Publications

effects of hand-rearing on the behavioral development of infant and juvenile gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla).	nineteen hand-reared and seven mother-reared infant and juvenile gorillas were observed for a period of 3 years. almost all hand-reared individuals developed stereotyped behaviors during the first months. in most cases these behaviors disappeared in the first or second year. social behaviors, solitary play, nest building and grooming developed at about the same age in hand-reared and mother-reared infants. hand-reared immatures showed significantly more solitary play, more aggression and less so ...	1989	2721818
lack of virus transmission to offspring from a gorilla positive for htlv-i-related antibodies and provirus.		1989	2774342
species-specific placental corticotropin releasing hormone messenger rna and peptide expression.	the human placenta is a major site of synthesis of the hypothalamic neuropeptide corticotropin releasing hormone (crh). we have examined placentae of several other species for expression of the crh gene in this tissue. crh mrna was detected in human, gorilla, and rhesus monkey placentae, but not in rat, guinea pig and lemur placentae. a nonhuman primate may therefore be a suitable experimental model for studying placental crh gene expression in vivo.	1989	2787253
the involucrin gene of the orangutan: generation of the late region as an evolutionary trend in the hominoids.	in the evolutionary line leading to the higher primates, the coding region of the involucrin gene evolved a segment consisting of numerous repeats of a 10-codon sequence. additions to this segment of repeats have been made successively, thus generating regions that can be defined as early, middle, and late. the involucrin gene of the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus abelii) possesses a segment of repeats whose early region has the same repeat structure as that in other anthropoids. the middle region is ...	1989	2796727
stereophotogrammetric analysis of occlusal morphology of extant hominoid molars: phenetics and function.	because teeth are commonly preserved in the fossil record, dental remains have often been employed in estimating evolutionary relationships among fossil hominoids. this is appropriate, however, only to the extent that dental morphology is phylogenetically informative. i have used phenetic analytic techniques to assess whether hominoid molars are likely to be useful for phylogenetic inference. thirty-four occlusal landmarks for first and second molars were chosen; seven on each maxillary and ten ...	1989	2801908
vectorial expansion of the involucrin gene and the relatedness of the hominoids.	in higher primates, the coding region of the gene for involucrin, an epidermal protein, is mostly composed of a recently generated (modern) segment of repeats of a sequence of 10 codons. while the rest of the coding region has evolved only by nucleotide substitutions, the modern segment has evolved by successive addition of repeats. this process has not taken place randomly; instead, the expansion of the modern segment has been progressive from 3' to 5' end, thus adding vectorially regions that ...	1989	2813403
chromosomal assignment of a glutamic acid transfer rna (trnaglu) gene to 1p36.	a gene for trnaglu has been assigned to human chromosome 1p36 by in situ hybridisation using a [3h]-labelled or biotinylated 2.4-kb (human) dna fragment containing a trnaglu gene as a probe. with the biotinylated dna probe a secondary statistically significant site of hybridisation was observed at 1q21-22 which might represent a pseudogene or related sequence. in fibroblasts from gorilla (gorilla gorilla) using biotin labelling, a single site of hybridisation occurred at 1qter which provides fur ...	1989	2912885
divergent evolution of part of the involucrin gene in the hominoids: unique intragenic duplications in the gorilla and human.	the gene for involucrin, an epidermal protein, has been remodeled in the higher primates. most of the coding region of the human gene consists of a modern segment of repeats derived from a 10-codon sequence present in the ancestral segment of the gene. the modern segment can be divided into early, middle, and late regions. we report here the nucleotide sequence of three alleles of the gorilla involucrin gene. each possesses a modern segment homologous to that of the human and consisting of 10-co ...	1989	2919176
nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin-epsilon pseudogenes in man and apes and their phylogenetic relationships.	to understand the phylogenetic relationships between hominoids, the nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin-epsilon processed pseudogenes from chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan were determined. the basic structures of these processed pseudogenes agreed with their human counterpart. although the degrees of nucleotide differences between man and the african apes had no statistical significance, all the analytical data examined supported the theory that chimpanzee is the closest relative of man. thi ...	1989	2926810
pronucleus formation following in vitro fertilization of oocytes recovered from a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with unilateral endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary.	a 33-year-old, nonreproductive female gorilla was scheduled for ovariohysterectomy after diagnosing endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the right ovary; the contralateral ovary appeared small and inactive. follicular recruitment and maturation were stimulated on the left ovary using human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin therapy. three oocytes were recovered and inseminated using a thawed epididymal semen sample collected postmortem and cryopreserved. at 18 h postinsemination, ...	1989	31964037
monoclonal antibodies to human transferrin: epitopic and phylogenetic analysis.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are useful reagents for the study of the structure and evolution of specific epitopes. two mabs of igg1 isotype, tf-1 and tf-2, which bind human transferrin have been produced and characterized. both specifically recognize transferrin on immunoblots of serum. proteolytic digestion with papain or chymotrypsin destroys the epitope recognized by tf-1 but not tf-2, demonstrating that the mabs recognize distinct epitopes. both epitopes are not recognized after treatment w ...	1988	2453450
evolutionary and morphological significance of the deflecting wrinkle in the lower molars of the hominoidea.	the deflecting wrinkle is a well-known character state of the lower m2 and m1 of the human dentition, but there is little information regarding its presence in great apes. the deflecting wrinkle is more frequent on m2-3 in all extant pongid genera studied in this paper except pan paniscus, in which m1 has the highest frequency (16.0%) and in which this wrinkle is absent on m3. in gorilla, it is absent on m1, with only a low incidence on m2-3. its greatest frequency in pongo is always on m2 (20.2 ...	1988	3129944
