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bacillus licheniformis prevents necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.three studies were conducted using clostridium perfringens as an intestinal challenge to produce necrotic enteritis (ne). the studies consisted of two battery screening studies and one production study in floor pens, which were used to test the effect of the addition of bacillus licheniformis (dsm 17236) spores at different doses and feeding periods in comparison to birds fed diets with subtherapeutic levels of virginiamycin (15 g/ton feed). in all three studies the use of b. licheniformis (1.6 ...201020608542
spontaneous uterine perforation due to clostridial gas gangrene associated with endometrial carcinoma.few cases of clostridial gas gangrene associated with uterine malignancy have been reported. we report on a 46-year-old woman with clostridial sepsis. on the day of admission due to severe abdominal pain, peritonitis was diagnosed, and computed tomography showed free air in the abdomen. at emergency laparotomy, perforation of the necrotic uterine wall was observed. during hysterectomy, septic shock developed, and life-saving therapy was performed in the intensive care unit after surgery. patholo ...201020610901
safety and risk assessment of the genetically modified lactococci on rats intestinal bacterial flora.the interaction between lactococcus lactis nz9000/pnzpnk and intestinal microflora was evaluated as a method to assess safety of genetically modified microorganisms (gmms). l. lactis nz9000/pnzpnk is one kind of gmm and able to produce the intracellular subtilisin nat (nattokinase) under induction with nisin. the host strain l. lactis nz9000 was a generally recognized as safe (gras) microorganism. six groups of wistar rats were orally administered with l. lactis nz9000/pnzpnk and l. lactis nz900 ...201020619909
enterotoxaemia-like syndrome and clostridium perfringens in veal calves. 201020622207
escherichia coli and enterococci are sensitive and reliable indicators for human, livestock and wildlife faecal pollution in alpine mountainous water resources.this study evaluated the applicability of standard faecal indicator bacteria (sfib) for alpine mountainous water resources monitoring.201020629798
evaluating the involvement of alternative sigma factors sigf and sigg in clostridium perfringens sporulation and enterotoxin synthesis.clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning is the second most commonly identified bacterial food-borne illness. sporulation contributes to this disease in two ways: (i) most food-poisoning strains form exceptionally resistant spores to facilitate their survival of food-associated stresses, and (ii) the enterotoxin (cpe) responsible for the symptoms of this food poisoning is synthesized only during sporulation. in bacillus subtilis, four alternative sigma factors mediate sporulation. the same ...201020643850
comparative genomics of virr regulons in clostridium perfringens strains.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium causing severe diseases such as gas gangrene and pseudomembranosus colitis, that are generally due to the secretion of powerful extracellular toxins. the expression of toxin genes is mainly regulated by virr, the response regulator of a two-component system. up to now few targets only are known for this regulator and mainly in one strain (strain 13). due to the high genomic and phenotypic variability in toxin production by different ...201020184757
prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable shots containing jerusalem artichoke inulin: a human intervention study.the present study aimed to determine the prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable shots containing inulin derived from jerusalem artichoke (ja). a three-arm parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was carried out with sixty-six healthy human volunteers (thirty-three men and thirty-three women, age range: 18-50 years). subjects were randomised into three groups (n 22) assigned to consume either the test shots, pear-carrot-sea buckthorn (pcs) or plum-pear-beetroot (ppb), containing ja inul ...201020187995
characterization of acp, a peptidoglycan hydrolase of clostridium perfringens with n-acetylglucosaminidase activity that is implicated in cell separation and stress-induced autolysis.this work reports the characterization of the first known peptidoglycan hydrolase (acp) produced mainly during vegetative growth of clostridium perfringens. acp has a modular structure with three domains: a signal peptide domain, an n-terminal domain with repeated sequences, and a c-terminal catalytic domain. the purified recombinant catalytic domain of acp displayed lytic activity on the cell walls of several gram-positive bacterial species. its hydrolytic specificity was established by analyzi ...201020190047
virulence for chickens of clostridium perfringens isolated from poultry and other sources.clostridium perfringens type a is the most common cause of poultry necrotic enteritis (ne). of the four "major" toxins, type a strains produce only alpha toxin (cpa), which has long been considered a major factor in pathogenesis of ne. we investigated the virulence for poultry of type a strains from a variety of enteric sources. newly-hatched cornishxrock chicks were fed a low protein diet for one week, a high protein diet for a second week, and then challenged with log-phase cultures of c. perf ...201020193771
detection of clostridium perfringens in yearling lamb meat (barbacoa), head, and gut tacos from public markets in mexico city.no reports on the incidence of clostridium perfringens in popularly-consumed food from mexico city have been published; neither are there any reports that have analyzed food consumed in popular markets and less established restaurants. therefore, this study is aimed at providing data to evaluate the relevance of c. perfringens as an etiologic agent of food-borne diseases. of the 650 analyzed samples, 106 (16.3%) were positive for c. perfringens; 6.4% (16/250) isolates were from barbacoa, 19% (38 ...201020198526
molecular cloning and expression of epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens type d and tests of animal immunization.epsilon toxin produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d causes enterotoxemia in sheep, goats and calves. enterotoxemia can cause acute or superacute disease, with sudden death of the affected animal. it provokes huge economic losses when large numbers of livestock are affected. therapeutic intervention is challenging, because the disease progresses very rapidly. however, it can be prevented by immunization with specific immunogenic vaccines. we cloned the etx gene, encoding epsilon toxin ...201020198582
inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by buffered vinegar and lemon juice concentrate during chilling of ground turkey roast containing minimal ingredients.inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in ground turkey roast containing minimal ingredients (salt and sugar), by buffered vinegar (mostatin v) and a blend (buffered) of lemon juice concentrate and vinegar (mostatin lv) was evaluated. ground turkey roast was formulated to contain sea salt (1.5%), turbinado sugar (0.5%), and various concentrations of mostatin v (0.75, 1.25, or 2.5%) or mostatin lv (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5%), along with a control (without mostatins). the pr ...201020202331
