Publications

antibacterial activity of the broad bean extracts on resistant bacteria.	the antimicrobial activities of four different extracts (ethanol, methanol, distilled water and 2-methylbutan-1-01) obtained from different parts of broad bean (vicia faba l.) such as flowers, leaves, seeds and seed hulls and were tested against bacillus subtilis, serratia marcescens, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella peneumoniua, shigella sp. and micrococcus pyogenes. better antimicrobial activity was observed with the leaves of broad bean sterile distilled water extract with ...	2007	19069508
the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of shigella sp. recovered from patients admitted to bouali hospital, tehran, iran during 1999-2001.	the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of serotypes and antibiotic resistance in shigella spp. isolated from patients admitted to bouali hospital, tehran, iran during 1999 to 2001. all cases of shigellosis that were diagnosed according to their clinical pictures and microbial cultures were included in current study. patients' age ranged from 12 to 89 years. overall, 52 patients (56%) and 41(44%) were males and female, respectively. from a total of 90 shigella isolates, 40 st ...	2007	19070104
epidemiology of shigella-associated diarrhea in gorgan, north of iran.	shigella is an important etiological agent for diarrhea and especially dysentery. shigellosis is an intestinal infection that is a major public health problem in many developing countries. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of shigella and its various species in diarrheal samples in gorgan located in the north of iran.	2007	19858629
in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from plants bryophyllum pinnatum and kalanchoe crenata.	extracts from the leaves of bryophyllum pinnatum and kalanchoe crenata were screened for their antimicrobial activities. solvents used included water, methanol, and local solvents such as palmwine, local gin (seaman's schnapps 40% alcoholic drink,) and "omi ekan-ogi" (sour water from 3 days fermented milled maize). leaves were dried and powdered before being soaked in solvents for 3 days. another traditional method of extraction by squeezing raw juice from the leaves was also employed. all extra ...	2007	20161897
bacterial colitis.	bacterial colitis results in an inflammatory-type diarrhea that is characterized by bloody, purulent, and mucoid stool. these diseases have been designated as bacterial hemorrhagic enterocolitis. associated symptoms include fever, tenesmus, and severe abdominal pain. the pathologic changes range from superficial exudative enterocolitis to a transmural enterocolitis with ulceration. common pathologic bacteria causing bacterial colitis include campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, escherichia, and ...	2007	20011357
comparative sequence analysis of acid sensitive/resistance proteins in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri.	the molecular basis for the survival of bacteria under extreme conditions in which growth is inhibited is a question of great current interest. a preliminary study was carried out to determine residue pattern conservation among the antiporters of enteric bacteria, responsible for extreme acid sensitivity especially in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. here we found the molecular evidence that proved the relationship between e. coli and s. flexneri. multiple sequence alignment of the gadc c ...	2007	21670792
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (mimosaceae).	ethyl acetate (ea) extract of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (cg) was analysed phytochemically and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against 17 pathogenic species isolated from patient: escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, proteus mirabilis, salmonella typhi, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter agglomerans, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus feacalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa ...	2006	20162076
evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of different parts of citrus aurantifolia (lime fruit) as used locally.	we investigated the potency of citrus aurantifolia (lime fruit), against pathogens, in the different forms in which this fruit plant is used locally (juice of the fruit, burnt rind of the fruit commonly known as "epa-ijebu" in the yoruba dialect) and the oil obtained from steam distillation of the fruit. the antimicrobial activity of "epa-ijebu" in different solvents was also compared. the solvents include palm-wine (a local alcoholic drink tapped from palm trees), seaman's schnapps 40% alcoholi ...	2006	20162090
production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for escherichia coli o157:h7.	seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for escherichia coli o157:h7, one of the major causes of haemorrhagic colitis in humans, were produced by immunising balb/c mice with the strain e. coli o157:h7. these monoclonal antibodies do not cross-react with other bacteria such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, e. coli o14, e. coli jm109, s. enterica serovar enteritidis, s. panama, s. saintpaul, s. derby, s. muenchen, s. bredeney, s. hadar, yersinia enterocolitica, proteus vulgaris, shi ...	2006	20429059
antimicrobial resistence of shigella species isolated during 2004 and 2005 from selected sites in zimbabwe.	to determine the predominant serotype and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of shigella isolates during 2004 and 2005 in zimbabwe.	2006	20353132
antifungal and antibacterial activities of mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida).	mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida cv. asteraceae: campanulatae) is an important, nutritious plant and an effective herbal medicine. seven coumarins, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (4), umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) (5), scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) (7), esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) (11), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (12), herniarin (7-methoxycoumarin) (13), and scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin) (14), and three flavonoids, patuletin (18), quercetin (19), and quercetagetin (20), were iso ...	2006	19127719
rapid allelic exchange in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) and other e. coli using lambda red recombination.	this unit describes an allelic exchange system for enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec), and similar pathogenic species of bacteria. the phage lambda red recombination system is expressed from a plasmid, inducing a hyper-recombinogenic state where electroporated pcr-generated substrates recombine with the bacterial chromosome at high efficiency. the technique can be used to substitute a drug marker for the gene of interest, or used to generate a clean in-frame deletion of the target gene. single gen ...	2006	18770591