a human-derived probe, p82h, hybridizes to the centromeres of gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan.	a human-derived centromeric sequence, p82h, hybridizes to dna from gorilla, chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, and orangutan. on dna blots, multimeric ladders based on 170 or 340 bp repeat units are seen. in metaphase chromosome preparations from these species, p82h hybridizes to the centromeric region of every chromosome. p82h forms less stable hybrids with dna from the lion-tailed macaque and does not hybridize to dna or chromosomes of the owl monkey or the mouse.	1988	3133178
multiple recombinational events in primate immunoglobulin epsilon and alpha genes suggest closer relationship of humans to chimpanzees than to gorillas.	immunoglobulin epsilon and alpha genes of chimpanzee and gorilla were isolated and their structures were compared with their human counterparts. multiple deletions and duplications seem to have happened in both genes during hominoid evolution; the chimpanzee had deleted the entire c epsilon 2 gene after its divergence. in addition, the length of the c alpha 1 hinge region of gorilla is distinct from those of chimpanzee and humans. structural homology of the epsilon and alpha genes suggests that ...	1988	3133489
higher-primate phylogeny--why can't we decide?	at present, no definitive agreement on either the correct branching order or differential rates of evolution among the higher primates exists, despite the accumulated integration of decades of morphological, immunological, protein and nucleic acid sequence data, and numerous reasonable theoretical models for the analysis, interpretation, and understanding of those data. of the three distinct unrooted phylogenetic trees, that joining human with chimpanzee and the gorilla with the orangutan is cur ...	1988	3133535
molecular phylogeny and evolution of primate mitochondrial dna.	we determined nucleotide sequences of homologous 0.9-kb fragments of mitochondrial dnas (mtdnas) derived from four species of old-world monkeys, one species of new-world monkeys, and two species of prosimians. with these nucleotide sequences and homologous sequences for five species of hominoids, we constructed a phylogenetic tree for the four groups of primates. the phylogeny obtained is generally consistent with evolutionary trees constructed in previous studies. our results also suggest that ...	1988	3146681
molecular systematics of higher primates: genealogical relations and classification.	we obtained 5' and 3' flanking sequences (5.4 kilobase pairs) from the psi eta-globin gene region of the rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) and combined them with available nucleotide data. the completed sequence, representing 10.8 kilobase pairs of contiguous noncoding dna, was compared to the same orthologous regions available for human (homo sapiens, as represented by five different alleles), common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). the nucl ...	1988	3174657
handedness and bimanual coordination in the lowland gorilla.	one could hypothesize from previous studies that gorillas, as a group, might show a right-hand preference, making this species an exception among nonhuman primates. a study of 10 captive gorillas observed while reaching for food and tested on unimanual and bimanual tasks does not support this conclusion. instead, the present study found (a) a symmetrical distribution of subjects with right-hand (n = 3), left-hand (n = 3), and no hand preference (n = 4) when simply reaching for food and (b) a lef ...	1988	3179697
the subarcuate fossa and cerebellum of extant primates: comparative study of a skull-brain interface.	the subarcuate fossa of the petrosal bone houses the petrosal lobule of the cerebellar paraflocculus. although the subarcuate fossa can be extensive, little is known about its relative size and distribution in primates. studies indicate parafloccular involvement with cerebellar areas coordinating vestibular, visual, auditory, and locomotor systems. hypotheses have proposed a role for the paraflocculus in vestibular-oculomotor integration, caudal muscle control, autonomic function, and visual-man ...	1988	3207165
urinary hormone analysis as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the ovarian function of female gorillas (gorilla gorilla).	daily urine samples were collected from 4 adult female gorillas over 7 menstrual cycles. urinary oestrone conjugate and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (pdg) were measured by radioimmunoassay; lh was measured by enzyme immunoassay and each hormone was indexed by creatinine. the quantity of urinary lh during the ovulatory surge was positively correlated with the quantity of pdg excreted during the luteal phase (r = 0.87, p = 0.0013). the observations indicate a relationship between the quality of the ...	1988	3339583
molecular evolution of intergenic dna in higher primates: pattern of dna changes, molecular clock, and evolution of repetitive sequences.	a 3.1-kb intergenic dna fragment located between the psi beta-globin and delta-globin genes in the beta-globin gene cluster was cloned from gorilla, orangutan, rhesus monkey, and spider monkey, and the nucleotide sequence of each fragment was determined. the phylogeny of these four sequences, together with two previously published allelic sequences from humans and one from chimpanzee, was constructed, and the accumulation of mutations in the region was analyzed. the sites of base substitutions a ...	1988	3357413
analysis of higher-primate phylogeny from transversion differences in nuclear and mitochondrial dna by lake's methods of evolutionary parsimony and operator metrics.	in the companion paper (holmquist et al. 1988), we concluded that there is no agreement on either the correct branching order or differential rates of evolution among the higher primates, and we examined in depth why this uncertainty in the evolutionary understanding of our closest living relatives persists. recently, lake developed two novel methods, based on group properties of transition and transversion operators, that (a) permit, in principle, objective resolution of problems of the above t ...	1988	3386527
old world spondylarthropathy: the gorilla connection.		1988	3395390
comparisons of ape and human sequences that regulate mitochondrial dna transcription and d-loop dna synthesis.	the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control regions for common chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee and gorilla were sequenced and the lengths and termini of their d-loop dna's characterized. in these and all other species for which there are data, 5' termini map to sequences that contain the trinucleotide yay. 3' termini are 25-51 nucleotides downstream from a sequence that is moderately conserved among vertebrates. substitutions were greater than 1.5 times more frequent in the control region than in regions ...	1988	3399380
