Publications

vibrio cholerae o139 specific gene sequences.		1994	7910357
role of antibodies against biotype-specific vibrio cholerae pili in protection against experimental classical and el tor cholera.	vibrio cholerae o1, which exists as two biotypes, classical and el tor, expresses fimbrial antigens called toxin-coregulated pili (tcp) and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) pili, respectively. we have raised rabbit antisera and monoclonal antibodies against these fimbrial antigens and prepared fab fragments which possess specific antibodies directed against the respective fimbrial antigens from these antisera. the protective effect of these antibody preparations was studied in the infant m ...	1994	7911787
production and cross-reactivity patterns of a panel of high affinity monoclonal antibodies to vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.	a series of monoclonal antibodies of different isotypes specific for vibrio cholerae o139, the new pandemic strain of cholera, was produced. these mabs reacted only with the reference strain (mo45) representing serovar o139 but did not react with any of the other reference strains representing serovars o1 to o140. significantly, the mabs did not agglutinate the r-cultures of v. cholerae (ca385, 20-93) which demonstrated the exceptional specificity of these mabs and indicated that the mabs recogn ...	1994	8061653
sequence analysis of the vibrio cholerae acfd gene reveals the presence of an overlapping reading frame, orfz, which encodes a protein that shares sequence similarity to the flia and flic products of salmonella.	the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the vibrio cholerae acfd gene (encoding an accessory colonization factor) has been determined. the acfd gene encompasses 254 nt that are predicted to encode an 88-amino-acid (aa) protein. additionally, an open reading frame of 184 aa, designated orfz, was detected that overlaps the 3' end of acfd by 45 nt. computer-assisted homology searches revealed that orfz possesses aa sequence similarity to the c terminus of the flic product of salmonella muenchen and s. rubi ...	1994	8063108
cholera outbreak due to vibrio cholerae serogroup 0139 in yavatmal (maharashtra) in march-july, 1993.	a total of 34 strains of v. cholerae were isolated during march to july, 1993. of the 34 v. cholerae isolated 26 strains were non 01 and remaining eight were 01 el tor vibrio. non-01 strains were identified as novel epidemic strains designated as 0139. the shift in the relative and absolute prevalence of v. cholera serotype 01 and non 01 was noted.	1994	8063341
characteristics of vibrio cholera 0139 strains isolated in sevagram (maharashtra) during april-august 1993.	a total of 44 strains of vibrio 0139 serotype isolated between april and august 1993 at sevagram (wardha) were examined for expression of a number of biochemical and physiological characteristics. all strains fermented lactose within 24 h and belonged to heiberg group iii. salt tolerance to 8 per cent nacl was seen in 22.72 per cent strains. haemolysis of sheep rbcs and haemagglutination of human 'o', chicken and rabbit rbcs was consistently positive. all the strains were sensitive to tetracycli ...	1994	8063342
emergence of vibrio cholerae serogroup 0139 in haryana in may-june 1993.	in an outbreak of acute watery diarrhoea, 11 strains of v. cholerae were isolated in may-june 1993 at medical college, rohtak. eight of these belonged to serogroup ogawa and three were identified as v. cholerae serogroup 0139. this is the first report of isolation of this novel serotype from this region.	1994	8063343
outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a new strain of non o group 1 vibrio cholerae, in ludhiana in may-august 1993.	the isolation of the new serotype 0139 of non 01 v. cholerae from an outbreak of gastroenteritis is reported. the study of 35 such isolates revealed their similarity with the el tor vibrios biochemically and by other characters. all were strongly haemolytic and 97.1 per cent of the strains showed a positive haemagglutination.	1994	8063344
the appearance & spread of vibrio cholerae 0139 in india.	a new clone of non-01 v. cholerae designated as serogroup 0139, which produces cholera toxin, was detected first in south india in september 1992 and has spread to many parts of india since then. it was identified in bangladesh in december 1992 and in thailand in april 1993. by may 1993 it was found in haryana and punjab. its clinical manifestations are typical of cholera, occurring in outbreaks. this clone has largely replaced the previously prevalent 01 v. cholerae in several cholera endemic a ...	1994	8063351
vibrio cholerae non-o1 serogroup associated with cholera gravis genetically and physiologically resembles o1 e1 tor cholera strains.	until recently, only vibrio cholerae strains of the o1 serogroup have been associated with epidemic cholera. in december 1992, an outbreak of cholera gravis in vellore, india, was attributed to a new serogroup of v. cholerae recently designated o139. serogroup o139 cholera has since spread to 13 countries and has reached pandemic proportions. serogroup o139 cholera evades immunity to o1 cholera and is not detected by the standard o1 antigen test. understanding the origins of o139 cholera and det ...	1994	8063402
[protection of vibrio cholerae from heating and chlorination by chitin].	el tor vibrio cholerae and non-01 v. cholerae absorbed onto chitin particles could not only multiply in vitro, but also could partly survive with heating at 65-75 degrees c for 60-160 sec (7/40) or with 3.8-15 ppm of effective chlorine for 10 min (24/29). none of those unabsorbed onto chitin could survive at the above temperature, and only very few of those could survive with the above concentration of effective chlorine. these findings are conducive to the control of cholera transmission caused ...	1994	8082453
identification, cloning, and sequencing of a gene required for ferric vibriobactin utilization by vibrio cholerae.	chromosomal dna downstream of the vibrio cholerae ferric vibriobactin receptor gene, viua, was cloned and sequenced, revealing an 813-bp open reading frame encoding a deduced protein of 271 amino acids. in vitro transcription-translation of this dna confirmed expression of a protein of the expected size. a deletion mutation of this gene, viub, was created in the classical v. cholerae strain o395 by in vivo marker exchange. by cross-feeding studies, this mutant was unable to utilize exogenous fer ...	1994	8083157
