Publications

identification of major histocompatibility complex restriction and anchor residues of foot-and-mouth disease virus-derived bovine t-cell epitopes.	despite intensive research on the identification of t-cell epitopes in cattle after foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection during the last 20 years, knowledge of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) restriction and anchor residues of such epitopes is still sparse. therefore, as a first step, we tested lymphocytes from two experimentally fmdv serotype a24-vaccinated and -challenged cattle for recognition of fmdv-derived pentadecapeptides in proliferation assays. two epitopes were identif ...	2009	19211750
attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus rna carrying a deletion in the 3' noncoding region can elicit immunity in swine.	we constructed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) mutants bearing independent deletions of the two stem-loop structures predicted in the 3' noncoding region of viral rna, sl1 and sl2, respectively. deletion of sl2 was lethal for viral infectivity in cultured cells, while deletion of sl1 resulted in viruses with slower growth kinetics and downregulated replication associated with impaired negative-strand rna synthesis. with the aim of exploring the potential of an rna-based vaccine against foot- ...	2009	19211755
influence of exposure intensity on the efficiency and speed of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be spread by direct animal-to-animal contact, indirect contact facilitated by contaminated materials or by airborne spread. the rate of spread and the incubation period, as well as the severity of disease, depends on many variables including the dose received, the route of introduction, the virus strain, the animal species and the conditions under which the animals are kept. quantitative data related to these variables are needed if model predictions are t ...	2009	19215941
internalization of swine vesicular disease virus into cultured cells: a comparative study with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	we performed a comparative analysis of the internalization mechanisms used by three viruses causing important vesicular diseases in animals. swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) internalization was inhibited by treatments that affected clathrin-mediated endocytosis and required traffic through an endosomal compartment. svdv particles were found in clathrin-coated pits by electron microscopy and colocalized with markers of early endosomes by confocal microscopy. svdv infectivity was significantly ...	2009	19225001
endosperm-specific expression of tyramine n-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and tyrosine decarboxylase from a single self-processing polypeptide produces high levels of tyramine derivatives in rice seeds.	the plant-specific tyramine derivatives, feruloyltyramine (ft) and 4-coumaroyltyramine (ct), represent bioactive compounds found at low levels in many plant species. we generated transgenic rice seeds that produce high levels of ct (14 microg g(-1) seeds) and ft (2.7 microg g(-1) seeds) through the dual expression of tyramine n-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and tyrosine decarboxylase, using the self-processing foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a sequence and the endosperm-specific prolamin promoter.	2009	19229478
vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness.	although present conventional foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines can prevent clinical disease, protection is short lived ( approximately 6 months), often requiring frequent revaccination for prophylactic control, and vaccination does not induce rapid protection against challenge or prevent the development of the carrier state. furthermore, it is clear that the clinical protection depends upon the length of immunization and the duration of exposure/challenge methods. this review summarizes the ...	2009	19249976
structural insights into replication initiation and elongation processes by the fmdv rna-dependent rna polymerase.	rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrps) play central roles in both transcription and viral genome replication. in picornaviruses, these functions are catalyzed by the virally encoded rdrp, termed 3d. polymerase 3d also catalyzes the covalent linkage of ump to a tyrosine on the small protein vpg. uridylylated vpg then serves as a protein primer for the initiation of rna synthesis. seven different crystal structures of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 3d catalytic complexes have enhanced our unde ...	2009	19914060
structure-function analysis of mutant rna-dependent rna polymerase complexes with vpg.	the replication of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome is critically dependent upon the activity of a virally encoded rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). in this study, four mutant rdrps of fmdv were isolated from viral quasi-species treated with ribavirin, of which two were single mutants (l123f and t381a) and two were double mutants (t291i/t381i and l123f/f244l). the mutant proteins were expressed in escherichia coli and purified by his-bind resin chromatography. in combination wit ...	2009	19916926
