Publications

characterization of paub, a novel broad-spectrum plasminogen activator from streptococcus uberis.	a bovine plasminogen activator of atypical molecular mass ( approximately 45 kda) from streptococcus uberis strain sk880 had been identified previously (l. b. johnsen, k. poulsen, m. kilian, and t. e. petersen. infect. immun. 67:1072-1078, 1999). the strain was isolated from a clinical case of bovine mastitis. the isolate was found not to secrete paua, a bovine plasminogen activator expressed by the majority of s. uberis strains. analysis of the locus normally occupied by paua revealed an absenc ...	2002	11741851
changes in age related seroprevalence of antibody to varicella zoster virus: impact on vaccine strategy.	to study changes in the seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus (vzv) antibody over the past 25 years with a view to determining the target age group for any future vaccination strategy.	2002	11865016
independent genome-wide scans identify a chromosome 18 quantitative-trait locus influencing dyslexia.	developmental dyslexia is defined as a specific and significant impairment in reading ability that cannot be explained by deficits in intelligence, learning opportunity, motivation or sensory acuity. it is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders in childhood, representing a major educational and social problem. it is well established that dyslexia is a significantly heritable trait with a neurobiological basis. the etiological mechanisms remain elusive, however, despite being the focus of ...	2002	11743577
excess winter mortality: influenza or cold stress? observational study.		2002	11786453
the workshop as an effective method of dissemination: the importance of the needs of the individual.	the workshop is one of a number of strategies that can be used to disseminate information. this study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of the workshop as a method of disseminating information which had as its aim the introduction of new practices. a series of workshops, attended by g and h grade nurses, were carried out in a large teaching hospital in england. the information which was disseminated concerned recruitment and retention activities for nurses which had been proposed in recent g ...	2002	11906600
pilot study of 360 degrees assessment of personal skills to inform record of in training assessments for senior house officers.	the assessment of a trainee doctor's human skills, including teamworking, communication and maintaining trust, is difficult but necessary to confirm competence and to alert trainees and trainers of potential problems before they become intractable. this study used 360 degrees team observation reports for this purpose. the process was easy to administer and valued by trainees.	2002	11933823
structural biology and biochemistry. retrospective: max perutz (1914-2002).		2002	11923516
psychotic illness in people with prader willi syndrome due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy.	in a population-based study of prader willi syndrome (pws), we investigated the relation between genetic subtypes of the syndrome and psychiatric morbidity. of 25 patients aged 18 years or older, seven (28%) had severe affective disorder with psychotic features, with a mean age of onset of 26 years (sd 5.9). the seven people affected, all aged 28 years or older, included all five with disomies of chromosome 15, one with a deletion in this chromosome, and one with an imprinting centre mutation in ...	2002	11809260
a major marker for normal tension glaucoma: association with polymorphisms in the opa1 gene.	normal tension glaucoma (ntg) is a major form of glaucoma, associated with intraocular pressures that are within the statistically normal range of the population. opa1, the gene responsible for autosomal dominant optic atrophy represents an excellent candidate gene for ntg, as the clinical phenotypes are similar and opa1 is expressed in the retina and optic nerve. eighty-three well-characterized ntg patients were screened for mutations in opa1 by heteroduplex analysis and bi-directional sequenci ...	2002	11810296
immunohistologic evidence of myocardial disease in apparently healthy relatives of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.	this study investigated whether apparently healthy relatives of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) who have left ventricular enlargement (lve) have biopsy evidence of underlying myocardial disease.	2002	11823084
old age psychiatry and the law.	old age psychiatry is no less subject to increasing legal and quasilegal restraint than other branches of the profession, but the emphases are different. two themes predominate: first, that of capacity or competence; and second, to what extent formal legal measures should be implemented in cases where incapacitated patients do not dissent from, as opposed to giving active consent to, admission to hospital or receiving treatment.	2002	11823319
the implications of the human rights act 1998 for the removal and detention of persons in need of care and attention.	the human rights act 1998 ('hra 1998') requires public authorities to act compatibly with the european convention on human rights ('echr'). the echr contains rights, inter alia, to liberty and to respect for private life. those rights--and, therefore, the hra 1998--may be breached by provisions in the national assistance act 1948 and the national assistance (amendment) act 1951 that enable persons in need of care and attention to be removed compulsorily to hospital. however, legal proceedings br ...	2002	11961681