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal possesses a capsular polysaccharide which may confer increased virulence.	a newly described vibrio cholerae serogroup--o139 bengal, the causative agent of the recent large epidemics of cholera-like disease in the indian subcontinent and neighbouring countries--possesses a high molecular weight capsular polysaccharide (cps) that can be visualized by electron microscopy and in composition differs from the lipopolysaccharide (lps). the cps and lps can be separated from each other by a two-step extraction procedure, a phenol-water extraction in order to extract all polysa ...	1994	8090081
tetracycline resistant vibrio cholerae in pilgrims returning from mecca.		1994	8090106
an analysis of the v1 and v2 regions of vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus 16s rrna.	the v1 and v2 variable regions of the 16s rrna gene of three strains of v. cholerae and one strain of v. mimicus were amplified by pcr. fragments containing both regions were cloned into m13mp18 using smal and sequenced by the dideoxy method. the 263-bp sequence from a strain isolated during the 1991 cholera outbreak in brazil was deposited in genbank under the accession number l05178. except for an extra g in one of the strains, the three v. cholerae sequences were identical. the v. mimicus seq ...	1994	8090995
toxr regulates virulence gene expression in non-o1 strains of vibrio cholerae that cause epidemic cholera.	vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 has historically been thought to be the exclusive cause of epidemic cholera. o139 is a novel serogroup of v. cholerae which emerged on the indian subcontinent in the last few months of 1992 and is the first non-o1 serogroup of v. cholerae to cause epidemic cholera. we have investigated the expression of some of the known virulence factors of classical and el tor o1 strains of v. cholerae in clinical isolates of o139 strains. we show that, in contrast to other non-o1 ...	1994	7903285
successful application of enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe for rapid and accurate cholera diagnosis in a clinical laboratory.	two cholera cases were diagnosed using an enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe (elonp) hybridization test for detection of cholera toxin gene (ctx) in a clinical laboratory at osaka airport quarantine station. the elonp test with suspicious colonies of vibrio cholerae o1 grown on tcbs or vibrio agar plates gave positive result for ctx within 3 hr. we also tried to apply the elonp test for direct detection of ctx in their stool and their non-selective culture. specimens from case #1, which contai ...	1994	7935049
cholera.	although it is more than a century since the discovery of the vibrio bacillus, cholera remains one of the great epidemic diseases of the tropical world. the epidemiology of cholera is an interaction between the biological and ecological properties of vibrio cholerae and the complex patterns of human behaviour in tropical environments. the seventh pandemic has spread through all areas of the tropics, and cholera has become endemic in many new areas. the view that cholera was primarily water borne ...	1994	8067806
molecular subtyping of vibrio cholerae o1 strains recently isolated from patient, food and environmental samples in spain.	nineteen vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in spain from patient, food and environmental samples in the period 1990-1992 were characterized by detection of cholera toxin by enzyme immunoassay, detection of cholera toxin gene by polymerase chain reaction, and by biotyping, ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. ten isolates were toxigenic and were further characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. molecular subtyping methods allowed precise differentiation between isolates, i ...	1994	8070433
identification of vcr, a repeated sequence associated with a locus encoding a hemagglutinin in vibrio cholerae o1.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 6.3-kb bamhi fragment of the chromosome of vibrio cholerae 569b that includes the sequence of the mannose-fucose-resistant hemagglutinin reported previously (v.l. franzon, a. barker, and p. a. manning, infect. immun. 61:3032-3037, 1993). this region contains nine copies of a 124-bp direct repeat, here named vcr, of imperfect dyad symmetry, that are shown by southern hybridization to occur at least 60 to 100 times in the v. cholerae o1 chromosome. l ...	1994	8071223
international dissemination of epidemic vibrio cholerae by cargo ship ballast and other nonpotable waters.	in 1991 and 1992, toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1, serotype inaba, biotype el tor, was recovered from nonpotable (ballast, bilge, and sewage) water from five cargo ships docked in ports of the u.s. gulf of mexico. four of these ships had taken on ballast water in cholera-infected countries; the fifth took on ballast in a noninfected country. isolates examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were indistinguishable from the latin american epidemic strain, c6707; however, they differed significant ...	1994	8074532
the relationship between abo blood groups and susceptibility to diarrhea due to vibrio cholerae 0139.		1994	8075282
development and evaluation of rapid monoclonal antibody-based coagglutination test for direct detection of vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in stool samples.	a monoclonal antibody-based coagglutination test directly detected vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in 83 of 120 watery diarrheal stool specimens; on culture, 90 samples were positive. thus, with 92% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 100% positive and 95% negative predictive values, the coagglutination test is a useful rapid test for v. cholerae o139.	1994	8077410