[new atractid nematode parasites of the chimpanzee and gorilla in gabon].	females of the genus probstmayria, collected in feces of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, living in the lope-okanda reserve in gabon, are described. the cephalic structures of p. gombensis file, 1976 from chimpanzee and p. gabonensis n. sp. from gorilla are similar to those of the other species of the genus. in contrast, the cephalic structures of p. inversa n. sp. from chimpanzee and p. goodallae n. sp. from gorilla are unusual; they have an inverse symmetry (one ventral lip and two latero-dorsal ...	1988	3400960
rhesus fetal globin genes. concerted gene evolution in the descent of higher primates.	the comparison of the nucleotide sequences of closely linked duplicated genes of higher eukaryotes has been important in the identification of molecular events that shape the evolution of mammalian genes, most notably recombinational events such as unequal crossovers and gene conversions. toward this goal we have been comparing the nucleotide sequences of the paired gamma 1- and gamma 2-fetal globin genes from species of catarrhine primates. previous comparisons document that, within each great ...	1988	3410846
suckling and lactational anoestrus in wild gorillas (gorilla gorilla).	the present observations of wild gorillas demonstrate that lactation has a major influence on birth spacing. the frequency of suckling declined as infants matured, from greater than 1/h during the first year to about 1/2 h by 30-36 months when mothers usually resumed sexual cycling. in contrast, the length of suckling bouts remained relatively constant throughout lactation, averaging between 2.6 and 3.2 min per bout. within infant age categories, suckling frequencies of less than or equal to 0.5 ...	1988	3411555
bone resorption of the pubis and preauricular area in humans and nonhuman mammals.	some innominates of adult human females show areas of bone resorption on the dorsal aspect of the pubic corpus and preauricular area of the ilium. for both sites, many studies have shown a positive association between degree of resorption and parity. the present study tested hypotheses concerning resorption of the pubis and preauricular area. samples of innominates from three prehistoric amerindian populations were used. within each population, only a minority of females, in general, showed reso ...	1988	3414794
species-dependent binding of disopyramide enantiomers.	serum protein binding of the basic enantiomers of disopyramide were studied in several animal species. (s)-(+)-disopyramide was more highly bound than the (r)-(-)-enantiomer to serum protein in the man, gorilla, and pig. the reverse was true in cow serum, and in serum and albumin from sheep. enantioselective differences in binding were due to differences in association constants. no enantioselective differences in binding were observed in serum protein from horse and goat, or in albumin from cow ...	1988	2903024
sexual aggression in the great apes.	species-typical frequencies of copulation during the menstrual cycle differ among common chimpanzee, orang-utan, and gorilla, but all three species exhibit a midcycle enhancement associated with estrus. thus, in the natural habitat, chimpanzees mate for 10-14 days, orang-utans for 5-6 days, and gorillas for 2-3 days. in traditional laboratory pair-tests, however, conducted in a single cage with both animals freely accessible to each other, all three species of great apes copulate more frequently ...	1988	3048166
environmental influences on mountain gorilla time budgets.	data on the time budgets of mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) were collected during field studies in the virunga volcanoes region of rwanda and zaire. focal sampling was used to determine the proportion of time that individuals of different age/sex classes spent in several mutually exclusive activity states. the gorillas spent the majority of daylight hours feeding; most of the rest of the day was devoted to resting, with little time spent moving or engaged in social activity. the tim ...	1988	31968891
evolution of homologous sequences on the human x and y chromosomes, outside of the meiotic pairing segment.	a sequence isolated from the long arm of the human y chromosome detects a highly homologous locus on the x. this homology extends over at least 50 kb of dna and is postulated to be the result of a transposition event between the x and y chromosomes during recent human evolution, since homologous sequences are shown to be present on the x chromosome alone in the chimpanzee and gorilla.	1987	3502702
evolution of immunoglobulin allotypes and phylogeny of apes.	serum samples from 72 pan troglodytes, 5 pan paniscus, 22 gorilla gorilla, 23 pongo pygmaeus abelii, 5 pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, 2 hybrids p.p. abelii x p.p. pygmaeus and 13 hylobates lar were tested for gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 28), km(1) and bm(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) immunoglobulin allotypes by the classical hemagglutination inhibition method. the distribution of the various alleles and phenotypes makes it possible to distinguish each species or subspecies. common ...	1987	3504421
orangutan fetal globin genes. nucleotide sequence reveal multiple gene conversions during hominid phylogeny.	we have determined the nucleotide sequences of the linked gamma 1- and gamma 2- fetal globin genes from a single orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) chromosome and compared them with the corresponding genes of other simian primates (gamma 1- and gamma 2-genes of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the single gamma-gene of the spider monkey). previous studies have indicated that the two gamma-gene loci in catarrhine primates resulted from a duplication about 25-35 million years ago. however, comparisons of al ...	1987	3034897
the alui-induced bands in great apes and man: implication for heterochromatin characterization and satellite dna distribution.	restriction endonucleases have recently been proved to be active on fixed chromatin, producing differences in staining of metaphase chromosomes. in this paper we show the results obtained by treating the metaphase chromosomes of pan troglodytes, pan paniscus, and gorilla gorilla with the restriction enzyme alui. these results demonstrate qualitative differences in the telomeric heterochromatin between pan and gorilla despite the fact that these areas appear homogeneous in the two genera by the c ...	1987	3028715
demonstration of immunoreactive eosinophil granule major basic protein in the plasma and placentae of non-human primates.	a protein immunologically identical to the major basic protein (mbp) of eosinophil granules is present in the plasma of pregnant women and has been localized to human placental x cells using immunofluorescence. this study demonstrates the presence of similar immunoreactive molecules in the placental x cells from several non-human primates. we also describe the presence of increased plasma levels of mbp in the pregnant gorilla and in pregnant cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys as compared to non-pregn ...	1987	3309930
