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genetic diversity and evolutionary insights of respiratory syncytial virus a on1 genotype: global and local transmission dynamics.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) a on1 genotype, first detected in 2010 in ontario, canada, has been documented in 21 countries to date. this study investigated persistence and transmission dynamics of on1 by grouping 406 randomly selected rsv-positive specimens submitted to public health ontario from august 2011 to august 2012; rsv-a-positive specimens were genotyped. we identified 370 rsv-a (181 na1, 135 na2, 51 on1 3 ga5) and 36 rsv-b positive specimens. we aligned time-stamped second ...201526420660
molecular evolution of the hypervariable region of the attachment glycoprotein gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup b genotypes ba9 and ba10.we studied the molecular evolution of the c-terminal 3rd hypervariable region in the attachment glycoprotein gene of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup b (hrsv-b) genotypes ba9 and ba10. we performed time-scaled phylogenetic analyses using bayesian markov chain monte carlo methods. we also performed a genetic distance analysis (p-distance analysis), positive and negative selection analyses, and a bayesian skyline plot (bsp) analysis. we found that genotype ba9 diverged from the common an ...201526408340
control of pathogenic effector t-cell activities in situ by pd-l1 expression on respiratory inflammatory dendritic cells during respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in young infants, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. we demonstrate here that the co-inhibitory molecule programmed cell death 1 (pd-1) is selectively upregulated on t cells within the respiratory tract during both murine and human rsv infection. importantly, the interaction of pd-1 with its ligand pd-l1 is vital to restrict the pro-inflammatory activities of lung effector t cells ...201525465101
dual proinflammatory and antiviral properties of pulmonary eosinophils in respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of morbidity and severe lower respiratory tract disease in the elderly and very young, with some infants developing bronchiolitis, recurrent wheezing, and asthma following infection. previous studies in humans and animal models have shown that vaccination with formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) leads to prominent airway eosinophilic inflammation following rsv challenge; however, the roles of pulmonary eosinophilia in the antiviral response ...201525410867
comparison of xtag respiratory virus panel and verigene respiratory virus plus for detecting influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.nucleic acid amplification tests have allowed simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses.201524796703
prospective comparison of rt-pcr/esi-ms to prodesse proflu plus and cepheid genxpert for the detection of influenza a and b viruses.rt-pcr/esi-ms has previously demonstrated the capability to detect and identify respiratory viral pathogens in nasopharyngeal swabs. this study expands on previous research by performing a prospective evaluation of rt-pcr/esi-ms to detect and identify influenza a and b viruses compared to prodesse proflu plus and combined proflu plus and cepheid xpert flu. proflu plus was also used as a gold standard for comparison for respiratory syncytial virus detection. using proflu plus as a gold standard, ...201525681525
new epidemiological and clinical signatures of 18 pathogens from respiratory tract infections based on a 5-year study.respiratory tract infections (rtis) are a heavy burden on society. however, due to the complex etiology of rtis, the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these infections remain challenging, especially in developing countries.201526406339
modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin d.vitamin d deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ari) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin d supplementation for prevention of ari has demonstrated protective effects. several cellular studies have investigated the effects of vitamin d metabolites on immune responses to respiratory viruses, but syntheses of these reports are lacking.201526035247
review of non-bacterial infections in respiratory medicine: viral pneumonia.although bacteria are the main pathogens involved in community-acquired pneumonia, a significant number of community-acquired pneumonia are caused by viruses, either directly or as part of a co-infection. the clinical picture of these different pneumonias can be very similar, but viral infection is more common in the pediatric and geriatric populations, leukocytes are not generally elevated, fever is variable, and upper respiratory tract symptoms often occur; procalcitonin levels are not general ...201525957460
viral infections in outpatients with medically attended acute respiratory illness during the 2012-2013 influenza season.while it is known that acute respiratory illness (ari) is caused by an array of viruses, less is known about co-detections and the resultant comparative symptoms and illness burden. this study examined the co-detections, the distribution of viruses, symptoms, and illness burden associated with ari between december 2012 and march 2013.201525887948
one-year prospective study of community acquired influenza and parainfluenza viral infections in hospitalized egyptian children with malignancy: single center experience.respiratory viruses are widespread in the community and easily transmitted to immunocompromised patients.201525871509
high prevalence of common respiratory viruses and no evidence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in hajj pilgrims returning to ghana, 2013.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012 on the arabian peninsula and has caused severe respiratory disease with more than 800 laboratory-confirmed cases. the return of infected pilgrims to their home countries with a putative spread of mers-cov necessitates further surveillance.201525688471
synthesis and biological evaluation of strictosamide derivatives with improved antiviral and antiproliferative activities.a series of novel derivatives of strictosamide were synthesized and biologically evaluated. most of the new compounds exhibited improved activities than the parent compound strictosamide. among them, compounds ib and if possessed antiviral activities against influenza a virus (a/jinan/15/90) with ic50 values of 4.12 and 12.35 μg/ml, respectively. compound ie possessed antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with an ic50 value of 9.58 μg/ml. both compounds iic and iid had mod ...201525589048