association between two tumour necrosis factor intronic polymorphisms and hla alleles.	the gene for tumour necrosis factor (tnf) lies at the telomeric end of the class iii region of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc). polymorphisms within this gene have been implicated in the genetic background of a large number of common human diseases. recently two polymorphisms, tnf +489 and +691, have been described in the first intron of tnf (+489, g to a transition; +691, g deletion) and disease associations have been reported; however, the pattern of linkage disequilibrium with othe ...	2002	11841486
the age pattern of mortality in the 1918-19 influenza pandemic: an attempted explanation based on data for england and wales.		2002	11877981
rose v secretary of state for health and human fertilisation and embryology authority.	court decison: [2002] 2 family law reports 962; 2002 july 26 (date of decision). the queen's bench division held that article 8 of the european convention on human rights included the right of an individual to know details about his or her identity, including information about biological parents. two persons, one an adult and the other a child, both born through artificial insemination from anonymous donors brought suit against the secretary of state challenging his failure to promulgate regulat ...	2002	16998998
r (on the application of quintavalle) v secretary of state for health.	court decision: [2002] 2 all england law reports 625; 2002 jan 18 (date of decision). the court of appeal held that embryos created through cell nuclear replacement fell under the regulatory scheme of human fertilisation and embryology act 1990, despite the fact that the act referred only to embryos created through fertilization. the court held that embryos created through cell nuclear replacement were substantially similar to embryos created through fertilization. both had the same characterist ...	2002	17042107
human embryonic stem cells: prospects for human health - a 1-day international symposium held at the university of sheffield.		2002	17103711
the garment and the man: masculine desire in harris's list of covent-garden ladies, 1764-1793.		2002	17387827
the substance of sexual difference: change and persistence in representations of the body in eighteenth-century england.	the claims of thomas laqueur for a shift from a one-sex to a two-sex model of sexual difference are incorporated into many recent histories of gender in england between 1650 and 1850. yet the laqueurian narrative is not supported by discussions of the substance of sexual difference in eighteenth-century erotic books. this article argues that different models of sexual difference were not mutually exclusive and did not change in linear fashion, but that the themes of sameness and difference were ...	2002	17494216
the english diaspora: discovering scotland's invisible migrants - 1945 to 2000.		2002	19489176
incest, cousin marriage, and the origin of the human sciences in nineteenth-century england.		2002	20707037
levels of short and medium chain length polychlorinated n-alkanes in environmental samples from selected industrial areas in england and wales.	electron capture or negative ion chemical ionisation gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to measure concentrations of short and medium chain length polychlorinated n-alkanes extracted from samples of water, river sediment, benthos, fish, soil, digested sewage and earthworms. analysis of samples from 20 aquatic and eight agricultural sites indicated that short and medium chain length polychlorinated alkanes were present in the following concentration ranges: sediment < 0.2-65.1 mg/k ...	2001	11584640
did smallpox reduce height? a final comment.		2001	18604895
gender, space and modernity in eighteenth-century england: a place called sex.		2001	18770907
"is he no man?" toward an appreciation of male effeminacy in english dance history.		2001	18928009
john donne and the ideology of colonization.		2001	18942234
the absent body: representations of dying early modern women in a selection of seventeenth-century diaries.	this article seeks to explore the absence of the body in the depiction of dying women in a selection of seventeenth-century diaries. it considers the cultural forces that made this absence inevitable, and the means by which the physical body was replaced in death by a spiritual presence. the elevation of a dying woman from physical carer to spiritual nurturer in the days before death ensured that gender codes were not broken. the centrality of the body of the dying woman, within a female circle ...	2001	20196252
"having lived much in the world": inhabitation, embodiment and english women travellers' representations of russia in the eighteenth century.	this article examines representations of russia in the travel writings of british women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. using a mid-nineteenth- century text, the englishwoman in russia, to introduce the more familiar racialised models of difference deployed by imperial travel writers, the article connects these with two mid-eighteenth-century travel texts by virtue of the women writers' shared preoccupation with the female body as a sign of national culture, and cultural difference. ...	2001	20196245