death from multi-resistant shigelloses: a case study from fiji.	death from shigellosis is rare in developed countries, however it causes over a million deaths in developing countries worldwide annually. death from shigellosis is rare in fiji. however, the global problem of emerging multi-drug resistance raises some issues about the management of shigellosis in this country. within fiji, shigella is a notifiable disease. the fiji ministry of health recorded 68 cases of shigella in 1996, 173 cases in 1997 and 334 cases in 1998 (no data available for 1999). the ...	2006	18181399
[clinical characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing shigella sonnei infection outbreaked in chungju area.].	an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing shigella sonnei enteritis, especially in pediatric populations, was unprecedented not only in korea, but also throughout the world in the past. this study was intended to devise a management guideline for shigellosis caused by an esbl-producing strain based on analysis of the clinical manifestations and response to therapy.	2006	18156720
antimicrobial resistance among salmonella and shigella isolates in five canadian provinces (1997 to 2000).	to describe rates of antimicrobial resistance (amr) among salmonella and shigella isolates reported in five canadian provinces, focusing on clinically important antimicrobials.	2006	18382635
rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by shigella: the yin and yang of innate immunity.	shigella is a gram-negative bacterial species of the family enterobacteriaceae that causes bacillary dysentery in humans. this acute colitis reflects the capacity of the microorganism to disrupt, invade and cause the inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium. the pathogenesis of the shigella infection can be seen as a disruption of the homeostatic balance that protects the gut against inflammation in the presence of its commensal flora. this provides the unified view that enteroinvas ...	2006	18418486
[prevalence of the bacteria causing diarrea in a rosario hospital, argentina].	bacterial agents causing diarrea in patients attended in a hospital of rosario, argentina. the frequency of bacterial agents causing diarrhea can vary in patients of different areas, and through the time. in an epidemiological surveillance we studied 304 patients with diarrheal diseases looking for salmonella enterica, shigella spp, campylobacter spp, aeromonas spp, yersinia enterocolitica, and diarrheogenic escherichia coli. c. jejuni was isolated in 30 patients (9,9 %), salmonella in 18 (5,9 % ...	2006	17639815
shigella applies molecular mimicry to subvert vinculin and invade host cells.	shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, injects invasin proteins through a type iii secretion apparatus upon contacting the host cell, which triggers pathogen internalization. the invasin ipaa is essential for s. flexneri pathogenesis and binds to the cytoskeletal protein vinculin to facilitate host cell entry. we report that ipaa harbors two vinculin-binding sites (vbss) within its c-terminal domain that bind to and activate vinculin in a mutually exclusive fashion. only ...	2006	17088427
microbiology. bacterial bushwacking through a microtubule jungle.		2006	17095683
microtubule-severing activity of shigella is pivotal for intercellular spreading.	some pathogenic bacteria actually invade the cytoplasm of their target host cells. invasive bacteria acquire the propulsive force to move by recruiting actin and inducing its polymerization. here we show that shigella movement within the cytoplasm was severely hindered by microtubules and that the bacteria destroyed surrounding microtubules by secreting vira by means of the type iii secretion system. degradation of microtubules by vira was dependent on its alpha-tubulin-specific cysteine proteas ...	2006	17095701
genetic characterization of multidrug resistance in shigella spp. from japan.	this study characterized the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance of a number of shigella spp. isolated from humans from 2000 to 2004 in hiroshima prefecture, japan. a total of 26 isolates of shigella spp. were included in this study. antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed high levels of resistance, especially to ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. pcr and dna sequencing were used for screening and characterization of antibiotic-resis ...	2006	17108272
structural studies of the o-antigenic polysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae type 3 and escherichia coli o124, a reinvestigation.	the structures of the o-antigenic part of the lipopolysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae type 3 and escherichia coli o124 have been reinvestigated. (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy in combination with selected 2d nmr techniques were used to determine the o-antigen pentasaccharide repeating units with the following structure: [see text]. from biosynthetic considerations this should also be the biological repeating unit. the structures of the repeating units also explain the previously observed ...	2006	17081507
disinfection of sludge with high pathogenic content using silver and other compounds.	a physicochemical sludge with high microbial content (10(2)-10(4) fpu/g ts bacteriophages, 10(6)-10(7) mpn/g ts faecal coliforms, 10(4) mpn/g ts salmonella spp., 10(4) mpn/g ts shigella spp., 10(3) mpn/g ts pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10(2) mpn/g ts vibrio cholerae, 10(2)-10(3) cysts/g ts giardia sp., 10(2)-10(4) oocyts/g ts cryptosporidium sp., 168-215 viable helminth ova/g ts) was disinfected using silver, silver-copper, and silver-copper plus a synergistic agent (sa). twenty milligrams ag/g ts in ...	2006	17087384
direct detection of bacterial faecal indicators in water samples using pcr.	the presence of enteric pathogens in water resources represents a serious risk for public health. therefore, their precise detection, and especially detection of e. coli, which is obviously regarded as the main indicator of faecal contamination of water, is an essential step in ensuring bacterial safety of water. numerous pcr protocols for detection of e. coli have been published to date. they are usually based on amplification of regions derived from lacz (beta-d-galactosidase) and uida (beta-d ...	2006	17037144
