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potency against enterotoxemia of a recombinant clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxoid in ruminants.enterotoxemia, a disease that affects domestic ruminants, is caused mainly by the epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens type d. its eradication is virtually impossible, control and prophylaxis are based on systematic vaccination of herds with epsilon toxoids that are efficient in inducing protective antibody production. the use of recombinant toxins is one of the most promising of these strategies. this work evaluates the potency of a cl. perfringens type d epsilon toxoid expressed by esche ...201020670910
functional and structural characterization of soluble recombinant epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens d, causative agent of enterotoxaemia.clostridium perfringens types b and d are responsible for enterotoxaemia, one of the major causes of cattle mortality and is therefore of great economic concern. the epsilon toxin produced by the organism is the major antigenic determinant and has been directly implicated for the disease causation. in the present paper, we evaluated the biological activity of the recombinant epsilon toxin (retx) produced as soluble protein in escherichia coli. the retx was purified to near homogeneity by a one-s ...201020676627
[listeria battles with sumo]. 201020510159
spinal osteomyelitis and epidural empyema in a dog due to migrating conifer material. 201020511654
[massive intravascular hemolysis secondary to sepsis due to clostridium perfringens].massive hemolysis secondary to sepsis caused by clostridium perfringens is a rare entity but appears fairly often in the literature. in nearly all published reports, the clinical course is rapid and fatal. we describe the case of a 75-year-old woman with diabetes who was admitted with symptoms consistent with acute cholecystitis. deteriorating hemodynamics and laboratory findings were consistent with intravascular hemolysis, coagulation disorder, and renal failure. gram-positive bacilli of the c ...201020527348
dietary cellulose, fructooligosaccharides, and pectin modify fecal protein catabolites and microbial populations in adult cats.twelve young adult (1.7 +/- 0.1 yr) male cats were used in a replicated 3 x 3 latin square design to determine the effects of fiber type on nutrient digestibility, fermentative end products, and fecal microbial populations. three diets containing 4% cellulose, fructooligosaccharides (fos), or pectin were evaluated. feces were scored based on the 5-point system: 1 being hard, dry pellets, and 5 being watery liquid that can be poured. no differences were observed (p > 0.100) in intake of dm, om, c ...201020495116
pilot study on the efficacy of paromomycin as a histomonostatic feed additive in turkey poults experimentally infected with histomonas meleagridis.paromomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with activity against protozoa. currently, paromomycin is registered for food producing animal species. in a pilot study we evaluated the efficacy of different doses of paromomycin in the feed against histomonas meleagridis in experimentally challenged turkey poults. groups consisting of 30 birds each were given feed with 100, 200 and 400 ppm paromomycin, respectively, starting on day 1 through to day 42. one group of 30 birds was left untreated. on da ...201020496863
comparison of alternatives to in-feed antimicrobials for the prevention of clinical necrotic enteritis.the capacity for lactobacillus johnsonii and an organic acid (oa) blend to prevent clostridium perfringens-induced clinical necrotic enteritis (ne) in chickens was studied.201020497278
effect of phosphate and meat (pork) types on the germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores during abusive chilling.the effect of phosphate blends and pork meat type (pale, soft, and exudative [pse]; normal; and dark, firm, and dry [dfd]) on the germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens during abusive exponential chilling times was evaluated. two phosphates were used: tetrasodium pyrophosphate (tspp) and sodium acid pyrophosphate (sapp; from two different sources, sapp(1) and sapp(2)). the pork loins representing each meat type were ground (1/8-in. [0.3-cm] plate), and one of the three phosphate bl ...201020501039
only two amino acids are essential for cytolytic toxin recognition of cholesterol at the membrane surface.the recognition and binding of cholesterol is an important feature of many eukaryotic, viral, and prokaryotic proteins, but the molecular details of such interactions are understood only for a few proteins. the pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms of a large number of gram-positive bacteria. cholesterol dependence of the cdc mechanism is a hallmark of these toxins, yet the identity of the cdc cholesterol recognition motif has remained elusi ...201020145114
noncollagenous region of the streptococcal collagen-like protein is a trimerization domain that supports refolding of adjacent homologous and heterologous collagenous domains.proper folding of the (gly-xaa-yaa)(n) sequence of animal collagens requires adjacent n- or c-terminal noncollagenous trimerization domains which often contain coiled-coil or beta sheet structure. collagen-like proteins have been found recently in a number of bacteria, but little is known about their folding mechanism. the scl2 collagen-like protein from streptococcus pyogenes has an n-terminal globular domain, designated v(sp), adjacent to its triple-helix domain. the v(sp) domain is required f ...201020162611
induction of siv p27-specific multifunctional t cells in the gut following prime-boost immunization with clostridium perfringens and adenovirus vaccines expressing siv p27.a vaccine-induced cellular immune response to simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in the gut mucosal tissue may prevent the establishment or severity of new siv infection. an oral clostridium perfringens expressing siv p27 (cp-p27) vaccine that delivers siv p27 to the gut was evaluated for its ability to prime multifunctional cellular immunity in the gut mucosa. gut peyer's patches dendritic cells matured in response to in vitro exposure to cp-p27 and stimulated production of p27-specific ifn-ga ...201020163344
effect of tannins on the in vitro growth of clostridium perfringens.vegetable tannins are water-soluble polyphenolic compounds of varying molecular weights that occur abundantly in nature. the diet of many free-ranging wild animals contains significant amounts of tannins. also, commercial tannins are used in animal industry as food additives to improve animal performance. in order to further determine the capacity of tannins to inhibit the development of intestinal diseases produced by clostridium pefringens, we evaluated here the effect of tannins from quebrach ...201020471759