"secrets of the female sex": jane sharp, the reproductive female body, and early modern midwifery manuals.	early modern midwifery manuals in britain were usually the work of men. these books were a significant source of information about the body to the wider reading public: many sold well, and their prefatory materials include injunctions to readers not to make improper use of them. what is particularly interesting about jane sharp's midwives book (1671) is that it both provides a compendium of current beliefs concerning reproduction, and indicates the author's ironic perception of the misogyny that ...	2001	20196248
destined for deprivation: human capital formation and intergenerational poverty in nineteenth-century england.		2001	18524044
getting away with murder? homicide and the coroners in nineteenth-century london.		2001	18524047
r (on the application of quintavalle) v secretary of state for health.	court decision: [2001] 4 all england law reports 1013; 2001 november 15 (date of decision). the queen's bench division held that the creation of an embryo through cell nuclear replacement did not fall under the statutory definition of an embryo because that definition requires fertilization. the chief medical officer's expert group expressed an opinion that the creation and use of embryos through cell nuclear replacement was regulated by the human fertilisation and embryology act 1990. a pro-lif ...	2001	16998994
a study of the criteria used by healthcare professionals, managers and patients to represent and evaluate quality care.	to explore the perceptions of and criteria used by healthcare professionals, managers, patients and relatives to represent and evaluate their concept of quality care.	2001	11879448
human population dynamics.	time-series analysis of parish register series can be used to study human population dynamics at three different levels: (i) the metapopulation of preindustrial rural england. a short wavelength, exogenous oscillation in the burials series of 404 parishes can be detected which, it is suggested, was driven by a cycle of malnutrition associated with wheat prices. (ii) individual populations, where long-term endogenous oscillations in baptisms and burials of wavelength 30-32 years or 43-44 years ca ...	2001	11726037
obstacles to influenza immunization in primary care.	general practices undertake annual immunization campaigns to protect susceptible patients against influenza. many practices, however, do not adopt effective approaches and there is great variation in the immunization rates achieved. this study aimed to assess the attitudes of primary care staff to the annual immunization programme, the obstacles they face, and possible reasons for the wide variation in immunization rates.	2001	11873897
bristol interim report.		2001	11831263
medical decision making and the human rights act 1998.	at present in the uk, when there is conflict of opinion between relatives and health care professionals regarding the treatment of incompetent patients, the courts generally support the latter over the former. this article examines the potential impact of the human rights act 1998, which incorporates the european convention on human rights into uk law, on this position. the possibility of challenges by relatives to disputed decisions on the grounds of articles 2,3,8 and 14 is examined in the lig ...	2001	11817380
an initial exploration of community mental health nurses' attitudes to and experience of sexuality-related issues in their work with people experiencing mental health problems.	human sexuality is a complex dynamic concept that escapes simple definition. within nursing there seems to be a preference for broad holistic definitions that emphasize sexuality as an aspect of the unique human character. whilst the nursing literature mostly portrays sexuality as wholesome and good, it also notes that sexuality can be a vehicle for the expression of power, hostility or hatred. in this study, the authors did not prescribe or limit the definition of 'sexuality'. rather the term ' ...	2001	11842476
dermatopathology in historical perspective: the man behind the eponym: horatio george adamson and adamson's fringe.		2001	11801785
current smoking, occupation, n-acetyltransferase-2 and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis of genotype-based studies.	the aim of this study was to investigate the association of nat2 gene polymorphism with bladder cancer using the data derived from the international project on genetic susceptibility to environmental carcinogens. four case control studies conducted in four european countries, plus two case series, one from england and one from germany, for a total of 1530 cases and 731 controls (all caucasian) were included. the interaction between nat2 and bladder cancer considering smoking habits and occupatio ...	2001	11751441
the human cost of the care homes crisis.		2001	11966015
adaptations of linkage and association methods for the study of asthma, a complex trait.	early studies that found significant linkage between markers on 5q and asthma and ige have not been reproduced. in an attempt to improve the power of these studies we performed a variance components linkage analysis and transmission-disequilibrium tests (tdt) with haplotypes using markers on 5q, using the southampton and perth data sets supplied by gaw. the linkage analysis with covariates revealed a maximum lod of 1.57 in the perth families. the addition of age and rast significantly improved t ...	2001	11793792
