regions on this glycoprotein. mab 1g5.3 cross-reacted with the flavivirus-co ...200818160621
regulation of mdmx expression by mitogenic signaling.mdmx is an important regulator of p53 transcriptional activity and stress response. mdmx overexpression and gene amplification are implicated in p53 inactivation and tumor development. unlike mdm2, mdmx is not inducible by p53, and little is known about its regulation at the transcriptional level. we found that mdmx levels in tumor cell lines closely correlate with promoter activity and mrna level. activated k-ras and insulin-like growth factor 1 induce mdmx expression at the transcriptional lev ...200818172009
the effect of conception date on gestation length of red deer (cervus elaphus).recent studies have demonstrated that gestation length of red deer (cervus elaphus) is highly variable and influenced by various environmental factors, and this may confer survival advantages for neonates. the current study investigated the relationship between conception date and gestation length to test the hypothesis that within-herd synchrony of red deer births is facilitated by a 'push/pull' control over gestation length, such that hinds conceiving early and late in the breeding season have ...200818178346
functions of bifans in context of multiple regulatory motifs in signaling networks.representation of intracellular signaling networks as directed graphs allows for the identification of regulatory motifs. regulatory motifs are groups of nodes with the same connectivity structure, capable of processing information. the bifan motif, made of two source nodes directly crossregulating two target nodes, is an overrepresented motif in a mammalian cell signaling network and in transcriptional networks. one example of a bifan is the two map-kinases, p38, and jnk that phosphorylate and ...200818178648
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