web of ecological interactions in an experimental gut microbiota.the dynamics of all ecosystems are dictated by intrinsic, density-dependent mechanisms and by density-independent environmental forcing. in spite of the importance of the gastrointestinal microbiota in health and disease, the ecology of this system remains largely unknown. here, we take an ecological approach to gut microbial community analysis, with statistical modelling of time series data from chemostats. this approach removes effects of host forcing, allowing us to describe a network of intr ...201020482738
development of a recombinant epsilon toxoid vaccine against enterotoxemia and its use as a combination vaccine with live attenuated sheep pox virus against enterotoxemia and sheep pox.sheep pox and enterotoxemia are important diseases of sheep, and these diseases cause severe economic losses to sheep farmers. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of formaldehyde-inactivated recombinant epsilon toxin as a vaccine candidate. the potency of the recombinant epsilon toxoid with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant in sheep was determined. vaccinated sheep were protected against enterotoxemia, with potency values of >5 iu being protective. further, the use of this ...201020427629
quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics simulation of wild-type and seven mutants of cpnagj in complex with pugnac.the enzyme o-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosidase (o-glcnacase) is responsible for the removal of n-acetylglucosamine moieties from 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranose (o-glcnac) residues of serine/threonine residues of modified proteins. we herein present results of hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (qm/mm) molecular dynamics (md) simulations applied to the study of the interactions established between a bacterial clostridium perfringens homologue (cpnagj) a ...201020429600
isolation of a clonal population of clostridium perfringens type a from a belgian blue calf with abomasal ulceration.a case of abomasal ulceration in a 3-month-old belgian blue calf is described. microscopical examination revealed the ulcers to be demarcated by a band of neutrophilic inflammation that separated underlying healthy tissue from the superficial fibrinous necrotic material in which bacteria were present. clostridium perfringens type a was isolated from multiple ulcers and from the intestinal contents of the animal and pulsed field gel electrophoresis confirmed that the isolates comprised a genetica ...201020430403
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin inhibits the gastrointestinal transit in mice.epsilon toxin produced by clostridium perfringens type b and d is a potent toxin that is responsible for a highly fatal enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. in vitro, epsilon toxin produces contraction of the rat ileum as the result of an indirect action, presumably mediated through the autonomic nervous system. to examine the impact of epsilon toxin in the intestinal transit, gastric emptying (ge) and gastrointestinal transit (git) were evaluated after intravenous and oral administration of epsilo ...201020434186
clostridium perfringens and necrotizing enterocolitis. 201020434729
a claudin-targeting molecule as an inhibitor of tumor metastasis.tumor metastasis of epithelium-derived tumors is the major cause of death from malignant tumors. overexpression of claudin is observed frequently in malignant tumors. however, claudin-targeting antimetastasis therapy has never been investigated. we previously prepared a claudin-4-targeting antitumor molecule that consisted of the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) fused to protein synthesis inhibitory factor (psif) derived from pseudomonas exotoxin. in the present ...201020442222
regulation of neurotoxin production and sporulation by a putative agrbd signaling system in proteolytic clostridium botulinum.a significant number of genome sequences of clostridium botulinum and related species have now been determined. in silico analysis of these data revealed the presence of two distinct agr loci (agr-1 and agr-2) in all group i strains, each encoding putative proteins with similarity to agrb and agrd of the well-studied staphylococcus aureus agr quorum sensing system. in s. aureus, a small diffusible autoinducing peptide is generated from agrd in a membrane-located processing event that requires ag ...201020453132
the virsr two-component signal transduction system regulates netb toxin production in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens causes several diseases in domestic livestock, including necrotic enteritis in chickens, which is of concern to the poultry industry due to its health implications and associated economic cost. the novel pore-forming toxin netb is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of this disease. in this study, we have examined the regulation of netb toxin production. in c. perfringens, the quorum sensing-dependent virsr two-component signal transduction system regulates ge ...201020457789
in vitro antagonistic activities of animal intestinal strains against swine-associated pathogens.a wide range of enteropathogens cause costly diarrhoeal diseases in fattening piglets and account for food-related infections in humans. the objective of this study was to screen beneficial bacterial strains from the gastrointestinal tract of various animal sources for antagonistic activity against diverse pathogens associated with hazardous pig production times. using agar spot assays, 15 well-characterized strains belonging to lactobacillus, enterococcus, bifidobacterium and bacillus were stud ...201020226602
claudin-4-targeting of diphtheria toxin fragment a using a c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.claudin (cl)-4, a tight junction protein, is overexpressed in some human neoplasias, including ovarian, breast, pancreatic and prostate cancers. the targeting of cl-4 is a novel strategy for tumor therapy. we previously found that the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) binds to cl-4. in the present study, we genetically prepared a novel cl-4-targeting molecule (dta-c-cpe) by fusion of c-cpe and diphtheria toxin fragment a (dta). although dta is not toxic to cl-4-e ...201020226859
removal of human enteric viruses and indicator microorganisms from domestic wastewater by aerated lagoons.aerated lagoons offer a low-cost and simple approach to treating domestic wastewater in small municipalities. the objective of the current study was to evaluate, for each cell in the lagoons, the removal of indicator microorganisms and human enteric viruses under warm (summer) and cold (early spring) conditions. the two sites are located in southwest quebec, canada. samples were assayed for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci, clostridium perfringens, somatic and male-specific coliphages, and ...201020237581
uva-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in dna: a direct photochemical mechanism?the carcinogenic action of uva radiation is commonly attributed to dna oxidation mediated by endogenous photosensitisers. yet, it was recently shown that cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (cpd), well known for their involvement in uvb genotoxicity, are produced in larger yield than oxidative lesions in uva-irradiated cells and skin. in the present work, we gathered mechanistic information on this photoreaction by comparing formation of all possible bipyrimidine photoproducts upon uva irradiation of ...201020237685