[rapid detection of pseudomonas aeruginosa by the fluorescence quantitative pcr assay targeting 16s rdna].	the 16s rdna specific primers were designed for rapid detection of pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) by the fluorescence quantitative pcr (fq-pcr) assay, based upon multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis of the 16s rdnas of over 20 bacteria. after extraction of pa genomic dna, the target 16s rdna fragment was amplified by pcr with specific primers, and used to construct recombinant pmdt-pfr plasmid, the dilution gradients of which were subjected to the standard quantitation curve i ...	2006	17037203
wavelet analysis of dna walks.	a wavelet transform of the dna "walk" constructed from a genomic sequence offers a direct visualization of short and long-range patterns in nucleotide sequences. we study sequences that encode diverse biological functions, taken from a variety of genomes. pattern irregularities in the transform are frequently associated with sequences of biological interest. exonic regions, for example, visualize differently under wavelet analysis than introns, and ribosomal rna regions display distinct universa ...	2006	17037959
a field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce of domestic and mexican origin.	produce is responsible for an increasingly larger proportion of foodborne disease outbreaks. in particular, the globalization of the food supply may introduce new food safety risks and allow widespread distribution of contaminated food, particularly produce. the objectives of this study were to: (i) compare the overall quality of domestic and mexican produce throughout the packing process; (ii) examine changes in microbiological quality of both domestic and mexican produce at each stage of produ ...	2006	17045687
enterobacterial 38-kda outer membrane protein is an age-dependent molecular marker of innate immunity and immunoglobulin deficiency as results from its reactivity with igg and iga antibody.	in earlier studies on an animal model we observed protective properties of outer membrane proteins (omps) of shigella, hafnia, and escherichia coli strains. in order to investigate human sera for reactivity with omps we subjected these proteins to immunoblotting with umbilical cord plasma and sera from children and adults. the igg and iga antibodies interacted primarily with a 38-kda protein, in similar way for several enterobacterial strains, but different for pseudomonas aeruginosa. this obser ...	2006	17064276
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella species in asmara, eritrea, northeast africa.	diarrheal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. of the bacterial causes of dysentery, shigella are the major enteropathogens with outbreak potential and common development of antimicrobial resistance. this study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of different spp. of shigella in asmara, eritrea.	2006	17066201
shigella sonnei outbreak among homosexual men, london.		2006	17073105
[amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping of shigellae and comparison to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and colicin typing].	shigella is an etiological agent of communicable and food-borne disease worldwide, so it is important to develop typing for shigella in epidemiological studies. we compared amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), molecular epidemiological typing, to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and colicin typing in typeability, reproducibility, discriminatory power, ease of interpretation, and ease of use for 51 shigella isolates to determine aflp applicability to shigella. aflp showed less re ...	2006	17073265
ce to monitor endotoxins by protein complexation.	a new ce method for fast and efficient analysis of bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) is described. it is based on the strong interaction between proteins and endotoxins. the uv absorption of the protein component in the complex is used for the detection. the electrophoretic mobility of the complex hemoglobin/endotoxin can be employed for qualitative analysis of the endotoxin. for instance, the structural differences between "smooth" and "rough" lipopolysaccharides from salmonella minnes ...	2006	17075946
immunoproteome analysis of soluble and membrane proteins of shigella flexneri 2457t.	to profile the immunogenic proteins of shigella flexneri (s. flexneri) expressed during human infection using a proteomic approach.	2006	17075984
13c nmr spectroscopy of core heme carbons as a simple tool to elucidate the coordination state of ferric high-spin heme proteins.	evidence is presented demonstrating that the magnitudes of the 13c chemical shifts originating from heme meso carbons provide a straightforward diagnostic tool to elucidate the coordination state of high-spin heme proteins and enzymes. pentacoordinate high-spin heme centers exhibit 13c meso shifts centered at approximately 250 ppm, whereas their hexacoordinate counterparts exhibit 13c shifts centered at approximately -80 ppm. the relatively small spectral window (400 to -100 ppm) covering the me ...	2006	17054345
distribution of shigella enterotoxin genes and secreted autotransporter toxin gene among diverse species and serotypes of shigella isolated from andaman islands, india.	we studied the prevalence and distribution of the newly described genes for shigella enterotoxins (shet1 and shet2, encoded by set and sen genes) and secreted auto-transporter toxin (encoded by sat gene) in clinical isolates from the andaman islands, india. a total of 153 shigella isolates obtained from hospitalized patients during 1994-2004 were analysed. these isolates included all the four species of shigella (s. dyseteriae-29, s. flexneri-75, s. sonnei-38, s. boydii-5) that belonged to diver ...	2006	17054749
the bacterial weaponry: lessons from shigella.	shigella, a gram-negative bacterial species of the family enterobacteriaceae, causes bacillary dysentery in humans, an acute rectocolitis that reflects the capacity of the microorganism to disrupt, invade, and cause the inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium. here, the pathogenesis of shigella infection is analyzed in the context of the disruption of the homeostatic balance that protects the gut against inflammation in the presence of its commensal flora. thus a unified view by wh ...	2006	17057210
metalloantibiotics: synthesis, characterization and in-vitro antibacterial studies on cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes with cloxacillin.	the synthesis and characterization of cloxacillin (clox) complexes with divalent metal ions [co (ii), cu (ii), ni (ii) and zn (ii)] is described. the nature of bonding of the chelated cloxacillin and the structures of the metal complexes have been elucidated on the basis of their physical and spectroscopic data. in all the complexes, the cloxacillin acts as a uninegatively charged bidentate ligand with coordination involving the carboxylate-o and endocyclic-n of the beta-lactam ring. the new com ...	2006	17059178