just coercion? detention of nonadherent tuberculosis patients.	the need to balance the rights of individuals and to protect the public health will bring with it demands for the restriction of individuals' liberty. three points should always be considered when these measures are adopted: (1) the lack of evidence that detention benefits the public health; (2) the risk that fundamental human rights may be overridden unnecessarily; and (3) that coercive practices may act as a smokescreen for improved, but more complex or more costly, public health responses to ...	2001	11795415
guidelines for the control of hepatitis a virus infection.	the phls advisory committee on vaccination and immunisation, following a review of the evidence on control measures for preventing hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and widespread consultation, has prepared the following guidelines. they include a description of the current epidemiology of hav infection in england and wales, where most individuals are now susceptible to hav. hav infection is uncommon, with around 1000 infections notified per year in england and wales. clusters occur in families ...	2001	11732363
beta-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein mediates neuronal apoptosis caused by familial alzheimer's disease mutations.	the amyloid precursor protein (app) is cleaved by two enzymes, beta-secretase and gamma-secretase, to generate the pathological amyloid beta (abeta) peptide. expression of familial alzheimer's disease (fad) mutants of app in primary neurons causes both intracellular accumulation of the c-terminal beta-secretase cleavage product of app and increased secretion of abeta, and eventually results in apoptotic death of the cells. to determine whether either of these two processing products of app is in ...	2001	11744168
runner-up in the young physician's section of the gowers' prize 2000. epilepsy and the physical basis of consciousness.	the issue of human consciousness, in both its popular and neuroscientific sense, is considered from a clinical perspective. the ictal semiologies of the various epilepsies, together with associated clinical features, are demonstrated to highlight certain neuroanatomical and neurophysiological facets of consciousness. it is suggested that further insights into consciousness, even those bordering on the philosophical, may be led by clinical neurological phenomena and emerging neuroinvestigative te ...	2001	11749104
on call. as a physician, i find harvard men's health watch very helpful for my patients and as a 63-year-old man, i find it interesting and helpful for myself. but i'm puzzled by your november 2001 article, which recommends two drinks a day as the safe maximum. i remember reading an editorial in the lancet a few years ago that recommended up to 25 drinks a week, or three a day. which dose of alcohol is correct?		2001	11751096
clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of zanamivir (relenza): translating the evidence into clinical practice, a national institute for clinical excellence view.	the uk national institute for clinical excellence (nice) is charged with the duty of providing informed guidance on clinical practice (clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness) to patients and health professionals. the appraisal committee through its process of review of evidence advises nice on the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of new and existing technologies and their appropriate use within the national health service in england and wales. the appraisal process takes into ...	2001	11779390
contact with farming environment as a major risk factor for shiga toxin (vero cytotoxin)-producing escherichia coli o157 infection in humans.	in a prospective, unmatched case-control study of sporadic shiga toxin (vero cytotoxin)-producing escherichia coli o157 (stec o157) infection in england, exposure to the farming environment emerged strongly as a risk factor (adjusted odds ratio = 2.45; 95% confidence intervals = 1.49-4.02; p=0.0004) posing further challenges and opportunities for prevention.	2001	11747741
a national register for surveillance of inherited disorders: beta thalassaemia in the united kingdom.	to demonstrate the value of a national register for surveillance of services for an inherited disorder.	2001	11731807
use of hygiene advice and active immunisation to control an outbreak of hepatitis a.	a community outbreak of at least 16 cases of hepatitis a is described. salivary antibody testing of 126 children within a school in that community showed only one case of undiagnosed previous infection. three other children had received hepatitis a vaccine previously, and this was reflected in their antibody titres. for the schools serving the community control measures included advice on good hygiene (supervised handwashing and additional cleaning in the schools). all close contacts of cases (h ...	2001	11732353
absence of a genetic association between il-1rn and il-1b gene polymorphisms in ulcerative colitis and crohn disease in multiple populations from northeast england.	inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract of unknown aetiology, phenotypically categorized into ulcerative colitis (uc) and crohn disease (cd). genetic factors are of considerable importance in both. the genetic relationship between ibd and the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1beta genes (il-1rn, and il-1b, respectively) has been extensively studied. however, the quality and outcome of the genetic association studies, in particular ...	2001	11686217