the novel epidemic strain o139 is closely related to the pandemic strain o1 of vibrio cholerae.	a new vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 strain of unknown origin recently emerged in india and bangladesh, causing a major outbreak of cholera. the genetic relationship between this epidemic strain and the o1 strain responsible for the 7th pandemic of cholera was studied by analyzing the dna polymorphism of v. cholerae by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. the restriction patterns of the reference strain o139 bengal and 10 wild o139 strains isolated e ...	1994	8077733
distribution of the ace, zot, and ctxa foxin genes in clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae.		1994	8077743
[vibrio cholerae 0:139 bengal, a new serogroup with epidemic potential (the causative agent of a future pandemic?!)].		1994	7981535
microbial sialidases: does bigger always mean better?	sialidases are a superfamily of n-acylneuraminate-releasing (sialic-acid-releasing) exoglycosidases found mainly in higher eukaryotes and in some, mostly pathogenic, viruses, bacteria and protozoans. the functions of sialidases are poorly understood and, until recently, their biochemical and evolutionary relationships were unclear. a comparative approach has demonstrated the remarkable similarities and differences between nonviral sialidases, and is providing clues about their functions.	1994	7981969
oral administration of polymeric immunoglobulin a prevents colonization with vibrio cholerae in neonatal mice.	a simple animal model was used to demonstrate passive protection by immunoglobulin a (iga) against a mucosal pathogen, vibrio cholerae. oral administration of a monoclonal iga directed against a lipopolysaccharide component of the vibrio protected neonatal mice against oral challenge, as measured by reduced intestinal colonization. a single dose of 0.1 microgram of polymeric monoclonal iga given 1 h prior to challenge reduced the number of recoverable vibrios by at least 100-fold. an additional ...	1994	8112859
vibrio mimicus with multiple toxin types isolated from human and environmental sources.	a collection of 13 strains of vibrio mimicus, including both clinical and environmental isolates from different geographic regions, was examined for various toxins. one strain of environmental origin produced cholera-like toxin (ct) which was completely absorbed with anti-ct immunoglobulin g, five strains produced a haemolysin that cross-reacted with the thermostable direct haemolysin of v. parahaemolyticus and dna from two strains hybridised with a dna probe specific for the heat-stable enterot ...	1994	8114069
epidemic cholera in ecuador: multidrug-resistance and transmission by water and seafood.	to determine risk factors for cholera in an epidemic-disease area in south america, a case-control investigation was performed in guayaquil, ecuador, in july 1991. residents > 5 years old who were hospitalized for treatment of acute, watery diarrhoea and two matched controls for each were interviewed regarding sources of water and food, and eating, drinking, and hygienic habits. interviewers inspected homes of case-patients and controls to document water treatment, food-handling, and hygienic pr ...	1994	8119348
cholera in the united states, 1965-1991. risks at home and abroad.	to assess risks for cholera in the united states.	1994	8122948
the dna adenine methyltransferase-encoding gene (dam) of vibrio cholerae.	the dna adenine methyltransferase (mtase)-encoding gene (dam) of vibrio cholerae, an organism belonging to the family vibrionaceae, has been cloned and the complete nucleotide (nt) sequence determined. v. cholerae dam encodes a 21.5-kda protein and is directly involved in methyl-directed dna mismatch repair. it can substitute for the escherichia coli enzyme and can suppress the phenotypic traits associated with e. coli dam mutants. overproduction of v. cholerae dam mtase does not result in hyper ...	1994	8125341
a novel kit for rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o1.	we report on the development and testing of a novel, rapid, colorimetric immunodiagnostic kit, cholera smart, for direct detection of the presence of vibrio cholerae o1 in clinical specimens. unlike conventional culture methods requiring several days to complete, the cholera smart kit can be used directly in the field by untrained or minimally skilled personnel to detect v. cholerae o1 in less than 15 min, without cumbersome laboratory equipment. a total of 120 clinical and environmental bacteri ...	1994	8126193
potential for reacquisition of cholera enterotoxin genes by attenuated vibrio cholerae vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr.	the potential for reacquisition of ctxa genes by attenuated vibrio cholerae o1 vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr was examined by performing a series of mating experiments under a variety of in vivo and in vitro conditions. we found no evidence that cvd 103-hgr could reacquire ctxa genes from wild-type v. cholerae o1 strains. however, if the donor v. cholerae o1 strains were genetically manipulated to add genes that allow chromosomal gene transfer, then ctxa sequences could be acquired by cvd 103-hgr. t ...	1994	8132356
the effect on enterotoxicity of protease purified from vibrio cholerae o1.	the effect on enterotoxicity of protease purified from vibrio cholerae o1 was investigated by the inoculation of live vibrio cells into protease-treated loops of the ileal loop model. fluid accumulation ratios in the protease-treated loops were elevated in a dose-dependent manner by challenge with live vibrio cells but not by that with toxin. an enhancement effect of protease on enterotoxicity was observed in both serotypes of v. cholerae o1 and v. cholerae non-o1. it is suggested, therefore, th ...	1994	8138138
[the first report of traveler's diarrhea associated with a newly described toxigenic vibrio cholerae o139 strain in japan].	a newly described vibrio cholerae o139 was isolated from a patient who had traveled in india on april 1993. the patient experienced 5 to 6 watery diarrhea per day after he returned to japan. the isolated strain registered as k111 did not agglutinate with o1-o138 antiserum and agglutinated with o139 antiserum. this strain resembled v. cholerae o1 strain in biochemical characters and had ctx and zot, although was resistant to the vibrio static agent o/129. this is the first report of cholera-like ...	1994	8138681
determination of sialic acids.		1994	8139495