claudin expression profiles in epstein-barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma.claudins are a family of proteins that are structural and functional components of tight junctions and have crucial roles in the maintenance of cellular arrangement, adhesion and paracellular transport. recent studies have shown that changes and/or loss of claudin expression plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and altered expression of claudins has been reported in various human carcinomas. non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) is a common epstein-barr virus ...201020204275
prevalence and diversity of toxigenic clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile among swine herds in the midwest.clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile are associated with scours in the neonatal piglet and are an economic concern in swine production. the objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence and diversity of c. perfringens and c. difficile isolates obtained from scouring neonatal piglets in a large integrated production system, as well as in smaller independently owned regional farms. rectal swabs were collected from 333 pigs at 11 sites in an integrated swine production sys ...201020208029
the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family of gram-positive bacterial toxins.the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) are a family of beta-barrel pore-forming toxins secreted by gram-positive bacteria. these toxins are produced as water-soluble monomeric proteins that after binding to the target cell oligomerize on the membrane surface forming a ring-like pre-pore complex, and finally insert a large beta-barrel into the membrane (about 250 a in diameter). formation of such a large transmembrane structure requires multiple and coordinated conformational changes. the pr ...201020213558
cholesterol-binding toxins and anti-cholesterol antibodies as structural probes for cholesterol localization.cholesterol is one of the major constituents of mammalian cell membranes. it plays an indispensable role in regulating the structure and function of cell membranes and affects the pathology of various diseases. in recent decades much attention has been paid to the existence of membrane microdomains, generally termed lipid "rafts", and cholesterol, along with sphingolipids, is thought to play a critical role in raft structural organization and function. cholesterol-binding probes are likely to pr ...201020213560
hemolysis induced by bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase.bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (bc-smase) induces hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes which contain large amounts of sphingomyelin. we investigated the mechanism of this hemolysis in comparison to that induced by clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. pertussis toxin, a gi-specific inhibitor, n-oleoylethernolamine, a ceramidase inhibitor, and dihydrosphingosine, a sphingosine kinase inhibitor, did not inhibit the hemolysis by bc-smase, but did inhibit that by alpha-toxin. bc-smase broadly bound to w ...201020214877
transcriptional regulation of hemo encoding heme oxygenase in clostridium perfringens.a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen, clostridium perfringens, causes clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene in humans by producing numerous extracellular toxins and enzymes that act in concert to degrade host tissues. the ability of infectious bacteria to acquire sufficient iron during infection is essential for the pathogen to cause disease. in the c. perfringens strain 13 genome, a heme oxygenase gene homologue (cpe0214, hemo) was found and its role was examined. the purified recombinant hemo ...201020221736
purification and characterization of a clostripain-like protease from a recombinant clostridium perfringens culture.clostridium perfringens produces a homologue of clostripain (clo), the arginine-specific endopeptidase of clostridium histolyticum. to determine the biochemical and biological properties of the c. perfringens homologue (clp), it was purified from the culture supernatant of a recombinant c. perfringens strain by cation-exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration. analysis by sds-page, n-terminal amino acid sequencing and tof mass spectrometry revealed that clp consists of two polypeptides compris ...201019850615
resistance to linezolid in a porcine clostridium perfringens strain carrying a mutation in the rpld gene encoding the ribosomal protein l4.coresistance to human reserve antibiotics can be selected by antibiotics used in veterinary medicine. a clostridium perfringens strain isolated from pig manure was resistant to the reserve drug linezolid and, simultaneously, resistant against florfenicol and erythromycin. we detected a new mutation in a highly conserved region of rpld, encoding protein l4 of the 50s ribosomal subunit. this is the first genetic substantiation of linezolid resistance in the genus clostridium.201020065060
in vitro production of necrotic enteritis toxin b, netb, by netb-positive and netb-negative clostridium perfringens originating from healthy and diseased broiler chickens.the clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis toxin b, netb, was recently proposed as a new key virulence factor for the development of necrotic enteritis (ne) in broilers. the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of the netb gene and the in vitro production of the netb toxin in a well characterized collection of 48 c. perfringens type a isolates, obtained from danish broiler flocks. the investigation revealed netb gene prevalences of approx. 50% and 60% among isolates from ...201020092968
a claudin-4 modulator enhances the mucosal absorption of a biologically active peptide.biologics, such as peptides, proteins and nucleic acids, are emerging pharmaceuticals. passage across the epithelium is the first step in the absorption of biologics. tight junctions (tj) function as seals between adjacent epithelial cells, preventing free movement of solutes across the epithelium. we previously found that modulation of a key tj component, claudin-4, is a potent method to enhance jejunal absorption when we used dextran as a model drug and the c-terminal fragment of clostridium p ...201020096266
desialylation of insulin receptors and igf-1 receptors by neuraminidase-1 controls the net proliferative response of l6 myoblasts to insulin.we recently established that the subunit of cell surface-residing elastin receptor, neuraminidase-1 (neu1), can desialylate adjacent insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (igf-1r) of arterial smooth muscle cells, thereby quenching their proliferative response to insulin-like growth factor ii. in this study, we explored whether neu1 would also desialylate the insulin receptors (ir), as well as the igf-1r on rat skeletal l6 myoblasts, and whether desialylation of ir and igf-1r would affect a net ...201020100694
human enteric viruses in groundwater indicate offshore transport of human sewage to coral reefs of the upper florida keys.to address the issue of human sewage reaching corals along the main reef of the florida keys, samples were collected from surface water, groundwater and coral [surface mucopolysaccharide layers (sml)] along a 10 km transect near key largo, fl. samples were collected semi-annually between july 2003 and september 2005 and processed for faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform bacteria, enterococci and clostridium perfringens) and human-specific enteric viruses (enterovirus rna and adenovirus dna ...201020105219