transcriptional slippage controls production of type iii secretion apparatus components in shigella flexneri.	during transcription, series of approximately 9 as or ts can direct rna polymerase to incorporate into the mrna nucleotides not encoded by the dna, changing the reading frame downstream from the slippage site. we detected series of 9 or 10 as in spa13, spa33 and mxia encoding type iii secretion apparatus components. analysis of cdnas indicated that transcriptional slippage occurs in spa13, mxia and spa33. changes in the reading frame were confirmed by using plasmids carrying slippage sites in th ...	2006	17059566
identification of essential loops and residues of glucosyltransferase v (gtrv) of shigella flexneri.	lipopolysaccharide (lps), particularly the o-antigen component, is one of many virulence determinants necessary for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. o-antigen modification is mediated by glucosyltransferase (gtr) genes encoded by temperate serotype-converting bacteriophages. the gtrv and gtrx genes encode the gtrv and gtrx glucosyltransferases, respectively. these are integral membrane proteins, which catalyze the transfer of a glucosyl residue via an alpha1,3 linkage to rhamnose ii and rhamnose ...	2006	17060158
ipaa targets beta1 integrins and rho to promote actin cytoskeleton rearrangements necessary for shigella entry.	shigella invasion into the colonic epithelium involves many steps including the formation of large membrane protrusions by the epithelial cells that facilitate bacterial engulfment. ipaa, a shigella protein secreted into target cells upon cell contact induces a loss of actin stress fibers in cells and promotes the reorganization of actin at the site of entry. the mechanism for this is not known but is thought to involve recruitment of the focal adhesion protein vinculin to ipaa. here we have exa ...	2006	17060328
rna-templated chemistry in cells: discrimination of escherichia, shigella and salmonella bacterial strains with a new two-color fret strategy.		2006	17031884
[the electron microscopic study of cell-to-cell interactions between antagonistic microorganisms].	the electron microscopic study of thin sections and positively stained specimens of cells taken from particular cocultures of lactobacillus acidophilus d75, lactobacillus casei yit 9018, shigella flexnery 2a, bacillus subtilis atcc 6633, and staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923 (some of these bacteria are antagonistic to others) showed the presence of specific ultrastructural elements indicating cell specialization and cooperation. the responses of antagonistic bacteria manifested themselves at the ...	2006	17025183
identification and characterization of "pathoadaptive mutations" of the cadba operon in several intestinal escherichia coli.	the dysenteric shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) have evolved from commensal e. coli by the acquisition of a virulence plasmid and inactivation of genes of the cad locus encoding lysine decarboxylase (ldc) by so-called pathoadaptive mutation. as horizontal gene transfer and recombination occurs frequently in e. coli we were interested to see if similar pathoadaptive mutations are commonly present in other intestinal pathotypes. therefore, we examined 140 intestinal e. coli ...	2006	17027337
bacterial aetiology of diarrhoea in young children: high prevalence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) not belonging to the classical epec serogroups.	diarrhoeal disease continues to be one of the most common causes of admittance in children hospital emergency. the aim of the present study was to investigate the relative contribution of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (epec and ehec, respectively) as a cause of infectious bacterial diarrhoea in children from the region of toulouse. we analysed 280 samples of stools from 280 children (<2 years) with diarrhoea admitted in the "hopital des enfants" from january to august 2 ...	2006	17030460
high vaccine efficacy against shigellosis of recombinant noninvasive shigella mutant that expresses yersinia invasin.	live attenuated shigella vaccines elicit protective immune responses, but involve a potential risk of inducing a strong inflammatory reaction. the bacterial invasiveness that is crucial for ag delivery causes inflammatory destruction of infected epithelial cells and proinflammatory cell death of infected macrophages. in this study, the noninvasive shigella mutant deltaipab was equipped with yersinia invasin protein, which has been shown to mediate bacterial invasion and targeting to m cells loca ...	2006	16982910
[development of a gold-immunochromatography test for rapid detecting e. coli o157].	to develop a method for rapid detecting escherichia coli (e. coli) o157 on site.	2006	16986519
quinine sulfate inhibits invasion of salmonella typhimurium and shigella flexneri: a preliminary study.		2006	16987134
usefulness of inter-is1 spacer polymorphisms for subtyping of shigella sonnei isolates.	shigella sonnei contains numerous is1 elements. the existence of polymorphisms in the length of the inter-is1 spacer is a basis for the development of a pcr-based method for the subtyping of s. sonnei strains. the usefulness of inter-is1 spacer typing (ist) was evaluated and compared with that of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) by characterization of s. sonnei isolates from epidemiologically nonrelated cases and outbreaks and of isolates that were indistinguishable by pfge and that were ...	2006	16988023
ospf and ospc1 are shigella flexneri type iii secretion system effectors that are required for postinvasion aspects of virulence.	shigella flexneri is the causative agent of dysentery, and its pathogenesis is mediated by a type iii secretion system (t3ss). s. flexneri secretes effector proteins into the eukaryotic cell via the t3ss, and these proteins usurp host cellular functions to the benefit of the bacteria. ospf and ospc1 are known to be secreted by s. flexneri, but their functions are unknown. we transformed s. flexneri with a plasmid that expresses a two-hemagglutinin tag (2ha) in frame with ospf or ospc1 and verifi ...	2006	16988276
an extensive repertoire of type iii secretion effectors in escherichia coli o157 and the role of lambdoid phages in their dissemination.	several pathogenic strains of escherichia coli exploit type iii secretion to inject "effector proteins" into human cells, which then subvert eukaryotic cell biology to the bacterium's advantage. we have exploited bioinformatics and experimental approaches to establish that the effector repertoire in the sakai strain of enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) o157:h7 is much larger than previously thought. homology searches led to the identification of >60 putative effector genes. thirteen of these were ...	2006	16990433
