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pathogenesis and clinical features of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis - is it possible to distinguish cnpa and ccpa clinically?the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (cpa) including chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (cnpa), chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (ccpa), and simple aspergilloma (sa) has been poorly investigated. we examined all types of cpa cases with histopathological evidence to clarify the differences in pathogenesis and clinical features.201424477329
the aspergillus fumigatus β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase gel7 plays a compensatory role in maintaining cell wall integrity under stress conditions.aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes fatal invasive aspergillosis among immunocompromised patients. the cell wall β-1,3-glucan is mainly elongated by β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase gel family, which is vital for growth and virulence of a. fumigatus. although seven members of gels have been annotated, only gel1, gel2 and gel4 were characterized. in this study, the function of gel7 was analyzed for the first time, by constructing δgel7, δgel7δcwh41 and δgel1δgel7δcwh4 ...201424429506
eosinophil deficiency compromises lung defense against aspergillus fumigatus.exposure to the mold aspergillus fumigatus may result in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis, or invasive aspergillosis (ia), depending on the host's immune status. neutrophil deficiency is the predominant risk factor for the development of ia, the most life-threatening condition associated with a. fumigatus exposure. here we demonstrate that in addition to neutrophils, eosinophils are an important contributor to the clearance of a. fumigatus from ...201424379296
susceptibility testing in aspergillus species complex.methods for susceptibility testing of aspergillus are developed and validated by the european committee on antibiotic susceptibility testing subcommittee on antifungal susceptibility testing. breakpoints for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing have been determined by breakpoint committees and as part of regulatory processes for the approval of new drugs. dosages, pharmacokinetics, resistance mechanisms, mic distributions, pharmacodynamics and epidemiological cut-off values are used i ...201424372722
enhancement of biodegradation of palm oil mill effluents by local isolated microorganisms.this study was designed to investigate the microorganisms associated with palm oil mill effluent (pome) in johor bahru state, malaysia. biodegradation of palm oil mill effluents (pome) was conducted to measure the discarded pome based on physicochemical quality. the bacteria that were isolated are micrococcus species, bacillus species, pseudomonas species, and staphylococcus aureus, while the fungi that were isolated are aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, candida species, fusarium species ...201427433516
allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis due to co-infection with aspergillus fumigatus and schizophyllum commune.a 61-year-old female presented with eosinophilic pneumonia accompanied by bronchial asthma. she was finally diagnosed with allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (abpm) due to co-infection with aspergillus fumigatus and schizophyllum commune detected by genetic analysis of the plug and from cultures.201426839766
direct transbronchial administration of liposomal amphotericin b into a pulmonary aspergilloma.pulmonary aspergillomas usually occur in pre-existing lung cavities exhibiting local immunodeficiency. as pulmonary aspergillomas only partially touch the walls of the cavities containing them, they rarely come into contact with the bloodstream, which makes it difficult for antifungal agents to reach them. although surgical treatment is the optimal strategy for curing the condition, most patients also have pulmonary complications such as tuberculosis and pulmonary fibrosis, which makes this stra ...201426029520
identification and characterization of prokaryotic dipeptidyl-peptidase 5 from porphyromonas gingivalis.porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative asaccharolytic anaerobe, is a major causative organism of chronic periodontitis. because the bacterium utilizes amino acids as energy and carbon sources and incorporates them mainly as dipeptides, a wide variety of dipeptide production processes mediated by dipeptidyl-peptidases (dpps) should be beneficial for the organism. in the present study, we identified the fourth p. gingivalis enzyme, dpp5. in a dpp4-7-11-disrupted p. gingivalis atcc 33277, a dpp7 ...201424398682
identification of a key lysine residue in heat shock protein 90 required for azole and echinocandin resistance in aspergillus fumigatus.heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) is an essential chaperone involved in the fungal stress response that can be harnessed as a novel antifungal target for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. we previously showed that genetic repression of hsp90 reduced aspergillus fumigatus virulence and potentiated the effect of the echinocandin caspofungin. in this study, we sought to identify sites of posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation or acetylation) that are important for hsp90 function in a. ...201424395240
macrophage reporter cell assay for screening immunopharmacological activity of cell wall-active antifungals.antifungal exposure can elicit immunological effects that contribute to activity in vivo, but this activity is rarely screened in vitro in a fashion analogous to mic testing. we used raw 264.7 murine macrophages that express a secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (seap) gene induced by transcriptional activation of nf-κb and activator protein 1 (ap-1) to develop a screen for immunopharmacological activity of cell wall-active antifungal agents. isolates of candida albicans and aspergillus fumi ...201424395226
anethole induces apoptotic cell death accompanied by reactive oxygen species production and dna fragmentation in aspergillus fumigatus and saccharomyces cerevisiae.trans-anethole (anethole), a major component of anise oil, has a broad antimicrobial spectrum, and antimicrobial activity that is weaker than that of other antibiotics on the market. when combined with polygodial, nagilactone e, and n-dodecanol, anethole has been shown to possess significant synergistic antifungal activity against a budding yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a human opportunistic pathogenic yeast, candida albicans. however, the antifungal mechanism of anethole has not been com ...201424393541
ecology drives the distribution of specialized tyrosine metabolism modules in fungi.gene clusters encoding accessory or environmentally specialized metabolic pathways likely play a significant role in the evolution of fungal genomes. two such gene clusters encoding enzymes associated with the tyrosine metabolism pathway (kegg #00350) have been identified in the filamentous fungus aspergillus fumigatus. the l-tyrosine degradation (td) gene cluster encodes a functional module that facilitates breakdown of the phenolic amino acid, l-tyrosine through a homogentisate intermediate, b ...201424391152