use of genetic recombination as a reporter of gene expression.	an understanding of the patterns of gene expression in response to specific environmental signals can yield insight into a variety of complex biological systems such as microbial-host interactions, developmental cycles, cellular differentiation, ontogeny, etc. to extend the utility of the reporter gene fusion approach to such studies, we have constructed a gene expression reporter cassette that permits the generation of transcriptional fusions to tnpr encoding resolvase, a site-specific recombin ...	1994	8146167
influence of animal passage on haemolysin and enterotoxin production in vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains.	of 43 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor isolated over a span of almost three decades (1964-1990) from stools of children and adults with diarrhoea (25 isolates) and from sewage (three) and water from the river ganges (15) examined for production of haemolysin and its correlation with enterotoxin production, 17 isolates showed haemolysis. the majority of isolates (26), including 68% of diarrhoeal and 50% of environmental origin, were non-haemolytic. the titre of haemolysin produced was ...	1994	8151674
surveillance of cholera due to vibrio cholerae o139.		1994	8155519
epidemic isolates of vibrio cholerae 0139 express antigenically distinct types of colonization pili.	vibrio cholerae belonging to the recently described serogroup 0139, which are responsible for the current cholera epidemics in india and bangladesh, were shown to express pilus-like structures partially cross-reacting with the toxin-coregulated pilus of v. cholerae strain (0395) belonging to the 01 serogroup and classical biotype. the 0139 pili were composed of 20 kda subunit proteins which were antigenically related to the 20 kda pilus protein of another diarrhoeagenic non-01 v. cholerae strain ...	1994	7912681
reappearance of vibrio cholerae o1 and concurrent prevalence of o1 and o139 in vellore, south india.		1994	7914280
vibrio cholerae o139 susceptible to vibriostatic agent 0/129 and co-trimoxazole.		1994	7914323
longus: a long pilus ultrastructure produced by human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) causes an acute cholera-like diarrhoea in both humans and animals. we describe a new pilus termed longus produced by etec, which can extend for over 20 microns from the cell surface. longus is composed of a repeating subunit of 22 kda and its nh2-terminal amino acid sequence revealed homology with the toxin-coregulated pilus of vibrio cholerae, the bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic e. coli and type iv pilins of some gram-negative bacterial pathogens ...	1994	7914665
neuronal involvement in the intestinal effects of clostridium difficile toxin a and vibrio cholerae enterotoxin in rat ileum.	activation of intestinal mast cells and neurons is involved in intestinal inflammation and diarrhea. this study compared the effects of neuronal inhibitors and inhibition of intestinal sensory afferent nerves on the intestinal actions of clostridium difficile toxin a, an inflammatory enterotoxin, and cholera toxin, a noninflammatory enterotoxin.	1994	7915699
pili of a vibrio cholerae o139.	the pili of a strain of vibrio cholerae o139 were purified and characterized. they were morphologically, electrophoretically and immunologically indistinguishable from the pili with 16 kda subunit protein of v. cholerae o1. all 22 strains of v. cholerae o139 examined possessed the pili. the pili were different in hemagglutination inhibition pattern from v. cholerae o1 16k pili.	1994	7915816
biotype-specific tcpa genes in vibrio cholerae.	the tcpa gene, encoding the structural subunit of the toxin-coregulated pilus, has been isolated from a variety of clinical isolates of vibrio cholerae, and the nucleotide sequence determined. strict biotype-specific conservation within both the coding and putative regulatory regions was observed, with important differences between the el tor and classical biotypes. v. cholerae o139 bengal strains appear to have el tor-type tcpa genes. environmental o1 and non-o1 isolates have sequences that bin ...	1994	7915998
the toxin-co-regulated pilus of vibrio cholerae o1: a model for type 4 pilus biogenesis?	the toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcp), an important colonization factor of vibrio cholerae, is similar to the type 4 pilus produced by a variety of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. the putative translocation and assembly machinery of tcp has broad similarities with known pilin and nonpilin export mechanisms.	1994	7916248
cholera in 1993. part i.	in 1993, the seventh pandemic of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor, which began in indonesia in 1961 and reached south and central america in 1991, continued in all regions of the world (map 1): a total of 376,845 cases and 6,781 deaths were reported from 78 countries, with a global case-fatality ratio (cfr) of 1.8%. this represents an 18% reduction in the number of reported cases and a 16% reduction in the number of reported deaths compared with 1992. the number of countries reporting cholera i ...	1994	7917880
cholera in 1993. part ii.		1994	7917881
crystal structure of vibrio cholerae neuraminidase reveals dual lectin-like domains in addition to the catalytic domain.	vibrio cholerae neuraminidase is part of a mucinase complex which may function in pathogenesis by degrading the mucin layer of the gastrointestinal tract. the neuraminidase, which has been the target of extensive inhibitor studies, plays a subtle role in the pathology of the bacterium, by processing higher order gangliosides to gm1, the receptor for cholera toxin.	1994	7922030
validity of new phage typing scheme against vibrio cholerae 01 biotype eltor strains.	a total of 538 strains of v. cholerae 01 biotype eltor were phage typed by the conventional basu and mukerjee and also the new typing scheme developed at the national institute of cholera and enteric diseases, calcutta. the strains could be clustered into seven types by the new scheme as against only two by the conventional method. the results provide conclusive evidence on the validity of the new scheme for phage typing of v. cholerae strains.	1994	7927567