isozymes as bioprobes for genetic analysis of nonhuman primates.	the identification and the utilization of genetically determined electrophoretic differences of enzymes between the individuals of species as well as between cell lines have played an important role in the advancement of mammalian genetics during the past quarter of a century. in an explicit search we found a number of red cell enzyme polymorphisms in each of the following four species: chimpanzees, orang utans, rhesus monkeys and brown capuchins. allelic distribution patterns among populations ...	1987	3333351
chromosome phylogenies of man, great apes, and old world monkeys.	the karyotypes of man and of the closely related pongidae--chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan--differ by a small number of well known rearrangements, mainly pericentric inversions and one fusion which reduced the chromosome number from 48 in the pongidae to 46 in man. dutrillaux et al. (1973, 1975, 1979) reconstructed the chromosomal phylogeny of the entire primate order. more and more distantly related species were compared thus moving backward in evolution to the common ancestors of the pongid ...	1987	3333352
a molecular phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis.	a molecular phylogeny for the hominoid primates was constructed by using genetic distances from a survey of 383 radiolabeled fibroblast polypeptides resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de). an internally consistent matrix of nei genetic distances was generated on the basis of variants in electrophoretic position. the derived phylogenetic tree indicated a branching sequence, from oldest to most recent, of cercopithecoids (macaca fascicularis), gibbon-siamang, orangutan, gorilla, and hum ...	1987	3106965
nucleotide sequence of the beta-globin genes in gorilla and macaque: the origin of nucleotide polymorphisms in human.	part of the beta-globin genes of macaca cynomolgus and gorilla gorilla has been cloned and sequenced. ten putatively neutral nucleotide polymorphisms have been described at the beta-globin locus in humans. they are associated in seven combinations, which define seven different haplotypes of the beta-globin gene: four major frameworks--1, 2, 3, and 3--and three minor frameworks, which we term ki1, ka1, and or1. the nucleotide sequences of these frameworks are compared with those of homologous seq ...	1987	3110424
structural allometry of the femur and tibia in hominoidea and macaca.	allometric scaling relationships between body weight, bone length, and cross-sectional dimensions of the lower limb bones which measure structural strength and rigidity (area, second moments of area) are investigated in homo, gorilla, pan, pongo, and macaca. cross-sectional dimensions are slightly positively allometric and highly correlated with body weight; within-bone proportional differences are largely a result of differences in relative bone length to body weight. orangutans show the greate ...	1987	3115877
phylogenetic relations of humans and african apes from dna sequences in the psi eta-globin region.	sequences from the upstream and downstream flanking dna regions of the psi eta-globin locus in pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee), gorilla gorilla (gorilla), and pongo pygmaeus (orangutan, the closest living relative to homo, pan, and gorilla) provided further data for evaluating the phylogenetic relations of humans and african apes. these newly sequenced orthologs [an additional 4.9 kilobase pairs (kbp) for each species] were combined with published psi eta-gene sequences and then compared to ...	1987	3116671
estimation of hominoid phylogeny from a dna hybridization data set.	analysis of the expanded data set of sibley and ahlquist (1987) on primate phylogeny using a maximum likelihood mixed model analysis of variance method shows that there is significant evidence for resolving the homo-pan-gorilla trifurcation in favor of a homo-pan clade. the resulting tree is close to that estimated by sibley and ahlquist (1984). the mixed model can be used to test a number of hypotheses about the existence of components of variance and the linearity of the relationship between b ...	1987	3125330
man's place in hominoidea as inferred from molecular clocks of dna.	divergence dates among primates were estimated by molecular clock analysis of dna sequence data. a molecular clock of eta-globin pseudogene was calibrated by setting the date of divergence between catarrhini and platyrrhini at 38 million years (myr) ago. the clock gave dates of 25.3 +/- 2.4, 11.9 +/- 1.7, 5.9 +/- 1.2, and 4.9 +/- 1.2 myr ago ( +/- refers to standard error) for the separation of rhesus monkey, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee, respectively, from the line leading to humans. in p ...	1987	3125331
dna hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: results from an expanded data set.	the living hominoids are human, the two species of chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and nine species of gibbons. the cercopithecoids (old world monkeys) are the sister group of the hominoids. a consensus about the phylogeny of the hominoids has been reached for the branching order of the gibbons (earliest) and the orangutan (next earliest), but the branching order among gorilla, chimpanzees, and human remains in contention. in 1984 we presented dna-dna hybridization data, based on 183 dna hybrid ...	1987	3125341
comparative study of the femoral articular facies of knees of the primates.	in this article, on the basis of the characteristics of the moiré contour fringes of nycticebus coucany, macaca assamensis m'clelland, presbytis phayrei, phinopithecus roxellanae, hylobates concolor leucogenys, gorilla gorilla. anthropopithecus troglodytes. simia satyrus and modern human beings we divide the primates into two types. the two types of the new classification may be two groups of the evolution moving state. for comparison with each other, the angle gamma between the approximately el ...	1987	3127881
recent insertion of an alu sequence in the beta-globin gene cluster of the gorilla.	we present the nucleotide sequence of a new alu family member that lies between the delta- and beta-globin genes in gorilla dna. the sequence exhibits 91% similarity with a consensus sequence of the alu family. it is flanked by a perfect repetition of a 16-nucleotide target sequence and terminates with 24 adenylic residues. as this sequence is absent at this locus in other primate dnas, its insertion occurred less than 8 million years ago, thus supporting the idea that alu sequences are still mo ...	1987	2822939