release of glycoprotein (gp1) from the tegumental surface of taenia solium by phospholipase c from clostridium perfringens suggests a novel protein-anchor to membranes.in order to explore how molecules are linked to the membrane surface in larval taenia solium, whole cysticerci were incubated in the presence of phospholipase c from clostridium perfringens (plc). released material was collected and analyzed in polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate. two major bands with apparent molecular weights of 180 and 43 kda were observed. western blot of released material and localization assays in cysticerci tissue sections using antibodies against five known s ...201020130782
presence of zoonotic pathogens in physico-chemically characterized manures from hog finishing houses using different production systems.hog production has been intensified in eastern canada, by 50% over the last 20years. wastes are now managed with conventional production systems (slatted floor), litter systems or source separation systems. we studied the presence of total and fecal coliforms, campylobacter, clostridium perfringens, enterococcus, escherichia coli, salmonella, yersinia enterocolitica, giardia and cryptosporidium in the manure of all of these production systems. the concentrations of the studied zoonotic pathogens ...201020133124
prevalence of diarrhea and enteropathogens in racing sled dogs.diarrhea is highly prevalent in racing sled dogs, although the underlying causes are poorly understood. hypothesis: clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and clostridium difficile toxin a and b are associated with diarrhea in racing sled dogs.201019925573
eimeria macusaniensis associated lesions in neonate alpacas dying from enterotoxemia.histopathological analysis of 108 intestine samples (103 grossly affected ileum and 5 jejunum) taken from clostridium-induced neonatal alpaca (vicugna pacos) enterotoxemia mortalities collected in the departments of arequipa, puno and cusco of southern peru during the 2005-2008 birth seasons (january-march), revealed the presence of large numbers of both asexual and sexual stages of eimeria macusaniensis in 33/108 (30.55%) of the samples with moderate to severe necrotized and/or hemorrhagic ente ...201019926224
reliability of mcp method for identification of clostridium perfringens from faecal polluted aquatic environments.the purpose of the work was to evaluate the mcp method to correctly identify and enumerate clostridium perfringens that are present in surface waters impacted by a mixture of faecal pollution sources.201019929952
association between avian necrotic enteritis and clostridium perfringens strains expressing netb toxin.a novel toxin, netb, has recently been identified in virulent avian clostridium perfringens isolates and shown to be an essential virulence factor in a clinical necrotic enteritis isolate. to assess whether netb is more generally associated with avian necrotic enteritis isolates we have screened a range of c. perfringens strains from geographically diverse locations for both the presence and expression of the netb gene. forty-four isolates were derived from necrotic enteritis disease cases from ...201019931005
virulence of clostridium perfringens in an experimental model of poultry necrotic enteritis.poultry necrotic enteritis (ne) has, over recent decades, been prevented and treated by addition of antimicrobials to poultry feed. recent bans of antimicrobial growth promoters in feed, as well as other factors, have led to a slow, worldwide re-emergence of ne. understanding of pathogenesis of ne has been hampered by lack of a consistent and effective experimental model in which virulence of strains can be reliably evaluated, with an endpoint yielding lesions comparable to those seen in acute n ...201019931323
slec is essential for germination of clostridium difficile spores in nutrient-rich medium supplemented with the bile salt taurocholate.clostridium difficile is the major cause of infectious diarrhea and a major burden to health care services. the ability of this organism to form endospores plays a pivotal role in infection and disease transmission. spores are highly resistant to many forms of disinfection and thus are able to persist on hospital surfaces and disseminate infection. in order to cause disease, the spores must germinate and the organism must grow vegetatively. spore germination in bacillus is well understood, and g ...201019933358
clostridium perfringens in retail chicken.clostridium perfringens isolates were recovered by enrichment from retail grocery chicken samples (n = 88) in ontario, canada, with one sample per site. the gene associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens, netb, was found in 21% of the isolates. the tpel gene was found in 2% and the cpb2 gene in 68% (95% "atypical" genes) of isolates. this study suggests that netb-positive c. perfringens can reach people through retail chicken.201019961943
presence of pathogens and indicator microbes at a non-point source subtropical recreational marine beach.swimming in ocean water, including ocean water at beaches not impacted by known point sources of pollution, is an increasing health concern. this study was an initial evaluation of the presence of indicator microbes and pathogens and the association among the indicator microbes, pathogens, and environmental conditions at a subtropical, recreational marine beach in south florida impacted by non-point sources of pollution. twelve water and eight sand samples were collected during four sampling eve ...201019966020
etfa catalyses the formation of dipicolinic acid in clostridium perfringens.dipicolinic acid (dpa) is a major component of bacterial endospores, comprising 5-15% of the spore dry weight, and is important for spore stability and resistance properties. the biosynthetic precursor to dpa, dihydro-dipicolinic acid (dhdpa), is produced by dhdpa synthase within the lysine biosynthesis pathway. in bacillus subtilis, and most other bacilli and clostridia, dhdpa is oxidized to dpa by the products of the spovf operon. analysis of the genomes of the clostridia in cluster i, includi ...201019968785
a live oral recombinant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine expressing clostridium perfringens antigens confers protection against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis (ne) in broiler chickens is caused by clostridium perfringens, and there is currently no effective vaccine for ne. we previously showed that in broiler chickens protection against ne can be achieved through intramuscular immunization with alpha toxin (at) and hypothetical protein (hp), and we subsequently identified b-cell epitopes in hp. in the present study, we identified b-cell epitopes in at recognized by chickens immune to ne. the gene fragments encoding immunodominant ep ...201020007363
effect of dietary protein concentrates on the incidence of subclinical necrotic enteritis and growth performance of broiler chickens.an experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of 3 nutritionally complete (similar protein and energy) corn-based diets that contained different dietary protein concentrates (potato-cp 76%, fish-cp 66%, or a mixture of soy proteins, soybean meal-cp 48%, and full-fat soy-cp 36%) on the incidence of spontaneously occurring subclinical necrotic enteritis (ne) in broiler chickens. a total of 1,260 birds were placed into 18 solid floor pens (70 birds per pen) and fed 1 of the 3 experimental die ...201020008800
