Publications

cryptocandin, a potent antimycotic from the endophytic fungus cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina.	a unique lipopeptide antimycotic, termed cryptocandin, is described from cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina, an endophytic fungus. cryptocandin, with a molecular mass of 1079 da, contains equimolar amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyhomotyrosine, 4-hydroxyproline, threonine, glutamine, 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylproline, 4,5-dihydroxyornithine and palmitic acid. cryptocandin is chemically related to well-known antimycotics, the echinocandins and pneumocandins, which are produced by such fungi as zalerion arborico ...	1999	10463158
methoxybifurcarenone: an antifungal and antibacterial meroditerpenoid from the brown alga cystoseira tamariscifolia.	a meroditerpenoid metabolite has been isolated from the brown alga cystoseira tamariscifolia and characterized as methoxybifurcarenone, by spectral analysis. methoxybifurcarenone possesses antifungal activity against three tomato pathogenic fungi: botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum sp. mycopersici and verticillium alboatrum and antibacterial activity against agrobacterium tumefaciens and escherichia coli.	1999	10466223
desiccation and osmotic stress increase the abundance of mrna of the tonoplast aquaporin bobtip26-1 in cauliflower cells.	changes in vacuolar structure and the expression at the rna level of a tonoplast aquaporin (bobtip26-1) were examined in cauliflower (brassicaoleracea l. var. botrytis) under water-stress conditions. gradual drying out of slices of cauliflower floret tissue caused its collapse, with a shrinkage in tissue and cell volumes and an apparent vesiculation of the central vacuole, whereas osmotic stress resulted in plasmolysis with a collapse of the cytoplasm and the central vacuole within. osmotic stre ...	1999	10467033
chloride and ethyl ester morpholine thiourea derivatives and their ni(ii) complexes. crystal and molecular structures of the thiourea derivative l-leucine methyl ester and its complexes with cu(ii) and pt(ii). growth of the pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea.	we have synthesized a series of ligands (1, 3, 4, 6 and 7) and some of their complexes with ni(ii), cu(ii) and pt(ii) (2, 5, 8 and 9). these compounds were studied and characterized by elemental analysis, ir and uv-vis spectra, conductivity measurements in solution, fab+/ms, 1h and 13c nmr, esr, etc. compound 7 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with z = 4. unit cell parameters were as follows: a = 21.307(2) a, alpha = 90 degrees, b = 12.498(1) a, beta = 90 degrees, c = ...	1999	10474203
deficiency in phytoalexin production causes enhanced susceptibility of arabidopsis thaliana to the fungus alternaria brassicicola.	the phytoalexin-deficient arabidopsis mutant pad3-1, which is affected in the production of the indole-type phytoalexin camalexin, has previously been shown not to display altered susceptibility to either the bacterium pseudomonas syringae (glazebrook & ausubel 1994; proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 91: 8955-8959) or the biotrophic fungi peronospora parasitica (glazebrook et al. 1997; genetics, 146: 381-392) and erysiphe orontii (reuber et al. 1998; plant j. 16: 473-485). we now show that this mutant ...	1999	10476063
duplication of the brassica oleracea apetala1 floral homeotic gene and the evolution of domesticated cauliflower.	development of the cauliflower phenotype in arabidopsis thaliana requires mutations at both the cauliflower and apetala1 loci. boap1 is the brassica oleracea orthologue to the arabidopsis ap1 gene, and is present in two copies in brassica genomes. the boap1-a gene appears to encode a full-length protein, but boap1-b alleles in b. oleracea contain insertions that lead to premature translation termination. the boap1-b allele found in most b. oleracea subspecies, including b. oleracea ssp. botrytis ...	1999	10544496
mycorrhiza-induced changes in disease severity and pr protein expression in tobacco leaves	the development of leaf disease symptoms and the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins were monitored in leaves of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthinc) plants colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices. leaves of mycorrhizal plants infected with the leaf pathogens botrytis cinerea or tobacco mosaic virus showed a higher incidence and severity of necrotic lesions than those of nonmycorrhizal controls. similar plant responses were obtained at both low (0.1 ...	1999	10550896
isolation, antifungal activity, and structure elucidation of the glutarimide antibiotic, streptimidone, produced by micromonospora coerulea.	the antibiotic ao58a,which showed strong antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi, was purified from the culture broth and mycelial mats of micromonospora coerulea strain ao58 using various chromatographic procedures. the molecular formula of the antibiotic ao58a was deduced to be c(16)h(23)no(4) (m + h, m/z 294.1707) by high-resolution fab mass spectroscopy. analyses of (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, and 2d nmr spectral data revealed that the antibiotic ao58a is the glutarimide antibiotic ...	1999	10552660
correlation of lipid peroxidation in botrytis cinerea caused by dicarboximide fungicides with their fungicidal activity.	dicarboximide fungicides iprodione, vinclozolin, and procymidone were examined for their capacity to inhibit mycelial growth, to cause cellular leakage, and to cause lipid peroxidation on botrytis cinerea isolate bc2. all three fungicides effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungi. the ic(50) values were found to be about 2 µm for all three fungicides, indicating that the fungicidal activity of the individual fungicides was almost the same. the fungicides caused significant cellular ...	1998	10554307
selection of beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control triatoma infestans.	twenty three isolates of beauveria bassiana and 13 isolates of metarhizium anisopliae were tested on third instar nymphs of triatoma infestans, a serious vector of chagas disease. pathogenicity tests at saturated humidity showed that this insect is very susceptible to fungal infection. at lower relative humidity (50%), conditions expected in the vector microhabitat, virulence was significantly different among isolates. cumulative mortality 15 days after treatment varied from 17.5 to 97.5%, and e ...	1998	9921313
tonoplast intrinsic proteins from cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis): immunological analysis, cdna cloning and evidence for expression in meristematic tissues.	the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) of plant cells contains aquaporins, protein channels that facilitate the selective transport of water. these tonoplast intrinsic proteins (tips) of 23-29 kda belong to the ancient major intrinsic protein (mip) family. a monospecific polyclonal antiserum directed against a 26 kda intrinsic protein from the tonoplast of meristematic cells from cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) was used to screen a cdna library. two distinct cdnas have been isolated. ...	1998	9530877
modification of enzyme sulfhydryl groups suppresses uv-induced mutagenesis depending on the nucleotide excision repair system in escherichia coli b/r wp2.	s-methyl methanethiosulfonate (mmts), which was isolated from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) homogenate as a potent bio-antimutagen, has been used as an enzyme-sulfhydryl (sh) temporary blocking agent in modification studies of enzyme activities. we examined whether 23 kinds of mmts-related compounds have a suppressing effect on uv mutagenesis in escherichia coli b/r wp2. disulfide derivatives of diphenyl, 2.2'-dipyridine and 4.4'-dipyridine, and n-ethyl maleimide (nem), which tem ...	1998	9539980