de novo design of non-coordinating indolones as potential inhibitors for lanosterol 14-α-demethylase (cyp51).the development of antifungal drugs that inhibit lanosterol 14-α-demethylase (cyp51) via non-covalent ligand interactions is a strategy that is gaining importance. a series of novel tetraindol-4-one derivatives with 1- and 2-(2,4-substituted phenyl) side chains were designed and synthesized based on the structure of cyp51 and fluconazole. the antifungal activities of these derivatives against eight human pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast strains were evaluated in vitro by measuring the mini ...201424390489
incidence of non-candidal fungal infections in severe burn injury: an australian perspective.infection remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the burns patient population. while candidal infection in burns patients is well described, there is dearth of information regarding non-candidal fungal infections in this setting.201424380706
synthesis and antifungal activity of asp9726, a novel echinocandin with potent aspergillus hyphal growth inhibition.the synthesis and antifungal activity of asp9726, a novel echinocandin with potent aspergillus hyphal growth inhibition and significantly improved mic against candida parapsilosis and echinocandin resistant-candida is described.201424468413
genetic and virulence variation in an environmental population of the opportunistic pathogen aspergillus fumigatus.environmental populations of the opportunistic pathogen aspergillus fumigatus have been shown to be genotypically diverse and to contain a range of isolates with varying pathogenic potential. in this study, we combined two rapd primers to investigate the genetic diversity of environmental isolates from manchester collected monthly over 1 year alongside dublin environmental isolates and clinical isolates from patients. rapd analysis revealed a diverse genotype, but with three major clinical isola ...201424464798
biodegradation of phenol by antarctic strains of aspergillus fumigatus.taxonomic identification of three newly isolated antarctic fungal strains by their 18s rdna sequences revealed their affiliation with aspergillus fumigatus. phenol (0.5 g/l) as the sole carbon source was completely degraded by all strains within less than two weeks. intracellular activities of three key enzymes involved in the phenol catabolism were determined. activities of phenol hydroxylase (ec 1.14.13.7), hydroquinone hydroxylase (ec 1.14.13.x), and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (ec 1.13.11.1) va ...201424459772
aspergillus nidulans cell wall composition and function change in response to hosting several aspergillus fumigatus udp-galactopyranose mutase activity mutants.deletion or repression of aspergillus nidulans ugma (anugma), involved in galactofuranose biosynthesis, impairs growth and increases sensitivity to caspofungin, a β-1,3-glucan synthesis antagonist. the a. fumigatus ugma (afugma) crystal structure has been determined. from that study, afugma mutants with altered enzyme activity were transformed into anugma▵ to assess their effect on growth and wall composition in a. nidulans. the complemented (anugma::wild type afugma) strain had wild type phenot ...201424454924
four ardeemin analogs from endophytic aspergillus fumigatus sps-02 and their reversal effects on multidrug-resistant tumor cells.four ardeemin derivatives, 5-n-acetylardeemin (1), 5-n-acetyl-15bβ-hydroxyardeemin (2), 5-n-acetyl-15b-didehydroardeemin (3), and 5-n-acetyl-16α-hydroxyardeemin (4), were isolated from the fermentation broth of an endophytic aspergillus fumigatus sps-02 associated with artemisia annua l. the structures of these metabolites were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic data, including 1d-, 2d-nmr and ms. in vitro chemosensitization assay indicated that these ardeemins had different activities ...201424443428
ph signaling in human fungal pathogens: a new target for antifungal strategies.fungi are exposed to broadly fluctuating environmental conditions, to which adaptation is crucial for their survival. an ability to respond to a wide ph range, in particular, allows them to cope with rapid changes in their extracellular settings. pacc/rim signaling elicits the primary ph response in both model and pathogenic fungi and has been studied in multiple fungal species. in the predominant human pathogenic fungi, namely, candida albicans, aspergillus fumigatus, and cryptococcus neoforman ...201424442891
distribution, expression and expansion of aspergillus fumigatus line-like retrotransposon populations in clinical and environmental isolates.functional genomic analysis of the mould pathogen aspergillus fumigatus has identified multiple secondary metabolism genes upregulated in the host niche. intriguingly, transcriptomic analyses of infectious germlings, germinating spores and mutants lacking the laea methyltransferase reveal differential expression of transposable elements (tes), which often flank secondary metabolite gene clusters. in this study we investigate, in clinical and environmental isolates, the structure and distribution ...201424440682
development of igg antibodies to exophiala dermatitidis is associated with inflammatory responses in patients with cystic fibrosis.the clinical importance of airway colonisation by the fungus exophiala dermatitidis in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) is unclear. we have previously shown that e. dermatitidis frequently colonises the airways of patients with cf. the aims of the present study were to determine whether patients who are colonised by e. dermatitidis have detectable fungal antigens in the circulation, develop anti-fungal antibodies, and show signs of inflammation and impaired respiratory function.201424439251
hsp90-dependent regulatory circuitry controlling temperature-dependent fungal development and virulence.the pathogenic fungi candida albicans, aspergillus fumigatus, and cryptococcus neoformans are an increasing cause of human mortality, especially in immunocompromised populations. during colonization and adaptation to various host environments, these fungi undergo morphogenetic alterations that allow for survival within the host. one key environmental cue driving morphological changes is external temperature. the hsp90 chaperone protein provides one mechanism to link temperature with the signalli ...201424438186
mesenchymal stromal cells mediate aspergillus hyphal extract-induced allergic airway inflammation by inhibition of the th17 signaling pathway.systemic administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (mscs) suppresses airway inflammation and methacholine-induced airway hyper-responsiveness (ahr) in mouse models of t helper cell (th) type 2-mediated eosinophilic allergic airway inflammation (aai); however, the efficacy of mscs in mouse models of severe th17-mediated neutrophilic aai has not yet been demonstrated. we assessed msc effects in a mouse model of mixed th2/th17 aai produced by mucosal exposure to aspergillus fumigatus hyphal extra ...201424436442