comparison of the presence and partitioning behavior of indicator organisms and salmonella spp. in an urban watershed.the appropriateness of indicator organisms as surrogates for human pathogens in water quality modeling is dependent on similarities in both presence and transport behavior; however, very little data relating indicator and bacterial pathogen transport behavior in receiving waters is available. in this study observations of presence, partitioning behavior (i.e. association with settleable particles) and removal by upland detention basins were used to assess the suitability of six indicator organis ...201020009247
expanding the family of collagen proteins: recombinant bacterial collagens of varying composition form triple-helices of similar stability.the presence of the (gly-xaa-yaa)(n) open reading frames in different bacteria predicts the existence of an expanded family of collagen-like proteins. to further explore the triple-helix motif and stabilization mechanisms in the absence of hydroxyproline (hyp), predicted novel collagen-like proteins from gram-positive and -negative bacteria were expressed in escherichia coli and characterized. soluble proteins capable of successful folding and in vitro refolding were observed for collagen protei ...201020025291
screening-based discovery of drug-like o-glcnacase inhibitor scaffolds.o-glcnacylation is an essential posttranslational modification in metazoa. modulation of o-glcnac levels with small molecule inhibitors of o-glcnac hydrolase (oga) is a useful strategy to probe the role of this modification in a range of cellular processes. here we report the discovery of novel, low molecular weight and drug-like o-glcnacase inhibitor scaffolds by high-throughput screening. kinetic and x-ray crystallographic analyses of the binding modes with human/bacterial o-glcnacases identif ...201020026047
preliminary report on anaerobic culture at mymensingh medical college hospital in bangladesh.puerperal sepsis is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. this study was undertaken to isolate and identify the anaerobic bacterial agents of puerperal sepsis among the patients admitted in mymensingh medical college hospital (mmch) during the period from july 2006 to june 2007. endocervical swabs/secretions were collected from 50 cases of puerperal sepsis and were cultured anaerobically. anaerobiasis was done by using gas pack (bd gas pak tm ez) in anae ...201020046165
bacteriological characterization of wastewater samples obtained from a primary treatment system on a small scale swine farm.this study was carried out in order to quantify enteric bacteria and identify the presence of salmonella spp., escherichiacoli, clostridiumperfringens and erysipelothixrhusiopathiae in the liquid fraction of excreta generated from a small scale swine farm by means of a primary treatment system, consisting of the separation of solids and the sedimentation of liquids. samples were collected at the following stages of the treatment: collection basin (cb), liquid obtained from a solids separator (sl ...201020053557
genetic diversity and prevalence of netb in clostridium perfringens isolated from a broiler flock affected by mild necrotic enteritis.this study was undertaken to examine the genetic diversity of clostridium perfringens isolated from a single broiler flock reared without in-feed antimicrobials (antibacterial growth promoters and anticoccidials) and affected by mild necrotic enteritis (ne). we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) to investigate the genetic diversity of c. perfringens isolates from broilers of varying disease status, and from litter. the prevalence of the toxin gene netb was also investigated. altogether ...201020056357
nitric oxide and lysozyme production as an impact to clostridium perfringens mastitis.the anaerobic mastitis incidence was used to study the bovine udder response in anaerobic bacterial mastitis caused by the gram-positive bacterial strain of clostridium perfringens. milk samples positive for c. perfringens were assayed for no and lysozyme. the model produced a strong no and lysozyme response which correlated positively with the severity and outcome of the disease (subclinical and clinical stages). this study is, to our knowledge, the first to suggest a possible link between no a ...201019783303
potential for growth of clostridium perfringens from spores in pork scrapple during cooling.we conducted stabilization studies to determine the ability of clostridium perfringens spores to germinate and grow during exponential cooling of a commercial formulation of pork scrapple. scrapple was inoculated with a mixture of three strains of c. perfringens spores (ntcc 8238, nctc 8239, and atcc 10288), vacuum packaged, and reheated (20 min/93.3 degrees c) in a circulating water bath. the cooked samples were cooled (30 s) in an ice bath before being transferred to a programmable water bath ...201019785539
prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and non-normal faeces of young dutch dairy calves.between january and april 2007, 424 calves under 22 days of age from 108 dutch dairy herds were sampled to estimate the prevalence of non-normal faeces ('custard-like'-yellowish-coloured with custard consistency or diarrhoea: watery-like faeces) and the shedding of enteropathogens escherichia coli k99 (e. coli), coronavirus, cryptosporidium parvum (c. parvum), rotavirus and clostridium perfringens (cl. perfringens). in addition, information was collected on animal characteristics and herd-manage ...201019819574
genetic and biochemical analysis of a class c non-specific acid phosphatase (nsap) of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive anaerobe, is a human pathogen that causes gas gangrene in muscle tissues. its ability to grow and survive in the host is believed to be due to the production of numerous enzymes that enable the organism to obtain essential nutrients from the host. in this study, cpe0201, a putative acid phosphatase gene deduced by genome analysis, was shown to encode a non-specific acid phosphatase in c. perfringens. multiple alignments of the amino acid sequence showed t ...201019833778
identification of a two-component virr/virs regulon in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen, is a causative agent of human gas gangrene that leads to severe rapid tissue destruction and can cause death within hours unless treated immediately. production of several toxins is known to be controlled by the two-component virr/virs system involving a regulatory rna (vr-rna) in c. perfringens. to elucidate the precise regulatory network governed by virr/virs and vr-rna, a series of microarray screening using virr/virs and vr-rna-def ...201019835966
beta-catenin expression and claudin expression pattern as prognostic factors of prostatic cancer progression.to investigate the patterns of expression of the junctional proteins beta-catenin and claudins in different prognostic groups of patients with prostatic cancer, to determine their value as prognostic markers.201019818082
pathema: a clade-specific bioinformatics resource center for pathogen research.pathema (http://pathema.jcvi.org) is one of the eight bioinformatics resource centers (brcs) funded by the national institute of allergy and infectious disease (niaid) designed to serve as a core resource for the bio-defense and infectious disease research community. pathema strives to support basic research and accelerate scientific progress for understanding, detecting, diagnosing and treating an established set of six target niaid category a-c pathogens: category a priority pathogens; bacillu ...201019843611