risk factors for shigellosis in thailand.	to assess the potential risk factors for shigellosis including housefly density.	2006	16997593
different additional risk factors for cerebral infarctions associated with the factor v leiden mutation in a family.	several cases with cerebral infarctions associated with the factor v leiden mutation have been reported. however, bearing in mind the large number of asymptomatic individuals with the factor v leiden mutation, additional risk factors for cerebral infarctions should be considered. in this report, two siblings with cerebral infarctions associated with a combination of heterozygous factor v leiden mutation and different additional exogenous and endogenous thrombogenic risk factors are described. re ...	2006	17005112
crystal structure of the diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase from shigella flexneri 2a.		2006	17006950
general practitioner practices in requesting laboratory tests for patients with gastroenteritis in the netherlands, 2001-2002.	the objective of this study was to estimate the (selective) proportion of patients consulting their gp for an episode of gastroenteritis for whom laboratory tests were requested. in addition adherence of gps to the guidelines for diagnostic test regime was ascertained.	2006	17014713
induction of expression of hfq by dksa is essential for shigella flexneri virulence.	hfq plays an important role in cellular physiology by regulating the expression of several genes. hfq synthesis in escherichia coli is subject to auto-repression at translational level. studies with shigella flexneri show that hfq transcription is regulated by a pleiotropic regulator, dksa. comparison of gene expression profiles of wild type and dksa mutant s. flexneri determined that hfq expression was reduced in the dksa mutant. as dksa is required for stress resistance and plaque formation in ...	2006	17020583
development of a serotype-specific dna microarray for identification of some shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli strains.	shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli are major causes of human infectious diseases and are responsible for millions of cases of diarrhea worldwide every year. a convenient and rapid method to identify highly pathogenic serotypes of shigella and e. coli is needed for large-scale epidemiologic study, timely clinical diagnosis, and reliable quarantine of the pathogens. in this study, a dna microarray targeting o-serotype-specific genes was developed to detect 15 serotypes of shigella and e. col ...	2006	17021058
evaluation of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterobacteriaceae.	we evaluated the accuracy of the bd phoenix system for the identification (id) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of 251 isolates of the family enterobacteriaceae representing 31 species. organisms were inoculated onto the phoenix panel according to the manufacturer's instructions. the results from conventional biochemical tests were used for the reference method for id. agar dilution, performed according to the clsi guidelines, was the reference ast method. essential and categorical ...	2006	17021074
outbreaks of multidrug-resistant shigella sonnei gastroenteritis associated with day care centers--kansas, kentucky, and missouri, 2005.	infection with shigella sonnei that is resistant to antibiotics commonly used in pediatric practice has become more common during the past decade. in 2005, kansas, kentucky, and missouri reported increases in shigellosis cases associated with day care centers caused predominantly by multidrug-resistant (mdr) (i.e., resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [tmp/smx]) strains of s. sonnei. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns for isolates from kansas and missouri were ...	2006	17021592
structure of yidb protein from shigella flexneri shows a new fold with homeodomain motif.		2006	16927377
use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for comparison of similar but distinguishable isolates of shigella sonnei collected in ireland and italy.	comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns (generated with xbai and blni) of shigella sonnei isolates from ireland and italy suggests that two possibly distantly related lineages are present in both countries. smaller, more closely related groups, including isolates from ireland and italy, were also noted. these groups raise the possibility that the dissemination of clonal groups of s. sonnei may have occurred in recent years.	2006	16928969
verotoxin-1 induction of apoptosis in gb3-expressing human glioma cell lines.	the aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptosis induction of verotoxin-1 (vt-1) in human glioma cell lines. vt-1 is a member of the shiga-toxin family expressed by some serotypes of escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae. shiga-toxins have been shown to induce apoptosis by binding to its membrane receptor gb3. the human glioma cell lines sf-767, u-343 mg, and u-251 mg were studied together with bt4c, a rat glioma cell line. cells were first screened for gb3 ex ...	2006	16929170
structural and genetic characterization of shigella boydii type 17 o antigen and confirmation of two new genes involved in the synthesis of glucolactilic acid.	shigella strains are human pathogens and normally identified based on their o antigens. the chemical structure and gene cluster of shigella boydii type 17 o antigen were studied. as judged by sugar and methylation analyses along with nmr spectroscopy data, the o antigen of s. boydii type 17 has a linear trisaccharide o unit, which consists of two residues of n-acetylgalactosamine (galnac) and a 4-o-[(r)-1-carboxyethyl]-d-glucose (glucolactilic acid). the o antigen gene cluster of s. boydii type ...	2006	16930547
[sequence of escherichia coli o11 o-antigen gene cluster and identification of molecular markers specific to o11].	escherichia coli o11 belongs to shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), which can cause food-borne disease, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus) in humans. because of its character of specificity, the o-antigen gene cluster provides the best material for the selection of molecular markers which can be used for rapid genotyping of bacterial strain. in this study, the e.coli o11 o-antigen gene cluster was amplified by long-range pcr and was sequenced using shotgun-sequen ...	2006	16933598