impact of scedosporium apiospermum complex seroprevalence in patients with cystic fibrosis.species of the scedosporium apiospermum complex (s. a complex) are emerging fungi responsible for chronic airway colonization in cystic fibrosis (cf) patients. recent studies performed on aspergillus fumigatus suggest that the colonization of the airways by filamentous fungi may contribute to the progressive deterioration of lung function.201424530191
temperature-dependent changes in the microbial storage flora of birch and spruce sawdust.sawdust can be used to make pellets (biofuel) and particle boards and as a potential lignocellulose feedstock in bioethanol production. microbial activity can affect sawdust quality; hence, we monitored the microbial population in birch- and spruce sawdust after 3 months' storage at various temperatures. species composition was similar on both materials but was strongly influenced by temperature. bacteria were present on all materials at all conditions: on birch, 2.8 × 10(8) , 1.1 × 10(8) , and ...201424527731
production of fungal amylases using cheap, readily available agriresidues, for potential application in textile industry.the study aimed at isolation and screening of fungal amylase producer, optimization of solid state fermentation conditions for maximum amylase production by the best amylase producer, and characterization of the crude amylases, so produced. aspergillus fumigatus ntcc1222 showed the highest amylase activity (164.1 u/ml) in secondary screening under ssf conditions and was selected for further studies. the test strain showed maximum amylase production (341.7 u/ml) and supernatant protein concentrat ...201424527439
hyaluronan deposition and co-localization with inflammatory cells and collagen in a murine model of fungal allergic asthma.allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by excessive inflammation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ecm) and associated cells of the airway wall. under inflammatory conditions, hyaluronan (ha), a major component of the ecm, undergoes dynamic changes, which may in turn affect the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells leading to acute and chronic immunopathology of allergic asthma.201424519432
isolation of a new broad spectrum antifungal polyene from streptomyces sp. mtcc 5680.a new polyene macrolide antibiotic pn00053 was isolated from the fermentation broth of streptomyces sp. wild-type strain mtcc-5680. the producer strain was isolated from fertile mountain soil of naldehra region, himachal pradesh, india. the compound pn00053 was purified through various steps of chromatographic techniques and bio-activity guided fractionation followed by its characterization using physiochemical properties, spectral data ((1) h-nmr, (13) c-nmr, hmbc, hsqc, and cosy) and ms analys ...201424517845
chronic granulomatous invasive fungal sinusitis: an evolving approach to management.chronic granulomatous invasive fungal sinusitis (cgifs) is rare and a consensus on ideal management is lacking. we present an extensive case managed successfully with a conservative approach.201424510508
zno nanoparticles induced exopolysaccharide production by b. subtilis strain jct1 for arid soil applications.zno nanoparticle induced exopolysaccharide (eps) production from bacillus subtilis strain jct1 (ncbi genbank accession no. jn194187) is a novel approach for arid soil applications. in the series of investigations, environmentally benign protocol was followed for the synthesis of zno nanoparticles using extracellular enzymes obtained from aspergillus fumigatus tfr8. putative characterization techniques were employed for confirmation of size, shape, surface structure, crystalline nature and elemen ...201424502924
inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis potentiates the antifungal activity of amphotericin b.the polyene antifungal agent amphotericin b exhibits potent and broad spectrum fungicidal activity. however, high nephrotoxicity can hinder its administration in resource poor settings. quantification of early fungicidal activity in studies of hiv patients with cryptococcosis demonstrate that 5-fluorocytosine therapy in combination with amphotericin b results in faster clearance than with amphotericin b alone. in vitro synergy between the two drugs has also been reported but the mechanism by whi ...201424498052
aspergillus fumigatus infection on a home-made tattoo. 201424495231
synthesis, antifungal activities and molecular docking studies of novel 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl dithiocarbamates.a series of 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl dithiocarbamates as new analogs of fluconazole were synthesized and their antifungal activities were evaluated. among these compounds, 2a-f and 3a-q exhibited higher activities than fluconazole against nearly all fungi tested except aspergillus fumigatus. noticeably, the in vitro biological activities of 2b, 3a, 3c, 3h-k, and 3o-q against candida species were much better than those of fluconazole and ketoconazole. also, ...201424487187
prevalence and molecular characterization of azole resistance in aspergillus spp. isolates from german cystic fibrosis patients.aspergillus spp. are the most frequently isolated filamentous fungi in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). resistance to the azoles, the mainstay of current antifungal therapy, has been increasingly observed worldwide, but few data are available on the resistance of aspergillus spp. in german cf patients. this study investigated the epidemiology of aspergillus spp. and the molecular origin of azole resistance in a large german cf centre.201424486872
mn(ii)/mn(iii) and fe(iii) binding capability of two aspergillus fumigatus siderophores, desferricrocin and n', n″, n‴-triacetylfusarinine c.manganese(ii) and manganese(iii) complexes of the exocyclic desferricrocin (h3dfcr) and endocyclic triacetylfusarinine c (h3taf) in solution have been studied by using ph-potentiometry, uv-vis spectrophotometry, relaxometry and cyclic voltammetry. a comparison between the present results and the corresponding ones for the open-chain analogues, desferrioxamine b (dfb) and desferricoprogen (dfc), shows (i) the dissociation processes of h3dfcr occur in the expected ph-range (ph7-10.5), but hydrogen ...201424959697
mixed fungal lung infection with aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans in a immunocomprimised patient: case report.the frequency of invasive, opportunistic mycoses has increased significantly over the past 2 decades. in the immune-compromised host, many fungi, including species of fungi typically considered non-pathogenic, have the potential to cause serious morbidity and mortality. here we report a rare case of mixed fungal infection of the lung with candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus in a patient on prolonged steroid therapy.201424959447
exploring azole antifungal drug resistance in aspergillus fumigatus with special reference to resistance mechanisms.aspergillus fumigatus, a ubiquitously distributed opportunistic pathogen, is the global leading cause of aspergillosis. azole antifungals play an important role in the management of aspergillosis. however, over a decade, azole resistance in a. fumigatus isolates has been increasingly reported with variable prevalence worldwide and it is challenging the effective management of aspergillosis. the high mortality rates observed in patients with invasive aspergillosis caused by azole-resistant a. fum ...201424957095