characterization of virulence plasmid diversity among clostridium perfringens type b isolates.the important veterinary pathogen clostridium perfringens type b is unique for producing the two most lethal c. perfringens toxins, i.e., epsilon-toxin and beta-toxin. our recent study (k. miyamoto, j. li, s. sayeed, s. akimoto, and b. a. mcclane, j. bacteriol. 190:7178-7188, 2008) showed that most, if not all, type b isolates carry a 65-kb epsilon-toxin-encoding plasmid. however, this epsilon-toxin plasmid did not possess the cpb gene encoding beta-toxin, suggesting that type b isolates carry a ...201019858300
identification of a claudin-4 residue important for mediating the host cell binding and action of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.the 24-member claudin protein family plays a key role in maintaining the normal structure and function of epithelial tight junctions. previous studies with fibroblast transfectants and naturally sensitive caco-2 cells have also implicated certain claudins (e.g., claudin-4) as receptors for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the present study first provided evidence that the second extracellular loop (ecl-2) of claudins is specifically important for mediating the host cell binding and cyt ...201019884339
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin interacts with claudins via electrostatic attraction.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), a causative agent of food poisoning, is a pore-forming toxin disrupting the selective permeability of the plasma membrane of target cells, resulting in cell death. we previously identified claudin as the cell surface receptor for cpe. claudin, a component of tight junctions, is a tetratransmembrane protein and constitutes a large family of more than 20 members, not all of which serve as the receptor for cpe. the mechanism by which the toxin distinguishe ...201019903817
role of host cell polarity and leading edge properties in pseudomonas type iii secretion.type iii secretion (t3s) functions in establishing infections in a large number of gram-negative bacteria, yet little is known about how host cell properties might function in this process. we used the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa and the ability to alter host cell sensitivity to pseudomonas t3s to explore this problem. ht-29 epithelial cells were used to study cellular changes associated with loss of t3s sensitivity, which could be induced by treatment with methyl-beta-cyclodex ...201019910414
mucosal delivery of antigens using adsorption to bacterial spores.the development of new-generation vaccines has followed a number of strategic avenues including the use of live recombinant bacteria. of these, the use of genetically engineered bacterial spores has been shown to offer promise as both a mucosal as well as a heat-stable vaccine delivery system. spores of the genus bacillus are currently in widespread use as probiotics enabling a case to be made for their safety. in this work we have discovered that the negatively charged and hydrophobic surface l ...201019914191
the occurrence of cpb2-toxigenic clostridium perfringens and the possible role of the beta2-toxin in enteric disease of domestic animals, wild animals and humans.the virulence of clostridium perfringens, a bacterium causing enteritis and enterotoxaemia in domestic and wild animals and humans, results largely from its ability to produce toxins. in 1997, an unknown toxin of c. perfringens, the beta2-toxin, and its encoding gene cpb2 were described. since that time numerous studies have been published dealing with a possible association of cpb2-harbouring strains of c. perfringens and the occurrence of enteric disease in domestic and wild animals and humans ...201019101180
qpcr quantification and genetic characterization of clostridium perfringens populations in biosolids composted for 2 years.the ability of clostridium perfringens to survive for a long time in the environment makes it a suitable indicator of faecal pollution, but its use as a routine indicator organism in biosolids and composted biosolids has not yet been adopted. this study was performed to improve our understanding of c. perfringens persistence in composted biosolids by monitoring its presence and studying its genetic diversity.201019645764
identification of changes in the composition of ileal bacterial microbiota of broiler chickens infected with clostridium perfringens.we previously reported that clostridium perfringens in vivo proliferation and alpha-toxin gene expression were highly correlated, both progressing in a parabolic curve pattern during the development of necrotic enteritis (ne). the present study investigated the response of dominant ileal bacteria in abundance to c. perfringens infection using pcr-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and quantitative pcr (qpcr) techniques. chickens were fed antibiotic-medicated (bacitracin, 55 mg/ ...201019647376
upper gastrointestinal bleeding related to emphysematous cholecystitis due to clostridium perfringens.we describe the case of a 46-year-old man admitted for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the context of cirrhosis. a deep bleeding duodenal ulcer was treated by sclerotherapy. abdominal pain and fever lead us to perform an abdominal computed tomography, which demonstrated emphysematous cholecystitis. an emergency cholecystectomy was performed and antimicrobial therapy initiated. the patient recovered uneventfully. links between ulcers and emphysematous cholecystitis are discussed.201019660973
massive intravascular haemolysis during clostridium perfrigens sepsis of hepatic origin. 201019682059
clostridia as agents of zoonotic disease.clostridia are not normally considered to be zoonotic pathogens, although many species affect both humans and domestic animals. three cases in which organisms occur, possibly via direct or indirect transmission, in both food animals and humans are considered here. strains of clostridium perfringens that produce enterotoxin (cpe) are typically transmitted to humans in contaminated, improperly handled foods. pathogenesis is based upon action of cpe in the intestine, and disease is usually self-lim ...201019682805
enteric bacterial pathogen detection in southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) is associated with coastal urbanization and freshwater runoff.although protected for nearly a century, california's sea otters have been slow to recover, in part due to exposure to fecally-associated protozoal pathogens like toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis neurona. however, potential impacts from exposure to fecal bacteria have not been systematically explored. using selective media, we examined feces from live and dead sea otters from california for specific enteric bacterial pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella, clostridium perfringens, c. difficile an ...201019720009
mammalian cell ganglioside-binding specificities of e. coli enterotoxins lt-iib and variant lt-iib(t13i).lt-iib, a type ii heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli, is a potent immunologic adjuvant with high affinity binding for ganglioside gd1a. earlier study suggested that lt-iib bound preferentially to the terminal sugar sequence neuacalpha2-3galbeta1-3galnac. however, studies in our laboratory suggested a less restrictive binding epitope. lt-iib(t13i), an lt-iib variant, engineered by a single isoleucine-threonine substitution, retains biological activity, but with less robust inflammatory e ...201019749203