crystal structures of the cbs and drtgg domains of the regulatory region of clostridiumperfringens pyrophosphatase complexed with the inhibitor, amp, and activator, diadenosine tetraphosphate.nucleotide-binding cystathionine beta-synthase (cbs) domains serve as regulatory units in numerous proteins distributed in all kingdoms of life. however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain to be established. recently, we described a subfamily of cbs domain-containing pyrophosphatases (ppases) within family ii ppases. here, we express a novel cbs-ppase from clostridium perfringens (cpe2055) and show that the enzyme is inhibited by amp and activated by a novel effector, diadenosine 5',5-p ...201020303981
effect of apple intake on fecal microbiota and metabolites in humans.the effects of apple intake on the fecal flora, water content, ph, and metabolic activities in eight healthy volunteers and the utilization of apple pectin in vitro were investigated. although several isolates of bifidobacterium, lactobacillus, enterococcus, and the bacteroides fragilis group utilized apple pectin, most isolates of escherichia coli, collinsela aerofaciense, eubacterium limosum, and clostridium perfringens could not. when fecal samples from healthy adults were incubated in liquid ...201020304079
succession of the bacterial community and dynamics of hydrogen producers in a hydrogen-producing bioreactor.variation in the hydrogen production rate was consistent with the succession of dominant bacteria during the batch fermentation process. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of 16s rrna genes and quantitative analysis of the hyda genes at both the dna and mrna levels confirmed that clostridium perfringens was the most dominant hydrogen producer in the bioreactor.201020305018
types of infectious outbreaks and their impact in elderly care facilities: a review of the literature.infectious outbreaks in long-term care facilities (ltcfs) tend to have a significant impact on infection rates and mortality rates of the residents.201020332371
prenylated pterocarpans as bacterial neuraminidase inhibitors.during the course of a neuraminidase inhibitor screening program on natural products, four new (6, 8, 11, and 12) and eleven known (1-5, 7, 9-10, and 13-15) pterocarpan derivatives were isolated as active principles from the etoac extract of the stem bark of erythrina abyssinica. their structures were identified by spectroscopic data analyses. all isolates exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the neuraminidases from clostridium perfringens and vibrio cholerae with ic(50) values ranging fr ...201020363636
antibacterial effect of the bioactive compound beauvericin produced by fusarium proliferatum on solid medium of wheat.to obtain the bioactive compound beauvericin (bea), fusarium proliferatum cect 20569 was grown on a solid medium of wheat, utilizing the technique of the solid state fermentation (ssf), being this mycotoxin purified by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with a reverse phase semi-preparative column using as the mobile phase acetonitrile/water in gradient condition. the purity of the bea was verified by analytical hplc and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (lc/ms-ms). the p ...201020371252
sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria are indicators of very recent human faecal pollution in streams and groundwater habitats in urban tropical lowlands.sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria (sfb) proved to be an excellent indicator of very recent human faecal pollution (hours to days) in the investigated tropical stream and groundwater habitats. sfb were recovered from human faeces and sources potentially contaminated with human excreta. sfb were undetectable in animal faeces and environmental samples not contaminated with human faeces. microcosm studies demonstrated a rapid die-off rate in groundwater (t90 value 0.6 days) and stream water (t90 va ...201020375476
fibronectin-binding proteins of clostridium perfringens recognize the iii1-c fragment of fibronectin.the clostridium perfringens strain 13 genome contains two genes (fbpa, fbpb) that encode putative fbp. both rfbpa and rfbpb were purified and their reactivity with human serum fn was analyzed. to determine the region of the fn molecule recognized by rfbp, a plate binding assay using n-terminal 70-kda peptide, iii1-c peptide, and 110-kda peptide containing iii2-10 of fn was performed. both rfbp bound to the iii1-c peptide of fn but not to the other peptides. however, the iii1-c fragment of fn is ...201020377750
enzootic outbreak of necrotic gastritis associated with clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.clinical morphological investigations were carried out in a flock of 22,000 ross 308 broiler chickens at the age of 38 days that experienced a sudden increase in mortality rates. morbidity and mortality rates were followed and gross anatomical examination of 150 bodies (7%) of all 1541 dead chickens was performed. in all necropsied birds, without exception, the typical macroscopic lesions were observed only in the gizzard. focal or diffuse pseudomembranous deposits were found subcuticularly and ...201020390530
exogenous lysozyme influences clostridium perfringens colonization and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis is a worldwide poultry disease caused by the overgrowth of clostridium perfringens in the small intestine. an experiment with a 2x2 factorial design (supplementation with or without 40 mg lysozyme/kg diet for chickens challenged with or without c. perfringens) was conducted to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of exogenous lysozyme against intestinal colonization by c. perfringens in chickens subject to oral inoculation of c. perfringens type a on days 17 to 20. the c. perfr ...201020390532
the effect of commonly used anticoccidials and antibiotics in a subclinical necrotic enteritis model.necrotic enteritis poses an important health risk to broilers. the ionophore anticoccidials lasalocid, salinomycin, maduramicin, narasin and a combination of narasin and nicarbazin were tested in feed for their prophylactic effect on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in a subclinical experimental infection model that uses coccidia as a predisposing factor. in addition, drinking water medication with the antibiotics amoxicillin, tylosin and lincomycin was evaluated as curative treatment in the ...201020390538
control of clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils.the efficacy of target-released butyric acid, medium-chain fatty acids (c(6) to c(12) but mainly lauric acid) and essential oils (thymol, cinnamaldehyde, essential oil of eucalyptus) micro-encapsulated in a poly-sugar matrix to control necrotic enteritis was investigated. the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the different additives were determined in vitro, showing that lauric acid, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde are very effective in inhibiting the growth of clostridium perfringens. the in vivo ...201020390546