the ethics of vaccine usage in society: lessons from the past.	since the dawn of history, human beings have witnessed the appearance of epidemic or epizootic diseases. the suddenness and the prevalence of these plagues were generally considered to be connected with occult influences of the stars or planets upon human affairs, climatic changes or religious reasons. slowly, the principle of the origins of contagious diseases has become better understood and the role of transmissible influences such as parasites, bacteria and viruses has been accepted. a landm ...	2001	11725304
side effects of influenza vaccination in healthy older people: a randomised single-blind placebo-controlled trial.	to investigate the frequency of side effects following influenza vaccination in healthy participants aged 65-74 years.	2001	11721144
henry bence jones--physician, chemist, scientist and biographer: a man for all seasons.		2001	11722404
a comparison of software packages that assess linkage using a variance components approach.	we report single-point and multipoint results from three statistical genetics software packages using a variance components approach for quantitative traits. when possible, we have shown the effects of covariates. results from genehunter, solar, and act software packages are compared for the quantitative trait immunoglobulin e (ige) using chromosome 5 asthma familial data from oxfordshire (england), perth (australia), and freiburg (germany), and using the genome-wide german data. although few di ...	2001	11793783
campylobacter reporting at its peak year of 1998: don't count your chickens yet.	infections due to campylobacter spp. are the most commonly reported bacterial cause of human gastrointestinal illness, and reports of campylobacteriosis in the uk and other temperate countries have been increasing. an all-time peak of 58,059 cases of campylobacter infectious intestinal disease (iid) were reported to the communicable disease surveillance centre in 1998. an analysis of the age, gender and seasonal and geographical distribution of cases reported in 1998 is presented here, together ...	2001	11732359
ludwig guttmann: emerging concept of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury.	ludwig guttmann was a pioneer of the idea of rehabilitation for victims of spinal cord injury. he looked beyond the physical survival of his patients, to their re-integration into a social life worth living. while the international stoke mandeville games are fairly well known to the general public as a gathering for physically handicapped athletes, less is known about the man who helped start the movement. on the occasion of the recent sydney 2000 paralympics, this paper reviews the contribution ...	2001	11770196
macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and c-c chemokine receptor-1 in allergen-induced skin late-phase reactions: relationship to macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and t lymphocytes.	macrophage inflammatory protein (mip)-1alpha binds to c-c chemokine receptor (ccr)-1 with high affinity. ccr-1 is expressed on neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, t lymphocytes and basophils; cells characteristic of atopic allergic inflammation. in vitro, mip-1alpha is chemotactic for monocytes, t cells and basophils and is also a potent histamine-releasing factor for basophils and mast cells. although increased levels of mip-1alpha were shown in atopic allergic disorders, the kinetics of expre ...	2001	11696048
sporadic--but not variant--creutzfeldt-jakob disease is associated with polymorphisms upstream of prnp exon 1.	human prion diseases have inherited, sporadic, and acquired etiologies. the appearance of the novel acquired prion disease, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd), and the demonstration that it is caused by the same prion strain as that causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy, has led to fears of a major human epidemic. the etiology of classical (sporadic) cjd, which has a worldwide incidence, remains obscure. a common human prion-protein-gene (prnp) polymorphism (encoding either methionine o ...	2001	11704923
playing god: mary must die so jodie may live longer.	in 2000, conjoined twins were born in england. what made this case unique was the fact that if the twins remained unseparated, medical opinion held they would die; if they were separated one twin would live, and one twin would die; the parents refused to consent to separation; and the hospital charged with their care brought the matter to court. the trial court and court of appeal approved of the surgery, which was promptly performed, resulting in the immediate death of the weaker twin. the auth ...	2001	11816934
fine particle (pm2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, london, uk.	in order to investigate a specific area of short-term, non-occupational, human exposure to fine particulate air pollution, measurements of personal exposure to pm2.5 in transport microenvironments were taken in two separate field studies in central london, uk. a high flow gravimetric personal sampling system was used; operating at 16 l min(-1); the sampler thus allowed for sufficient sample mass collection for accurate gravimetric analysis of short-term travel exposure levels over typical single ...	2001	11712603
post-exposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus: knowledge and experience of junior doctors.	to assess the level of knowledge and experience of post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among junior doctors.	2001	11714945