importance of adp-ribosylation in the morphological changes of pc12 cells induced by cholera toxin.	cholera toxin (ctx) is composed of two subunits, subunit a, which possesses adp-ribosyltransferase activity, and subunit b, which is responsible for receptor binding. it has previously been shown that agents that increase cyclic amp (camp) levels in cells induce differentiation of pc12 cells into neurite-like cells. in this report, we show that as little as 100 pg of ctx per ml induces such changes. ctx was found to adp-ribosylate at least four membrane proteins of pc12 cells in vitro and in viv ...	1994	7927673
the maltose regulon of vibrio cholerae affects production and secretion of virulence factors.	the effects of maltose on production and secretion of virulence factors of vibrio cholerae in strain x28214, classical biotype, and in maltose-defective transposon mutants constructed from this strain were characterized. maltose was found to inhibit secretion of cholera toxin and to reduce production of the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin and the soluble hemagglutinin-protease. in contrast, the amount of toxin-coregulated pilus was increased in the presence of maltose. the maltose effect was app ...	1994	7927755
preparation, characterization, and immunological properties in mice of escherichia coli o157 o-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines.	escherichia coli o157 causes severe enteritis and the extraintestinal complication of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, with their highest incidence occurring in children. we postulated that serum immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to the o-specific polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide (lps) may confer protective immunity to enteric pathogens by inducing bactericidal reactions against the ingested organisms in the jejunum (j. b. robbins, c. chu, and r. schneerson, clin. infect. dis. 15:346-361, 1992; s. ...	1994	7927787
vibrio cholerae iron transport systems: roles of heme and siderophore iron transport in virulence and identification of a gene associated with multiple iron transport systems.	vibrio cholerae iron transport mutants were tested for their ability to cause disease in an infant mouse model. the mice were challenged with either the wild-type strain, a vibriobactin synthesis mutant, a heme utilization mutant, or double mutants containing both the vibriobactin synthesis defect and the heme utilization defect. when mice were challenged with 10(7) bacteria, the ability of the double mutant to survive in the intestines was greatly reduced and that of the heme utilization mutant ...	1994	7927795
[cholera in the world. the cholera epidemic of 1991 in peru].	the objective of this article was to review the epidemic of cholera disease that affected peru in 1991, its epidemiologic impact and the natural regions most affected. also it is reviewed the state of this epidemic two years after. a description of the incidence of natural regions, the main mechanisms of transmission and the control strategy that public health authorities hold on. this review concludes that professionals and public health authorities should be prepared to control this disease, t ...	1994	7928097
molecular evolution of the seventh-pandemic clone of vibrio cholerae and its relationship to other pandemic and epidemic v. cholerae isolates.	genetic variation and molecular evolution within the seventh-pandemic clone of vibrio cholerae o1 and its relationship to other v. cholerae isolates were examined by studying 58 clinical isolates that were epidemiologically unassociated and isolated from patients in different countries over 62 years (1931 to 1993). the sample consisted of 45 isolates from the seventh cholera pandemic (1961 to the present), 3 from the sixth pandemic, 3 from sporadic el tor outbreaks prior to the seventh pandemic, ...	1994	7928989
molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) was performed on 180 isolates of vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 representing 6 different multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mee) types and 27 rrna restriction fragment length polymorphism types (ribotypes). isolates were digested with the restriction enzyme noti and were separated into 63 patterns on the basis of differences in band arrangements. in general, strains which were different by mee or ribotyping also had different pgfe patterns. pfge identified i ...	1994	7929758
evidence that the n-terminal amino acid sequence of pilus colonization factor antigen iii produced by human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli is similar to that of tcpa pilin of vibrio cholerae.		1994	7930709
structure and antimicrobial activity of diterpenes from the roots of plectranthus hereroensis.	two abietane-type diterpenoids have been isolated from the roots of plectranthus hereroensis (labiatae), one being the already known horminone [1] and the other a new substance, 7 alpha,12-dihydroxy-17(15-->16)-abeo-abieta-8,12,16-triene-11 ,14-dione [2], whose structure was established by spectroscopic means. compounds 1 and 2 showed antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus, vibrio cholerae, candida albicans, and pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1994	7931371
vibrio cholerae 0139 'bengal' in singapore.	vibrio cholerae 0139 was isolated from five patients with cholera-like illness. all were imported cases. laboratory investigations found our five isolates in show similar morphological, biochemical and serological characteristics to the v. cholerae 0139 strains causing epidemics in bangladesh and india. our isolates were toxin producers resistant to streptomycin and co-trimoxazole. no local transmission was known to have occurred following introduction of these imported cases.	1994	7932928
diagnosis and treatment of cholera in the united states. are we prepared?	to assess cholera recognition and treatment by us health care workers in the largest cholera outbreak in the united states this century.	1994	7933349