study of hand hygiene and enteroparasite infestation among food handlers working in a medical college of north india.	the present study was conducted to assess: 1) prevalence of enteroparasite infestation among food handlers working in food service establishments located in the campus of a medical college, 2) presence of enteric organisms on their hands and nails and their hand washing practices. a total of 151 food handlers were interviewed regarding their socio-demographic and professional characteristics. their hand washing practices were also observed. stool examination for enteroparasites and stool culture ...	2006	16933748
reciprocal transcriptional and posttranscriptional growth-phase-dependent expression of sfh, a gene that encodes a paralogue of the nucleoid-associated protein h-ns.	the inchi1 self-transmissible plasmid psf-r27 from shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t harbors sfh, a gene that codes for a protein with strong amino acid sequence homology to the global transcription regulator and nucleoid-associated protein h-ns and to its paralogue, stpa. previously, we discovered that the expression of sfh mrna is growth phase dependent such that in cultures growing in lennox broth at 37 degrees c, the transcript is readily detectable in the early stages of exponential growth ...	2006	16936022
enterotoxigenic escherichia coli causing cholerogenic syndrome during an interepidemic period of cholera in north india.	a study was undertaken to look for heat-labile enterotoxin producing escherichia coli (lt-etec) in patients with acute watery diarrhea resembling cholera in chandigarh in north india. two periods were selected, an interepidemic (2001) and an epidemic (2002) period. heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) was detected using reverse passive latex agglutination test. lt-etec strains were serotyped and antimicrobial susceptibility was studied. lt-etec was detected in 16 of 21 stool samples during 2001. other o ...	2006	16936343
shigellosis in kobe city, japan, after school excursion to malaysia and singapore.		2006	16936352
shigella sonnei outbreak among japanese travelers returning from hawaii.		2006	16936358
current status of anti-diarrheal and anti-secretory drugs in the management of acute childhood diarrhea.	each year 1.8 million children die due to diarrheal diseases. indiscriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. moreover the recent outbreaks of shigella and cholera have revealed multi-drug resistance strains. there is a need for review of recommended antibiotics for shigellosis. from recent data it emerges that fluoroquinolones should be the first line of therapy and cephalosporins to be used as the second line. among the anti-cholera antibio ...	2006	16936364
effect of lactoferrin on enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec).	we previously demonstrated that lactoferrin inhibits adherence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli to hep-2 cells and decreases invasiveness of shigella flexneri in hela cells by disruption of the type iii secretory system (ttss) of both enteropathogens. to determine whether these effects were specific to the ttss, we assessed the activity of bovine lactoferrin on enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec), enteropathogens whose virulence is not ttss dependent. bovine lactoferrin at a concentration of 1. ...	2006	16936809
modulation of phosphoinositide metabolism by pathogenic bacteria.	phosphoinositide metabolism plays a pivotal role in the regulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction, actin remodelling and membrane dynamics. phosphoinositides co-ordinate these processes by recruiting protein effectors to distinct cellular membranes in a time- and organelle-dependent manner. intracellular bacterial pathogens interfere with phosphoinositide metabolism to direct their entry into eukaryotic cells, form replication-permissive vacuoles, modulate apoptosis, or trigger fluid s ...	2006	16939534
the use of comparative genomic hybridization to characterize genome dynamics and diversity among the serotypes of shigella.	compelling evidence indicates that shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery, as well as enteroinvasive escherichia coli, are derived from multiple origins of escherichia coli and form a single pathovar. to further understand the genome diversity and virulence evolution of shigella, comparative genomic hybridization microarray analysis was employed to compare the gene content of e. coli k-12 with those of 43 shigella strains from all lineages.	2006	16939645
complete nucleotide sequence of pk245, a 98-kilobase plasmid conferring quinolone resistance and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase activity in a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae isolate.	a plasmid containing the qnrs quinolone resistance determinant and the gene encoding the shv-2 beta-lactamase has been discovered from a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated in taiwan. the complete 98-kb sequence of this plasmid, designated pk245, was determined by using a whole-genome shotgun approach. transfer of pk245 conferred low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in electroporant escherichia coli epi300. the sequence of the immediate region surrounding qnrs in pk245 is nearly i ...	2006	16940067
mobilizable incq-related plasmid carrying a new quinolone resistance gene, qnrs2, isolated from the bacterial community of a wastewater treatment plant.	plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance was previously reported for different bacteria isolated from patients not only in the united states and asia but also in europe. here we describe the isolation, by applying a new selection strategy, of the quinolone resistance plasmid pgnb2 from an activated sludge bacterial community of a wastewater treatment plant in germany. the hypersensitive escherichia coli strain kam3 carrying a mutation in the multidrug efflux system genes acrab was transformed with t ...	2006	16940104
diarrhea etiology in a children's hospital emergency department: a prospective cohort study.	we evaluated the frequency of recovery of pathogens from children with diarrhea who presented to a pediatric emergency department and characterized the associated illnesses, to develop guidelines for performing a bacterial enteric culture.	2006	16941358
[ultrastructural changes in shigella flexneri cells during interaction with bacteriocinogenic lactobacillus acidophilus].	results of electron-microscopic examination of shigella flexneri cells, subjected to influence the bacteriocin-producing lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria are presented. the response of shigellae to bacteriocinogenic lactobacilli was shown both on cellular and population levels. on population level the correlation of various morphological types of shigella cells with increase of involution, lysing and resting forms is revealed. at a cellular level the specific ultrastructural changes of shigell ...	2006	16941871