development of next-generation respiratory virus vaccines through targeted modifications to viral immunomodulatory genes.vaccines represent one of the greatest contributions of the scientific community to global health. yet, many pathogens remain either unchallenged or inadequately hindered by commercially available vaccines. respiratory viruses pose distinct and difficult challenges due to their ability to rapidly spread, adapt, and modify the host immune response. considerable research has been directed to understand the role of respiratory virus immunomodulatory proteins and how they influence the host immune r ...201526434947
mumps virus is released from the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells, and the release is facilitated by a rab11-mediated transport system.mumps virus (muv) is an airborne virus that causes a systemic infection in patients. in vivo, the epithelium is a major replication site of muv, and thus, the mode of muv infection of epithelial cells is a subject of interest. our data in the present study showed that muv entered polarized epithelial cells via both the apical and basolateral surfaces, while progeny viruses were predominantly released from the apical surface. in polarized cells, intracellular transport of viral ribonucleoprotein ...201526378159
safety and immunogenicity of novel respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines based on the rsv viral proteins f, n and m2-1 encoded by simian adenovirus (panad3-rsv) and mva (mva-rsv); protocol for an open-label, dose-escalation, single-centre, phase 1 clinical trial in healthy adults.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes respiratory disease throughout life, with infants and the elderly at risk of severe disease and death. rsv001 is a phase 1 (first-in-man), open-label, dose-escalation, clinical trial of novel genetic viral-vectored vaccine candidates panad3-rsv and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva)-rsv. the objective of rsv001 is to characterise the (primary objective) safety and (secondary objective) immunogenicity of these vaccines in healthy younger and ol ...201526510727
chimpanzee adenovirus- and mva-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adults.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes respiratory infection in annual epidemics, with infants and the elderly at particular risk of developing severe disease and death. however, despite its importance, no vaccine exists. the chimpanzee adenovirus, panad3-rsv, and modified vaccinia virus ankara, mva-rsv, are replication-defective viral vectors encoding the rsv fusion (f), nucleocapsid (n), and matrix (m2-1) proteins for the induction of humoral and cellular responses. we performed an open-labe ...201526268313
mucosal delivery of a vectored rsv vaccine is safe and elicits protective immunity in rodents and nonhuman primates.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and the elderly. no vaccine is presently available to address this major unmet medical need. we generated a new genetic vaccine based on chimpanzee adenovirus (panad3-rsv) and modified vaccinia ankara rsv (mva-rsv) encoding the f, n, and m2-1 proteins of rsv, for the induction of neutralizing antibodies and broad cellular immunity. because rsv infection is restricted to the respiratory tract, we compare ...201526015988
viruses detected by systematic multiplex polymerase chain reaction in adults with suspected community-acquired pneumonia attending emergency departments in france.infectious agents associated with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) are under-studied. this study attempted to identify viruses from the upper respiratory tract in adults visiting emergency departments for clinically suspected cap. adults with suspected cap enrolled in the escaped study (impact of computed tomography on cap diagnosis) had prospective nasopharyngeal (np) samples studied by multiplex pcr (targeting 15 viruses and four intracellular bacteria). an adjudication committee composed of ...201525704448
bronchiolitis associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae in infants in suzhou china between 2010 and 2012.viruses cause most cases of bronchiolitis in infants; consequently the importance of other agents such as mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) in the etiology of bronchiolitis may not be fully recognized. we investigated the prevalence and seasonal distribution of bronchiolitis caused by mp in 674 children admitted to the children's hospital affiliated with soochow university from january 2010 to december 2012. the presence of mp was confirmed by real-time pcr. during the 3 years, we identified mp in 17.2 ...201525597274
blunted inflammatory and mucosal iga responses to pneumonia virus of mice in c57bl/6 neonates are correlated to reduced protective immunity upon re-infection as elderly mice.respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants and pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) causes similar disease in mice. the impact of pvm infection in balb/c and c57bl/6 neonates, and upon re-infection as elderly mice, was compared. as previously shown for adult mice, pvm caused more disease in balb/c than in c57bl/6 neonates. after pvm-15 infection balb/c neonates showed higher production of inflammatory mediators, more influx of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and higher ifn-α ...201526298860
the caspase inhibitor zvad increases lung inflammation in pneumovirus infection in mice.severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease is a frequent cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) in young children, and is associated with marked lung epithelial injury and neutrophilic inflammation. experimental studies on ards have shown that inhibition of apoptosis in the lungs reduces lung epithelial injury. however, the blockade of apoptosis in the lungs may also have deleterious effects by hampering viral clearance, and importantly, by enhancing or prolonging local proinf ...201525780096
efficacy of parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5)-based tuberculosis vaccines in mice.mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (tb), is an important human pathogen. bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg), a live, attenuated variant of mycobacterium bovis, is currently the only available tb vaccine despite its low efficacy against the infectious pulmonary form of the disease in adults. thus, a more-effective tb vaccine is needed. parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5), a paramyxovirus, has several characteristics that make it an attractive vaccine vector. it is safe, inexpe ...201526552000
presentation of severe combined immunodeficiency with respiratory syncytial virus and pneumocystis co-infection.severe combined immunodeficiency can cause severe, life-threatening viral, bacterial and fungal infections at an early age. we report a case of a 4-month-old boy with co-infection by respiratory syncytial virus and pneumocystis jiroveci infection that led to recognition of severe combined immunodeficiency.201525247585