aeroallergens and viable microbes in sandstorm dust. potential triggers of allergic and nonallergic respiratory ailments.	aeroallergens and antigens in sandstorm dust, extracts of which were skin prick test (spt) positive in allergic patients, were detected by rocket immunoelectrophoresis and elisa. fungi and bacteria isolated by agar settle plates and soil dilution and soil washing methods were enumerated and identified. cat dander, acacia, alternaria, aspergillus, chenopodium, cladosporium, bermuda grass, pithecellobium, prosopis, rumex, cultivated rye, and washingtonia palm allergens were detected by both method ...	1998	9542605
biological control of major postharvest pathogens on apple with candida sake.	epiphytic microorganisms isolated from apples, pears and the surfaces of apple leaves were screened for antagonistic activity against penicillium expansum (blue-mold), botrytis cinerea (gray-mold) and rhizopus nigricans (rhizopus rot) on apple (malus domestica). a total of 933 bacteria and yeasts were tested in primary screening against p. expansum. ninety-two strains reduced the lesion size on apples by more than 50%, 72 of which were isolated from the surface of apples. for secondary screening ...	1998	9600605
purification and characterization of a 100 kda dna polymerase from cauliflower inflorescence.	a dna polymerase from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence has been purified to near homogeneity through five successive column chromatographies, and temporally designated cauliflower polymerase 1. cauliflower polymerase 1 is a monopolypeptide with a molecular mass of 100 kda. the enzyme efficiently uses synthetic dna homopolymers and moderately activated dna and a synthetic rna homopolymer as template-primers. the enzyme is strongly sensitive to dideoxythymidine triphosph ...	1998	9601087
coordinate accumulation of antifungal proteins and hexoses constitutes a developmentally controlled defense response during fruit ripening in grape.	during ripening of grape (vitis labruscana l. cv concord) berries, abundance of several proteins increased, coordinately with hexoses, to the extent that these became the predominant proteins in the ovary. these proteins have been identified by n-terminal amino acid-sequence analysis and/or function to be a thaumatin-like protein (grape osmotin), a lipid-transfer protein, and a basic and an acidic chitinase. the basic chitinase and grape osmotin exhibited activities against the principal grape f ...	1998	9625699
tissue-related changes in methyl-esterification of pectic polysaccharides in cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) stems.	pectic substances are a major component of cell walls in vegetable plants and have an important influence on plant food texture. cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) stem sections at different regions of the mature plant stem have been monitored for tissue-related changes in the native pectic polysaccharides. chemical analysis detected appreciable differences in the degree of methyl-esterification (me) of pectic polysaccharides. about 65% of galacturonic acid (galpa) residues were me ...	1998	9640669
the effects of iprodione on the lipid metabolism of botrytis cinerea.		1998	9649830
genes from mycoparasitic fungi as a source for improving plant resistance to fungal pathogens.	disease resistance in transgenic plants has been improved, for the first time, by the insertion of a gene from a biocontrol fungus. the gene encoding a strongly antifungal endochitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma harzianum was transferred to tobacco and potato. high expression levels of the fungal gene were obtained in different plant tissues, which had no visible effect on plant growth and development. substantial differences in endochitinase activity were detected among transfor ...	1998	9653105
bacillus isolates from the spermosphere of peas and dwarf french beans with antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea and pythium species.	a range of isolation procedures including washing, sonication and incubation in nutrient broth were used separately and in combination to obtain potential bacterial antagonists to botrytis cinerea and pythium mamillatum from the testae and cotyledons of peas and dwarf french beans. heat treatment was also used to bias this selection towards spore-forming bacteria. ninety-two bacterial isolates were obtained, 72 of which were provisionally characterized as species of bacillus. four of these bacil ...	1998	9674133
a novel atp-binding cassette transporter involved in multidrug resistance in the phytopathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum.	demethylation inhibitor (dmi)-resistant strains of the plant pathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum were shown to be simultaneously resistant to cycloheximide, 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide (4nqo), and acriflavine. a pmr1 (penicillium multidrug resistance) gene encoding an atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter (p-glycoprotein) was cloned from a genomic dna library of a dmi-resistant strain (lc2) of penicillium digitatum by heterologous hybridization with a dna fragment containing an abc-encoding re ...	1998	9758830
the endopolygalacturonase gene bcpg1 is required for full virulence of botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea, a fungus that causes diseases in over 200 plant species, secretes a number of endopolygalacturonases that have been suggested to be involved in pathogenesis. however, so far the corresponding genes have not been isolated from this fungus. we cloned bcpg1, encoding endopolygalacturonase, with the pgaii gene from aspergillus niger as a heterologous probe. the bcpg1 gene is expressed to similar levels in liquid cultures of b. cinerea containing either 1% polygalacturonic acid or 1 ...	1998	9768518
dihydroramulosin from botrytis sp.	botrytis sp., isolated from the inner bark of the pacific yew, taxus brevifolia, was shown to produce ramulosin (1), 6-hydroxyramulosin (2), and the new compound 8-dihydroramulosin (3). the structure of dihydroramulosin was deduced from the nmr spectra and confirmed by chemical conversion from ramulosin.	1998	9784167
microbial populations of botrytis cinerea-inoculated strawberry fruit exposed to four volatile compounds.	aerobic, microaerophilic, coliform, and mold populations of botrytis cinerea-inoculated strawberry fruit not exposed (control) or exposed to low and high quantities of four volatile compounds during storage at 2 degrees c were determined after storage for 7 days and after removal of the volatile and transfer to 22 degrees c for 3 days. fruit harvested at the ripe stage were inoculated with 10(6) conidia b. cinerea per ml and were placed in plastic containers containing no volatile compound (cont ...	1998	9798154
trichoderma/pathogen interactions: measurement of antagonistic chemicals produced at the antagonist/pathogen interface using a tubular bioassay.	a tubular bioassay was used to measure analytically the local production and concentration of the antifungal trichoderma secondary metabolite 6-n-pentyl-2h-pyran-2-one (6pap) at the trichoderma antagonist/pathogen interface. 6pap levels significantly increased in the presence of the pathogen botrytis cinerea, typically 300-700%, and were highest near the pathogen source. the level of response for a particular trichoderma isolate was found to vary with the test organism used. two products produce ...	1998	9830146