expression, limited proteolysis and preliminary crystallographic analysis of ipad, a component of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system.	ipad, the putative needle-tip protein of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system, has been overexpressed and purified. crystals were grown of the native protein in space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 55.9, b = 100.7, c = 112.0 a, and data were collected to 2.9 a resolution. analysis of the native patterson map revealed a peak at 50% of the origin on the harker section v = 0.5, suggesting twofold non-crystallographic symmetry parallel to the b crystallographic axis. a ...	2006	16946465
high resolution structure of bipd: an invasion protein associated with the type iii secretion system of burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkoldheria pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium that possesses a protein secretion system similar to those found in salmonella and shigella. recent work has indicated that the protein encoded by the bipd gene of b. pseudomallei is an important secreted virulence factor. bipd is similar in sequence to ipad from shigella and sipd from salmonella and is therefore likely to be a translocator protein in the type-iii secretion system of b. pseudomallei. the crystal structure of bipd has been so ...	2006	16950399
characterization of ferric and ferrous iron transport systems in vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae has multiple iron acquisition systems, including tonb-dependent transport of heme and of the catechol siderophore vibriobactin. strains defective in both of these systems grow well in laboratory media and in the infant mouse intestine, indicating the presence of additional iron acquisition systems. previously uncharacterized potential iron transport systems, including a homologue of the ferrous transporter feo and a periplasmic binding protein-dependent atp binding cassette (abc) ...	2006	16952942
shigella as a foodborne pathogen and current methods for detection in food.	shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis or "bacillary dysentery," has been increasingly involved in foodborne outbreaks. according to the centers for disease control and prevention's emerging infections program, foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet), shigella was the third most reported foodborne bacterial pathogen in 2002. foods are most commonly contaminated with shigella by an infected food handler who practices poor personal hygiene. shigella is acid resistant, salt t ...	2006	16954064
visible-light-induced bactericidal activity of a nitrogen-doped titanium photocatalyst against human pathogens.	the antibacterial activity of photocatalytic titanium dioxide (tio(2)) substrates is induced primarily by uv light irradiation. recently, nitrogen- and carbon-doped tio(2) substrates were shown to exhibit photocatalytic activities under visible-light illumination. their antibacterial activity, however, remains to be quantified. in this study, we demonstrated that nitrogen-doped tio(2) substrates have superior visible-light-induced bactericidal activity against escherichia coli compared to pure t ...	2006	16957236
analysis on antimicrobial resistance of clinical bacteria isolated from county hospitals and a teaching hospital.	the distinction of antimicrobial resistance of clinical bacteria isolated from county hospitals and a teaching hospital was investigated. disc diffusion test was used to study the antimicrobial resistance of isolates collected from county hospitals and a teaching hospital. the data was analyzed by whonet5 and spss statistic software. a total of 655 strains and 1682 strains were collected from county hospitals and a teaching hospital, respectively, in the year of 2003. the top ten pathogens were ...	2006	16961303
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrs in enterobacter cloacae.	pcr was used to investigate the occurrence of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance determinants qnra and qnrs among diarrhoeagenic enterobacterial isolates recovered from hanoi, vietnam, during the period march 2001 to april 2002. in total, 162 escherichia coli isolates, 28 shigella isolates and three enterobacter cloacae isolates were negative for qnra, while a single ent. cloacae isolate harboured a 50-kb qnrs-positive conjugative plasmid. cloning and sequencing identified a qnrs gene brac ...	2006	16961640
the role of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in bacterial internalization.	internalization of bacteria into mammalian host cells has been studied extensively in the past two decades. these studies have highlighted the amazingly diverse strategies used by bacterial pathogens to induce their entry in non-phagocytic cells. the roles of actin and of the whole cytoskeletal machinery have been investigated in great detail for several invasive organisms, such as salmonella, shigella, yersinia and listeria. recent results using listeria highlight a role for the endocytosis mac ...	2006	16962776
preliminary pharmacological screening of bixa orellana l. leaves.	preliminary pharmacological studies were performed on the methanol extract of bixa orellana l. (bixaceae) leaves to investigate neuropharmacological, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal activity and effect on gastrointestinal motility. all studies were conducted in mice using doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight. in the pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis test, the extract statistically reduced the time for the onset of sleep at 500 mg/kg dose and (dose-dependently) increased the tot ...	2006	16963211
a multicentre study of shigella diarrhoea in six asian countries: disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology.	the burden of shigellosis is greatest in resource-poor countries. although this diarrheal disease has been thought to cause considerable morbidity and mortality in excess of 1,000,000 deaths globally per year, little recent data are available to guide intervention strategies in asia. we conducted a prospective, population-based study in six asian countries to gain a better understanding of the current disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology of shigellosis in asia.	2006	16968124
efficacy of solar disinfection of escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhimurium and vibrio cholerae.	to determine the efficacy of solar disinfection (sodis) for enteric pathogens and to test applicability of the reciprocity law.	2006	16968294