emergence of a new epidemic strain of vibrio cholerae in bangladesh. an epidemiological study.	for decades, epidemic cholera in bangladesh has produced contrasting pictures of appearance and disappearance of vibrio cholerae, which until recently, remained confined to the biotypes and to serotypes of v. cholerae o1. the classical biotype continued to survive and coexisted with el tor biotype in southern bangladesh despite its disappearance from the rest of the world during the present pandemic. for the first time in history, during the cholera epidemic in 1993, both biotypes (classical and ...	1994	7941003
[the epidemic situation re: cholera in the world: a morbidity analysis and trends].	the analysis of cholera morbidity throughout the world over the period of 1988-1992 indicates the existence of a tendency towards an increase in morbidity due to epidemic outbreaks in the countries of south and central america and in africa. using the data of literature, attempts have been made to elicit the causes of the sudden appearance and spread of cholera in south america. the increase of cholera morbidity in africa is associated with the activization of cholera in endemic foci and intensi ...	1994	7941865
vibrio cholerae o139 in calcutta.	vibrio cholerae o139 was recovered from 28 of 79 children with acute watery diarrhoea. clinically, they presented with watery diarrhoea (100%), vomiting (79%), abdominal cramps (61%), anorexia (61%), dehydration (100%), and absence of fever. both clinical and blood biochemical parameters of these cases were similar to the illness caused by the new strain in adults. hypoglycaemia was seen in 40% of those screened.	1994	7944542
systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as a non-o:1 vibrio cholerae abscess.	the usual presentations and manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) are well known. we describe a patient with sle that was discovered in the course of evaluation of an abscess, found to be associated with non-o:1 vibrio cholerae.	1994	7945482
cholera in metropolitan manila: foodborne transmission via street vendors.	reported are the results of an unmatched case-control study to determine the risk factors associated with acquisition of cholera in manila. cases were patients admitted to the san lazaro hospital between july and september 1989 and whose stools yielded vibrio cholerae o1 on culture. controls were patients admitted to the same hospital and who had no history of diarrhoea or of having taken antibiotics during the 3 days prior to admission. of the 158 cases and 158 controls who had bought food from ...	1994	7955024
environmental control of expression of virulence in vibrio cholerae.		1994	7958252
genetic characterization of mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha)-negative mutants of vibrio cholerae derived by tn5 mutagenesis.	el tor biotype vibrio cholerae strains express a cell-associated mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) which is a putative attachment factor. several msha-negative mutants from v. cholerae strain jbk70 were previously generated by tn5 mutagenesis [finn et al., infect. immun. 55 (1987) 942-946]. the chromosomal dna regions containing the tn5 insertions were isolated from eight strains for further analysis. nucleotide sequencing of the insertional junctions and corresponding clones containing the ...	1994	7959047
changing bacteriological profile of cholera in nagpur, 1991-93.	in nagpur (maharashtra) during the period 1991-93, vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 predominated in 1991 (94.7%) and 1992 (86.4%) but significantly declined in 1993 (10.7%). serogroups 02-0138 were infrequently encountered. a new strain v. cholerae serogroup 0139 emerged in 1993 and accounted for 89.3 per cent of the total vibrios isolated in the year. replacement of the endemic 01 strain by the new 0139 strain was observed.	1994	7959972
endemicity of cholera among rural areas of loni, ahmednagar district of maharashtra.	a total of 130 vibrio cholerae strains isolated during november 1989 to december 1992 from the rural population of loni areas--ahmednagar district of maharashtra were characterised. of these isolates, 124 were el tor vibrios serotype ogawa, and 6 were el tor vibrios serotype inaba. one hundred twenty two strains belonging to t4 phage, while 8 strains of el tor vibrio serotype ogawa were untypable. all the strains isolated, showing haemolytic and non-haemolytic colony variants of el tor v. choler ...	1994	7959973
heat shock response and heat shock protein antigens of vibrio cholerae.	sixteen heat shock proteins (hsps) have been identified in the hypertoxinogenic strain 569b of vibrio cholerae which are synthesized in response to small and large elevations of temperature. the induction of the hsps is necessary for the cells to survive the deleterious effects of heat. there is no difference in the pattern of induction of the hsps in v. cholerae strains varying in levels of toxinogenicity. one of the major low-molecular-mass hsps, a 16-kda protein, is preferentially degraded fo ...	1994	7960144
a plasmid-encoded prepilin peptidase gene from enteropathogenic escherichia coli.	enteropathogenic escherichia coli, a leading agent of infantile diarrhea worldwide, adheres to tissue culture cells in a pattern called "localized adherence." localized adherence is associated with bundle-forming pili encoded by the plasmid bfpa gene, the product of which is homologous with the major structural subunit proteins of type iv fimbriae in other bacteria. several of these proteins have been shown to be processed from a precursor by a specific prepilin peptidase. we cloned restriction ...	1994	7961448
travellers' diarrhoea caused by vibrio cholerae o139.		1994	7963345
the aquatic flora and fauna as reservoirs of vibrio cholerae: a review.		1994	7963350
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal isolated from india, bangladesh and thailand are clonal as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.		1994	7963625
protective efficacy of oral whole-cell/recombinant-b-subunit cholera vaccine in peruvian military recruits.	the cholera epidemic in south america has reinforced the need for safe and effective oral vaccines. in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial among 1563 peruvian military recruits we have investigated the protective efficacy of an oral inactivated whole-cell/recombinant-b-subunit (wc/rbs) cholera vaccine. participants were given two oral doses of cholera vaccine or escherichia coli k12 placebo, with an interval of 7-14 days. 1426 (91%) subjects received the two prescribed ...	1994	7967990