phylogenetic analysis of 3c protease (3c(pro)) coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a.	nucleotide sequence analysis of the 3c protease (3c(pro)) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a (fmdv-a) isolates from india has revealed incongruous phylogenetic grouping between 3c(pro) and vp1 region possibly due to the genetic recombination or independent evolution of non-structural and structural protein coding regions. similar to the vp1 region, the emerging vp3(59)-deletion group maintained its genetic distinctiveness at 3c(pro) region and was found to be diverging with time. two ...	2009	19941399
optimization of immunohistochemical and fluorescent antibody techniques for localization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animal tissues.	immunohistochemical (ihc) and fluorescent antibody (fa) techniques were optimized for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) structural and nonstructural proteins in frozen and paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded (pfpe) tissues of bovine and porcine origin. immunohistochemical localization of fmdv was compared with 7 detection systems, 8 primary antibodies, and 11 epitope retrieval techniques. all serotypes tested (o, a, asia, c [cryosection]; o, a, asia [pfpe]) were localize ...	2009	19901278
prevalence estimates of antibodies towards foot-and-mouth disease virus in small ruminants in uganda.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in uganda with control strategies focusing on vaccination of cattle, while small ruminants are largely ignored. in order for uganda to establish effective control strategies, it is crucial that the epidemiology of the disease is fully understood. this study summarizes results of serological investigations of sheep and goats for antibodies to fmdv from four districts in 2006 following an fmd outbreak in the region and from an attempted comprehensive random ...	2009	19909475
potential benefits of sequential inhibitor-mutagen treatments of rna virus infections.	lethal mutagenesis is an antiviral strategy consisting of virus extinction associated with enhanced mutagenesis. the use of non-mutagenic antiviral inhibitors has faced the problem of selection of inhibitor-resistant virus mutants. quasispecies dynamics predicts, and clinical results have confirmed, that combination therapy has an advantage over monotherapy to delay or prevent selection of inhibitor-escape mutants. using ribavirin-mediated mutagenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), here ...	2009	19911056
generation of full-length functional antibody against pres2 of hepatitis b virus in hepatic cells in vitro from bicistrons mediated by gutless adenovirus.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have been developed as effective therapeutics for a wide variety of diseases. delivery of mabs by gene transfer provides an option for overcoming the difficulties in mab production and manufacturing processes. however, for the polymeric structure of full-length mabs, it is important to design an optimal gene transfer system for mab generation.	2009	19894780
[rescue and identification foot-and-mouth disease virus asia1/js/china/2005 strain with arg-gly-asp rgd receptor recognition site].	to construct an infectious full-length cdna clone of asial/js/china/2005 strain with arg-gly-asp (rgd) receptor recognition site.	2009	19873760
recombinant dna and protein vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease induce humoral and cellular immune responses in mice.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a small single-stranded rna virus which belongs to the family picornaviridae, genus apthovirus. it is a principal cause of fmd which is highly contagious in livestock. in a wild type virus infection, infected animals usually elicit antibodies against structural and non-structural protein of fmdv. a structural protein, vp1, is involved in neutralization of virus particle, and has both b and t cell epitopes. a rna-dependent rna polymerase, 3d, is highly conse ...	2009	20157614
recovery of infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus from full-length genomic cdna clones using an rna polymerase i system.	the prototypic foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was shown more than a century ago to be the first filterable agent capable of causing fmd, and it has served as an important model for studying basic principles of aphthovirus molecular biology. however, the complex structure and antigenic diversity of fmdv have posed a major obstacle to the attempts at manipulating the infectious virus by reverse genetic techniques. here, we report the recovery of infectious fmdv from cdnas based on an efficien ...	2009	20011974
currently important animal disease management issues in sub-saharan africa.	the present international approach to management of transboundary animal diseases (tads) is based on the assumption that most can be eradicated; consequently, that is the usual objective adopted by international organizations concerned with animal health. however, for sub-saharan africa and southern africa more particularly, eradication of most tads is impossible for the foreseeable future for a variety of technical, financial and logistical reasons. compounding this, the present basis for acces ...	2009	19967938