the biotransformation of some clovanes by botrytis cinerea	the metabolism of the fungistatic agent 2beta-methoxyclovan-9alpha-ol (2) by the fungus botrytis cinerea has been investigated. biotransformation of compound 2 yielded compounds 3-5, 7, and 9. the major metabolites of compound 2 each show much reduced biological activity when compared with the parent compound. also studied were the effects of b. cinerea on the metabolism of the related compounds 2beta-methoxyclovan-9-one (3), 2beta-methoxyclovan-9beta-ol (4), and clovan-2,9-dione (6). compounds ...	1998	9834150
separate jasmonate-dependent and salicylate-dependent defense-response pathways in arabidopsis are essential for resistance to distinct microbial pathogens.	the endogenous plant hormones salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja), whose levels increase on pathogen infection, activate separate sets of genes encoding antimicrobial proteins in arabidopsis thaliana. the pathogen-inducible genes pr-1, pr-2, and pr-5 require sa signaling for activation, whereas the plant defensin gene pdf1.2, along with a pr-3 and pr-4 gene, are induced by pathogens via an sa-independent and ja-dependent pathway. an arabidopsis mutant, coi1, that is affected in the ja-res ...	1998	9844023
the promoter of the plant defensin gene pdf1.2 from arabidopsis is systemically activated by fungal pathogens and responds to methyl jasmonate but not to salicylic acid.	the plant defensin pdf1.2 has previously been shown to accumulate systemically via a salicylic acid-independent pathway in leaves of arabidopsis upon challenge by fungal pathogens. to further investigate the signalling and transcriptional processes underlying plant defensin induction, a dna fragment containing 1184 bp and 1232 bp upstream of the transcriptional and translational start sites, respectively, was cloned by inverse pcr. to test for promoter activity this dna fragment was linked to th ...	1998	9869413
biological control of botrytis cinerea growth on apples stored under modified atmospheres.	the combined effect of modified-atmosphere packaging and the application of a bacterial antagonist (erwinia sp.) on botrytis cinerea growth on apples (cv. 'golden delicious') was investigated. inoculated apples were stored in polyethylene bags at 5 degrees c. the initial gas composition in each bag was set according to a central composite experimental design involving five levels of o2 (1 to 15%) and co2 (0 to 15%). control samples under ambient conditions were also included. without the antagon ...	1998	9874345
microbial contamination of advanced life support (als) systems poses a moderate threat to the long-term stability of space-based bioregenerative systems.	microbial contamination of terrestrial hydroponic plant-growing systems provides an effective analogue for studying microbial contamination issues for space-based advanced life support (als) systems. if aggressive root or foliar pathogens are introduced into als hydroponic systems, severe epidemics are probable. greater than 80% of the reported outbreaks of root pathogens in terrestrial hydroponic systems describe epidemics caused by fungal species of fusarium, phytophthora, and pythium. however ...	1998	11876200
the minisatellite msb1, in the fungus botrytis cinerea, probably mutates by slippage.	a minisatellite was identified in the intron of the atp synthase of the filamentous fungus botrytis cinerea, and it was named msb1. this is the second fungal minisatellite described to date. its 37-bp repeat unit is at-rich, and it is found at only one locus in the genome. the introns of 47 isolates of botrytis species were sequenced. the number of tandem repeats varied only from 5 to 11, but there were many repeat variants. the structure of msb1 is peculiar: the variants are in the same physica ...	1998	12572616
biological control of botrytis cinerea in cyclamen with ulocladium atrum and gliocladium roseum under commercial growing conditions.	abstract the effect of treatments with conidial suspensions of ulocladium atrum and gliocladium roseum on leaf rot of cyclamen caused by botrytis cinerea was investigated under commercial greenhouse conditions. spraying u. atrum (1 x 10(6) conidia per ml) or g. roseum (2 x 10(6) conidia per ml and 1 x 10(7) conidia per ml) at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks during the production period and spraying u. atrum (1 x 10(6) conidia per ml) at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of ...	1998	18944911
resveratrol oxidation in botrytis cinerea conidia.	abstract observations using light microscopy showed that approximately 30% of botrytis cinerea conidia treated with semi-lethal concentrations (i.e., 60 mug/ml) of the grapevine phytoalexin resveratrol possessed intracellular brown coloration. this coloration was never observed in the absence of resveratrol or in conidia treated with resveratrol together with sulfur dioxide (antioxidant compound) or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (inhibitor of laccase action), suggesting that discoloration result ...	1998	18944929
ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the biological control of botrytis cinerea by candida saitoana in apple fruit.	abstract biocontrol activity of candida saitoana and its interaction with botrytis cinerea in apple wounds were investigated. when cultured together, yeast attached to botrytis sp. hyphal walls. in wounded apple tissue, c. saitoana restricted the proliferation of b. cinerea, multiplied, and suppressed disease caused by either b. cinerea or penicillium expansum. in inoculated apple tissue without the yeast, fungal colonization caused an extensive degradation of host walls and altered cellulose la ...	1998	18944950
characterization of an exo-beta-1,3-glucanase produced by pichia anomala strain k, antagonist of botrytis cinerea on apples.	abstract the exo-beta-1,3-glucanase (ec 3.2.1.58) activity of pichia anomala strain k, an antagonistic yeast of botrytis cinerea on postharvest apples, was studied in a synthetic medium supplemented with laminarin, a cell wall preparation (cwp) of b. cinerea, or glucose. the highest enzyme activity was detected in culture media containing a cwp of b. cinerea as the sole carbon source, whereas the lowest activity was observed in culture media supplemented with glucose. exoglc1, an exo-beta-1,3-gl ...	1998	18944957
fungal sensitivity to and enzymatic degradation of the phytoanticipin alpha-tomatine.	abstract alpha-tomatine, synthesized by lycopersicon and some solanum species, is toxic to a broad range of fungi, presumably because it binds to 3beta-hydroxy sterols in fungal membranes. several fungal pathogens of tomato have previously been shown to be tolerant of this glycoalkaloid and to possess enzymes thought to be involved in its detoxification. in the current study, 23 fungal strains were examined for their ability to degrade alpha-tomatine and for their sensitivity to this compound an ...	1998	18944982
fungal pathogens of euphorbia heterophylla and e. hirta in brazil and their potential as weed biocontrol agents.	a two-year survey of the fungi associated with two important congeneric pantropical weeds, euphorbia heterophylla and e. hirta, was conducted in part of their native range in southern brazil. sampling was concentrated mainly in rio de janeiro state and ten species were identified as pathogens of these weeds. two taxa, botrytis ricini and uromyces euphorbiae, were common to both weed hosts. alternaria euphorbiicola, bipolaris euphorbiae, melampsora sp., oidium sp. and sphaceloma poinsettiae were ...	1998	16284862
control of postharvest pathogens and colonization of the apple surface by antagonistic microorganisms in the field.	abstract selected isolates of aureobasidium pullulans, rhodotorula glutinis, and bacillus subtilis reduced the size and number of lesions on wounded apples caused by the postharvest pathogens penicillium expansum, botrytis cinerea, and pezicula malicorticis. combinations of the antagonistic microorganisms were applied to apple trees in the field late in the growing season of two consecutive years. the population dynamics of the introduced microorganisms and the incidence of fruit decay were dete ...	1997	18945006