biological activities of lipopolysaccharide isolated from vibrio cholerae o139, a new epidemic strain for recent cholera in indian subcontinent.	biological activities of lipopolysaccharide (lps) isolated from vibrio cholerae o139, a new causative agent for recent cholera epidemic in indian subcontinent, were investigated in comparison with those of lps from o1 v. cholerae. v. cholerae o139 lps exerted mitogenic activity, lethal toxicity and shwartzman reaction to the same extent as those observed for o1 v. cholerae lps, although these activities except for lethal toxicity were obviously lower than those of salmonella typhimurium lt-2 lps ...	1994	7968678
[non-o1-vibrio cholerae in surface water of the netherlands].		1994	7969588
the vibrio cholerae o139 serogroup antigen includes an o-antigen capsule and lipopolysaccharide virulence determinants.	vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 emerged on the indian subcontinent in october 1992 to become the first non-o1 v. cholerae serogroup documented to cause epidemic cholera. although related to v. cholerae el tor o1 strains, o139 strains have unique surface structures that include a capsular surface layer and lipopolysaccharide (lps). immunoblot analysis of either whole-cell lysates or lps preparations revealed three electrophoretic forms of the o139 antigen: two slowly migrating forms and one rapidl ...	1994	7972070
the effect of iron on the survival of vibrio cholerae o1 in dechlorinated tap water.	many factors, such as temperature, ph, organic nutrients, types of water storage containers, etc., determine the survival of vibrio cholerae in water. since the survival of v. cholerae o1 has been shown to be much longer in metal drums used as household water storage containers than in clay pots and plastic drums, the present study was designed to explore the possible role played by insoluble iron on the survival of v. cholerae o1 in water. the possibility of iron acting as particulate matter fo ...	1994	7974665
detection of non-culturable vibrio cholerae o1 associated with a cyanobacterium from an aquatic environment in bangladesh.		1994	7974666
identification of a 40- to 42-kda attachment polypeptide for canine parvovirus in a72 cells.	the attachment of canine parvovirus (cpv) to different cell lines was quantitated by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter assay. the viral attachment was observed to both permissive a72 and nonpermissive st cells but not to nonpermissive mdbk cells. the binding of and infectivity for cpv to a72 cells was reduced upon prior treatment of cells with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase or lectins, specific for sialic acid. similarly, treatment of cells with any of several proteases reduced virus binding; ...	1994	7975239
kinetics of the vibriocidal antibody response to live oral cholera vaccines.	the best correlate of protection against cholera is the level of serum vibriocidal antibodies, which are primarily directed against the o antigen of vibrio cholerae o1 and lyse v. cholerae in the presence of complement. we established the timing of peak vibriocidal antibody response using sera from safety/immunogenicity studies of live oral cholera vaccines cvd 103-hgr, cvd 103-hgr2 and cvd 110 among immunologically naive north americans and colombians. the serum reciprocal vibriocidal antibody ...	1994	7975839
cloning and sequencing of vibrio cholerae mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin pilin gene: localization of msha within a cluster of type 4 pilin genes.	the mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin (msha) pilus that is associated with vibrio cholerae strains of el tor biotype has been shown to be a potential colonization factor and protective antigen. the gene encoding the structural subunit of msha pili was cloned from size-fractionated saci-cleaved chromosomal dna in the expression phage vector lambda zapii. positive clones carried a c. 5.3 kb saci fragment and were identified on the basis of msha expression and hybridization with a synthetic oligonuc ...	1994	7984085
the human gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori has a gene encoding an enzyme first classified as a mucinase in vibrio cholerae.	the human bacterial pathogen helicobacter pylori has been suggested to be the causative agent of the most common chronic infection of man. since its first isolation in 1982, h. pylori has been associated with gastric and duodenal ulcer disease, and more recently, gastric cancer. the proteolytic digestion of gastric mucus by this microorganism has been suggested as an important mechanism by which its pathogenicity is at least partly exerted. here we report the detection of protease activity in h. ...	1994	7984089
diarrheal disease in peru after the introduction of cholera.	surveillance was conducted one day each week from december 1992 through may 1993 to determine the clinical features and etiology of diarrhea among a population in a suburban community of lima, peru. patients who had had three or more loose stools during the previous 24 hr were enrolled at a clinic located in the community or at a nearby regional hospital. a total of 143 cases of diarrhea were detected for an overall rate of 7.1 cases per 1,000 population. the enteropathogens isolated were vibrio ...	1994	7985750
morphology of the viable but nonculturable vibrio cholerae as determined by the freeze fixation technique.	the morphology of the nonculturable vibrio cholerae strain tsi-4 was examined by the freeze fixation technique of electron microscopy and subsequently four unique structures were found in the fine structure s of this bacterium. the size of the cell was about 2/3 of the growing cell. although the cell was observed to have an outer membrane as well as the cell membrane and cytoplasm, the outer membrane was undulated and had a surface layer of fine fibers. the peptidoglycan layer was thick and more ...	1994	7988886
cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding vibrio cholerae o1 fimbrial subunit (fimbrillin).	the gene encoding an 18 kda fimbrial subunit of vibrio cholerae o1 was identified in a fimbriate strain bgd17. mixed oligoprimers were prepared based on the amino acid sequence of the n-terminus and that from a cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragment of the fimbrillin. a pcr-amplified 185 bp dna fragment was sequenced. this 185 bp fragment was further extended to 540 bp to 3' and 5' termini by rna-pcr using a primer containing a random hexamer at its 3' end. this fragment did not contain the stop codo ...	1994	7988887
regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria.	in the human large intestine bifidobacteria are a numerically important group of micro-organisms which are considered to exert a range of biological activities related to host health. one aspect is the inhibitory effect of these bacteria on other species, possibly excluding long term colonization by invasive pathogens. it has been suggested that the mechanism of inhibition carried out by bifidobacteria is related to the fermentative production of acids such as acetate and lactate. experiments re ...	1994	7989269
a rapid test for infectious and inflammatory enteritis.	inflammatory illnesses are an indication for specific diagnostic studies and possible antimicrobial therapy. the presence of fecal leukocytes has been used as a marker of inflammatory diarrhea; however, microscopic examination of the fecal smear is unreliable if the specimen is transported, refrigerated, frozen, or collected by swab.	1994	7993149
development of a live, oral, attenuated vaccine against el tor cholera.	vibrio cholerae el tor strains from peru, bangladesh, and bahrain were attenuated by deletion of a genetic element that encodes virulence factors and rs1. the b subunit of ctx (ctxb) was reintroduced into the reca gene of the deletion mutants, rendering them unable to recombine with exogenous genetic elements and generating peru-3, bang-3, and bah-3. fifteen volunteers received one dose of various vaccine strains at 4 x 10(6) to 1 x 10(8) cfu. all strains colonized the gut. a > or = 4-fold rise ...	1994	7995992
analysis of membrane protein interaction: toxr can dimerize the amino terminus of phage lambda repressor.	the toxr protein of vibrio cholerae is an integral membrane protein that co-ordinately regulates virulence determinant expression. toxr directly activates the cholera toxin operon, but maximal activation is achieved in the presence of toxs, an integral membrane protein thought to interact with toxr periplasmic sequences. studies that substitute alkaline phosphatase sequences for the periplasmic domain of toxr have led to a model for toxr activation based on dimerization and toxs interaction. we ...	1994	7997165
immunological memory after immunization with oral cholera b subunit--whole-cell vaccine in swedish volunteers.	the capacity of peroral immunization with either two or three doses of b subunit-whole cell (b-wc) cholera vaccine to induce immunological memory was examined in swedish volunteers by testing the immune responses to a single dose of b-wc vaccine given 10 months after the initial immunization. antibody responses in serum and antibody-secreting cell (asc) responses in peripheral blood were studied, since these responses seem to reflect the gut mucosal iga immune responses after oral immunization w ...	1994	7998416
a rapid public health response to a cryptic outbreak of cholera in hawaii.	in november 1991, toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 infection was confirmed in two unrelated persons in hawaii. cholera had not been acquired in hawaii since 1895. to determine the source and extent of v cholerae o1 infections in hawaii, both patients were interviewed, suspect food sources were investigated, and surveillance of physicians, laboratories, hospitals, and sewage treatment plants was instituted. one patient's husband had serologic titers consistent with recent v cholerae o1 infection; no ...	1994	7998643
differential reactivity of two types of n-glycolyneuraminic acid dimers toward enzymatic and nonenzymatic hydrolysis of their interketosidic linkages.	the kinetics of acid- and sialidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the interketosidic linkages of two different disialic acids, neu5gc alpha 2-->5-oglycolylneu5gc and neu5gc alpha 2-->8neu5gc, were studied. the former sequence was recently identified in the polysialic acid chains of a sialic acid-rich glycoprotein isolated from the egg jelly coat of two different species of sea urchins, and the latter was previously found in the cortical alveolar-derived polysialoglycoprotein from rainbow trout eggs. a ...	1994	7999128
dimerization of bence jones proteins: linking the rate of transcription from an escherichia coli promoter to the association constant of reiv.	homodimers of immunoglobulin vl domains are minimal models of antibodies in that they display an ensemble of six hypervariable loops. bence jones protein rei is a mixture of a complete kappa light chain and the corresponding variable domain (reiv). the known three-dimensional structure of the reiv dimer (epp et al., 1975, biochemistry 14, 4943-4952) provides a basis for studying dimer stabilization by protein engineering. mutant reiv-l94h was constructed and shown to have an equilibrium constant ...	1994	8003258
[value of vibriocidal antibody research in endemic areas of vibrio cholerae 0:1].	we made vibriocidal antibody titration in the serum of some populations in algeria and in mali either during or between cholera epidemics. the seropositivity rate was 43.3% in healthy contacts in alger in 1990 during an epidemic of cholera. for 12/16 healthy contacts examined two times in a 25-day interval, the seropositivity rate increased during the epidemic and the mean of antibody titres rose 8.88 folds. in constantine, 53% of 195 blood donors had significant titres of vibriocidal antibodies ...	1994	8003902
[in vitro sensitivity of vibrio cholerae serotype 0:139 to an intestinal antiseptic tiliquinol-tilbroquinol combination].	o:139 is a new serotype of vibrio cholerae that is not agglutinated by an o:1 antiserum but causes epidemics of cholera. strains of o:139 serotype are resistant to o/129 compound and many antibiotics but are sensitive to tetracyclines and tiliquinol-tilbroquinol (intétrix). the clinical management of the patients infected with serotype o:139 is identical to that of usual choleric patients. however, the immunological difference with o:1 serotype must lead to reconsider both the diagnosis and the ...	1994	8003903