toxin genotyping of clostridium perfringens strains using a polymerase chain reaction protocol.a polymerase chain reaction protocol consisting of a multiplex to identify the cpa, cpb1, cpetx, cpi genes and a duplex to identify the cpe and cpb2 genes encoding for alpha, beta1, epsilon, eta, enterotoxin and beta2 toxins, respectively, was applied to dna extracted from two collections of clostridium perfringens strains. the first collection involved 19 isolates from rabbits. the second collection of 41 isolates came from routine necropsies. the cpa gene alone, or in association with the cpb2 ...201020391372
mucosal vaccination using claudin-4-targeting.mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) plays pivotal roles in mucosal immune responses. efficient delivery of antigens to malt is a critical issue for the development of mucosal vaccines. although claudin-4 is preferentially expressed in malt in the gut, a claudin-4-targeting approach for mucosal vaccination has never been developed. in the present study, we found that claudin-4 is expressed in nasal malt, and we prepared a fusion protein of ovalbumin (ova) as a model antigen with a claudin-4- ...201020398936
quantitative real-time pcr assay for clostridium septicum in poultry gangrenous dermatitis associated samples.clostridium septicum is a spore-forming anaerobe frequently implicated in cases of gangrenous dermatitis (gd) and other spontaneously occurring myonecrotic infections of poultry. although c. septicum is readily cultured from diseased tissues it can be difficult to enumerate due to its tendency to swarm over the surface of agar plates. in this study a quantitative real-time pcr assay was developed in order to more accurately measure the levels of c. septicum in healthy as well as gd associated po ...201020399850
rapid cytopathic effects of clostridium perfringens beta-toxin on porcine endothelial cells.clostridium perfringens type c isolates cause fatal, segmental necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in animals and humans. typically, acute intestinal lesions result from extensive mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage in the proximal jejunum. these lesions are frequently accompanied by microvascular thrombosis in affected intestinal segments. in previous studies we demonstrated that there is endothelial localization of c. perfringens type c beta-toxin (cpb) in acute lesions of necrotizing enteritis. this led ...201020404076
bacteriophage therapy for control of necrotic enteritis of broiler chickens experimentally infected with clostridium perfringens.several lytic bacteriophages effective at destroying a genetically diverse population of clostridium perfringens were isolated from the environment, extensively characterized, and used to formulate a multivalent bacteriophage cocktail designated -401." two in vivo studies were conducted to determine the cocktail's efficacy in controlling necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by c. perfringens. the first study investigated the efficacy of int-401 and a bacteriophage-derived, toxoid-type vaccine in contr ...201020408396
rapidly developing gas gangrene due to a simple puncture wound.gas gangrene, an infection caused by clostridium perfringens, is a potentially fatal and physically disabling disease due to its sometimes incredibly rapid progression. an adolescent boy was referred to our university hospital with a history of nail puncture in the hand that occurred a few hours previously. the physical examination revealed a swollen and tender arm with crepitations up to the shoulder. gas was coming out from the puncture wound with digital pressure on the forearm. the plain rad ...201020531129
organization of the cpe locus in cpe-positive clostridium perfringens type c and d isolates.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (encoded by the cpe gene) contributes to several important human, and possibly veterinary, enteric diseases. the current study investigated whether cpe locus organization in type c or d isolates resembles one of the three (one chromosomal and two plasmid-borne) cpe loci commonly found amongst type a isolates. multiplex pcr assays capable of detecting sequences in those type a cpe loci failed to amplify products from cpe-positive type c and d isolates, indicati ...201020532170
identification of novel pathogenicity loci in clostridium perfringens strains that cause avian necrotic enteritis.type a clostridium perfringens causes poultry necrotic enteritis (ne), an enteric disease of considerable economic importance, yet can also exist as a member of the normal intestinal microbiota. a recently discovered pore-forming toxin, netb, is associated with pathogenesis in most, but not all, ne isolates. this finding suggested that ne-causing strains may possess other virulence gene(s) not present in commensal type a isolates. we used high-throughput sequencing (hts) technologies to generate ...201020532244
disease producing capability of netb positive isolates of c. perfringens recovered from normal chickens and a cow, and netb positive and negative isolates from chickens with necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is a serious disease of chickens and turkeys caused by clostridium perfringens. recently, a pore forming toxin of c. perfringens, called netb, was reported and suggested to be critical to the development of necrotic enteritis. to investigate further the importance of netb in the development of necrotic enteritis, toxin production and disease producing ability of (1) netb positive isolates recovered from normal chickens, (2) a netb positive isolate recovered from a cow, (3) net ...201020537820
nucleoside phosphorylases from clostridium perfringens in the synthesis of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine.four clostridium perfringens phosphorylases were subcloned, overexpressed and analyzed for their substrate specificity. deod(1) and puna could use a variety of purine substrates, including an antiviral drug 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddi). in one-pot synthesis using clostridium phosphorylases, 2',3'-dideoxyuridine and hypoxanthine were converted to ddi at yield of about 30%.201020544534
growth performance, meat quality, and gut microflora of broiler chickens fed with cranberry extract.cranberry fruit components have been reported to have antimicrobial activities against a variety of pathogenic bacteria and to be beneficial for human health. studies on their effects are very limited in animals and especially in chickens. this study investigated the effect of feed supplementation with a commercial cranberry fruit extract (cfe) on the performance, breast meat quality, and intestinal integrity of broiler chickens. twelve hundred male 1-d-old broiler chicks were allocated randomly ...201020548081