the effect of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccination on virus transmission and the significance for the field.	vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) might be one of the control measures used during an fmd epidemic depending on the local epidemiological situation, the status of the country, and the opinion of policy makers. a sound decision on vaccination can be made only if there is sufficient scientific knowledge on the effectiveness of vaccination in eliminating the virus from the population. an important question is whether a single vaccination applied as an emergency vaccine can contribute ...	2009	20046605
[morphological observation of bovine kidney (mdbk) cells effected by foot-and-mouth disease virus l(pro)].	in order to explore the morphological changes of bovine kidney (mdbk) cells induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) l protease, we induced the expression of fmdv l protease in bovine kidney cells (mdbk) artificially. all work is carried out on the basis of a stable mdbk cell line inducibly expresses the lab gene under the control of tetracycline. we use cell morphology, hoechst 33258 staining, ao-eb staining, and dna ladder abstraction to research the morphological changes of mdbk cells. ...	2009	20222457
[rescue of bovine asia 1 serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus from a full-length cdna clone].	after sequencing the asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) (as01 strain), we amplified the two fragments covering the whole genome by overlapping pcr and long pcr. the 5' fragment was 1.8 kb in length including 15cs, and the 3' fragment was 6.7 kb in length. the two fragments were cloned into the pbluescript sk vector to construct recombinant plasmid pbsas carrying the full-length cdna of fmdv as01 strain. the rna transcript was synthesized in vitro using t7 polymerase and transfected into ...	2009	20222458
foot and mouth disease: a story of resilience.		2009	20509460
cytokine mrna responses in bovine epithelia during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) remains the single most important constraint to international trade in live animals and animal products. the factors which regulate the pathogenesis and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are poorly understood. mrna levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (il)-1alpha, tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and the antiviral cytokines interferon (ifn)-alpha, beta and gamma in microdissected epithelium from cattle acutely infected with fmdv o ukg 3 ...	2009	17920964
airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs: evaluation and optimisation of instrumentation and techniques.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) can be transmitted in a variety of ways, one of which is through virus exhaled into the air by infected livestock. it is clear that where there is close contact there will be a range of possible mechanisms for the transmission of disease from animal to animal, including the airborne route if simple barriers between livestock exist. in transmission of fmd over longer distances, airborne transmission represents a significant challenge to the veterinary services in that ...	2009	17977760
measurement of airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus: preliminary evaluation of two portable air sampling devices.	until now measurement of airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in the field has not been attempted or been practical; measurements have been restricted to the laboratory and isolation units using instruments developed in the 1960s. however, with the development of air sampling devices for other biological purposes, there is now the possibility that this short-coming can be overcome and as a result earlier detection of virus may be possible in the future. two recently-introduced commercial ...	2009	18023217
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected cattle using infrared thermography.	in this study, infrared thermography (irt) was assessed as a means of detecting foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-infected cattle before and after the development of clinical signs. preliminary irt imaging demonstrated that foot temperatures increased in fmdv-infected animals. the maximum foot temperatures of healthy (n=53), directly inoculated (di) (n=12), contact (ct) (n=6), and vaccine trial (vt) (n=21) cattle were measured over the course of fmd infection. a cut-off value was established a ...	2009	18308596
quantitative analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna duration in tissues of experimentally infected pigs.	quantitative analysis of the duration of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna in tissues was carried out in pigs experimentally infected with fmdv o ukg 34/2001 and o skr 1/2000. the results showed that the viral rna was still detectable in cervical lymph nodes, mandibular lymph nodes and tonsils collected from both inoculated and contact pigs at 28 days post infection. there was no detectable viral rna in the soft palate or pharynx, which are thought to be tissue sites for viral persistence ...	2009	18294878