structural characterization of enterobactin hydrolase iroe.	the proliferation of many pathogenic bacteria is limited by the scarcity of soluble iron in their environment. many of these bacteria scavenge iron by synthesizing and exporting small molecule siderophores that chelate iron. iron-bound siderophores are subsequently imported for metabolic processing. three related serine hydrolases have been characterized biochemically in this pathway: fes, irod, and iroe. here, we report the crystal structure of iroe from uropathogenic escherichia coli cft073. t ...	2006	16922493
fishmeal extract bile salt lactose agar--a differential medium for enteric bacteria.	fishmeal extract bile salt lactose agar (febla), a new differential medium for enteric bacteria was developed and evaluated for its ability to grow and differentiate lactose fermenters (lf) from non-lactose fermenters (nlf) in comparison with macconkeys agar. performance of febla was at par with the latter. on febla medium, the contrast between lf and nlf colonies was pronounced and klebsiella pneumoniae produced more mucoid colonies than on macconkeys agar (hi media). unlike macconkeys agar, a ...	2006	16924840
carriage of bacteria by proboscises, legs, and feces of two species of flies in street food vending sites in ouagadougou, burkina faso.	flies are widely recognized as potential reservoirs and vectors of bacteria. in the present study, an attempt was made to assess meat-poultry and local fruit juice processing and vending sites for their hygienic status and the presence of houseflies, musca domestica, and blow flies, lucilia caesar, for bacterial carriage. the hygienic status results revealed the presence of waste and sewage nearby which provided food and harborage for flies. on the two sites, the m. domestica population was domi ...	2006	16924933
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against helicobacter pylori.	helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are each associated with gastrointestinal mucosal damage, but the extent and direction of their interactions remain controversial. therefore, the purpose of the present paper was to examine whether specific nsaids inhibit the growth of helicobacter pylori in vitro.	2006	16911681
shigella vulvovaginitis in a prepubertal child.		2006	16912629
how long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? a systematic review.	inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. the aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces.	2006	16914034
detection of typical and atypical enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) in iranian children with and without diarrhoea.	the present study was performed to investigate the contribution of typical and atypical enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) as a cause of infectious diarrhoea among children less than 10 years old in iran. during the summer months, 247 specimens from children with diarrhoea and 1108 from asymptomatic children were analysed for the presence of epec and other bacterial pathogens. potential enteric pathogens were identified in 140 cases of children with diarrhoea (56.7%). epec was the most fre ...	2006	16914644
antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity of shigella sonnei isolated from patients with diarrhoea between 1999 and 2003 in bangladesh.	shigella sonnei is a significant cause of diarrhoeal infection in both developing and industrialized countries. from 1999 to 2003, 445 strains of shigella sonnei were isolated from patients admitted to the diarrhoea treatment centre of the international center for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh. more than 60% of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, 89% to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and 9.5% to ampicillin. in addition, 4% of strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics (am ...	2006	16914657
improved outcome in shigellosis associated with butyrate induction of an endogenous peptide antibiotic.	shigella is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and growth retardation for children in developing countries. emergence of antibiotic resistance among shigellae demands the development of effective medicines. previous studies found that the endogenous antimicrobial peptide ll-37 is down-regulated in the rectal epithelium of patients during shigellosis and that butyrate up-regulates the expression of ll-37 in colonic epithelial cells in vitro and decreases severity of inflammation in experiment ...	2006	16740661
molecular model of a type iii secretion system needle: implications for host-cell sensing.	type iii secretion systems are essential virulence determinants for many gram-negative bacterial pathogens. the type iii secretion system consists of cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and extracellular domains. the extracellular domain is a hollow needle protruding above the bacterial surface and is held within a basal body that traverses both bacterial membranes. effector proteins are translocated, via this external needle, directly into host cells, where they subvert normal cell functions to aid inf ...	2006	16888041
comprehensive proteomic analysis of shigella flexneri 2a membrane proteins.	shigella flexneri is the causative agent of most shigellosis cases in developing countries. we used different proteolytic enzymes to selectively shave the protruding proteins on the surface of purified bacterial membrane sheets or vesicles, and recovered peptides were subsequently identified using 2-d lc-ms/ms. as a result, a total of 666 proteins were unambiguously assigned, including 159 integral membrane proteins, 35 outer membrane proteins and 114 proteins previously annotated as hypothetica ...	2006	16889407
characterization of shigella strains in iran by plasmid profile analysis and pcr amplification of ipa genes.	to characterize shigella clinical strains, we studied 82 shigella strains recovered from 719 stool samples of patients with bloody diarrhea in shiraz, iran, over the period from april to october 2003. serological assay classified the shigella isolates as follows: 61 (74.39%) shigella sonnei isolates, 16 (19.51%) shigella flexneri isolates, 3 (3.65%) shigella boydii isolates, and 2 (2.43%) shigella dysenteriae isolates. in an antibiogram test, all shigella strains were susceptible to ceftazidime, ...	2006	16891506
trend and disease burden of bacillary dysentery in china (1991-2000).	we aimed to determine the burden of bacillary dysentery in china, its cross-regional variations, trends in morbidity and mortality, the causative bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance patterns.	2006	16878230