standardized comparison of antiseptic efficacy of triclosan, pvp-iodine, octenidine dihydrochloride, polyhexanide and chlorhexidine digluconate.this study presents a comparative investigation of the antimicrobial efficacy of the antiseptics pvp-iodine, triclosan, chlorhexidine, octenidine and polyhexanide used for pre-surgical antisepsis and antiseptic treatment of skin, wounds and mucous membranes based on internationally accepted standards.201020551215
sudden death in lactating inbred mice. clostridium perfringens enteropathy. 201020567227
acute necrotizing cholangiohepatitis with clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of post-transplantation mortality. 201020567577
acute necrotizing cholangiohepatitis with clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of post-transplantation mortality. 201020567578
cell-based biosensor for rapid screening of pathogens and toxins.development and validation of a mammalian cell-based biosensor for application in food defense and food safety was investigated. three prototypes of the biosensor capable of handling different sample types were developed and tested with food and beverages. the sensing element is a b lymphocyte ped-2e9 cell-line, encapsulated in collagen matrix in 3d scaffold. the uniqueness of this biosensor is that it detects analyte interaction with mammalian cells and is able to distinguish pathogenic from no ...201020570502
stabilization of clostridium perfringens collagenase mrna by vr-rna-dependent cleavage in 5' leader sequence.the small rna (srna), vr-rna that is directly regulated by the virr/virs two-component system, regulates many genes including toxin genes such as collagenase (cola) and phospholipase c (plc) in clostridium perfringens. although the vr-rna 3' region is sufficient to regulate the cola and plc genes, the molecular mechanism of toxin gene regulation by vr-rna remains unclear. here, we found that cola mrna is cleaved at position -79 and -78 from the a of the first codon (atg) in the presence of vr-rn ...201020572941
accessibility of cholesterol in endoplasmic reticulum membranes and activation of srebp-2 switch abruptly at a common cholesterol threshold.recent studies have shown that cooperative interactions in endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes between scap, cholesterol, and insig result in switch-like control over activation of srebp-2 transcription factors. this allows cells to rapidly adjust rates of cholesterol synthesis and uptake in response to even slight deviations from physiological set-point levels, thereby ensuring cholesterol homeostasis. in the present study we directly probe for the accessibility of cholesterol in purified er m ...201020573965
freshwater suspended sediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin-positive clostridium perfringens.the release of fecal pollution into surface waters may create environmental reservoirs of feces-derived microorganisms, including pathogens. clostridium perfringens is a commonly used fecal indicator that represents a human pathogen. the pathogenicity of this bacterium is associated with its expression of multiple toxins; however, the prevalence of c. perfringens with various toxin genes in aquatic environments is not well characterized. in this study, c. perfringens spores were used to measure ...201020581181
life-threatening clostridial sepsis in a postmenopausal patient with degenerating uterine leiomyoma.clostridium perfringens is a fulminant infection that affects patients with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. fortunately, c. perfringens-associated sepsis and death in the gynecologic patient is rarely encountered. we report a case of intrauterine c. perfringens presenting as life-threatening sepsis in a postmenopausal patient.201020585368
infection status of hospitalized diarrheal patients with gastrointestinal protozoa, bacteria, and viruses in the republic of korea.to understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixed-infection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the republic of korea. a total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. the positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. especially, cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed ...201020585526
clostridium perfringens in london, july 2009: two weddings and an outbreak.food poisoning outbreaks caused by clostridium perfringens enterotoxin occur occasionally in europe but have become less common in recent years. this paper presents the microbiological and epidemiological results of a large c. perfringens outbreak occurring simultaneously at two weddings that used the same caterer. the outbreak involved several london locations and required coordination across multiple agencies. a case-control study (n=134) was carried out to analyse possible associations betwee ...201020587363
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin carboxy-terminal fragment is a novel tumor-homing peptide for human ovarian cancer.development of innovative, effective therapies against recurrent/chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer remains a high priority. using high-throughput technologies to analyze genetic fingerprints of ovarian cancer, we have discovered extremely high expression of the genes encoding the proteins claudin-3 and claudin-4.201020598131
turn a diarrhoea toxin into a receptor-mediated therapy for a plethora of cldn-4-overexpressing cancers.molecular targeted therapy (mtt) represents the new generation of anti-cancer arsenals. in this study, we report an alternative approach using a hybrid toxin that utilises the high-affinity of receptor-binding fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe naturally binds to cldn-4 through the c-terminal 30 amino acid. however, recent studies have shown that cldn-4 is also overexpressed on a range of cancer cells. we thus constructed a cdna comprising c-cpe and a well characterised t ...201020599713
tetracycline and penicillin resistant clostridium perfringens isolated from the fangs and venom glands of loxosceles laeta: its implications in loxoscelism treatment.the venom of loxosceles spiders produces severe dermonecrotic damage, intravascular hemolysis, systemic alterations and risk of death. clostridium perfringens is present in the microbial flora of the fangs and venom glands of loxosceles intermedia. its inoculation with the venom may infect the wound site and exacerbate the dermonecrotic damage. this anaerobic bacterium is widely distributed in nature and capable of damage with similar characteristics and severity to the spider venom. in this stu ...201020600224
variable protection after vaccination of broiler chickens against necrotic enteritis using supernatants of different clostridium perfringens strains.necrotic enteritis is an economically important disease of chickens caused by clostridium perfringens. immunity to necrotic enteritis is not fully characterized yet, but previous reports indicate that immunoprotective potential is present in the secreted component of c. perfringens. this study aimed to compare the vaccine potential of the supernatants of eight chicken strains of c. perfringens differing in origin, level of alpha toxin production and presence of netb gene. the supernatant of only ...201020600504