[pathogen detection of 1 613 cases of hospitalized children with community acquired pneumonia].to investigate the distribution of pathogens of children with community acquired pneumonia (cap) from the chongqing area.201526575877
[distribution of pathogenic microorganisms and its relationship with clinical features in children with community-acquired pneumonia].to study the distribution of pathogenic microorganisms in different genders, age groups and seasons in children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and the relationship between the distribution of pathogenic microorganisms and clinical features.201526483223
cotton rat immune responses to virus-like particles containing the pre-fusion form of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.virus-like particles (vlps) based on newcastle disease virus (ndv) core proteins, m and np, and containing two chimera proteins, f/f and h/g, composed of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein (f) and glycoprotein (g) ectodomains fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the ndv f and hn proteins, respectively, stimulate durable, protective anti-rsv neutralizing antibodies in mice. furthermore, immunization of mice with a vlp containing a f/f chimera protein with modifi ...201526541285
protection conferred by virus-like particle vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice by intranasal vaccination.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major pathogen in infants and the elderly, causing pneumonia and bronchiolitis. despite decades of research, to date there is still no approved rsv vaccine available. in this study, we developed rsv virus-like particle (vlp) vaccines containing an rsv fusion (f) and/or attachment (g) protein with newcastle disease virus (ndv) as the platform. the vlps were expressed in a baculovirus system and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. balb/c mice immuniz ...201525933187
murine immune responses to virus-like particle-associated pre- and postfusion forms of the respiratory syncytial virus f protein.virus-like particles (vlps) built on the newcastle disease virus (ndv) core proteins, np and m, and containing two chimeric proteins, f/f and h/g, composed of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein (f) and glycoprotein (g) ectodomains fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the ndv f and hn proteins, respectively, stimulate durable, protective rsv neutralizing antibodies in mice. here, we report the properties of vlps constructed to contain mutant rsv f protein ectodomain ...201525903340
protein-protein interactions of viroporins in coronaviruses and paramyxoviruses: new targets for antivirals?viroporins are members of a rapidly growing family of channel-forming small polypeptides found in viruses. the present review will be focused on recent structural and protein-protein interaction information involving two viroporins found in enveloped viruses that target the respiratory tract; (i) the envelope protein in coronaviruses and (ii) the small hydrophobic protein in paramyxoviruses. deletion of these two viroporins leads to viral attenuation in vivo, whereas data from cell culture shows ...201526053927
anti-rsv prophylaxis efficacy for infants and young children with cystic fibrosis in ireland.there is limited evidence supporting the routine use of palivizumab in paediatric cystic fibrosis (cf) patients to reduce respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and related hospitalisation. despite this, anti-rsv prophylaxis is increasingly common. this is the first report from ireland regarding palivizumab outcomes for children with cf, under 2 years old, despite the greatest prevalence of cf globally.201526473032
ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase mediates nf-κb serine 276 phosphorylation and interferon expression via the irf7-rig-i amplification loop in paramyxovirus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary etiological agent of childhood lower respiratory tract disease. molecular patterns induced by active infection trigger a coordinated retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling response to induce inflammatory cytokines and antiviral mucosal interferons. recently, we discovered a nuclear oxidative stress-sensitive pathway mediated by the dna damage response protein, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (atm), in cytokine-induce ...201525520509
detection of respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus in healthy infants.despite the research importance of rhinovirus detection in asymptomatic healthy infants, the literature remains sparse.201526608824
incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults in rural thailand, 2006-2011: implications for pneumococcal vaccine considerations.the incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults is a key driver for the cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine used among children. we sought to obtain more accurate incidence estimates among adults by including results of pneumococcal urine antigen testing (uat) from population-based pneumonia surveillance in two thai provinces. active surveillance from 2006 to 2011 identified acute lower respiratory infection (alri)-related hospital admissions. adult cases of pneumococcal pn ...201526503277
knowledge gaps on paediatric respiratory infections in morocco, northern africa.the burden of acute respiratory infections (ari) among moroccan children remains significant. however, scarce information is available regarding trends in its epidemiology and etiology, or regarding its associated prognostic factors. the purpose of this work was to review available data on the burden of ari among children under five years of age in morocco.201526078866
detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in hospitalized children with acute respiratory illnesses, chongqing, 2009-2013.acute respiratory infections (aris) cause large disease burden each year. the codetection of viral and bacterial pathogens is quite common; however, the significance for clinical severity remains controversial. we aimed to identify viruses and bacteria in hospitalized children with ari and the impact of mixed detections.hospitalized children with ari aged ≤16 were recruited from 2009 to 2013 at the children's hospital of chongqing medical university, chongqing, china. nasopharyngeal aspirates (n ...201525906103
severe acute respiratory illness deaths in sub-saharan africa and the role of influenza: a case series from 8 countries.data on causes of death due to respiratory illness in africa are limited.201525712970