salicylic acid produced by the rhizobacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa 7nsk2 induces resistance to leaf infection by botrytis cinerea on bean.	abstract selected strains of nonpathogenic rhizobacteria can induce a systemic resistance in plants that is effective against various pathogens. in an assay with bean plants, we investigated which determinants of the rhizobacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa 7nsk2 are important for induction of resistance to botrytis cinerea. by varying the iron nutritional state of the bacterium at inoculation, it was demonstrated that induced resistance by p. aeruginosa 7nsk2 was iron-regulated. as p. aeruginosa 7 ...	1997	18945074
interaction of four antagonistic fungi with botrytis aclada in dead onion leaves: a comparative microscopic and ultrastructural study.	abstract the colonization of dead onion leaves by botrytis aclada and the fungal antagonists aureobasidium pullulans, chaetomium globosum, glio-cladium catenulatum, and ulocladium atrum and the interactions between b. aclada and each of the four antagonists were studied at the microscopic and ultrastructural level. this approach was used in an attempt to understand the colonization pattern of these fungi and the nature of the biocontrol activity of the antagonists that have shown a potential to ...	1997	18945082
antifungal activity of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum, and rhizopus stolonifer: ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects.	abstract the effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on major postharvest pathogens was investigated at the ultrastructural and cytochemical level. hyphae of botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum,, and rhizopus stolonifer grown in the absence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose were normal and showed no apparent cytological alterations. in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose, however, these fungi exhibited severe cellular injuries ranging from cell wall disruption to cytoplasm disintegration. although 2-deoxy-d-glucose cau ...	1997	18945101
production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody raised against surface antigens from mycelium of gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici: evidence for an extracellular polyphenol oxidase.	abstract a murine monoclonal antibody (mab) of immunoglobulin class m (igm) was raised against surface antigens from gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, recognized isolates of g. graminis var. tritici, g. graminis var. avenae and g. graminis var. graminis. characterization of the antigen by heat and protease treatments showed that the epitope recognized by the mab was a protein. antigen production was detected only in live mycelia. immunofluorescence s ...	1997	18945163
incorporation of weather forecasting in integrated, biological-chemical management of botrytis cinerea.	abstract a strategy for integrated biological and chemical control of botrytis cinerea in nonheated greenhouse vegetables was developed. the biocontrol agent used was a commercial preparation developed from an isolate of trichoderma harzianum, t39 (trichodex). decisions concerning whether to spray the biocontrol agent or a fungicide were made based on a weather-based disease warning system. the integrated strategy (botman [short for botrytis manager]) was implemented as follows: when slow or no ...	1997	18945177
salicylic acid interferes with tobacco mosaic virus replication via a novel salicylhydroxamic acid-sensitive mechanism.	salicylic acid (sa) induces resistance to all plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but the mechanism by which sa engenders resistance to viruses is not known. pretreatment of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-susceptible (nn genotype) tobacco tissue with sa reduced the levels of viral rnas and viral coat protein accumulating after inoculation with tmv. viral rnas were not affected equally, suggesting that sa treatment interferes with tmv replication. salicylhydroxamic acid (sham), a ...	1997	12237364
aeroallergen sensitivity of thai patients with allergic rhinitis.	the aim of this study was to determine the aeroallergen sensitivity of allergic rhinitis patients. a total of 100 cases (female: 59, male: 41, aged between 10-59 years, mean age 27.9 years) who were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis by history and clinical presentation, underwent a prick skin test with 30 aeroallergens, and the important sensitizing allergens were assessed. skin test reactivity showing > or = 3 mm wheal with erythema as the positive skin test, was recorded. the results of patient ...	1997	9579610
malolactomycins c and d, new 40-membered macrolides active against botrytis.	a strain of streptomyces was found to produce two new components of the 40-membered ring macrolides, malolactomycins c and d. they inhibited the growth of botrytis cinerea in an agar medium and a detached leaf method.	1997	9127189
flipper, a mobile fot1-like transposable element in botrytis cinerea.	a transposable element, flipper, was isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. the element was identified as an insertion sequence within the coding region of the nitrate reductase gene. the flipper sequence is 1842 bp long with perfect inverted terminal repeats (itrs) of 48 bp and an open reading frame (orf) of 533 amino acids, potentially encoding for a transposase; the element is flanked by the dinucleotide ta. the encoded protein is very similar to the putative transposases ...	1997	9202383
transformation of botrytis cinerea with the nitrate reductase gene (niad) shows a high frequency of homologous recombination.	the nitrate reductase (niad) gene was isolated from the phytopathogenic ascomycete botrytis cinerea using a probe obtained by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to domains conserved among three fungal nitrate reductases. the b. cinerea niad gene encodes a predicted protein of 907 amino acids and contains no intron. nitrate reductase-deficient mutants of b. cinerea have been isolated. one of them was transformed with the niad genes of fusarium oxyspor ...	1997	9294265
polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (pgips) with different specificities are expressed in phaseolus vulgaris.	the pgip-1 gene of phaseolus vulgaris, encoding a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip), pgip-1 (p. toubart, a. desiderio, g. salvi, f. cervone, l. daroda, g. de lorenzo, c. bergmann, a. g. darvill, and p. albersheim, plant j. 2:367-373, 1992), was expressed under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter in tomato plants via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. transgenic tomato plants with different expression levels of pgip-1 were used in infection experiments w ...	1997	9304859
stability and modulated expression of a hygromycin resistance gene integrated in botrytis cinerea transformants.	when transformation of botrytis cinerea occurred in mononucleated protoplasts the hygromycin resistance phenotype was stable and integrated plasmid dna although rearranged was transmitted through meiosis. we observed that transformants were often heterokaryotic and using serial conidial transfer, we showed failure of expression of the entire copies of integrated plasmids in some conidial isolates. a non-mendelian segregation of the hygromycin resistance phenotype was observed in most crosses bet ...	1997	9311115