production of an antibacterial substance in the digestive tract involved in colonization-resistance against clostridium perfringens.ruminococcus gnavus e1, bacteroides thetaiotaomicron lemf4, clostridium hathewayi lemc7, and clostridium orbiscindens lemh9 were isolated from ex germ-free mice inoculated with a human faecal microbiota. when initially germ-free mice who were previously inoculated with the strain e1 alone, or a four-strain consortium [e1, lemf4, lemc7, and lemh9], were then challenged with 10⁸ counts of clostridium perfringens; the target strain was rapidly eliminated from the digestive tract of the animals (<10 ...201020603221
cattle enterotoxaemia and clostridium perfringens: description, diagnosis and prophylaxis.cattle enterotoxaemia is one of numerous pathologies caused by clostridium perfringens. these anaerobic gram-positive bacteria are naturally present in the intestinal flora of mammals, but their uncontrolled multiplication under certain conditions results in the overproduction of toxins in the intestinal tract. major clinical signs are induced by the systemic spread of these toxins in the blood and tissues. enterotoxaemia may be acute or peracute, and sudden death is often reported in rapidly gr ...201020605954
comparative proteomic analysis of extracellular proteins of clostridium perfringens type a and type c strains.clostridium perfringens is a medically important clostridial pathogen and an etiological agent causing several diseases in humans and animals. c. perfringens and its toxins have been listed as potential biological and toxin warfare (btw) agents; thus, efforts to develop strategies for detection and protection are warranted. forty-eight extracellular proteins of c. perfringens type a and type c strains have been identified here using a 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (2-de-ms) ...201020605988
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic species of bacterium that is notable for its ability to produce a plethora of toxins, including membrane-active toxins (alpha-toxins), pore-forming toxins (-toxins) and binary toxins (iota-toxins). here, the crystallization of the full-length wild-type c. perfringens enterotoxin is reported, which is the causative agent of the second most prevalent food-borne illness in the united states and has been implicated in many other gastrointestinal p ...201020606275
clostridial dermatitis and cellulitis: an emerging disease of turkeys.clostridial dermatitis of turkeys (cdt) has emerged as a major issue across most geographic regions of the united states. the prevalence and severity of dermatitis has increased over the last several years, since the time it was first reported in 1993. cellulitis in poultry can be associated with staphylococcus aureus or escherichia coli, but the more recent field situation in turkeys is specifically associated with clostridium spp. the prevalence of cellulitis is relatively low; however, the di ...201020608520
role of clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum in causing turkey cellulitis.the role of clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum in the development of cellulitis and mortality in turkey poults was examined. studies were done in turkeys of two age groups: 3-wk-old and 7-wk-old turkey poults. the effect of varying doses of c. perfringens and c. septicum in reproducing cellulitis lesions and mortality in turkeys was investigated. both in vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to study their toxic and biologic activities. clostridium septicum spore culture was foun ...201020608521
bacillus licheniformis prevents necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.three studies were conducted using clostridium perfringens as an intestinal challenge to produce necrotic enteritis (ne). the studies consisted of two battery screening studies and one production study in floor pens, which were used to test the effect of the addition of bacillus licheniformis (dsm 17236) spores at different doses and feeding periods in comparison to birds fed diets with subtherapeutic levels of virginiamycin (15 g/ton feed). in all three studies the use of b. licheniformis (1.6 ...201020608542
spontaneous uterine perforation due to clostridial gas gangrene associated with endometrial carcinoma.few cases of clostridial gas gangrene associated with uterine malignancy have been reported. we report on a 46-year-old woman with clostridial sepsis. on the day of admission due to severe abdominal pain, peritonitis was diagnosed, and computed tomography showed free air in the abdomen. at emergency laparotomy, perforation of the necrotic uterine wall was observed. during hysterectomy, septic shock developed, and life-saving therapy was performed in the intensive care unit after surgery. patholo ...201020610901
safety and risk assessment of the genetically modified lactococci on rats intestinal bacterial flora.the interaction between lactococcus lactis nz9000/pnzpnk and intestinal microflora was evaluated as a method to assess safety of genetically modified microorganisms (gmms). l. lactis nz9000/pnzpnk is one kind of gmm and able to produce the intracellular subtilisin nat (nattokinase) under induction with nisin. the host strain l. lactis nz9000 was a generally recognized as safe (gras) microorganism. six groups of wistar rats were orally administered with l. lactis nz9000/pnzpnk and l. lactis nz900 ...201020619909
enterotoxaemia-like syndrome and clostridium perfringens in veal calves. 201020622207
escherichia coli and enterococci are sensitive and reliable indicators for human, livestock and wildlife faecal pollution in alpine mountainous water resources.this study evaluated the applicability of standard faecal indicator bacteria (sfib) for alpine mountainous water resources monitoring.201020629798
evaluating the involvement of alternative sigma factors sigf and sigg in clostridium perfringens sporulation and enterotoxin synthesis.clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning is the second most commonly identified bacterial food-borne illness. sporulation contributes to this disease in two ways: (i) most food-poisoning strains form exceptionally resistant spores to facilitate their survival of food-associated stresses, and (ii) the enterotoxin (cpe) responsible for the symptoms of this food poisoning is synthesized only during sporulation. in bacillus subtilis, four alternative sigma factors mediate sporulation. the same ...201020643850
comparative genomics of virr regulons in clostridium perfringens strains.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium causing severe diseases such as gas gangrene and pseudomembranosus colitis, that are generally due to the secretion of powerful extracellular toxins. the expression of toxin genes is mainly regulated by virr, the response regulator of a two-component system. up to now few targets only are known for this regulator and mainly in one strain (strain 13). due to the high genomic and phenotypic variability in toxin production by different ...201020184757
prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable shots containing jerusalem artichoke inulin: a human intervention study.the present study aimed to determine the prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable shots containing inulin derived from jerusalem artichoke (ja). a three-arm parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was carried out with sixty-six healthy human volunteers (thirty-three men and thirty-three women, age range: 18-50 years). subjects were randomised into three groups (n 22) assigned to consume either the test shots, pear-carrot-sea buckthorn (pcs) or plum-pear-beetroot (ppb), containing ja inul ...201020187995
characterization of acp, a peptidoglycan hydrolase of clostridium perfringens with n-acetylglucosaminidase activity that is implicated in cell separation and stress-induced autolysis.this work reports the characterization of the first known peptidoglycan hydrolase (acp) produced mainly during vegetative growth of clostridium perfringens. acp has a modular structure with three domains: a signal peptide domain, an n-terminal domain with repeated sequences, and a c-terminal catalytic domain. the purified recombinant catalytic domain of acp displayed lytic activity on the cell walls of several gram-positive bacterial species. its hydrolytic specificity was established by analyzi ...201020190047
virulence for chickens of clostridium perfringens isolated from poultry and other sources.clostridium perfringens type a is the most common cause of poultry necrotic enteritis (ne). of the four "major" toxins, type a strains produce only alpha toxin (cpa), which has long been considered a major factor in pathogenesis of ne. we investigated the virulence for poultry of type a strains from a variety of enteric sources. newly-hatched cornishxrock chicks were fed a low protein diet for one week, a high protein diet for a second week, and then challenged with log-phase cultures of c. perf ...201020193771
detection of clostridium perfringens in yearling lamb meat (barbacoa), head, and gut tacos from public markets in mexico city.no reports on the incidence of clostridium perfringens in popularly-consumed food from mexico city have been published; neither are there any reports that have analyzed food consumed in popular markets and less established restaurants. therefore, this study is aimed at providing data to evaluate the relevance of c. perfringens as an etiologic agent of food-borne diseases. of the 650 analyzed samples, 106 (16.3%) were positive for c. perfringens; 6.4% (16/250) isolates were from barbacoa, 19% (38 ...201020198526
molecular cloning and expression of epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens type d and tests of animal immunization.epsilon toxin produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d causes enterotoxemia in sheep, goats and calves. enterotoxemia can cause acute or superacute disease, with sudden death of the affected animal. it provokes huge economic losses when large numbers of livestock are affected. therapeutic intervention is challenging, because the disease progresses very rapidly. however, it can be prevented by immunization with specific immunogenic vaccines. we cloned the etx gene, encoding epsilon toxin ...201020198582
inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by buffered vinegar and lemon juice concentrate during chilling of ground turkey roast containing minimal ingredients.inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in ground turkey roast containing minimal ingredients (salt and sugar), by buffered vinegar (mostatin v) and a blend (buffered) of lemon juice concentrate and vinegar (mostatin lv) was evaluated. ground turkey roast was formulated to contain sea salt (1.5%), turbinado sugar (0.5%), and various concentrations of mostatin v (0.75, 1.25, or 2.5%) or mostatin lv (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5%), along with a control (without mostatins). the pr ...201020202331
claudin expression profiles in epstein-barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma.claudins are a family of proteins that are structural and functional components of tight junctions and have crucial roles in the maintenance of cellular arrangement, adhesion and paracellular transport. recent studies have shown that changes and/or loss of claudin expression plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and altered expression of claudins has been reported in various human carcinomas. non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) is a common epstein-barr virus ...201020204275
prevalence and diversity of toxigenic clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile among swine herds in the midwest.clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile are associated with scours in the neonatal piglet and are an economic concern in swine production. the objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence and diversity of c. perfringens and c. difficile isolates obtained from scouring neonatal piglets in a large integrated production system, as well as in smaller independently owned regional farms. rectal swabs were collected from 333 pigs at 11 sites in an integrated swine production sys ...201020208029
the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family of gram-positive bacterial toxins.the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) are a family of beta-barrel pore-forming toxins secreted by gram-positive bacteria. these toxins are produced as water-soluble monomeric proteins that after binding to the target cell oligomerize on the membrane surface forming a ring-like pre-pore complex, and finally insert a large beta-barrel into the membrane (about 250 a in diameter). formation of such a large transmembrane structure requires multiple and coordinated conformational changes. the pr ...201020213558
cholesterol-binding toxins and anti-cholesterol antibodies as structural probes for cholesterol localization.cholesterol is one of the major constituents of mammalian cell membranes. it plays an indispensable role in regulating the structure and function of cell membranes and affects the pathology of various diseases. in recent decades much attention has been paid to the existence of membrane microdomains, generally termed lipid "rafts", and cholesterol, along with sphingolipids, is thought to play a critical role in raft structural organization and function. cholesterol-binding probes are likely to pr ...201020213560
hemolysis induced by bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase.bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (bc-smase) induces hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes which contain large amounts of sphingomyelin. we investigated the mechanism of this hemolysis in comparison to that induced by clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. pertussis toxin, a gi-specific inhibitor, n-oleoylethernolamine, a ceramidase inhibitor, and dihydrosphingosine, a sphingosine kinase inhibitor, did not inhibit the hemolysis by bc-smase, but did inhibit that by alpha-toxin. bc-smase broadly bound to w ...201020214877