development of a novel inhalational model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in rats and comparative evaluation of three biomarkers for its diagnosis.aspergillus fumigatus, a thermotolerant fungus, is the main causative agent of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) in immunocompromised patients that is associated with high mortality rates. early diagnosis of ipa is crucial for mortality reduction and improved prognosis. an experimental inhalational model of ipa was developed in rats and the efficacy of three biomarkers, namely β-d-glucan (bdg), a panfungal marker, galactomannan (gm), a genus-specific marker, and a. fumigatus dna, a species- ...201424955575
application of flow cytometry for genome size determination in geosmithia fungi: a comparison of methods.genome size has played an important role in the evolution of plants and animals because changes in genome size seem to accompany if not facilitate evolutionary adaptation to environmental conditions. flow cytometry (fcm) is a widespread method for determining genome size thanks to its high accuracy and speed of measurements. nevertheless, only a few comparative studies of fcm methods exist in the field of mycology, and reviews are absent. in this study, we compared the suitability of several con ...201424953637
control of ras-mediated signaling in aspergillus fumigatus.pathogenic fungi employ numerous mechanisms to flourish in the stressful environment encountered within their mammalian hosts. central to this arsenal for filamentous fungi is invasive growth within the host microenvironment, mediated by establishment and maintenance of polarized hyphal morphogenesis. in aspergillus fumigatus, the rasa signal transduction pathway has emerged as a significant regulator of hyphal morphogenesis and virulence, among other processes. the factors contributing to the r ...201424952717
the novel globin protein fungoglobin is involved in low oxygen adaptation of aspergillus fumigatus.the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus normally lives as a soil saprophyte. its environment includes poorly oxygenated substrates that also occur during tissue invasive growth of the fungus in the human host. up to now, few cellular factors have been identified that allow the fungus to efficiently adapt its energy metabolism to hypoxia. here, we cultivated a. fumigatus in an o2 -controlled fermenter and analysed its responses to o2 limitation on a minute timescale. transcriptome seque ...201424948085
burden and distinctive character of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in india.allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) is an insidious pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity reactions mounted against aspergillus fumigatus. usually, complicating the course of patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis, the affliction has recently been described in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary tuberculosis-related fibrocavitary disease. patients commonly present with poorly controlled asthma, recurrent pulmonary infiltrates and bronchiectasis. more than six ...201424947170
aspergillus cell wall and biofilm.the fungal cell is surrounded by a cell wall that acts as a sieve and a reservoir for effector molecules that play an active role during infection. this cell wall is essential for fungal growth as well as for resisting host defense mechanisms. the aspergillus fumigatus cell wall is almost exclusively composed of polysaccharides. the fibrillar core is composed of a branched β-(1,3)-glucan to which chitin, β-(1,3)-/β-(1,4)-glucan, and galactomannan are covalently bound. the alkali-soluble amorphou ...201424947169
zinc acquisition: a key aspect in aspergillus fumigatus virulence.zinc is an essential micronutrient required for the growth of all microorganisms. to grow in the lungs of a susceptible patient aspergillus fumigatus must obtain zinc from the surrounding tissues. the concentration of zn(2+) ions in living tissues is much lower than that required for optimal fungal growth in vitro because most of them are tightly bound to proteins at the physiological ph. however, a. fumigatus has several zinc transporters (zrfa, zrfb and zrfc) that enable it to uptake zinc effi ...201424947168
deciphering the role of the chitin synthase families 1 and 2 in the in vivo and in vitro growth of aspergillus fumigatus by multiple gene targeting deletion.although chitin is an essential component of the fungal cell wall (cw), its biosynthesis and role in virulence is poorly understood. in aspergillus fumigatus, there are eight chitin synthase (chs) genes belonging to two families chsa-c, chsg in family 1 and chsf, chsd, csma, csmb in family 2). to understand the function of these chs genes, their single and multiple deletions were performed using β-rec/six system to be able to delete all genes within each family (up to a quadruple δchsa/c/b/g mut ...201424946720
isolate-dependent growth, virulence, and cell wall composition in the human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus.the ubiquitous fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus is a mediator of allergic sensitization and invasive disease in susceptible individuals. the significant genetic and phenotypic variability between and among clinical and environmental isolates are important considerations in host-pathogen studies of a. fumigatus-mediated disease. we observed decreased radial growth, rate of germination, and ability to establish colony growth in a single environmental isolate of a. fumigatus, af5517, when comp ...201424945802
fumagillin prodrug nanotherapy suppresses macrophage inflammatory response via endothelial nitric oxide.antiangiogenesis has been extensively explored for the treatment of a variety of cancers and certain inflammatory processes. fumagillin, a mycotoxin produced by aspergillus fumigatus that binds methionine aminopeptidase 2 (metap-2), is a potent antiangiogenic agent. native fumagillin, however, is poorly soluble and extremely unstable. we have developed a lipase-labile fumagillin prodrug (fum-pd) that eliminated the photoinstability of the compound. using αvβ3-integrin-targeted perfluorocarbon na ...201424941020
optimization of triacetylfusarinine c and ferricrocin productions in aspergillus fumigatus.iron is an essential element for all microorganisms. bacteria and fungi produce versatile siderophores for binding and storing this essential transition metal when its availability is limited in the environment. the aim of the study was to optimize the fermentation medium of aspergillus fumigatus for siderophore production. triacetyl-fusarinine c and ferricrocin yields were dependent on glucose and glycine supplementations as well as the initial ph of the culture media. the optimal fermentation ...201424939680
fulminant invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after a near-drowning accident in an immunocompetent patient.to report on invasive aspergillosis infection in an immunocompetent adult after a near-drowning event, which allowed this pathogen to easily gain access to the human respiratory system and result in rapid, severe infection.201424939635