investigation of haemorrhagic enteritis in pygmy hogs (sus salvanius) from india.the pygmy hog is a representative of the smallest and rarest wild species of known living suidae. this paper reports the investigation of haemorrhagic enteritis encountered amongst the pygmy hogs at the research and breeding centre of the pygmy hog conservation programme, guwahati, assam, india. three out of 68 pygmy hogs died of enteric infection. post-mortem examination and bacteriological investigation of two out of the three animals that died revealed clostridial infection. the isolates harb ...201021309467
effect of a radiant energy-treated lysozyme antimicrobial blend on the control of clostridial necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.a cage study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of entegard rev, a lysozyme-based antimicrobial blend, on the performance of broiler chickens and necrotic enteritis (ne) disease reduction of birds that were challenged with eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens. in the experiment, challenge by the infectious agents without medication resulted in impaired feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversions and caused high incidence of gross ne lesions and ne mortality rate. entegard rev ...201021313853
role of clostridium perfringens in causing abomasal ulcers in buffalo.in this study, the correlation between abomasal ulcers and presence of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) was evaluated in 80 (50 affected and 30 non affected) randomly slaughtered buffaloes in ahvaz slaughterhouse. immediately after the slaughter, the abomasums was isolated and an incision was made on the wall of it. then the abomasums were emptied and its interior was washed with water. the inner surface was examined for presence of abnormal lesion. ulcers from affected and piece of abom ...201021313887
assessment of 2 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-based vaccines against necrotic enteritis in reducing colonization of chickens by salmonella serovars of different serogroups.this study assessed the protective efficacy of oral vaccination with 2 experimental attenuated salmonella typhimurium-vectored vaccines for necrotic enteritis in protecting chickens against intestinal colonization by common serovars of salmonella belonging to the 4 major serogroups affecting chickens. birds were vaccinated orally with 1 × 10⁸ colony-forming units (cfu) of 1 of the vaccine strains χ9241 and χ9352, which express a plasmid-encoded partial recombinant hypothetical protein gene (thp) ...201021197226
crystal structure of cytotoxin protein suilysin from streptococcus suis.cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdc) are pore forming toxins. a prototype of the cdc family members is perfringolysin o (pfo), which directly binds to the cell membrane enriched in cholesterol, causing cell lysis. however, an exception of this general observation is intermedilysin (ily) of streptococcus intermedius, which requires human cd59 as a receptor in addition to cholesterol for its hemolytic activity. a possible explanation of this functional difference is the conformational variation ...201021204001
effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles to broilers from 0 to 28 days posthatch on broiler performance, feed manufacturing efficiency, and selected intestinal characteristics.this study evaluated the effect of 2 levels (0 vs. 8%) of distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) in a starter broiler diet (0 to 14 d; 45 replicates/treatment) after these same birds were subsequently fed a grower diet (14 to 28 d) with either 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, or 30% ddgs (9 replicates/treatment). ross×ross 308 male broilers were used in this experiment, and evaluation criteria consisted of feed mill parameters, broiler growth, relative liver weight, ileal viscosity, and cecal content cou ...201020852115
clostridium perfringens type c isolates rapidly upregulate their toxin production upon contact with host cells: new insights into virulence?since tetanus was first described by hippocrates, the devastating diseases caused by pathogenic members of the gram-positive, anaerobic sporeforming genus clostridium have ranked among the most dreaded afflictions of humans and domestic animals. the quintessential hallmark of all clostridial diseases is the involvement of potent protein toxins. however, except for some foodborne botulism cases, clostridial diseases are not intoxications involving preformed toxins; rather, these illnesses are tru ...201021178424
development and application of a method for counterselectable in-frame deletion in clostridium perfringens.many pathogenic clostridial species produce toxins and enzymes. to facilitate genome-wide identification of virulence factors and biotechnological application of their useful products, we have developed a markerless in-frame deletion method for clostridium perfringens which allows efficient counterselection and multiple-gene disruption. the system comprises a galkt gene disruptant and a suicide galk plasmid into which two fragments of a target gene for in-frame deletion are cloned. the system wa ...201021183644
[current clinical significance of anaerobic bacteremia].to estimate tje current clinical significance of anaerobic bacteremia in a group of czech hospitals.201021191873
the genome sequence and proteome of bacteriophage φcpv1 virulent for clostridium perfringens.application of bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes to control clostridium perfringens is one potential approach to reduce the pathogen on poultry farms and in poultry-processing facilities. bacteriophages lytic for c. perfringens were isolated from sewage, feces and broiler intestinal contents and φcpv1, a virulent bacteriophage, was classified in the family podoviridae. the purified virus had an icosahedral head and collar of approximately 42nm and 23nm in diameter, respectively, with a stru ...201021144870
real-time pcr assay for clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens in a challenge model of necrotic enteritis.we compared ileal clostridium perfringens quantification results produced by real-time pcr and culture-based methods in broiler chickens in a challenge model of necrotic enteritis. assessment of the relative standard deviations (rsds) revealed that the real-time pcr assay generated a smaller standard deviation and thus was more precise than the culture-based method. linear regression analysis indicated that the bacterial counts of these two methods were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.845). we sugge ...201021148703
toxinotyping of necrotic enteritis-producing and commensal isolates of clostridium perfringens from chickens fed organic diets.the present study determined the effect of clostridium perfringens isolates taken from necrotic enteritis (ne) outbreaks on organic farms in a ne virulence testing model. thirteen strains were isolated in the course of the study. six c. perfringens field isolates were taken from a naturally occurring ne outbreak on an organic farm. polymerase chain reaction toxinotyping was used to establish c. perfringens strains, as well as to create a toxin profile. all field isolates were found to be type a ...201021154057