a double-stranded rna mycovirus in botrytis cinerea.	in wild-type botrytis cinerea cvg25 strain we have detected the presence of extrachromosomal genetic elements corresponding to double-stranded rna molecules. these genetic elements have been designated l, m1 and m2 with molecular sizes of 8.3, 2.0 and 1.4 kb, respectively. the visualization by electron microscopy of mycelium ultrathin sections from b. cinerea cvg25 showed the presence of isometric virus-like particles of about 40 nm in diameter. linear sucrose gradient centrifugation of mycelium ...	1997	9345772
rflp markers show genetic recombination in botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinerea) and transposable elements reveal two sympatric species.	molecular markers revealed that botryotinia fuckeliana (the teleomorph of botrytis cinerea), a haploid, filamentous, heterothallic ascomycete, contained a large amount of intrapopulation genetic variation. the markers were used to determine the mode of reproduction and the population structure of this fungus. we did not detect any differentiation between isolates from different organs, collection dates, varieties of grape, or locations in the champagne region of france, but two unexpected sympat ...	1997	9364775
isolation of a cdna coding for l-galactono-gamma-lactone dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in plants. purification, characterization, cdna cloning, and expression in yeast.	l-galactono-gamma-lactone dehydrogenase (ec 1.3.2.3; gldase), an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of l-ascorbic acid was purified 1693-fold from a mitochondrial extract of cauliflower (brassica oleracea, var. botrytis) to apparent homogeneity with an overall yield of 1.1%. the purification procedure consisted of anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, gel filtration, and fast protein liquid chromatography. the enzyme had a molecular mass of 56 kda estimated by gel filtra ...	1997	9374475
cloning and characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase gene from botrytis cinerea.	rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase (rgase a) cleaves alpha 1--2 linkages between rhamnosyl and galacturonosyl residues in pectin. a 1.9 kb rgase a cdna clone (bcrhga) was isolated from a b. cinerea cdna library using a pcr-amplified aspergillus aculeatus rgase a probe. it's 1.7 kb open reading frame had 62% identity at the amino acid level with a. aculeatus rgase a. northern blots of b. cinerea total rna probed with bcrhga revealed a 2 kb band, suggesting the cdna clone is full or nearly-full length. ...	1997	9385443
a structure-specific endonuclease from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence.	a protein with structure-specific endonuclease activity has been purified to near homogeneity from cauliflower ( brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence through five successive column chromatographies. the protein is a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 40 kda. using three different branched dna structures (flap, pseudo-y and stem-loop) we found that the enzyme, a cauliflower structure-specific endonuclease, cleaved the single-stranded tail in the 5'-flap and 5'-pseudo-y structur ...	1997	9396804
a functional s locus anther gene is not required for the self-incompatibility response in brassica oleracea.	the self-incompatibility (si) response in brassica involves recognition of self-pollen by the papillar cells of the stigma and is mediated by the products of genes localized at the s (self-incompatibility) locus. two s locus genes, srk and slg, are thought to encode components of a receptor complex present in the female partner. the putative gene product of sla, a third s locus-linked gene that is expressed specifically in anthers, is a candidate for the male component of the si recognition syst ...	1997	9401128
telomeric dna of botrytis cinerea: a useful tool for strain identification.	telomeric dna was isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea by pcr using only the oligonucleotide primer (ccctaa)4. as with other filamentous fungi, b. cinerea has a short ttaggg telomeric repeat. telomere-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) was found in strains of b. cinerea isolated from different host plants collected from different regions at different periods. almost every strain had a specific rflp pattern, including those collected from the same plant on ...	1997	9435107
malolactomycins c and d, new 40-membered macrolides active against botrytis	a strain of streptomyces was found to produce two new components of the 40-membered ring macrolides, malolactomycins c and d. they inhibited the growth of botrytis cinerea in an agar medium and a detached leaf method.	1997	9439689
cloning and expression of the cutinase a gene of botrytis cinerea.	cutinase of botrytis cinerea has been suggested to play an important role in penetration of host tissues. a protein fraction with cutin hydrolyzing activity was purified from culture filtrates of b. cinerea induced for cutinase activity. an 18-kda protein in this fraction was identified as cutinase and the corresponding gene cuta was cloned. the gene is present in a single copy in the genome of b. cinerea strain sas56 and its predicted amino acid sequence shows significant homology (31 to 35% id ...	1997	9002269
cutinase a of botrytis cinerea is expressed, but not essential, during penetration of gerbera and tomato.	the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea can infect undamaged plant tissue directly by penetration of the cuticle. this penetration has been suggested to be enzyme-mediated, and an important role for cutinase in the infection process has been proposed. in this study the expression of the cutinase encoding gene cuta of b. cinerea was analyzed using a cuta promoter-gus reporter gene fusion. transformants containing the fusion construct were examined for gus expression on gerbera flowers and tomato frui ...	1997	9002270
floral homeotic gene expression defines developmental arrest stages in brassica oleracea l. vars. botrytis and italica.	brassica oleracea l. vars, italica (broccoli) and botrytis (cauliflower) both undergo developmental arrests which result in heading phenotypes. we characterized these arrested tissues at the morphological and molecular levels, and defined the developmental changes that ensure after arrest has been broken. we found that the order of floral organ initiation and the positions of resulting floral organ primordia in this species in some respects from that of arabidopsis, which is a member of the same ...	1997	9084216
isolation and characterization of a benomyl-resistant form of beta-tubulin-encoding gene from the phytopathogenic fungus botryotinia fuckeliana.	as an initial step to develop a dna-mediated transformation system using benomyl resistance as a dominant selectable marker in the phytopathogenic fungus botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph, botrytis cinerea), we have constructed a phage lambda genomic dna library of a benomyl-resistant strain 91t-1, and a beta-tubulin-encoding gene bena was isolated, cloned and sequenced. southern blot analysis suggested that a single copy of bena is present in the genome of b. fuckeliana. the bena gene is compose ...	1997	9085273
molecular phylogeny and evolution of monilinia (sclerotiniaceae) based on coding and noncoding rdna sequences.	the nuclear internal transcribed spacers, the 5.8s subunit, ~560 bp of the small subunit, and ~320 bp of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal dna repeat from 17 species of monilinia and eight species of closely related genera were sequenced. phylogenies were constructed using maximum parsimony. the results support the hypothesis that monilinia is not monophyletic. a fundamental distinction was found between the section junctoriae and the section disjunctoriae. four evolutionary lineages we ...	1997	21708621