balticidins a-d, antifungal hassallidin-like lipopeptides from the baltic sea cyanobacterium anabaena cylindrica bio33.balticidins a-d (1-4), four new antifungal lipopeptides, were isolated from the laboratory-cultivated cyanobacterium anabaena cylindrica strain bio33 isolated from a water sample collected from the baltic sea, rügen island, germany. fractionation of the 50% aqueous meoh extract was performed by bioassay-guided silica gel column chromatography followed by spe and repeated reversed-phase hplc. the main fraction containing the compounds exhibited a strong and specific antifungal activity with inhib ...201424937366
first detection of tr46/y121f/t289a and tr34/l98h alterations in aspergillus fumigatus isolates from azole-naive patients in denmark despite negative findings in the environment.azole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus harboring the tr34/l98h or tr46/y121f/t289a alterations is increasingly found in europe and asia. here, we present the first clinical cases of tr46/y121/t289a and three cases of tr34/l98h outside the cystic fibrosis (cf) population in denmark and the results of environmental surveys. four patients (2012 to 2014) with 11 a. fumigatus and 4 rhizomucor pusillus isolates and 239 soil samples (spring 2010 and autumn 2013, respectively) with a total of 113 a. fumi ...201424936595
antifungal and antibacterial activity of haliclona sp. from the persian gulf, iran.in this study, antifungal and antibacterial activities of diethyl ether, methanol and aqueous extracts of haliclona sp. were assessed (in vitro). the antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by broth dilution methods against clinical gram-negative bacteria: escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram-positive bacteria: staphylococcus aureus aureus, bacillus subtilis spizizenii. the antifungal activity of the extracts was determined by using a broth microdilution test against c ...201424934592
clearance of aspergillus fumigatus is impaired in the airway in allergic inflammation.aspergillus fumigatus (af) sometimes colonizes and persists within the respiratory tree in some patients with asthma. to date, the precise reasons why the clearance of af is impaired in patients with asthma remain unknown.201424932688
effects of chronic exposure to aspergillus fumigatus on epidermal growth factor receptor expression in the airway epithelial cells of asthmatic rats.epidemiologic studies suggest that increased concentrations of airborne spores of aspergillus fumigatus closely relate to asthma aggravation. chronic exposure to a. fumigatus aggravates airway inflammation, remodeling, and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic rats. the effects of chronic exposure to a. fumigatus on epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) expression in the airway epithelial cells of asthmatic rats remain unclear. this study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic exposure ...201424927409
vitamin d deficiency causes defective resistance to aspergillus fumigatus in mice via aggravated and sustained inflammation.vitamin d plays an important role in pulmonary resistance and immunity, and its deficiency has been linked to various respiratory infections. little is known about the effect of vitamin d deficiency on host pulmonary defense to aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus).201424926881
development of cross-resistance by aspergillus fumigatus to clinical azoles following exposure to prochloraz, an agricultural azole.the purpose of this study was to unveil whether azole antifungals used in agriculture, similar to the clinical azoles used in humans, can evoke resistance among relevant human pathogens like aspergillus fumigatus, an ubiquitous agent in nature. additionally, cross-resistance with clinical azoles was investigated. antifungal susceptibility testing of environmental and clinical isolates of a. fumigatus was performed according to the clsi m38-a2 protocol. in vitro induction assays were conducted in ...201424920078
elucidating drug resistance in human fungal pathogens.fungal pathogens cause life-threatening infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. millions of people die each year due to fungal infections, comparable to the mortality attributable to tuberculosis or malaria. the three most prevalent fungal pathogens are candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus. fungi are eukaryotes like their human host, making it challenging to identify fungal-specific therapeutics. there is a limited repertoire of antifungals ...201424810351
role of growth arrest-specific gene 6 in the development of fungal allergic airway disease in mice.growth arrest-specific gene (gas)6 is a secreted vitamin k-dependent protein with pleiotropic effects via activation of receptor tyrosine kinase tyro3, axl, and mertk receptors, but little is known about its role in allergic airway disease. we investigated the role of gas6 in the development of fungal allergic airway disease in mice. the immune response was evaluated in gas6-deficient (gas6-/-) and wild-type (wt) mice and in recombinant gas6-treated wt mice during aspergillus fumigatus-induced a ...201424810144
effect of nickel-cobaltite nanoparticles on production and thermostability of cellulases from newly isolated thermotolerant aspergillus fumigatus ns (class: eurotiomycetes).in the present study, effect of nickel-cobaltite (nico2o4) nanoparticles (nps) was investigated on production and thermostability of the cellulase enzyme system using newly isolated thermotolerant aspergillus fumigatus ns belonging to the class euratiomycetes. the nico2o4 nps were synthesized via hydrothermal method assisted by post-annealing treatment and characterized through x-ray diffraction (xrd) and transmission electron microscopy (tem) techniques. in the absence of nps in the growth medi ...201424801407
multidrug resistance in fungi: regulation of transporter-encoding gene expression.a critical risk to the continued success of antifungal chemotherapy is the acquisition of resistance; a risk exacerbated by the few classes of effective antifungal drugs. predictably, as the use of these drugs increases in the clinic, more resistant organisms can be isolated from patients. a particularly problematic form of drug resistance that routinely emerges in the major fungal pathogens is known as multidrug resistance. multidrug resistance refers to the simultaneous acquisition of toleranc ...201424795641
drug resistance of aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from flocks of domestic geese in poland.the aim of the study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of 85 aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from domestic geese and from their environment to amphotericin b, clotrimazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, enilconazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, and tioconazole. samples were collected from clinically healthy birds (oral cavity) and from birds with aspergillosis (lungs and air sacs). the study was carried out using the disk diffusion method according to the clinical laboratory and st ...201424795302
assessment of rose bengal versus riboflavin photodynamic therapy for inhibition of fungal keratitis isolates.to compare the in vitro effect of rose bengal and riboflavin as photosensitizing agents for photodynamic therapy (pdt) on fungal isolates that are common causes of fungal keratitis.201424792103