transcriptional regulation of hemo encoding heme oxygenase in clostridium perfringens.a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen, clostridium perfringens, causes clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene in humans by producing numerous extracellular toxins and enzymes that act in concert to degrade host tissues. the ability of infectious bacteria to acquire sufficient iron during infection is essential for the pathogen to cause disease. in the c. perfringens strain 13 genome, a heme oxygenase gene homologue (cpe0214, hemo) was found and its role was examined. the purified recombinant hemo ...201020221736
purification and characterization of a clostripain-like protease from a recombinant clostridium perfringens culture.clostridium perfringens produces a homologue of clostripain (clo), the arginine-specific endopeptidase of clostridium histolyticum. to determine the biochemical and biological properties of the c. perfringens homologue (clp), it was purified from the culture supernatant of a recombinant c. perfringens strain by cation-exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration. analysis by sds-page, n-terminal amino acid sequencing and tof mass spectrometry revealed that clp consists of two polypeptides compris ...201019850615
resistance to linezolid in a porcine clostridium perfringens strain carrying a mutation in the rpld gene encoding the ribosomal protein l4.coresistance to human reserve antibiotics can be selected by antibiotics used in veterinary medicine. a clostridium perfringens strain isolated from pig manure was resistant to the reserve drug linezolid and, simultaneously, resistant against florfenicol and erythromycin. we detected a new mutation in a highly conserved region of rpld, encoding protein l4 of the 50s ribosomal subunit. this is the first genetic substantiation of linezolid resistance in the genus clostridium.201020065060
in vitro production of necrotic enteritis toxin b, netb, by netb-positive and netb-negative clostridium perfringens originating from healthy and diseased broiler chickens.the clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis toxin b, netb, was recently proposed as a new key virulence factor for the development of necrotic enteritis (ne) in broilers. the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of the netb gene and the in vitro production of the netb toxin in a well characterized collection of 48 c. perfringens type a isolates, obtained from danish broiler flocks. the investigation revealed netb gene prevalences of approx. 50% and 60% among isolates from ...201020092968
a claudin-4 modulator enhances the mucosal absorption of a biologically active peptide.biologics, such as peptides, proteins and nucleic acids, are emerging pharmaceuticals. passage across the epithelium is the first step in the absorption of biologics. tight junctions (tj) function as seals between adjacent epithelial cells, preventing free movement of solutes across the epithelium. we previously found that modulation of a key tj component, claudin-4, is a potent method to enhance jejunal absorption when we used dextran as a model drug and the c-terminal fragment of clostridium p ...201020096266
desialylation of insulin receptors and igf-1 receptors by neuraminidase-1 controls the net proliferative response of l6 myoblasts to insulin.we recently established that the subunit of cell surface-residing elastin receptor, neuraminidase-1 (neu1), can desialylate adjacent insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (igf-1r) of arterial smooth muscle cells, thereby quenching their proliferative response to insulin-like growth factor ii. in this study, we explored whether neu1 would also desialylate the insulin receptors (ir), as well as the igf-1r on rat skeletal l6 myoblasts, and whether desialylation of ir and igf-1r would affect a net ...201020100694
human enteric viruses in groundwater indicate offshore transport of human sewage to coral reefs of the upper florida keys.to address the issue of human sewage reaching corals along the main reef of the florida keys, samples were collected from surface water, groundwater and coral [surface mucopolysaccharide layers (sml)] along a 10 km transect near key largo, fl. samples were collected semi-annually between july 2003 and september 2005 and processed for faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform bacteria, enterococci and clostridium perfringens) and human-specific enteric viruses (enterovirus rna and adenovirus dna ...201020105219
release of glycoprotein (gp1) from the tegumental surface of taenia solium by phospholipase c from clostridium perfringens suggests a novel protein-anchor to membranes.in order to explore how molecules are linked to the membrane surface in larval taenia solium, whole cysticerci were incubated in the presence of phospholipase c from clostridium perfringens (plc). released material was collected and analyzed in polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate. two major bands with apparent molecular weights of 180 and 43 kda were observed. western blot of released material and localization assays in cysticerci tissue sections using antibodies against five known s ...201020130782
presence of zoonotic pathogens in physico-chemically characterized manures from hog finishing houses using different production systems.hog production has been intensified in eastern canada, by 50% over the last 20years. wastes are now managed with conventional production systems (slatted floor), litter systems or source separation systems. we studied the presence of total and fecal coliforms, campylobacter, clostridium perfringens, enterococcus, escherichia coli, salmonella, yersinia enterocolitica, giardia and cryptosporidium in the manure of all of these production systems. the concentrations of the studied zoonotic pathogens ...201020133124
prevalence of diarrhea and enteropathogens in racing sled dogs.diarrhea is highly prevalent in racing sled dogs, although the underlying causes are poorly understood. hypothesis: clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and clostridium difficile toxin a and b are associated with diarrhea in racing sled dogs.201019925573
eimeria macusaniensis associated lesions in neonate alpacas dying from enterotoxemia.histopathological analysis of 108 intestine samples (103 grossly affected ileum and 5 jejunum) taken from clostridium-induced neonatal alpaca (vicugna pacos) enterotoxemia mortalities collected in the departments of arequipa, puno and cusco of southern peru during the 2005-2008 birth seasons (january-march), revealed the presence of large numbers of both asexual and sexual stages of eimeria macusaniensis in 33/108 (30.55%) of the samples with moderate to severe necrotized and/or hemorrhagic ente ...201019926224
reliability of mcp method for identification of clostridium perfringens from faecal polluted aquatic environments.the purpose of the work was to evaluate the mcp method to correctly identify and enumerate clostridium perfringens that are present in surface waters impacted by a mixture of faecal pollution sources.201019929952
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