partial attenuation of respiratory syncytial virus with a deletion of a small hydrophobic gene is associated with elevated interleukin-1β responses.the small hydrophobic (sh) gene of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a major cause of infant hospitalization, encodes a viroporin of unknown function. sh gene knockout virus (rsv δsh) is partially attenuated in vivo, but not in vitro, suggesting that the sh protein may have an immunomodulatory role. rsv δsh has been tested as a live attenuated vaccine in humans and cattle, and here we demonstrate that it protected against viral rechallenge in mice. we compared the immune response to infection w ...201526085154
antiviral and antitumor activities of the lectin extracted from aspidistra elatior.lectins, a group of highly diverse proteins of non-immune origin and are ubiquitously distributed in plants, animals and fungi, have multiple significant biological functions, such as anti-fungal, anti-viral and, most notably, anti-tumor activities. a lectin was purified from the rhizomes of aspidistra elatior blume, named a. elatior lectin (ael). in vitro experiments showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ael against the vesicular stomatitis virus, coxsackie virus b4, and respirat ...201525854839
host proteome correlates of vaccine-mediated enhanced disease in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. despite over 50 years of research, to date no safe and efficacious rsv vaccine has been licensed. many experimental vaccination strategies failed to induce balanced t-helper (th) responses and were associated with adverse effects such as hypersensitivity and immunopathology upon challenge. in this study, we explored the well-established recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) rsv-f/rsv-g vaccination ...201525694607
viral aetiology of common colds of outpatient children at primary care level and the use of antibiotics.although antibiotics are ineffective against viral respiratory infections, studies have shown high rates of prescriptions worldwide. we conducted a study in brazil to determine the viral aetiologies of common colds in children and to describe the use of antibiotics for these patients. children up to 12 years with common colds were enrolled from march 2008-february 2009 at a primary care level facility and followed by regular telephone calls and medical consultations. a nasopharyngeal wash was ob ...201526560978
diagnosis of viral infections using myxovirus resistance protein a (mxa).myxoma resistance protein 1 (mxa) is induced during viral infections. mxa testing could be helpful to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections.201525802344
structural virology. near-atomic cryo-em structure of the helical measles virus nucleocapsid.measles is a highly contagious human disease. we used cryo-electron microscopy and single particle-based helical image analysis to determine the structure of the helical nucleocapsid formed by the folded domain of the measles virus nucleoprotein encapsidating an rna at a resolution of 4.3 angstroms. the resulting pseudoatomic model of the measles virus nucleocapsid offers important insights into the mechanism of the helical polymerization of nucleocapsids of negative-strand rna viruses, in parti ...201525883315
unity in diversity: shared mechanism of entry among paramyxoviruses.the paramyxoviridae family includes many viruses that are pathogenic in humans, including parainfluenza viruses, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and the emerging zoonotic henipaviruses. no effective treatments are currently available for these viruses, and there is a need for efficient antiviral therapies. paramyxoviruses enter the target cell by binding to a cell surface receptor and then fusing the viral envelope with the target cell membrane, allowing the release of the viral geno ...201525595799
detecting respiratory viral rna using expanded genetic alphabets and self-avoiding dna.nucleic acid (na)-targeted tests detect and quantify viral dna and rna (collectively xna) to support epidemiological surveillance and, in individual patients, to guide therapy. they commonly use polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse transcription pcr. although these all have rapid turnaround, they are expensive to run. multiplexing would allow their cost to be spread over multiple targets, but often only with lower sensitivity and accuracy, noise, false positives, and false negatives; thes ...201526299645
oral ribavirin for the treatment of noninfluenza respiratory viral infections: a systematic review.to review clinical outcomes data for patients treated with oral ribavirin for noninfluenza respiratory viral infections (nirvis).201526228937
[the comparative analysis of effectiveness of quick tests in diagnostic of influenza and respiratory syncytial viral infection in children].the analysis was implemented concerning diagnostic parameters of commercial quick tests (immune chromatographic tests binaxnow influenza a&b and binaxnow rsv alere, scarborough inc., usa) under detection of antigens of influenza virus a and respiratory syncytial virus in clinical materials. the polymerase chain reaction in real-time and isolation ofviruses in cell cultures. the analysis of naso-pharyngeal smears from 116 children demonstrated that sensitivity and specifcity of detection of influ ...201526999865
causative agents of severe community acquired viral pneumonia among children in eastern thailand.pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among infants and young children. the most common causes of pneumonia in children are respiratory viruses. in thailand, the epidemiology of the viruses causing community-acquired pneumonia (cap) among children is poorly defined. in this cross sectional study we used nasopharyngeal samples collected from hospitalized children diagnosed with severe cap in accordance with who criteria between june 2013 and may 2014 to determine the causes of i ...201526867384
ormdl3 variants associated with bronchiolitis susceptibility in a chinese population.recent studies revealed common genetic risks for both viral bronchiolitis and asthma. genome-wide association studies revealed that rs7216389 in the ormdl3 gene is associated with childhood asthma. we conducted a case-control study examining the associations between ormdl3 polymorphisms (rs7216389, rs12603332, and rs11650680) and bronchiolitis susceptibility/viral findings among 247 infant bronchiolitis cases and 190 healthy controls. we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms by matrix-assist ...201526782568
adherence to palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus prevention in the canadian registry of palivizumab.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. palivizumab, a means of passive prophylaxis, relies on patient adherence to ensure therapeutic effectiveness. the objective of this study is to evaluate the association between adherence and the incidence of rsv-associated outcomes and to identify demographic factors that may impact adherence.201526780032