generation of superoxide anion and induction of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in bean leaves infected with pathogenic fungi.	generation of superoxide anion (o2-.) and peroxidase activity were significantly increased in bean leaves infected with incompatible and compatible pathogens: botrytis fabae and botrytis cinerea, respectively, but the induction was greater on direct inoculation with b. fabae, than with b. cinerea. a slightly higher o2-. level was also detected in the parts of leaves surrounding the inoculation side. overproduction of o2-. was observed earlier than the increase in peroxidase activity. pretreatmen ...	1996	9104504
characterization of two class ii chitinase genes from peanut and expression studies in transgenic tobacco plants.	two different genes encoding class ii chitinases from peanut (arachis hypogaea l. cv. nc4), a.h.chi2;1 and a.h.chi2;2, have been cloned. in peanut cell suspension cultures, mrna levels of a.h.chi2;2 increased after ethylene or salicylate treatment and in the presence of conidia from botrytis cinerea. the second gene, a.h.chi2;1, was only expressed after treatment with the fungal spores. transgenic tobacco plants containing the complete peanut a.h.chi2;1 gene exhibited essentially the same expres ...	1996	8616259
fungal spore concentrations in the atmosphere at the anatolia quarter of istanbul, turkey.	in this research, spore concentrations of cladosporium, alternaria, epicoccum, botrytis, leptosphaeria, polythrincium, ascospores, aspergillus, penicillium, basidiospores, uredospores, ustilago, torula, erysiphe, ganoderma, hyaline indeterminate and others in the atmosphere have been determined, and comparisons have been made between locations with both low and high spore concentrations. the importance of these air-borne fungal spores which cause allergy and asthma are emphasized in the paper fr ...	1996	8676281
effect of cucurbitacins on mrna coding for laccase in botrytis cinerea.	the effect of cucurbitacin and of ecballium extract on the formation of mrna coding for laccase was examined in cultures of botrytis cinerea grown with inducers of laccase formation, in the presence or absence of the inhibitory compounds. rna was isolated from the cultures and probed with specific dna probes for laccase. as an internal control, the rna was probed for botrytis beta-tubulin mrna. from an analysis of the results it is clear that cucurbitacin i and ecballium extract specifically rep ...	1996	8688171
residues of dicloran in clingstone peaches after pre- and postharvest application.	trials were carried out over a period of several years in order to test the efficacy of pre- and postharvest treatments against fungi causing postharvest rots of stored clingstone peaches destined to canning. among the fungicides tested, dicloran (2, 6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) was applied against botrytis cinerea, monilia cinerea and rhizopus stolonifer. the purpose of this work was to determine the residues of this fungicide in fresh, washed, peeled and canned fruits. no relevant data are repor ...	1996	8720094
uncoupled defense gene expression and antimicrobial alkaloid accumulation in elicited opium poppy cell cultures.	treatment of opium poppy (papaver somniferum l.) cell cultures with autoclaved mycelial homogenates of botrytis sp. resulted in the accumulation of sanguinarine. elicitor treatment also caused a rapid and transient induction in the activity of tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase (tydc, ec 4.1.1.25), which catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine and l-dopa to tyramine and dopamine, respectively, the first steps in sanguinarine biosynthesis. tydc genes were differentially expressed in response to elicitor ...	1996	8754678
molecular cloning and expression of the nag1 gene (n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase-encoding gene) from trichoderma harzianum p1.	a 72-kda n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase was purified from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma harzianum p1; antibodies were raised against it, and aa-sequences were obtained. the antibody reacted with a single 72-kda protein band in culture filtrates of t. harzianum grown on chitin, and was subsequently used to clone the corresponding nag1 gene from a lambdagt11 cdna expression library. it was interrupted by two short introns and encoded a protein of 580 amino acids. the deduced protein sequen ...	1996	8781176
homobotcinolide: a biologically active natural homolog of botcinolide from botrytis cinerea.	a novel natural product exhibiting biological activity was isolated from a strain of botrytis cinerea that had infected raspberry fruit (rubus ideaus). liquid fermentation and bioassay-directed fractionation of the organism yielded a compound with molecular formula c22h38o8 that is trivially named homobotcinolide. it significantly inhibited etiolated wheat coleoptile growth. greenhouse-grown bean, corn, and tobacco plants were also affected by exogenous application of homobotcinolide, severe chl ...	1996	8829534
structural and antifungal properties of a pathogenesis-related protein from wheat kernel.	we have purified and characterized a protein from the water-soluble fraction of wheat kernel (triticum aestivum cv. s. pastore) consisting of a single polypeptide chain blocked at its n-terminus by a pyroglutamate residue; the complete amino acid sequence has been determined by automated sequence analysis performed on peptide fragments obtained by enzymatic hydrolyses of the protein. homology studies have shown that this protein is very similar (97% sequence identity) to the previously character ...	1996	8838588
antimicrobial peptides from mirabilis jalapa and amaranthus caudatus: expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco.	the cdnas encoding the seed antimicrobial peptides (amps) from mirabilis jalapa (mj-amp2) and amaranthus caudatus (ac-amp2) have previously been characterized and it was found that mj-amp2 and ac-amp2 are processed from a precursor preprotein and preproprotein, respectively [de bolle et al., plant mol biol 28:713-721 (1995) and 22:1187-1190 (1993), respectively]. in order to study the processing, sorting and biological activity of these antimicrobial peptides in transgenic tobacco, four differen ...	1996	8843942
high field nmr microscopic imaging of cultivated strawberry fruit.	the experimental conditions required for discrimination of various types of tissue in fruits of cultivated strawberry (fragaria x ananassa) at high fields (ca. 7 t) have been investigated. in marked contrast to soft fruits of other species, from which informative images have been derived at high fields using a variety of pulse sequences and acquisition parameters, appreciable image intensities from parenchymal and vascular tissues in healthy strawberry fruits were obtained only with a spin-echo ...	1996	8847974
chitinase activity of xenorhabdus and photorhabdus species, bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes.	xenorhabdus nematophilus (three strains), xenorhabdus bovienii (one strain), and photorhabdus luminescens (one strain) showed both exo- and endochitinase activity using p-nitrophenyl-n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-n,n',n'-triacetylchitotriose, respectively, as substrates. one to three bands were detected on page gel with glycol chitin after electrophoresis. variation in exo- and endochitinase activity among different species and strains was detected with the strongest act ...	1996	8858906