the effect of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral manifestations in hiv-infected patients: a uk study.	the purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients on monotherapy, dual therapy, or triple therapy with the prevalence of those not on antiretroviral therapy (art).	2001	11740479
causality assessment of adverse effects: when is re-challenge ethically acceptable?	one of the most difficult tasks in the evaluation of a medicine is whether it causes a particular rare and unusual (idiosyncratic) adverse effect. such causality assessments are sometimes done by drug de-challenge and re-challenge. when the adverse effect is potentially serious, there is clearly an important decision to be made as to whether the re-challenge is justifiable and hence ethical. the recent controversy about the potential cardiotoxicity of fexofenadine, the fatalities associated with ...	2001	11665867
adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk following treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood; two case reports and a literature review.	we report two patients who survived childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all) following treatment with chemotherapy, total body irradiation (tbi) and bone marrow transplantation (bmt). the first case presented with an acute cerebral infarction at 23 years of age and was found to have non-ketotic diabetes and gross mixed hyperlipidaemia; the second presented with non-ketotic diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria and dyslipidaemia at age 16 years. the association of glucose intolerance with othe ...	2001	11678978
non-fibrillar oligomeric species of the amyloid abri peptide, implicated in familial british dementia, are more potent at inducing apoptotic cell death than protofibrils or mature fibrils.	familial british dementia (fbd) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder, with biochemical and pathological similarities to alzheimer's disease. fbd is associated with a point mutation in the stop codon of the bri gene. the mutation extends the length of the wild-type protein by 11 amino acids, and following proteolytic cleavage, results in the production of a cyclic peptide (abri) 11 amino acids longer than the wild-type (wt) peptide produced from the normal gene bri. abri was found ...	2001	11419943
an assessment of screening strategies for fragile x syndrome in the uk.	fragile x syndrome is an inherited form of learning disability that was defined in the late 1970s by cytogenetic detection of an associated fragile site on the x chromosome (xq27.3). cytogenetic estimates of the prevalence of fragile x syndrome were as high as 1 in 1039 males but have since been revised downwards. fragile x syndrome is associated with few medical problems and the subtle physical features make clinical diagnosis difficult. the unusual pattern of inheritance, delineated in the 198 ...	2001	11262423
oestrogens and oestrogenic activity in raw and treated water in severn trent water.	sewage effluent discharged to surface water has been shown to contain human hormones, particularly oestrogens, and synthetic chemicals which may be able to disrupt the endocrine system. since many surface waters which receive sewage effluent are subsequently used as drinking water sources, it is important to demonstrate that treated drinking water is not contaminated. oestrogenic activity in rivers and drinking water in the region of severn trent water was studied using a combination of bioassay ...	2001	11268844
growth of permanent mandibular teeth of british children aged 4 to 9 years.	the aim of this study was to investigate ethnic differences and describe tooth formation of mandibular permanent teeth in a group of london children.	2001	11393333
seventh w.d.m. paton memorial lecture. the man who never was--walter ernest dixon frs.		2001	11487502
geographical distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in great britain, 1994-2000.	geographical variation in the distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) might indicate the transmission route of the infectious agent to man. we investigated whether regional incidences of vcjd were correlated with regional dietary data.	2001	11293592
excess hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza in persons > or = 65 years associated with influenza epidemics in three english health districts: 1987-95.	to study the association between community influenza activity and acute hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza among elderly persons.	2001	11293684
permanent vegetative state and the law.		2001	11511740
the epidemiology of hepatitis c in a uk health regional population of 5.12 million.	the epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in the uk are uncertain. previous reports are from small or selected populations such as blood donors or tertiary referral centres.	2001	11302973
a high-density transcript map of the human dominant optic atrophy opa1 gene locus and re-evaluation of evidence for a founder haplotype.	dominant optic atrophy (doa, gene opa1) is the commonest form of inherited optic atrophy. linkage studies have shown that a locus for this disease lies in a 1.4-cm region at chromosome 3q28-->q29 and have suggested a founder haplotype for as many as 95% of the linked families. to aid the identification of candidate genes for this disease, we have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) contig covering approximately 3.3 mb and encompassing the opa1 critical region (flanking markers d3 ...	2001	11306804