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease - new data needed to guide future policy.rsv is the main cause of childhood lower respiratory infections, globally, an important cause of childhood wheeze and may be responsible for a substantial burden of disease in the very elderly and in adults with chronic medical problems, such as copd. it is thus responsible for substantial healthcare and social costs. there are currently many companies and academic groups developing and testing candidate vaccines and there is an expectation that these will lead to effective and safe vaccines whi ...201526755941
clinical decision support and palivizumab: a means to protect from respiratory syncytial virus.palivizumab can reduce hospitalizations due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), but many eligible infants fail to receive the full 5-dose series. the efficacy of clinical decision support (cds) in fostering palivizumab receipt has not been studied. we sought a comprehensive solution for identifying eligible patients and addressing barriers to palivizumab administration.201526767069
alcohol's effects on lung health and immunity.it has long been known that people with alcohol use disorder (aud) not only may develop physical dependence but also may experience devastating long-term health problems. the most common and identifiable alcohol-associated health problems include liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, cardiomyopathies, neuropathies, and dementia. however, the lung also is adversely affected by alcohol abuse, a fact often overlooked by clinicians and the public. individuals with aud are more likely to develop pneumonia, ...201526695745
t cell responses are elicited against respiratory syncytial virus in the absence of signalling through tlrs, rlrs and il-1r/il-18r.pattern recognition receptors (prrs) and cytokine receptors are key players in the initiation of immune responses to infection. prrs detecting viral rna, such as toll like receptor (tlr)-3, -7/8, and rig-i like receptors (rlrs; rig-i and mda-5), as well as cytokine receptors such as interleukin 1 receptor (il-1r), have been implicated in responses to rna viruses that infect the airways. the latter includes respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a human pathogen that can cause severe lower respirator ...201526688048
burden of respiratory syncytial virus infections in china: systematic review and meta-analysis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of acute respiratory tract infection (arti) related morbidity and mortality worldwide. however, the disease burden due to rsv has not been systematically summarized in china.201526682049
preventing cleavage of the respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein in vero cells rescues the infectivity of progeny virus for primary human airway cultures.all live attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines that have advanced to clinical trials have been produced in vero cells. the attachment (g) glycoprotein in virions produced in these cells is smaller than that produced in other immortalized cells due to cleavage. these virions are 5-fold less infectious for primary well-differentiated human airway epithelial (hae) cell cultures. because hae cells are isolated directly from human airways, vero cell-grown vaccine virus would very like ...201526581976
activity of oral als-008176 in a respiratory syncytial virus challenge study.background respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality. there is no known effective therapy. methods we conducted a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial in healthy adults inoculated with rsv. participants received the oral nucleoside analogue als-008176 or placebo 12 hours after confirmation of rsv infection or 6 days after inoculation. treatment was administered every 12 hours for 5 days. viral load, disease severity, resistance, and safety ...201526580997
genetic polymorphisms of toll-like receptor 4 are associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in a chinese infant population.while genetic polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) have been demonstrated to play an important role in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in western populations, the association between tlr4 polymorphisms and rsv infections has not been investigated in chinese patient populations. the study presented here identifies tlr4 polymorphisms and investigates the association of tlr4 genetic polymorphism with rsv infection in a chinese infant patient population.201526642699
pooled sequencing of candidate genes implicates rare variants in the development of asthma following severe rsv bronchiolitis in infancy.severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) during infancy is strongly associated with the development of asthma. to identify genetic variation that contributes to asthma following severe rsv bronchiolitis during infancy, we sequenced the coding exons of 131 asthma candidate genes in 182 european and african american children with severe rsv bronchiolitis in infancy using anonymous pools for variant discovery, and then directly genotyped a set of 190 nonsynonymous variants. associati ...201526587832
characterization of acute respiratory infections among 340 infants in wuxi, jiangsu province.to investigate the etiological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections among children in wuxi, jiangsu province.201526605310
respiratory macrophages and dendritic cells mediate respiratory syncytial virus-induced il-33 production in tlr3- or tlr7-dependent manner.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection can increase the production of il-33 in lungs of mice. however, little is known about cellular source of il-33, particularly the types of il-33-producing cells in innate immune cells during rsv infection. in this study, by using balb/c mice that were infected intranasally with rsv, it became clear that rsv infection can enhance not only the number of il-33(+)-alveolar macrophages (ams) and dendritic cells (dcs), but also the expression of il-33 mrna in ...201526603638
[usefulness of a newly developed immunochromatographic assay kit for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus].we evaluated the usefulness of immunocatch-rsv (eiken chemical co., ltd.) (ic-a), a newly developed immunochromatographic assay kit for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). for the clinical study, 210 nasal swabs and 134 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract infections in 2013. three immunochromatographic assay kits (ic-a, ic-b and ic-c), and the rt-pcr method were used for the detection of rsv. the detection times for ic-a, ic-b ...201526630788