a polysaccharide virulence factor of a human fungal pathogen induces neutrophil apoptosis via nk cells.aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that sheds galactosaminogalactan (gg) into the environment. polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) and nk cells are both part of the first line of defense against pathogens. we recently reported that gg induces pmn apoptosis. in this study, we show that pmn apoptosis occurs via a new nk cell-dependent mechanism. reactive oxygen species, induced by the presence of gg, play an indispensable role in this apoptotic effect by increasing mh ...201424790151
co-sensitization to silkworm moth (bombyx mori) and 9 inhalant allergens among allergic patients in guangzhou, southern china.this study aimed to investigate the profile of sensitization to silkworm moth (bombyx mori) and other 9 common inhalant allergens among patients with allergic diseases in southern china.201424787549
a novel c2h2 transcription factor that regulates glia expression interdependently with gliz in aspergillus fumigatus.secondary metabolites are produced by numerous organisms and can either be beneficial, benign, or harmful to humans. genes involved in the synthesis and transport of these secondary metabolites are frequently found in gene clusters, which are often coordinately regulated, being almost exclusively dependent on transcription factors that are located within the clusters themselves. gliotoxin, which is produced by a variety of aspergillus species, trichoderma species, and penicillium species, exhibi ...201424784729
endoplasmic reticulum localized pera is required for cell wall integrity, azole drug resistance, and virulence in aspergillus fumigatus.gpi-anchoring is a universal and critical post-translational protein modification in eukaryotes. in fungi, many cell wall proteins are gpi-anchored, and disruption of gpi-anchored proteins impairs cell wall integrity. after being synthesized and attached to target proteins, gpi anchors undergo modification on lipid moieties. in spite of its importance for gpi-anchored protein functions, our current knowledge of gpi lipid remodelling in pathogenic fungi is limited. in this study, we characterized ...201424779420
pleural aspergillosis in an otherwise healthy individual.pleural aspergillosis is a rare entity, with most of the cases occurring on a background of lung disease or surgery. we report a case of a 16-year-old boy who developed pleural aspergillosis in the absence of any obvious pre-disposing factors. patient presented with fever, dry cough and left sided chest discomfort of 6 weeks duration. a chest radiograph revealed features of the left pyopneumothorax. despite being started on presumptive antituberculous treatment and intercostal drainage his sympt ...201424778481
extraction optimization and bioactivities of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by aspergillus fumigatus.aspergillus fumigatus produces an extracellular polysaccharide, afeps, when grew in naoh solution pretreated rice-straw medium. a three-level, three-factor box-behnken design (bbd) response surface methodology (rsm) was applied to optimize the extraction parameters of afeps. rsm analysis indicated good correspondence between experimental and predicted values. the optimal conditions for polysaccharide were: precipitation time 10.9h, ph 5.2 and ethanol concentration 90%. afeps was composed of arab ...201424769212
concentration of bioaerosols in composting plants using different quantification methods.bioaerosols (organic dusts) containing viable and non-viable microorganisms and their metabolic products can lead to adverse health effects in exposed workers. standard quantification methods of airborne microorganisms are mainly based on cultivation, which often underestimates the microbial burden. the aim of the study was to determine the microbial load in german composting plants with different, mainly cultivation-independent, methods. second purpose was to evaluate which working areas are as ...201424759376
isolation and identification of aspergillus spp. from brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) nocturnal houses in new zealand.aspergillosis, a disease caused by infection with aspergillus spp., is a common cause of death in birds globally and is an irregular cause of mortality of captive kiwi (apteryx spp.). aspergillus spp. are often present in rotting plant material, including the litter and nesting material used for kiwi in captivity. the aim of this study was to survey nocturnal kiwi houses in new zealand to assess the levels of aspergillus currently present in leaf litter. samples were received from 11 nocturnal k ...201424758108
antifungal susceptibility of aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates collected from various areas in japan.azole resistance among clinical isolates of aspergillus fumigatus is becoming a serious problem in europe, but the status in japan is not yet known in detail. the aim of this study was to determine the present status of azole resistance in a. fumigatus in japan. we employed 171 clinical isolates of a. fumigatus sensu stricto collected from 1987 to 2008 at the medical mycology research center, chiba university, japan for azole resistance determination. identification of all isolates were re-exami ...201424751235
basophils are rapidly mobilized following initial aeroallergen encounter in naïve mice and provide a priming source of il-4 in adaptive immune responses.chronic aeroallergen inhalation elicits the expansion of il-4-producing th2 cells and the production of ige antibodies. in sensitized subjects, who have established ige and th2 responses, re-exposure to allergen leads to rapid recruitment of basophils, which are thought to be important effectors of late phase allergic reactions. several investigations of responses to parasites and injected antigens have identified an additional role for basophils as innate immune effectors during initial antigen ...201424750795
current status of antifungal resistance and its impact on clinical practice.mortality linked to invasive fungal diseases remains very high despite the availability of novel antifungals and new therapeutic strategies. candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus account for most invasive mycosis produced by yeast or moulds, respectively. other candida non-albicans are increasingly being reported and newly emerging, as well as cryptic, filamentous fungi often cause disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts. management of invasive fungal infections is becoming a cha ...201424749533
[pseudo-tumoral aspergillus rhinosinusitis of dental origin].sinonasal aspergillosis is caused by the interaction between the sinonasal mucosa with a cosmopolite fungus (aspergillus), it is on the increase, this is an infection whose evolution is unpredictable requiring early diagnosis and appropriate support. we report a case of aspergillus rhinosinusitis of dental origin in pseudo-tumoral form with a review of the literature.201424746718
a 10-year survey of fungal aerocontamination in hospital corridors: a reliable sentinel to predict fungal exposure risk?invasive mould infections represent a threat for high-risk patients hospitalized in haematology units. french guidelines recommend that fungal aerocontamination monitoring should be performed quarterly. since 2002, besançon university hospital has expanded to include several new buildings. consequently, environmental surveys have been re-inforced and are now performed on a weekly basis.201424746609