inquiry set up into porton down nerve-gas death.		2001	11346753
the motor unit and electromyography--the legacy of derek denny-brown.	with the development of the concept of the motor unit and new recording instruments, single motor unit action potentials (muaps) were recorded in 1929 in man by adrian and bronk and in the experimental animal by denny-brown. studies of muaps in patients with neuromuscular disease followed, and in 1938, denny-brown and pennybacker laid the foundation for clinical electromyography (emg). action potentials of single contracting or spontaneously firing motor units, termed fasciculations, were record ...	2001	11535228
familial steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome and hla antigens in bengali children.	we investigated the major histocompatibility complex class i and ii loci in three bengali families with nine children affected with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (ssns). a sequence-specific primer (ssp) of dna typing method was used to detect human leukocyte antigens (hla). the unaffected siblings and their parents were also studied. similar to previous reports, there was a high frequency of hla-dr7.1 (drb10701), dr53 (dr b401011-0104) and dq2 (dqb2*0201-3) antigens in the affected chil ...	2001	11354779
interstitial deletion of 3p22.2-p24.2: the first reported case.		2001	11403048
of microbes, mice and man.	this chapter reviews my 18 years of research in anne's unit including studies on temporal and spatial aspects of x-chromosome inactivation and imprinting and the role of methylation in x-inactivation in these processes during female mouse embryo development. to enable molecular studies of embryos, we developed a plethora of single cell assays for specific enzyme activity, gene mutation and methylation, and rna transcription. while in anne's unit, i used these same single cell assays to pioneer t ...	2001	11417891
use of strain typing to provide evidence for specific interventions in the transmission of vtec o157 infections.	transmission of verocytotoxin (vt)-producing escherichia coli (vtec) occurs by three main routes. these comprise food- or water-borne infections, acquisition of disease by direct or indirect contact with animals and person-to-person spread. phenotypic typing of vtec belonging to serogroup o157 is achieved by phage typing and identification of vt type. these properties quickly provide evidence for the linkage of human cases and their association to potential sources. dna-based subtyping methods s ...	2001	11407546
delayed cerebral edema and fatal coma after minor head trauma: role of the cacna1a calcium channel subunit gene and relationship with familial hemiplegic migraine.	trivial head trauma may be complicated by severe, sometimes even fatal, cerebral edema and coma occurring after a lucid interval ("delayed cerebral edema"). attacks of familial hemiplegic migraine (fhm) can be triggered by minor head trauma and are sometimes accompanied by coma. mutations in the cacna1a calcium channel subunit gene on chromosome 19 are associated with a wide spectrum of mutation-specific episodic and chronic neurological disorders, including fhm with or without coma. we investig ...	2001	11409427
why did the 5th earl of derby die?	the unexpected death of ferdinando stanley, 5th earl of derby, on april 16, 1594 was an event of major political importance in the later years of queen elizabeth i of england. when he had succeeded his father at the age of 38 he became head of one of the most influential families in the country. he also had a claim to the throne if elizabeth died without naming a successor. yet within seven months of entering into his inheritance, this previously fit man was suddenly taken ill and died a fortnig ...	2001	11410215
ethical approval for research involving geographically dispersed subjects: unsuitability of the uk mrec/lrec system and relevance to uncommon genetic disorders.	to assess the process involved in obtaining ethical approval for a single-centre study involving geographically dispersed subjects with an uncommon genetic disorder.	2001	11579194
the case of the midwife scientist.	genes controlling both testis determining and expression of the male-specific transplantation antigen, hy, are located on the short arm of the mouse y chromosome, and on the x and y-linked translocation, sxr(a). a mutation of sxr(a) was discovered in a cross between an sxr carrier male and a t16h/x female. this was designated sxr(b) and found to affect both the expression of hy and spermatogenesis, but not testis differentiation, thereby disproving ohno's hypothesis that hy controlled testis det ...	2001	11417893
current epidemiological issues in human campylobacteriosis.		2001	11422564
association between insertion mutation in nod2 gene and crohn's disease in german and british populations.	background genetic predisposition to inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has been shown by epidemiological and linkage studies. genetic linkage of ibd to chromosome 16 has been previously observed and replicated in independent populations. the recently identified nod2 gene is a good positional and functional candidate gene since it is located in the region of linkage on chromosome 16q12, and activates nuclear factor (nf) kappab in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. methods we sequenced the ...	2001	11425413