cell wall synthesis is a major target of mycoparasitic antagonism by trichoderma harzianum.	we have investigated the molecular basis for the reported synergism between peptaibols and cell wall hydrolytic enzymes in the antagonism of phytopathogenic fungi by trichoderma harzianum. beta-glucan synthase activity on isolated plasma membranes of botrytis cinerea was inhibited in vitro by the peptaibols trichorzianin ta and tb, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of phosphatidylcholine. beta-glucan synthesis in vivo, assayed by the incorporation of [2-(3)h]glucose into cell wall ...	1996	8892847
[effect of monensin on the growth and secretion of exopolysaccharides in botrytis cinerea pers. and sclerotium rolfsii sacc].	the addition of various concentrations of monensin (1,5, and 10 micrograms/ml) to the culture medium inhibits the fungal growth and perturbs exopolysaccharides secretion, provoking a decrease of production in botrytis cinerea and an increase in sclerotium rolfsii. the ionophore induces also modifications in both polymer composition and structure. new monomers were observed in the two species and a decreased branching rate for sclerotium rolfsii. these modifications show that monensin affects the ...	1996	8925490
bioassay methods for the detection of antifungal activity by pseudomonas antimicrobica against the grey mould pathogen botrytis cinerea.	antagonism against the grey mould pathogen botrytis cinerea by pseudomonas antimicrobica was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. cell-free filtrates showed activity against b. cinerea growing on potato dextrose agar (pda) in a media-dependent manner with the most distinct antagonism being produced in czapek dox broth (cdb). cell-free filtrates of cdb-grown cultures also significantly reduced conidial germination of b. cinerea. an assay based on the inhibition of conidial germination was compared ...	1996	8939031
mycoparasitic interaction relieves binding of the cre1 carbon catabolite repressor protein to promoter sequences of the ech42 (endochitinase-encoding) gene in trichoderma harzianum.	the fungus trichoderma harzianum is a potent mycoparasite of various plant pathogenic fungi. we have studied the molecular regulation of mycoparasitism in the host/mycoparasite system botrytis cinerea/t. harzianum. protein extracts, prepared from various stages of mycoparasitism, were used in electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (em-sas) with two promoter fragments of the ech-42 (42-kda endochitinase-encoding) gene of t. harzianum. this gene was chosen as a model because its expression is trigg ...	1996	8962147
lipid peroxidation and membrane disruption by vinclozolin in dicarboximide-susceptible and -resistant isolates of botrytis cinerea	a dicarboximide-susceptible (ds) isolate and a dicarboximide-resistant (dr) isolate of botrytis cinerea were compared with regard to spore germination, mycelial growth, cellular leakage, and lipid peroxidation upon treatment with the dicarboximide fungicide vinclozolin. the fungicide inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of the ds isolate, but not those of the dr isolate. the inhibitory effect of the fungicide was greater on mycelial growth than on spore germination of the ds isolate. ...	1996	8980027
application of differential display rt-pcr to the analysis of gene expression in a plant-fungus interaction.	establishment of a plant-pathogen interaction involves differential gene expression in both organisms. in order to isolate botrytis cinerea genes whose expression is induced during its interaction with tomato, a comparative analysis of the expression pattern of the fungus in planta with its expression pattern during in vitro culture was performed by differential display of mrna (ddrt-pcr). discrimination of fungal genes induced in planta from plant defense genes induced in response to the pathog ...	1996	8980545
s-methyl methanethiosulfonate, bio-antimutagen in homogenates of cruciferae and liliaceae vegetables.	the isolation of a new type of bio-antimutagen, s-methyl methanethiosulfonate (mmts), from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and the distribution and formation of mmts in cruciferae and liliaceae vegetables are described. for the separation and purification, cauliflower curds were homogenized, extracted with acetone, and then purified by organic solvent extraction and by various processes of chromatographic separation. the chemical structure of an active principle was identified as m ...	1996	8987591
an autonomously replicating plasmid transforms botrytis cinerea to phleomycin resistance.	a transformation system has been developed for the pathogen fungus botrytis cinerea, based on the utilization of the wide host plasmid put737 that contains the sh ble gene, conferring resistance to phleomycin. transformed protoplasts were regenerated at 10-25 micrograms ml(-1) of phleomycin, at a frequency of 25-40 transformants per microgram of dna, and they were resistant up to 50 micrograms ml(-1). southern hybridization using undigested and digested total dna showed the presence of circular ...	1996	8998978
[the antibiotic properties of the phytotoxic metabolites of botrytis cinerea pers].	antibiotic properties of substances of a phytotoxic complex from botrytis cinerea have been studied for a number of phytopathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi as well as saprophytic yeast strains. high fungistatic activity of preparations of phytotoxic metabolites (ptm) has been stated for dendrodochium toxicum, myrothecium verrucaria, m. roridum, aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium urticae, agents of heavy human and cattle mycotoxicoses. the studied representatives of phytopat ...	1995	8714399
antifungal compounds induced in the dual culture with phytolacca americana callus and botrytis fabae.	in order to investigate new metabolites which are only induced in a plant callus infected by a pathogenic fungus, dual cultures with combinations of 10 species of fungi and 6 plant cell lines from different species were established. among the combinations tested, the methanolic extract of a dual culture consisting of a plant cell line, phytolacca americana and a fungus, botrytis fabae showed a marked antifungal activity to cladosporium herbarum. the main active constituent of this extract was id ...	1995	7546032
antimicrobial metabolites from a bacterial symbiont.	two types of antibiotics, namely, indoles and dithiolopyrrolones, have been isolated and identified from xenorhabdus bovienii a2. compounds 1 and 2 showed strong activity against cryptococcus neoformans, compounds 3 and 4 showed strong activity against botrytis cinerea, and compounds 1, 3, and 4 showed significant activity against phytophthora infestants (2 was not tested). in addition, two lower homologues of xenorhabdins 5 and 6, namely, 6-(n-3'-methylbutanamido)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-dithiolo[4,3-b ...	1995	7561900
vital fluorochromes as tracers for fungal growth studies.	eight fluorescent dyes were tested for staining the spores or mycelia of six fungi and for their translocation into new growth when the preloaded spores or mycelia were incubated on agar coated coverslips. the dyes studied were cellufluor, nile red, fluorescein diacetate (fda), carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cfda), chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (cmfda), aminochloromethyl coumarin (cmac), and the carbocyamines diic18(3) and dioc18(3). the fungi on which the dyes were tested included botrytis c ...	1995	7578589