evaluation of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative real-time pcr for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a rat model.since there is no consensus about the most reliable assays to detect invasive aspergillosis from samples obtained by minimally invasive or noninvasive methods, we compared the efficacy of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for galactomannan (gm) detection and quantitative real-time pcr assay (qrt-pcr) for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. neutropenic, male sprague-dawley rats (specific pathogen free; 8 weeks old; weight, 200 ± 20 g) were immunosuppressed with cyclophos ...201424743569
expression of endoglucanases in pichia pastoris under control of the gap promoter.plant-derived biomass is a potential alternative to fossil feedstocks for a greener economy. enzymatic saccharification of biomass has been studied extensively and endoglucanases have been found to be a prerequisite for quick initial liquefaction of biomass under industrial conditions. pichia pastoris, widely used for heterologous protein expression, can be utilized for fungal endoglucanase production. the recently marketed pichiapink™ expression system allows for rapid clone selection, and empl ...201424742273
a single aspergillus fumigatus intracranial abscess in an immunocompetent patient with parietal lobe tumorectomy.aspergillosis of the central nervous system is a rare fungal infection that is mainly reported in patients with immune deficiency, such as aids patients and organ transplant patients treated with immunosuppressive agents, and is uncommon among patients with intact immune function. we report here a rare case of intracranial aspergillosis in a patient who had previously undergone a parietal lobe tumorectomy. aspergillus fumigatus was confirmed by histopathology, and susceptibility tests reported t ...201424906819
the volatome of aspergillus fumigatus.early detection of invasive aspergillosis is absolutely required for efficient therapy of this fungal infection. the identification of fungal volatiles in patient breath can be an alternative for the detection of aspergillus fumigatus that still remains problematic. in this work, we investigated the production of volatile organic compounds (vocs) by a. fumigatus in vitro, and we show that volatile production depends on the nutritional environment. a. fumigatus produces a multiplicity of vocs, pr ...201424906414
formaldehyde: a chemical of concern in the vicinity of mbt plants of municipal solid waste.the mechanical-biological treatment (mbt) of municipal solid waste (msw) has a number of advantages in comparison to other msw management possibilities. however, adverse health effects related to this practice are not well known yet, as a varied typology of microbiological and chemical agents may be generated and released. in 2010, we initiated an environmental monitoring program to control air levels of volatile organic compounds (vocs) and microbiological pollutants near an mbt plant in montca ...201424906065
occurrence of triazole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus with tr34/l98h mutations in outdoor and hospital environment in kuwait.invasive aspergillosis due to triazole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus, a common airborne fungal pathogen, has emerged in some european and asian countries, likely due to exposure to azole fungicides in the environment. this study determined the occurrence of triazole-resistant a. fumigatus in outdoor and hospital environment in kuwait, a semi-arid desert country in arabian peninsula.201424906064
mfs multidrug transporters in pathogenic fungi: do they have real clinical impact?infections caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens have reached concerning numbers due to the increase of the immunocrompromised human population and to the development of antifungal resistance. this resistance is often attributed to the action of multidrug efflux pumps, belonging to the atp-binding cassette (abc) superfamily and the major facilitator superfamily (mfs). although many studies have focused on the role of abc multidrug efflux transporters, little is still known on the part played ...201424904431
prevalence of aspergillus sensitisation in pulmonary tuberculosis-related fibrocavitary disease.aspergillus complicates the course of healed pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb), causing aspergilloma and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. whether aspergillus also causes allergic sensitisation in ptb-related fibrocavitary disease and bronchiectasis remains unknown.201424902565
the impact of environmental and agricultural pollutants on the prevalence of allergic diseases in people from qassim, ksa.there are multiple environmental factors that influence a sensitized (ige antibody positive) patient's predisposition to manifest allergic symptoms following allergen exposure. the majority of allergens are known to induce morbidity with chronic symptoms such as rhinitis, pruritis, dermatitis and urticaria.201424899876
improved maldi-tof microbial mass spectrometry imaging by application of a dispersed solid matrix.the key step in high quality microbial matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (microbial maldi msi) is the fabrication of a homogeneous matrix coating showing a fine-grained morphology. this application note addresses a novel method to apply solid maldi matrices onto microbial cultures grown on thin agar media. a suspension of a mixture of 2,5-dhb and α-chca is sprayed onto the agar sample surface to form highly homogeneous matrix coatings. as a result, the signal ...201424894842
saccharification and liquefaction of cassava starch: an alternative source for the production of bioethanol using amylolytic enzymes by double fermentation process.cassava starch is considered as a potential source for the commercial production of bioethanol because of its availability and low market price. it can be used as a basic source to support large-scale biological production of bioethanol using microbial amylases. with the progression and advancement in enzymology, starch liquefying and saccharifying enzymes are preferred for the conversion of complex starch polymer into various valuable metabolites. these hydrolytic enzymes can selectively cleave ...201424885587
characterization of the aspergillus fumigatus chitosanase csnb and evaluation of its potential use in serological diagnostics.aspergillus fumigatus is currently the major air-borne fungal pathogen as its asexual spores are distributed through the air. in severely immunocompromised patients, inhalation of these conidia can result in life-threatening infections. invasive aspergillosis, a major aspergillus-associated disease, is associated with a high mortality reflecting short-comings in diagnostics and therapy. current diagnostics largely rely on the serological detection of the galactomannan antigen. detection of circu ...201424880790