safety and efficacy of a maternal vaccine for the passive protection of broiler chicks against necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is a potentially fatal multifactorial disease of chickens, which under commercial conditions is often associated with increased levels of mortality and reduced bird performance. the safety and efficacy of a clostridium perfringens type a alpha-toxoid (netvax™) formulated as an oil emulsion was investigated, following maternal immunization of broiler breeder hens, housed under commercial conditions, by the intramuscular route. a total of 11,234 hens were vaccinated across two i ...201021154059
fecal lactoferrin and clostridium spp. in stools of autistic children.stools from autistic and healthy children were studied for fecal lactoferrin, clostridium difficile toxins, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and cultured for clostridium spp. elevated level of fla was demonstrated in 24.4% stools, all from boys (31.25%). no toxins were detected. clostridium spp. was isolated with similar frequency from all samples. c. perfringens were isolated significantly often from the autistic stools, intermediate sensitive strains to penicillin 19%, to clindamycin 11.3%, ...201021167951
glycoside hydrolase family 89 alpha-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens specifically acts on glcnac alpha1,4gal beta1r at the non-reducing terminus of o-glycans in gastric mucin.in mammals, α-linked glcnac is primarily found in heparan sulfate/heparin and gastric gland mucous cell type mucin. α-n-acetylglucosaminidases (αgnases) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 89 are widely distributed from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. human lysosomal αgnase is well known to degrade heparin and heparan sulfate. here, we reveal the substrate specificity of αgnase (agnc) from clostridium perfringens strain 13, a bacterial homolog of human αgnase, by chemically synthesizing a ser ...201021177247
intravascular haemolysis and septicaemia due to clostridium perfringens liver abscess.intravascular haemolysis is a rare but serious complication of clostridium perfringens sepsis. the outcome is usually fatal unless treatment is started early. we describe a case of survival after haemolysis and multiple organ failure in the setting of a ruptured liver abscess and sepsis caused by c. perfringens in an immunocompetent 58-year-old male.201020865884
clostridium perfringens septicaemia with massive intravascular haemolysis: a case report and review of the literature.we describe the case of a 74-year-old man with cholangitis, complicated by clostridium perfringens septicaemia and massive intravascular haemolysis. clostridium perfringens septicaemia is a rare but well-known cause of massive intravascular haemolysis. here we review 40 similar cases published since 1990. most cases involve immunocompromised patients with underlying haematological disorder (22.5%), pancreatic or gastric cancer (12.5%) and÷or diabetes (30.0%). focus of infection is mostly hepatob ...201020876913
phospholipid hydrolysis caused by clostridium perfringens α-toxin facilitates the targeting of perfringolysin o to membrane bilayers.clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene and gastrointestinal disease in humans. these pathologies are mediated by potent extracellular protein toxins, particularly α-toxin and perfringolysin o (pfo). while α-toxin hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, pfo forms large transmembrane pores on cholesterol-containing membranes. it has been suggested that the ability of pfo to perforate the membrane of target cells is dictated by how much free cholesterol molecules are present. given t ...201020886855
isolation of culturable microorganisms from free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) from the southeastern united states.reports of diseases in marine mammals are increasing worldwide, however our understanding of the microorganisms associated with marine mammals is still limited. in this study, we cultured bacteria and fungi isolated from the upper respiratory tract (blowhole), gastric fluid and anus of 180 wild bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) from two estuarine locations along the southeastern atlantic coast of the united states. a total of 339 and 491 isolates from charleston, sc (chs) and indian river ...201020888150
neuroprotective effect of cpdt on tha-induced cortical motor neuron death in an organotypic culture model.brain stroke, trauma, and motor neuron disease each can result in cortical motoneuron (cmn) death or impairment. glutamate excitotoxicity induces motor neuron damage in both acute motor neuron loss and chronic motor neuron degeneration. it is necessary to find effective strategies to protect cmns from excitotoxicity in a variety of pathological conditions. 5,6-dihydrocyclopenta-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (cpdt) is one of the phase ii enzyme inducers. in our previous report, cpdt was shown to have neu ...201020851746
base pair specificity and energetics of binding of the phenazinium molecules phenosafranine and safranine-o to deoxyribonucleic acids: a comparative study.the base specificity and energetics of dna binding of the phenazinium dyes phenosafranine and safranine-o have been studied using various biophysical tools. the guanine-cytosine base specificity of both compounds was established from binding affinity values and competition dialysis results and also from circular dichroism, thermal melting, and calorimetric studies. both dyes bind to dna with affinity of the order of 10(5) m(-1), but the values are significantly higher for the guanine-cytosine ri ...201020730145
development and characterization of protective haemophilus parasuis subunit vaccines based on native proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin and comparison with other subunit and commercial vaccines.haemophilus parasuis is the agent responsible for causing glässer's disease, which is characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis in pigs. in this study, we have characterized native outer membrane proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin (npapt) from h. parasuis serovar 5, nagasaki strain. this pool of proteins was used as antigen to developed two vaccine formulations: one was adjuvanted with a mineral oil (montanide ims 2215 vg pr), while the other was potentia ...201020926701
a comparative in vitro investigation into the effects of cooked meats on the human faecal microbiota.protein fermentation is one of the important microbial activities in the human colon. meat foods rich in protein provide substantial resource for this metabolic activity. however, little information exists on the relative impact of different meats on the composition and activities of the human gut microbiota. similarly, little information is available on the confounding effects of cooking on these activities. in this study, beef, chicken and fish (salmon) were examined in vitro for their impact ...201020934523
clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is produced in the intestines of broiler chicks inoculated with an alpha toxin mutant.poultry necrotic enteritis (ne) is caused by specific strains of clostridium perfringens, most of which are type a. the role of alpha toxin (cpa) in ne has been called into question by the finding that an engineered cpa mutant retains full virulence in vivo[9]. this is in contrast to the finding that immunization with cpa toxoids protects against ne. we confirmed the earlier findings, in that 14-day-old cornish × rock broiler chicks challenged with a cpa mutant developed lesions compatible with ...201020934524