evolution of four human y chromosomal unique sequences.	four cloned unique sequences from the human y chromosome, two of which are found only on the y chromosome and two of which are on both the x and y chromosomes, were hybridized to restriction enzyme-treated dna samples of a male and a female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and pig-tailed macaque (macaca nemestrina); and a male orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and gibbon (hylobates lar). one of the human y-specific probes hybridized only to male dna among the humans and great ap ...	1987	2822940
varicella in a gorilla.	naturally occurring varicella was observed in a young gorilla in captivity. the isolate was demonstrated to be varicella-zoster virus by restriction enzyme analysis.	1987	2826674
comparison of proto oncogene expression in seven primate fibroblast cultures.	in an interspecies comparison of seven primate species, the expression of the erbb proto oncogene was found to be higher in fibroblasts derived from three relatively long-lived species, the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee than in cells from the orangutan, pygmy chimpanzee, squirrel monkey, or red-bellied tamarin. no significant difference was found in the expression of the ras-k, myc, or src proto oncogenes. the difference would not seem to be the result of age differences of the donor animals as ...	1987	3626640
polymorphism of the vitamin d binding protein (dbp) among primates: an evolutionary analysis.	the distribution of the dbp (vitamin d binding protein) polymorphism is now well characterized among human populations but for primates only limited results are known. the aim of this paper is to describe the electrophoretic polymorphism of this protein among various species. using three different electrophoretic methods, we are able to detect an unknown polymorphism and to classify the different alleles observed. these results may be used to set an international nomenclature for further compari ...	1987	3675739
[dental odontogenic trajectories, in the gorilla, in the vestibular 3-dimensional reference plane].		1987	3509633
[significance of the curve of the sagittal odontogenic trajectory of facial points during odontogenesis in the gorilla, in the vestibular plane].		1987	3509634
[multifactorial analysis of the facial parameters of the adult gorilla].		1987	3509635
a unique epitope on human serum albumin recognized by monoclonal antibody hsa-1: a probe for identification of the human origin of blood or tissue.	a panel of monoclonal antibodies was raised against human serum albumin from fusions of balb/c splenocytes and sp2/0-ag14 murine myeloma cells. this panel was screened against purified albumins from 21 species including chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. a monoclonal antibody (hsa-1) specific for human albumin was identified. the epitope recognized by hsa-1 was shown to be conserved in all human blood samples tested. a double antibody elisa assay was developed using biotinylated hsa-1 as the sp ...	1987	2437011
nuclear dna-binding proteins determined by the epstein-barr virus-related simian lymphotropic herpesviruses h. gorilla, h. pan, h. pongo and h. papio.	nuclear dna-binding proteins were extracted from lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed with epstein-barr virus (ebv) or with the related lymphotropic herpesviruses of gorilla (herpesvirus gorilla), chimpanzee (h. pan), baboon (h. papio) or orang-utan (h. pongo). they were immunoblotted with the sera of all four simian species in comparison with ebv antibody-positive human sera. eight nuclear proteins were identified, and were designated gona-1 and gona-2 for h. gorilla-determined nuclear antigen ...	1987	2438377
primate involucrins: antigenic relatedness and detection of multiple forms.	hominoid apes (gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon), old world monkeys (rhesus, cynomolgus), new world monkeys (owl, cebus), and a prosimian (lemur) express involucrin-like proteins in cultured keratinocytes. primate involucrins can be precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, resolubilized at ph 8, and subsequently retain aqueous solubility in 67% ethanol. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of keratinocyte extracts after this rapid partial purification has revealed in each species tested one ( ...	1987	2444982
chromosome heteromorphisms in the gorilla karyotype. analyses with distamycin a/dapi, quinacrine and 5-azacytidine.	the chromosomes of one male and three female gorillas were extensively studied with various regional banding methods. the chromosomes were stained with the fluorescent dyes quinacrine mustard and distamycin a/dapi (da/dapi), which label different subsets of heterochromatin in the chromosome complement. furthermore, lymphocyte cultures were treated with the cytidine analog 5-azacytidine (5-azac). the 5-azac-induced undercondensations were found in most of the da/dapi-bands as well as in many telo ...	1987	2445809
direct measurements of urinary estrone conjugates during the normal menstrual cycle of the gorilla (gorilla gorilla).	a direct immunoassay for urinary estrone conjugates (estrone sulfate and estrone glucuronide) was used to assess the preovulatory estrogen rise in normal gorilla menstrual cycles. immunoreactive estrone conjugates in samples concomitantly assessed for total estrogen immunoreactivity reflected similar profiles throughout the cycle; however, the speed and resolution of the direct assay for conjugates indicate this method to be more accurate in monitoring ovulation than the measurement of total imm ...	1987	31973504
an allometric study of the frontal sinus in gorilla, pan and pongo.	there is considerable speculation about the role and significance of the paranasal sinuses in the hominoidea, and this study aims to present new data about an old problem from cephalograms of dried crania. measurements of frontal sinus volumes were determined for gorilla gorilla gorilla; g. gorilla beringei and pan troglodytes. by adopting an allometric approach it was determined that the frontal sinus volume of gorilla is relatively smaller than that of pan, and that the frontal sinus of g. g. ...	1986	3583154
a volumetric comparison of the vestibular nuclei in primates.	the volumes of each of the four vestibular nuclei, superior, lateral, medial and descending, were measured in 80 brains from 2 species of scandentia, 18 species of prosimians, and 26 species of anthropoids. size indices were calculated by comparing species-specific points to the nucleus volume-body weight allometry in prosimians, where the average prosimian was set at 1.00. the indices range from 1.78 in saimiri to 0.48 in gorilla, and the distributions by families overlap partially or completel ...	1986	3609971