distinct innate immune phagocyte responses to aspergillus fumigatus conidia and hyphae in zebrafish larvae.aspergillus fumigatus is the most common filamentous fungal pathogen of immunocompromised hosts, resulting in invasive aspergillosis (ia) and high mortality rates. innate immunity is known to be the predominant host defense against a. fumigatus; however, innate phagocyte responses to a. fumigatus in an intact host and their contributions to host survival remain unclear. here, we describe a larval zebrafish a. fumigatus infection model amenable to real-time imaging of host-fungal interactions in ...201424879123
immobilization of (r)- and (s)-amine transaminases on chitosan support and their application for amine synthesis using isopropylamine as donor.transaminases from aspergillus fumigatus ((r)-selective, aspfum), ruegeria pomeroyi ((s)-selective, 3hmu) and rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 ((s)-selective, 3i5t) were immobilized on chitosan with specific activities of 99, 157, and 163u/g and acceptable yields (54, 21, and 23%, respectively) for glutaraldehyde (ga) immobilization. besides ga, also divinylsulfone was used as linker molecule leading to a similar efficient immobilization for two enzymes, gibzea and neofis, whereas ga was superior i ...201424874095
gene expression profiles of human dendritic cells interacting with aspergillus fumigatus in a bilayer model of the alveolar epithelium/endothelium interface.the initial stages of the interaction between the host and aspergillus fumigatus at the alveolar surface of the human lung are critical in the establishment of aspergillosis. using an in vitro bilayer model of the alveolus, including both the epithelium (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line, a549) and endothelium (human pulmonary artery epithelial cells, hpaec) on transwell membranes, it was possible to closely replicate the in vivo conditions. two distinct sub-groups of dendritic cell ...201424870357
effect of serum components on biofilm formation by aspergillus fumigatus and other aspergillus species.biofilm production by microorganisms is critical for their pathogenicity. serum promotes biofilm production by aspergillus fumigatus; however, its effects on other aspergillus spp. have not been reported. we analyzed biofilm formation by five aspergillus spp., i.e., a. fumigatus, a. flavus, a. nidulans, a. niger, and a. terreus, and examined the effects of serum/serum proteins such as fetal bovine serum (fbs), fetuin a, and bovine serum albumin (bsa) on hyphal growth, hyphal branching, and extra ...201424858605
fungal infection of aortic endograft because of aspergillus fumigatus.a 59-year-old male, referred to our center with a ruptured aortic aneurysm, underwent urgent endovascular repair and femoro-femoral crossover bypass. an endograft infection because of aspergillus fumigatus occurred about 20 days after surgery. we removed the endograft and femoral prosthesis and we then performed an aorto-bi-iliac bypass with autogenous reversed superficial femoral veins. five days after surgery, the patient died. microbiological examination and postmortem examination showed the ...201424858585
spectroscopic and biological studies of new binuclear metal complexes of a tridentate ons hydrazone ligand derived from 4-amino-6-methyl-3-thioxo-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-5(2h)-one and 4,6-diacetylresorcinol.the binuclear hydrazone, h2l, ligand derived from 4-amino-6-methyl-3-thioxo-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-5(2h)-one and 4,6-diacetylresorcinol, in the molar ratio 2:1, and its copper(ii), nickel(ii), cobalt(ii), zinc(ii), cadmium(ii), cerium(iii), iron(iii), oxovanadium(iv) and dioxouranium(vi) complexes have been synthesized. structures of the ligand and its metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (infrared, electronic, mass, 1h nmr and esr) data, magnetic susceptibility, ...201424858350
miliary nodules in a patient of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilosis.allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilosis (abpa) is immunological pulmonary disease caused by hypersensitivity of aspergillus fumigatus usually occurs in patients with chronic asthma, cystic fibrosis and bronchiactasis. this disease may present with divers radiological presentation like; fleeting pulmonary opacities, bronchiactasis, mucoid impaction, perihilar opacity (hailer lymphadenopathy), and lung mass or pleural effusion. we describe the case of a 30 year old housewife who presented with prog ...201424858168
the development of pulmonary aspergillosis and pneumothorax in a patient with neutropenic systemic lupus erythematosus and successful treatment of the first case.there are reports on patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) with aspergillosis; however, aspergillosis-related pneumothorax has not been reported in sle. we present a female patient with active sle who was administered high-dose steroids, developed an opportunistic bacterial infection and had a cavitary pulmonary lesion. sputum cultures yielded aspergillus fumigatus. she was administered voriconazole. she developed dyspnoea and chest x-ray showed pneumothorax. she was placed with an un ...201424850547
[double-antigen sandwich elisa for detecting aspergillus fumigatus anti-afmp1cr and afmp2cr antibodies].to establish two double-antigen sandwich elisa systems to detect anti-afmp1cr and afmp2cr antibodies of aspergillus fumigatus.201424849428
glia in aspergillus fumigatus is required for its tolerance to gliotoxin and affects the amount of extracellular and intracellular gliotoxin.gliotoxin is an important virulence factor of aspergillus fumigatus. although glia putatively belongs to the major facilitator superfamily in the gliotoxin biosynthesis cluster, its roles remain unclear. to determine the function of glia, we disrupted glia in a. fumigatus. glia disruption increased the susceptibility of a. fumigatus to gliotoxin. the glit and glia double-disrupted mutant had even higher susceptibility to gliotoxin than each individual disruptant. the extracellular release of gli ...201424847038
eosinophils are recruited in response to chitin exposure and enhance th2-mediated immune pathology in aspergillus fumigatus infection.in patients infected with the fungus aspergillus fumigatus, th1 responses are considered protective, while th2 responses are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. how host-pathogen interactions influence the development of these protective or detrimental immune responses is not clear. we compared lung immune responses to conidia from two fungal isolates that expressed different levels of the fungal cell wall component chitin. we observed that repeated aspirations of the high-chitin- ...201424842927
aspergillus fumigatus induces microrna-132 in human monocytes and dendritic cells.aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for severe and often fatal infections in immunocompromised patients. the human immune response against this pathogenic mould is still not fully understood. recently, micrornas (mirnas) have been characterized as regulators of inflammation and immune response in various diseases. mirnas specifically bind to mrna target sequences, thereby leading to gene silencing by target degradation and/or translational repression. to investigate the possible role of mirnas ...201424841251
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