antimicrobial activities of indolocarbazole and bis-indole protein kinase c inhibitors. ii. substitution on maleimide nitrogen with functional groups bearing a labile hydrogen.	new compounds, structurally related to the potent protein kinase c inhibitor staurosporine, and substituted on the imide nitrogen with a functional group bearing a labile hydrogen (hydroxymethyl, amino, hydroxy), were synthesized. their in vitro inhibitory potencies towards protein kinase c and protein kinase a showed that n-hydroxymethyl and n-hydroxy substitution, unlike alkyl substitution, can provide efficient protein kinase c inhibitors. the antimicrobial activities of these new compounds a ...	1995	7592032
purification and properties of an extracellular lipase from the fungus botrytis cinerea.	an extracellular lipase (ec 3.1.1.3) from the fungus botrytis cinerea has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. the purification included ammonium sulfate fractionation and sequential column chromatography. the purification of the preparation was 31-fold and recovery yield was 21%. the purified enzyme was associated with esterase activity according to activity staining on polyacrylamide gel. the molecular weight was determined as 60 kda on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elec ...	1995	7609604
monoclonal antibody tem 106 reacts with a tonoplast intrinsic protein of 106 kda from brassica oleracea l.	a monoclonal antibody, designated tem 106, that recognizes an intrinsic protein from the vacuole membrane (tonoplast) of cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) is described. mice were immunized with a tonoplast fraction that had been purified from differentiating meristematic cells from the cauliflower head. hybridomas were generated and screened by means of enzyme linked immuno sorbent assays for differential reactivity to tonoplast over non-related proteins (bovine serum albumin). on ...	1995	7615671
polygalacturonase produced in apple tissue decayed by botrytis cinerea.	an exo-polygalacturonase with an isoelectric point of 4.6 and an apparent molecular weight of 45 kda was isolated from apple tissue decayed by botrytis cinerea. this isozyme had a similar isoelectric point, optimum ph, and mode of action as an isozyme produced in liquid culture by b. cinerea. the enzyme produced in the decayed tissue was less sensitive to lower ph and less inhibited by cacl2, mgcl2, or nacl than the enzyme produced in culture. such changes in the properties of the enzyme produce ...	1995	7627131
biological activity of cyclopaldic acid, a major toxin of seiridium cupressi, its six derivatives, and iso-cyclopaldic acid.	cyclopaldic acid (ca), its six derivatives, and iso-cyclopaldic acid (isoca) were assayed for toxicity to cuttings of three species of cypress, as well as to mung bean, oat, and tomato explants. toxicity to host and non-host plants of ca derivatives having one or both of the aldehyde groups transformed was less than that of ca. shoot tissues of cupressus macrocarpa artificially infected by seiridium cupressi leached electrolytes more than those of c. sempervirens and c. arizonica. ca, isoca, and ...	1995	7648024
chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis by dietary feeding of s-methyl methane thiosulfonate in male f344 rats.	modifying effects of dietary exposure of s-methyl methane thiosulfonate (mmts) isolated from cauliflower brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis on rat colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane (aom) and on the expression of cell proliferation biomarkers were investigated in two experiments. in experiment 1, male f344 rats were given three s.c. injections of aom (15 mg/kg body weight) and fed 100 ppm mmts for 5 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dose of aom. the frequency of colonic aberrant ...	1995	7664279
structural properties of native and sonicated cinerean, a beta- (1-->3) (1-->6)-d-glucan produced by botrytis cinerea.	cinerean, the extracellular beta-(1-->3) (1-->6)-d-glucan of the fungus botrytis cinerea was studied. electron micrographs of the native polysaccharide revealed quasi-endless fibrils with an estimated diameter of ca. 1.5 nm. a particle mass of 10(9)-10(10) daltons was determined from dilute solutions by low-angle laser light scattering. sonication of increasing duration led to fragmentation of the native polymer with an approximately exponential decrease of mass in the range of average molecular ...	1995	7697647
antibiotic production and biocontrol activity by bacillus subtilis cl27 and bacillus pumilus cl45.	bacillus subtilis cl27 and b. pumilus cl45 showed similar activity against botrytis cinerea in in vitro plate assays. in a seedling bioassay, however, b. subtilis cl27 had activity similar to a commercial fungicide while b. pumilus cl45 failed completely to prevent seedling damping-off caused by bot. cinerea. antibiotic production by the two bacillus strains was found to depend on the growth substrate and highest antibiotic production was found on media based on homogenized cabbage tissue. antib ...	1995	7698955
partial characterization of chitinolytic enzymes from streptomyces albidoflavus.	streptomyces albidoflavus nrrl b-16746 secreted three types of chitinolytic enzymes: n-acetyl-glucosaminidase, chitobiosidase and endochitinase. optimal activity for all three types of enzymes occurred at ph 4-6; however 55-74% of the chitobiosidase and endochitinase activity was detectable at ph 8-10. chitobiosidase activity originated from two strongly acidic (pi < 3.0) proteins with molecular mass of 27 kda and 34 kda, while endochitinase activity originated from five major acidic proteins (p ...	1995	7766226
a group-i intron in the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal rna gene of sclerotinia sclerotiorum.	a 1,380-bp intervening sequence within the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal rna (mt ssu rrna) gene of the fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been sequenced and identified as a group-i intron. this is the first report of an intron in the mt ssu rrna gene. the intron shows close similarity in secondary structure to the subgroup-ic2 introns from podospora (nd3i1, nd5i2, and coii5) and neurospora (nd5i1). the intron has an open reading frame (orf) that encodes a putative protein of 420 amino a ...	1995	7788720
molecular basis of the cauliflower phenotype in arabidopsis.	genetic studies demonstrate that two arabidopsis genes, cauliflower and apetala1, encode partially redundant activities involved in the formation of floral meristems, the first step in the development of flowers. isolation of the cauliflower gene from arabidopsis reveals that it is closely related in sequence to apetala1. like apetala1, cauliflower is expressed in young flower primordia and encodes a mads-domain, indicating that it may function as a transcription factor. analysis of the cultivat ...	1995	7824951
boty, a long-terminal-repeat retroelement in the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea.	the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea can infect an extremely wide range of host plants (tomato, grapevine, strawberry, and flax) without apparent specialization. while studying genetic diversity in this fungus, we found an element which is present in multiple copies and dispersed throughout the genome of some of its isolates. dna sequence analysis revealed that the element contained direct, long-terminal repeats (ltrs) of 596 bp whose features were characteristic of retroviral and retrotr ...	1995	7887592
adhesion of germlings of botrytis cinerea.	adhesion of conidia and germlings of the facultative plant parasite botrytis cinerea occurs in two distinct stages. the first stage, which occurs immediately upon hydration of conidia and is characterized by relatively weak adhesive forces, appears to involve hydrophobic interactions (r. p. doss, s. w. potter, g. a. chastagner, and j. k. christian, appl. environ. microbiol. 59:1786-1791, 1993). the second stage of adhesion, delayed adhesion, occurs after viable conidia have been incubated for se ...	1995	7887606