tubulin pseudogenes as markers for hominoid divergence.	processed pseudogenes arise via unimolecular events that result in the integration of nonfunctional (and therefore non-selected) regions of dna into the germ line. the sequence of such pseudogenes can be used as a novel form of evolutionary clock: the older a particular pseudogene, the more mutations it has acquired relative to the selectively constrained functional gene from which it was originally derived. we have used specific beta-tubulin gene probes to assay for the presence of fully sequen ...	1986	3712438
species differences in the detection of high molecular weight urinary plasminogen activators.	urine samples from 10 species of mammals were analyzed by sds-page followed by zymography for the presence of both plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator binding proteins. in contrast to results obtained with urine from humans (homo sapiens), and to a lesser extent urine from baboons (papio cynocephalous), urine from gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) did not exhibit either very high molecular weight plasminogen activators or the presence of plasminogen activato ...	1986	3743021
aortic dissection in a gorilla.	autopsy findings in a 39-year-old male gorilla included aortic dissection, internal rupture of the aortic arch with axial direction of the tear, external rupture of the ascending aorta, cardiac tamponade, myocardial hypertrophy, cystic and basophilic degeneration of the aortic media, marked obesity, severe degenerative joint disease, focal glomerulonephritis, and widespread hemosiderosis.	1986	3746887
bile salt-stimulated lipase in non-primate milk: longitudinal variation and lipase characteristics in cat and dog milk.	we report the presence of bile salt-stimulated lipase in milk collected from dog and cat. this enzyme has previously been found only in the milk of human and gorilla. bile salt-stimulated lipase activity in individual dog milk specimens (range: 4.8-107.4 u/ml; 1 u = 1 mumol [3h]oleic acid released/min) was similar, while that in cat milk specimens (range: 2.2-16.9 u/ml) was lower than in human milk (range: 10-80 u/ml). longitudinal patterns for bile salt-stimulated lipase activity differed depen ...	1986	3756192
transition and transversion rate in the evolution of animal mitochondrial dna.	we present a further application of the stochastic model previously described (lanave et al., 1984, 1985) for measuring the nucleotide substitution rate in the mammalian evolution of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna). the applicability of this method depends on the validity of "stationarity conditions" (equal nucleotide frequencies at first, second and third silent codon positions in homologous protein coding genes). in the comparison of homologous sequences satisfying the stationarity condition at ...	1986	3801602
primate eta-globin dna sequences and man's place among the great apes.	molecular studies indicate that chimpanzee and gorilla are the closest relatives of man (refs 1-7 and refs therein). the small molecular distances found point to late ancestral separations, with the most recent being between chimpanzee and man, as judged by dna hybridization. kluge and schwartz contest these conclusions: morphological characters group a chimpanzee-gorilla clade with the asian ape orang-utan in kluge's cladistic study and with an orang-utan-human clade in schwartz's study. clearl ...	1986	3945312
evolution of glycophorin a in the hominoid primates studied with monoclonal antibodies, and description of a sialoglycoprotein analogous to human glycophorin b in chimpanzee.	comparison of human and primate erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins showed that common chimpanzee, dwarf chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon have major periodic acid schiff-positive proteins resembling human glycophorin a (gpa) monomer and dimer in electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. immunoperoxidase staining of western blots with monoclonal antibodies to human gpa showed that these primate bands express some gpa antigenic determinants. a new sialog ...	1986	3950419
heterochromatin in the chromosomes of the gorilla: characterization with distamycin a/dapi, d287/170, chromomycin a3, quinacrine, and 5-azacytidine.	the chromosomes of the gorilla were extensively studied with various staining techniques labeling the different classes of heterochromatin. the chromosomal distribution of distamycin a/dapi-, d287/170-, quinacrine-, and chromomycin a3-positive heterochromatic regions, as well as the nucleolus organizer regions, is described and compared with the karyotypes of other hominoid species. lymphocyte cultures were treated with low doses of 5-azacytidine during the last hours of culture. this cytidine a ...	1986	2420535
characterization of a monoclonal antibody to a conserved epitope on human seminal vesicle-specific peptides: a novel probe/marker system for semen identification.	a novel sperm-coating antigen from the human seminal vesicles was discovered. we identified a monoclonal antibody mhs-5, recognizing an epitope with characteristics of a forensic semen marker: conservation in all vasectomized or normal semen samples tested (421); absence in all human tissues or biological fluids other than semen; and immunolocalization on the surface of ejaculated sperm. western blots of ejaculates allowed to liquefy for 5 min demonstrated the mhs-5 epitope to be located on pept ...	1986	2431723
varicella-like herpesvirus infections of nonhuman primates.	at least three distinct herpesviruses cause varicella like exanthematous diseases among nonhuman primates. spontaneous epizootics have resulted in high morbidity and mortality rates among cercopithecus aethiops, erythrocebus patas and macaca species in research colonies. mild infections have been observed in infant chimpanzees and a gorilla. this group of diseases is of interest not only because they are a threat to primate colonies, but also because their pathologic similarity to progressive hu ...	1986	3007865
insertion and/or deletion of many repeated dna sequences in human and higher ape evolution.	the total numbers of copies of two repeat families, l1 (kpn i) and alu, have been measured in the dna of four higher apes by an accurate titration method. the number of members of the alu family repeats in the four genomes are as follows: human, 910,000; chimpanzee, 330,000; gorilla, 410,000; orangutan, 580,000. for the kpn i family (3'-ward higher frequency region) the number of copies in these genomes are as follows: human, 107,000; chimpanzee, 51,000; gorilla, 64,000; orangutan, 84,000. therm ...	1986	3012536
a long interspersed (line) dna exhibiting polymorphic patterns in human genomes.	several human dnas digested with kpn i restriction endonuclease released a 0.6-kilobase (kb) segment that varied in its intensity among human samples. a recombinant dna clone (n6.4) of these 0.6-kb kpn i segments was isolated and used to probe the genomic content and restriction cleavage pattern of homologous sequences. the hybridization patterns revealed a previously undescribed, moderately repetitive long interspersed (line) sequence family, which we have termed l2hs (second line family in hom ...	1986	3014514