clinical utility of a near patient care microarray based diagnostic test for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections.in primary care medicine, establishing a diagnosis of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections is usually based on clinical history and physical examination as well as a consideration of time of the year and circulating respiratory viruses in the community.201526629177
mucosal igg levels correlate better with respiratory syncytial virus load and inflammation than plasma igg levels.maternal vaccination is currently considered a strategy against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections. in rsv-infected infants, high mucosal igg levels correlated better with reduced rsv load and lower mucosal cxcl10 levels than plasma igg levels. for future vaccination strategies against rsv, more focus should be on the mucosal humoral immune response.201526656116
evaluation of case definitions for estimation of respiratory syncytial virus associated hospitalizations among children in a rural community of northern india.the burden estimation studies for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) have been based on varied case definitions, including case-definitions designed for influenza surveillance systems. we used all medical admissions among children aged 0-59 months to study the effect of case definitions on estimation of rsv-associated hospitalizations rates.201526649172
revised recommendations concerning palivizumab prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).respiratory syncytial virus infections are one of the leading causes of severe respiratory diseases that require hospitalization and, in some cases, intensive care. once resolved, there may be respiratory sequelae of varying severity. the lack of effective treatments for bronchiolitis and the lack of vaccines for rsv accentuate the role of prevention in decreasing the impact of this disease. prevention of bronchiolitis strongly relies on the adoption of environment and the hygienic behavior meas ...201526670908
gs-5806 inhibits a broad range of respiratory syncytial virus clinical isolates by blocking the virus-cell fusion process.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. in addition, rsv causes significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized elderly and immunocompromised patients. currently, only palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody against the rsv fusion (f) protein, and inhaled ribavirin are approved for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of rsv, respectively. therefore, there is a clinical need for safe and effective therapeutic ...201526666922
oxidative stress and inflamatory plasma biomarkers in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.oxidative stress (os) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung diseases.201526663823
direct inhibition of cellular fatty acid synthase impairs replication of respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses.fatty acid synthase (fasn) catalyzes the de novo synthesis of palmitate, a fatty acid utilized for synthesis of more complex fatty acids, plasma membrane structure, and post-translational palmitoylation of host and viral proteins. we have developed a potent inhibitor of fasn (tvb-3166) that reduces the production of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) progeny in vitro from infected human lung epithelial cells (a549) and in vivo from mice challenged intranasally with rsv. addition of tvb-3166 to th ...201526659560
respiratory syncytial virus uses cx3cr1 as a receptor on primary human airway epithelial cultures.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory disease in infants, but no vaccine or effective therapy is available. the initiation of rsv infection of immortalized cells is largely dependent on cell surface heparan sulfate (hs), a receptor for the rsv attachment (g) glycoprotein in immortalized cells. however, rsv infects the ciliated cells in primary well differentiated human airway epithelial (hae) cultures via the apical surface, but hs is not detectable on ...201526658574
correction: molecular characterization of circulating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) genotypes in gilgit baltistan province of pakistan during 2011-2012 winter season. 201526678561
brief history and characterization of enhanced respiratory syncytial virus disease.in 1967, infants and toddlers immunized with a formalin-inactivated vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) experienced an enhanced form of rsv disease characterized by high fever, bronchopneumonia, and wheezing when they became infected with wild-type virus in the community. hospitalizations were frequent, and two immunized toddlers died upon infection with wild-type rsv. the enhanced disease was initially characterized as a "peribronchiolar monocytic infiltration with some excess in ...201526677198
pulmonary c fibers modulate mmp-12 production via par2 and are involved in the long-term airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection.children with acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection often develop sequelae of persistent airway inflammation and wheezing. pulmonary c fibers (pcfs) are involved in the generation of airway inflammation and resistance; however, their role in persistent airway diseases after rsv is unexplored. here, we elucidated the pathogenesis of pcf activation in rsv-induced persistent airway disorders. pcf-degenerated and intact mice were used in the current study. airway inflammation and airway ...201526676790
[research progress in membrane fusion of the respiratory syncytial virus].the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common causes of acute infection of the lower respiratory tract among children. for viruses in the paramyxoviridae subfamily, membrane fusion requires a specific interaction between two glycoproteins: the fusion protein and attachment protein. membrane fusion of the rsv appears to be unique among paramyxoviruses in that fusion is accomplished by the fusion protein alone without help from the attachment protein. here, we review recent achie ...201526738297
layer-by-layer nanoparticle vaccines carrying the g protein cx3c motif protect against rsv infection and disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children; however no effective treatment or vaccine is currently available. previous studies have shown that therapeutic treatment with a monoclonal antibody (clone 131-2g) specific to the rsv g glycoprotein cx3c motif, mediates virus clearance and decreases leukocyte trafficking to the lungs of rsv-infected mice. in this study, we show that vaccination with layer-by-layer ...201526473935