high-level production and purification of clostripain expressed in a virulence-attenuated strain of clostridium perfringens.clostripain (clo) produced by clostridium histolyticum is an arginine-specific endopeptidase with the potential for applicability to diverse medical and industrial uses. in this study, we developed an expression system allowing high-level production and efficient purification of recombinant clo (rclo). our expression system comprises pclo, an rclo expressing vector, and clostridium perfringens 13δ6, an in-frame deletion strain as to six genes encoding major virulence factors and secretory protei ...201020940055
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin targets granule cells in the mouse cerebellum and stimulates glutamate release.epsilon toxin (et) produced by c. perfringens types b and d is a highly potent pore-forming toxin. et-intoxicated animals express severe neurological disorders that are thought to result from the formation of vasogenic brain edemas and indirect neuronal excitotoxicity. the cerebellum is a predilection site for et damage. et has been proposed to bind to glial cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. however, the possibility that et binds and attacks the neurons remains an open question. usi ...201020941361
comparison of a nontoxic variant of clostridium perfringens α-toxin with the toxic wild-type strain.the α-toxin produced by clostridium perfringens is one of the best-studied examples of a toxic phospholipase c. in this study, a nontoxic mutant protein from c. perfringens strain nctc8237 in which thr74 is substituted by isoleucine (t74i) has been characterized and is compared with the toxic wild-type protein. thr74 is part of an exposed loop at the proposed membrane-interfacing surface of the toxin. the mutant protein had markedly reduced cytotoxic and myotoxic activities. however, this substi ...201020944240
optimized necrotic enteritis model producing clinical and subclinical infection of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.in this study we assessed the roles of eimeria infection and dietary manipulation (feeding a diet with a high level of fishmeal) in an australian necrotic enteritis (ne) challenge model in broiler chickens. an experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that eimeria infection and dietary manipulation, i.e., inclusion of fishmeal in the diet, are necessary to induce ne experimentally. the results showed that the combination of eimeria administration and fishmeal feeding had a significant effec ...201020945788
probiotic properties of lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and taiwanese pickled cabbage.this study assessed potential probiotic lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and from taiwanese pickled cabbage for their possible use in probiotic fermented foods by evaluating their (i) in vitro adhesive ability, resistance to biotic stress, resistance to pathogenic bacteria, and production of β-galactosidase; (ii) milk technological properties; and (iii) in vivo adhesive ability, intestinal survival and microbial changes during and after treatment. five lactobac ...201020951815
evaluation of the efficacy of yeast extract in reducing intestinal clostridium perfringens levels in broiler chickens.the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis is clostridium perfringens. traditionally, necrotic enteritis is controlled with in-feed antibiotics. however, increasing consumer demand for drug-free poultry has fostered the search for nonantibiotic alternatives. yeast extract contain nucleotides that are immunomodulatory and also essential for cellular functions. an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of nupro yeast extract (alltech inc., nicholasville, ky) in reducing intestinal c. p ...201020952700
efficacy of a lactylate on production performance and intestinal health of broilers during a subclinical clostridium perfringens infection.clostridium perfringens, an α-toxin producing gram-positive bacterium, is an enteric pathogen for poultry. because subclinical c. perfringens infections often result in damage of the intestinal mucosa, decreased nutrient digestion, and poor performance, efforts should be taken to find an effective strategy that controls overgrowth of c. perfringens. for this purpose, the efficacy of a sodium lauroyl lactylate (laul) as a feed additive to prevent c. perfringens colonization in broilers was determ ...201020952703
clostridium perfringens bacteriophages φcp39o and φcp26f: genomic organization and proteomic analysis of the virions.poultry intestinal material, sewage and poultry processing drainage water were screened for virulent clostridium perfringens bacteriophages. viruses isolated from broiler chicken offal washes (o) and poultry feces (f), designated φcp39o and φcp26f, respectively, produced clear plaques on host strains. both bacteriophages had isometric heads of 57 nm in diameter with 100-nm non-contractile tails characteristic of members of the family siphoviridae in the order caudovirales. the double-strand dna ...201020963614
diversity and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of cultivable anaerobic bacteria from soil and sewage samples of india.soil and sewage act as a reservoir of animal pathogens and their dissemination to animals profoundly affects the safety of our food supply. moreover, acquisition and further spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among pathogenic bacterial populations is the most relevant problem for the treatment of infectious diseases. bacterial strains from soil and sewage are a potential reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes. accurate species determination for anaerobes from environmental sample ...201020965279
molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens from broiler chickens.clostridium perfringens (cp) causes necrotic enteritis disease in commercial poultry. antimicrobials are used to control and treat this disease and sometimes clinical outbreaks do not respond well to certain treatments. this study was designed to isolate cp from clinical cases, type these isolates by multiplex pcr, and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility by micro-dilution method. a total of 67 cp isolates were obtained from 155 broiler chicken flocks. all isolates were classified as typ ...201020969969
identification and modeling of a drug target for clostridium perfringens sm101.in the present study, comparative genome analysis between clostridium perfringens and the human genome was carried out to identify genes that are essential for the pathogen's survival, and non-homologous to the genes of human host, that can be used as potential drug targets. the study resulted in the identification of 426 such genes. the number of these potential drug targets thus identified is significantly lower than the genome's protein coding capacity (2558 protein coding genes). the 426 gen ...201020978600
food- and waterborne disease outbreaks in australian long-term care facilities, 2001-2008.abstract food- or waterborne diseases in long-term care facilities (ltcf) can result in serious outcomes, including deaths, and they are potentially preventable. we analyzed data collected by ozfoodnet on food- and waterborne disease outbreaks occurring in ltcf in australia from 2001 to 2008. we compared outbreaks by the number of persons affected, etiology, and implicated vehicle. during 8 years of surveillance, 5.9% (55/936) of all food- and waterborne outbreaks in australia occurred in ltcf. ...201021034268
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