human t-cell leukemia virus i provirus and antibodies in a captive gorilla with non-hodgkin's lymphoma.	antibodies reactive against human t-cell leukemia virus i (htlv-i) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay using mt-2 as target cells, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay screen and competition assay, and western blot analysis in three sera (one collected in 1979) from a captive gorilla which developed diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in 1983. the sera from four other healthy gorillas housed separately were htlv-i antibody negative. all sera were negative for htlv-iii antibodies by enzyme l ...	1986	3015396
leukocyte migration inhibition detects cross-reacting antigens between cells transformed by epstein-barr virus (ebv) and ebv-like simian viruses.	the leukocyte migration inhibition (lmi) technique was used to measure the t cell-mediated immune response of epstein-barr-virus (ebv)-seropositive human donors to antigens associated with b cell lines of simian origin, transformed by simian ebv-like viruses, herpesvirus papio (hvp), h. pan, h. gorilla and h. pongo. extracts of cell lines carrying three of the four simian viruses (from gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan) induced a positive lmi response, whereas lines carrying baboon-derived hvp w ...	1986	3034820
lingual abscess in a lowland gorilla.		1986	3505998
an evolutionary conserved early replicating segment on the sex chromosomes of man and the great apes.	replication studies on prometaphase chromosomes of man, the chimpanzee, the pygmy chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orangutan reveal great interspecific homologies between the autosomes. the early replicating x chromosomes clearly show a high degree of conservation of both the pattern and the time course of replication. an early replicating segment on the short arm of the x chromosomes of man (xp22.3) which escapes inactivation can be found on the x chromosomes of the great apes as well. furtherm ...	1986	3096642
the number of nucleotides required to determine the branching order of three species, with special reference to the human-chimpanzee-gorilla divergence.	a mathematical theory for computing the probabilities of various nucleotide configurations among related species is developed, and the probability of obtaining the correct tree (topology) from nucleotide sequence data is evaluated using models of evolutionary trees that are close to the tree of mitochondrial dnas from human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon. special attention is given to the number of nucleotides required to resolve the branching order among the three most closely rela ...	1986	3104615
a comparison of the small ribosomal rna genes from the mitochondrial dna of the great apes and humans: sequence, structure, evolution, and phylogenetic implications.	restriction endonuclease fragments produced by ecori/avai or kpni digestion and containing the small (12s) ribosomal rna (rrna) genes from the mitochondrial dnas (mtdnas) of the common chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan were inserted into the plasmids pbr322 or padd1. after species verification the inserted fragments were digested with sauiiia, subcloned into m13mp7 vectors, and sequenced. the small rrna gene sequences were compared with each other and with the published human ...	1986	3444394
physical and activity changes associated with pregnancy in captive lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla).	the physical appearance and the behavior of five lowland gorilla females at two zoos were recorded before and during 14 pregnancies. whereas only the quality of changes associated with pregnancy had been described previously, in this study the behavior of the females was recorded quantitatively and evaluated statistically. all females at stuttgart showed distention of the abdomen three to four months before delivery and development of the breasts a few weeks before parturition. milk was produced ...	1986	31979456
non-hodgkin's lymphoma and htlv-1 antibodies in a gorilla.		1985	2981109
a truncated immunoglobulin epsilon pseudogene is found in gorilla and man but not in chimpanzee.	molecular genetic analyses of the young pseudogenes of the immunoglobulin c epsilon genes were carried out to obtain qualitative evidence for the phylogenetic branching pattern of hominoid primates. we found that old world monkeys had two c epsilon genes, one of which was processed. among the hominoids examined only the gorilla and human genomes contained three c epsilon genes: an active, a truncated, and a processed gene. other hominoids so far examined, including chimpanzee, contained two c ep ...	1985	2987940
calicivirus isolation from three species of primates: an incidental finding.	calicivirus isolations were made from 3 species of subhuman primates. viruses were recovered from gingival lesions associated with periodontal disease in a spider monkey, from the oropharynx of a healthy silver leaf langur, and from the spleen of a lowland gorilla that had died of systemic coccidioidomycosis. based on the results of cross-neutralization tests, all 3 isolates were serologically indistinguishable from a primate calicivirus pan paniscus type 1. these isolations appeared to be incid ...	1985	2998241
a human y-linked dna polymorphism and its potential for estimating genetic and evolutionary distance.	a human dna sequence (p12f2), derived from a partial y-chromosome genomic library and showing homology with the x and y chromosomes and with an undetermined number of autosomes, detected two y-specific restriction fragment length variants on male dna that had been digested with taq i and eco ri. these variants may have been generated through a deletion-insertion mechanism and their pattern of holoandric transmission indicates that they represent a two-allele y-linked polymorphism (rflp). by mean ...	1985	2999986
t-cell lymphoma associated with immunologic evidence of retrovirus infection in a lowland gorilla.		1985	3001008
the pattern of restriction enzyme-induced banding in the chromosomes of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan and its evolutionary significance.	the pattern of banding induced by five restriction enzymes in the chromosome complement of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan is described and compared with that of humans. the g banding pattern induced by hae iii was the only feature common to the four species. although hominid species show almost complete chromosomal homology, the restriction enzyme c banding pattern differed among the species studied. hinf i did not induce banding in chimpanzee chromosomes, and rsa i did not elicit banding in ...	1985	3003371