respiratory syncytial virus disease is mediated by age-variable il-33.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of infant hospitalizations and severe rsv infections are a significant risk factor for childhood asthma. the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for rsv induced immunopathophysiology remain elusive. using an age-appropriate mouse model of rsv, we show that il-33 plays a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of severe rsv, which is associated with higher group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ilc2s) specifically in neonates. infection with rsv in ...201526473724
viral specific factors contribute to clinical respiratory syncytial virus disease severity differences in infants.there is a wide range of severity of respiratory syncytial viral (rsv) disease in previously healthy infants. host factors have been well demonstrated to contribute to disease severity differences. however the possibility of disease severity differences being produced by factors intrinsic to the virus itself has rarely been studied.201526473163
alum adjuvant enhances protection against respiratory syncytial virus but exacerbates pulmonary inflammation by modulating multiple innate and adaptive immune cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is well-known for inducing vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination of young children with formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) in alum formulation. here, we investigated alum adjuvant effects on protection and disease after fi-rsv immunization with or without alum in comparison with live rsv reinfections. despite viral clearance, live rsv reinfections caused weight loss and substantial pulmonary inflammation probably due to high levels of rsv specifi ...201526468884
prefusion f-specific antibodies determine the magnitude of rsv neutralizing activity in human sera.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is estimated to claim more lives among infants <1 year old than any other single pathogen, except malaria, and poses a substantial global health burden. viral entry is mediated by a type i fusion glycoprotein (f) that transitions from a metastable prefusion (pre-f) to a stable postfusion (post-f) trimer. a highly neutralization-sensitive epitope, antigenic site ø, is found only on pre-f. we determined what fraction of neutralizing (nt) activity in human sera is ...201526468324
viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children and adults in shandong province, china.the dominant viral etiologies responsible for acute respiratory infections (aris) are poorly understood, particularly among hospitalized patients. improved etiological insight is needed to improve clinical management and prevention of aris.201526467854
human polyomavirus type six in respiratory samples from hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections in beijing, china.hpyv6 is a novel human polyomavirus (hpyv), and neither its natural history nor its prevalence in human disease is well known. therefore, the epidemiology and phylogenetic status of hpyv6 must be systematically characterized.201526463646
risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in preterm infants: reviewing the need for prevention.premature infants are at substantial risk for a spectrum of morbidities that are gestational age dependent. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is most common in the first two years of life with the highest burden in children aged <6 months. preterm infants ≤35 weeks' gestation are handicapped by incomplete immunological and pulmonary maturation and immature premorbid lung function with the added risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. superimposed rsv infection incites marked neutrophilic a ...201526457970
genes associated with rsv lower respiratory tract infection and asthma: the application of genetic epidemiological methods to understand causality.infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections (lris) are at increased risk for childhood asthma. the objectives of this article are to review the genes associated with both rsv lri and asthma, review analytic approaches to assessing shared genetic risk and propose a future perspective on how these approaches can help us to understand the role of infant rsv infection as both an important risk factor for asthma and marker of shared genetic etiology between the t ...201526478738
rsv infections: state of the art.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common lower respiratory disease in infants and young children worldwide. despite its long history, a safe and effective cure for rsv remains elusive. nonetheless, further understanding of rsv pathogenesis and risk factors have led to advances in prophylaxis and management. the leading risk factor for rsv is premature birth, primarily because fewer protective antibodies are transmitted from the mother to the infant. for full-term born infants, ...201526555808
depletion of regulatory t-cells leads to moderate b-cell antigenicity in respiratory syncytial virus infection.the regulation of the immunopathology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) by regulatory t-cells (cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+); tregs) is not understood.201526555647
respiratory syncytial virus persistence in murine macrophages impairs ifn-β response but not synthesis.type-i interferon (ifn-i) production is an early response to viral infection and pathogenic viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade this cellular defense. some viruses can establish and maintain persistent infections by altering the ifn-i signaling pathway. here, we studied ifn-i synthesis and response in an in vitro model of persistent infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in a murine macrophage-like cell line. in this model, interferon regulatory factor 3 was constitutively ...201526501312
modeling the potential impact of the 2014 american academy of pediatrics respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis guidance on preterm infant rsv outcomes.the american academy of pediatrics (aap) committee on infectious diseases issued updated guidance on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis in 2014. this report models the potential impact of the new guidance on rsv outcomes in preterm infants 29-34 weeks' gestational age (wga) without chronic lung disease in the united states.201526499122
modelling estimates of the burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults and the elderly in the united kingdom.growing evidence suggests respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of respiratory disease in adults. however, the adult burden remains largely uncharacterized as most rsv studies focus on children, and population-based studies with laboratory-confirmation of infection are difficult to implement. indirect modelling methods, long used for influenza, can further our understanding of rsv burden by circumventing some limitations of traditional surveillance studies that rely on direct l ...201526497750