screening for hiv, hepatitis b and c infection in a population seeking assisted reproduction in an inner london hospital.	the human fertilisation and embryology authority requires all sperm donors to be screened for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b and c and their semen quarantined for six months. no guidelines exist for screening prior to in vitro fertilisation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. we prospectively analysed the prevalence of these viruses in our patients. screening detected one case of hiv (0.13%), four of hepatitis c (0.5%) and 14 new cases of hepatitis b (1.7%). the prevalence of h ...	2001	11426904
maternal folate polymorphisms and the etiology of human nondisjunction.	attempts to identify genetic contributors to human meiotic nondisjunction have met with little, if any, success. thus, recent reports linking down syndrome to maternal polymorphisms at either of two folate metabolism enzymes, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr) and methionine synthase reductase (mtrr), have generated considerable interest. in the present report, we asked whether variation at mthfr (677c-->t) or mtrr (66a-->g) might be associated with human trisomies other than trisomy 21 ...	2001	11443546
edward albert schäfer (sharpey-schafer) and his contributions to neuroscience: commemorating of the 150th anniversary of his birth.	the year 2000 marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of edward albert schäfer (sir edward albert sharpey-schafer). affiliated first with university college, london, and then with edinburgh university, schäfer made monumental contributions to the fields of histology, physiology, endocrinology, and practical medicine. this paper traces his professional life and emphasizes his seminal contributions to the neurosciences, which include his findings in support of neuron doctrine, his research on cor ...	2001	11446263
teachers' understanding of facilitation styles with student nurses.	the notion of reflective, problem-based and experiential learning has become a significant phenomenon within nurse education. this paper will explore the general philosophies that seem to influence the interactional competences employed by 20 nurse teachers teaching pre-registration student nurses human skills. a qualitative approach was adopted using the in-depth interview for data collection. the intention was to emphasise the four types of teacher that emerged from the data, ranging from type ...	2001	11470106
assessing the influence of need to inject and drug withdrawal on drug injectors' perceptions of hiv risk behavior.	this article aims to assess the influence of the need to inject and drug withdrawal on drug injectors' perceptions of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) risk behavior inside and outside prison. complementary qualitative research methods were used with 24 drug injectors in england. it was found that when sterile injecting equipment was unavailable the need to inject and drug withdrawal were important factors on the reported readiness to share injecting equipment. this finding was broadly consiste ...	2001	11476265
john graunt, john arbuthnott, and the human sex ratio.	john graunt was the first person to compile data that showed an excess of male births over female births. he also noticed spatial and temporal variation in the sex ratio, but the variation in his data is not significant. john arbuthnott was the first person to demonstrate that the excess of male births is statistically significant. he erroneously concluded that there is less variation in the sex ratio than would occur by chance, and asserted without a basis that the sex ratio would be uniform ov ...	2001	11512687
alfred lewis galabin and the first human documentation of atrioventricular block.	using an apexcardiogram, galabin was the first person to document atrioventricular (av) block in humans. he performed his studies while working as a house officer at guy's hospital, london, united kingdom. his patient was 34 years old, experienced attacks of near syncope, and had a pulse rate that varied between 25 and 30 beats/min. a laddergram of the patient's apexcardiogram suggests advanced av block with 3 to 1 and 2 to 1 av conduction with wenckebach periodicity. we review the history of av ...	2001	11524066
changing rates of adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix in england.	a recent analysis showed little or no effect of screening on the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the cervix between 1971 and 1992. we have used additional data on cancers diagnosed in 1993-94 in england and up to 1997 in five english cancer registries to investigate more recent trends.	2001	11377601
to err is human: learning from mistakes.		2001	11525570
food and nutrient intake in a cohort of 8-month-old infants in the south-west of england in 1993.	to investigate food and nutrient intakes in 8-month-old infants.	2001	11477469
'battered pets': sexual abuse.	a study of non-accidental injury in small animals in the uk, based on responses from a random sample of small animal practitioners, identified 6 per cent of the 448 reported cases as being sexual in nature. twenty-one cases occurred in dogs, five in cats and two in unspecified species. reasons for suspecting sexual abuse were: the type of injury; behaviour of the owner; statements from witnesses; and admission by the perpetrator. types of injury included vaginal and anorectal penetrative (penile ...	2001	11480898
george ralph mines: victim of self-experimentation?		2001	11501611