the capacity of animals to acquire language: do species differences have anything to say to us?	following the gardners' discovery that an ape named washoe could learn to produce and combine a number of hand movements similar to those used by deaf human beings, a variety of 'ape-language projects' sprang up. some projects used different symbol systems, others used different training techniques, and others used different species of apes. while debate still rages regarding the appropriate way to interpret the symbolic productions of apes, three species of great apes (gorilla, orangutan, and c ...	1985	2858874
afa-i, a cloned afimbrial x-type adhesin from a human pyelonephritic escherichia coli strain. purification and chemical, functional and serologic characterization.	afa-i, a mannose-resistant, p-independent, x-binding afimbrial escherichia coli adhesin was purified from a recombinant strain and chemically, functionally and serologically characterized. afa-i exists on the bacterial surface and free as a macromolecular aggregate in the supernatant of spent culture medium. it is composed of a single, repeating 16-kda polypeptide subunit. the afa-i protein amino acid composition is remarkable for the presence of 22% non-polar hydrophobic residues and 2.5-3.0 cy ...	1985	2865133
methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes.	statistical methods for computing the standard errors of the branching points of an evolutionary tree are developed. these methods are for the unweighted pair-group method-determined (upgma) trees reconstructed from molecular data such as amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, restriction-sites data, and electrophoretic distances. they were applied to data for the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon species. among the four different sets of data used, dna sequences for an 895- ...	1985	2897060
casual observations on the philtrum of the lowland gorilla.		1985	3976266
characterization and evolution of a single-copy sequence from the human y chromosome.	to study the evolution and organization of dna from the human y chromosome, we constructed a recombinant library of human y dna by using a somatic cell hybrid in which the only cytologically detectable human chromosome is the y. one recombinant (4b2) contained a 3.3-kilobase ecori single-copy fragment which was localized to the proximal portion of the y long arm. sequences homologous to this human dna are present in male gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan dnas but not in female ape dnas. under s ...	1985	3990685
cell proliferation-associated expression of a recently evolved isozyme of triosephosphate isomerase.	an electrophoretically unique, thermolabile isozyme of triosephosphate isomerase (tpi; ec 5.3.1.1) accounts for 10-30% of the enzymatic activity in a range of mitotically active human cells and tissues. this type 2 form (subunit) of human tpi appears in two isozymes, an anodally migrating, relative to the constitutive tpi-1/1 homodimer, tpi-2/2 homodimer and the tpi-1/2 heterodimer with an intermediate mobility. human cell types expressing the induced isozyme, which is the product of the same st ...	1985	4015618
the organization of two related subfamilies of a human tandemly repeated dna is chromosome specific.	several clones containing clusters of repetitive elements were isolated from a human chromosome 22 specific library. an ecori-xhoi fragment of 860bp was subcloned and was shown to belong to a family of tandemly repeated dna linked to the y-specific 3.4 kb haeiii band. this probe hybridizes to several sets of sequences or subfamilies. the most abundant subfamily is a 1.8kb long sequence containing one ecorv site, and in most repeats, one avaii and one kpni site. using human-rodent somatic cell hy ...	1985	4018797
isolation and characterization of an alphoid centromeric repeat family from the human y chromosome.	a collection of human y-derived cosmid clones was screened with a plasmid insert containing a member of the human x chromosome alphoid repeat family, dxz1. two positive cosmids were isolated and the repeats they contained were investigated by southern blotting, in situ hybridization and sequence analysis. on hybridization to human genomic dnas, the expected cross-hybridization characteristic of all alphoid sequences was seen and, in addition, a 5500 base ecori fragment was found to be characteri ...	1985	4040175
three-dimensional cranial surface reconstructions using high-resolution computed tomography.	until recently, there has been no satisfactory way for anthropologists to visualize intracranial morphology in more than two dimensions without actually "invading" the skull in some manner. images provided by conventional x-ray and computed tomography (ct) scans are often abstract, flat, two-dimensional representations that fail to reveal three-dimensional relationships. we describe new computer-imaging techniques that reconstruct three-dimensional images from sequential series of narrowly colli ...	1985	4061585
the federal presence in medicine. an 800-lb. gorilla.		1985	4073389
evolutionary conservation of fragile sites induced by 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine in man, gorilla, and chimpanzee.	lymphocyte cultures from man, gorilla, and chimpanzee were treated with 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine. these cytidine analogues induce common fragile sites in the chromosome bands 1q42 and 19q13 of man. a rare fragile site is induced by 5-azadeoxycytidine in the band 1q24. the optimum conditions required for inducing these new fragile sites were determined by a series of experiments. the common fragile site in human chromosome 1q42 also exists in the gorilla and chimpanzee in the homologo ...	1985	4077049
intensive care management of an infant lowland gorilla: complications.		1985	4077670
chimpanzee fetal g gamma and a gamma globin gene nucleotide sequences provide further evidence of gene conversions in hominine evolution.	the fetal globin genes g gamma and a gamma from one chromosome of a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) were sequenced and found to be closely similar to the corresponding genes of man and the gorilla. these genes contain identical promoter and termination signals and have exons 1 and 2 separated by the conserved short intron 1 (122 bp) and exons 2 and 3 separated by the more rapidly evolving, larger intron 2 (893 bp and 887 bp in chimpanzee g gamma and a gamma, respectively). each intron 2 has a stret ...	1985	3870867
a phylogenetic study of the structural and functional characteristics of corticosteroid binding globulin in primates.	a monospecific antiserum against human corticosteroid binding globulin (hcbg) has been used to identify structural similarities between hcbg and cbg in the blood of other primates and representative species of different vertebrate classes. double immunodiffusion analysis indicated that only cbg in old world monkeys and apes cross-react with the hcbg antiserum. this was confirmed by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for hcbg which also demonstrated that cbg in apes is immunologically identical to hc ...	1985	3918139