respiratory syncytial virus coinfections with rhinovirus and human bocavirus in hospitalized children.it is not clearly established if coinfections are more severe than single viral respiratory infections.the aim of the study was to study and to compare simple infections and viral coinfections of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in hospitalized children.from september 2005 to august 2013, a prospective study was conducted on children younger than 14 years of age, admitted with respiratory infection to the pediatric department of the severo ochoa hospital, in spain. specimens of nasopharyngeal a ...201526496310
application of rt-bst to enhance detection of pathogenic viruses of the respiratory tract.inefficiency of rt-pcr can be associated with the suboptimal process of reverse transcription as only 40-80% of rna is converted to cdna. we employed a novel method, rt-bst, to enrich the concentration of cdna for subsequent multiplex pcr detection of selected rna viruses. the rt-bst method amplifies cdna through reverse transcription of viral rna using reverse transcriptase and amplification of cdna using bst dna polymerase. viral rna was extracted from 25 nasopharyngeal samples for detection o ...201526510269
pneumomediastinum, pneumorrhachis and subcutaneous emphysema associated with viral infections: report of three cases.spontaneous pneumomediastinum is usually secondary to alveolar rupture in the pulmonary interstitium, associated with subcutaneous emphysema and occasionally with pneumothorax, but is rarely associated with pneumorrhachis. the leaked air into the pulmonary perivascular interstitium follows the path of least resistance from the mediastinum to the fascial planes of the neck. air freely communicates via the neural foramina and collects in the epidural space. pneumorrhachis is defined as the presenc ...201526508192
eligibility for palivizumab prophylaxis in a cohort of children with severe bronchiolitis.in 2014, the american academy of pediatrics (aap) updated their recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis for children who are at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. to investigate the potential impact of the more restrictive 2014 criteria on the eligibility for palivizumab prophylaxis, we applied the 2012 and 2014 aap recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis to a multicenter cohort of 2207 us children hospitalized for bronchiolitis. according to the 2012 aap r ...201526508190
respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins upregulate socs1 and socs3 in the different manner from endogenous ifn signaling.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection upregulates genes of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) family, which utilize a feedback loop to inhibit type i interferon dependent antiviral signaling pathway. here, we reconstituted rsv nonstructural (ns) protein expression plasmids (pns1, pns2, and pns1/2) and tested whether ns1 or ns2 would trigger socs1 and socs3 protein expression. these ns proteins inhibited interferon- (ifn-) α signaling through a mechanism involving the induction of ...201526557722
use of medical resources by preterm infants born at less than 33 weeks' gestation following discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit in korea.this study was aimed to provide data on the use of medical resources by preterm infants following discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu). the cohort included preterm infants (n=2,351) born at 22-32 weeks' gestation who were discharged from the nicus of 44 korean hospitals between april 2009 to march 2010. mean duration of post-discharge follow-up was 425±237 days. after discharge from the nicu, 94.5% of total infants visited a pediatric outpatient clinic (11.5±9.8 mean visits), 4 ...201526566364
respiratory syncytial virus related readmission in preterm infants less than 34 weeks' gestation following discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit in korea.this study was done to evaluate respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) related readmission (rrr) and risk factors of rrr in preterm infants < 34 weeks gestational age (ga) within 1 yr following discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu). infants (n = 1,140) who were born and admitted to the nicus of 46 hospitals in korea from april to september 2012, and followed up for > 1 yr after discharge from the nicu, were enrolled. the average ga and birth weight of the infants was 30(+5) ± 2(+5) w ...201526566351
a gene deletion that up-regulates viral gene expression yields an attenuated rsv vaccine with improved antibody responses in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of severe pediatric respiratory illness, and a safe and effective vaccine for use in infancy and early childhood is needed. we previously showed that deletion of the coding sequence for the viral m2-2 protein (δm2-2) down-regulated viral rna replication and up-regulated gene transcription and antigen synthesis, raising the possibility of development of an attenuated vaccine with enhanced immunogenicity. rsv medi δm2-2 was therefore eva ...201526537255
[the level of rorγt increases in rat lung tissues of bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus].to study the level of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (rorγt) in rat lung tissues of bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and its implication.201526522358
respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants with acute leukemia: a retrospective survey of the japanese pediatric leukemia/lymphoma study group.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can cause life-threatening complications of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in young children with malignancies, but reports remain limited. we performed a retrospective nationwide survey to clarify the current status of rsv disease among infants with hematological malignancies. clinical course, treatment, and outcome of patients with hematological malignancies who suffered from rsv infections at the age of <24 months during anti-tumor therapy from apri ...201526520649
the preventive effect of vaccine prophylaxis on severe respiratory syncytial virus infection: a meta-analysis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the key underlying cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants; however, no licensed vaccine against rsv infection is currently available. this study was undertaken to assess the preventive effect of vaccine on rsv infection. in this metaanalysis, 1,792 published randomized clinical trials of rsv vaccines from jan 1973 to sep 2015 were examined. among thirteen studies that met the inclusion criteria, eleven studies estimated the impact of rsv ...201526511990
respiratory syncytial virus trials and beyond. 201526511957
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