microarray-based detection of viruses causing vesicular or vesicular-like lesions in livestock animals.	definitive diagnosis of vesicular or vesicular-like lesions in livestock animals presents challenges both for veterinary clinicians and diagnostic laboratories. it is often impossible to diagnose the causative disease agent on a clinical basis alone and difficult to collect ample vesicular epithelium samples. due to restrictions of time and sample size, once laboratory tests have ruled out foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular disease a definitive diagnosis may remain ...	2009	18621489
kinetics of immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (type asia 1) in experimental cattle.	humoral and mucosal (secretory antibody)immune response to fmdv type asia 1 in cattle was analyzed after vaccination and infection using virus neutralizing test (vnt). vaccination (1/16th the usual dose) failed to protect cattle from generalized clinical disease following experimental fmdv asia 1 infection. our results showed that infection induced higher and prolonged serum antibody titres indicating antigen mass is important for optimal immune response. experimental fmdv infection induced sign ...	2009	18648998
differences in the susceptibility of dromedary and bactrian camels to foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in this study, two sheep, eight dromedary camels and two bactrian camels were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a sau 22/92. five naive dromedary camels and four sheep were kept in direct or indirect contact with the inoculated camels. the inoculated sheep, which served as positive controls, displayed typical moderate clinical signs of fmd and developed viraemia and high antibody titres. the presence of the virus was also detected in probang and mouth-swab samples for seve ...	2009	18687160
susceptibility to viral infection is enhanced by stable expression of 3a or 3ab proteins from foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 3a protein is involved in virulence and host range. a distinguishing feature of fmdv 3b among picornaviruses is that three non-identical copies are encoded in the viral rna and required for optimal replication in cell culture. here, we have studied the involvement of the 3ab region on viral infection using constitutive and transient expression systems. bhk-21 stably transformed clones expressed low levels of fmdv 3a or 3a(b) proteins in the cell cytoplasm. ...	2008	18694581
a novel bi-functional dna vaccine expressing vp1 protein and producing antisense rna targeted to 5'utr of foot-and-mouth disease virus can induce both rapid inhibitory effect and specific immune response in mice.	to overcome the inability of a conventional vaccine against a virus to induce rapid protection against viral challenge, a novel strategy was performed to generate a novel bi-functional vector expressing antisense rna targeted to 5' untranslated regions (utr) and vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). fmdv 5'utr containing the viral rna replication start elements was inserted inversely into the pires vector to produce antisense rna, followed by insertion of fmdv vp1 gene to generate ...	2008	18694793
hidden virulence determinants in a viral quasispecies in vivo.	the characterization of virulence determinants of pathogenic agents is of utmost relevance for the design of disease control strategies. so far, two classes of virulence determinants have been characterized for viral populations: those imprinted in the nucleotide sequence of some specific genomic regions and those that depend on the complexity of the viral population as such. here we provide evidence of a virulence determinant that depends neither on a genomic sequence nor on detectable differen ...	2008	18715925
the evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus: impacts of recombination and selection.	foot-and-mouth disease virus is an economically important animal virus that exhibits extensive genetic and antigenic heterogeneity. to examine the evolutionary forces that have influenced the population dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus, individual genes and the coding genomes for the eurasian (asia1, a, c, and o) serotypes were examined for phylogenetic relationships, recombination, genetic diversity and selection. our analyses demonstrate that paraphyletic relationships among serotypes ...	2008	18718559
estimating the risk of exposure of british livestock to foot-and-mouth disease associated with the importation of ship and aircraft waste.	a quantitative risk assessment model was developed to estimate the frequency with which meat waste from ships or aircraft might expose british livestock to infection with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), and investigate the factors that might contribute to the risk. in the model, the total weight of waste introduced that was contaminated with fmd was estimated to be 26 kg per year, with 90 per cent certainty that it would be between 10 and 53 kg. as a result, it was estimated that there would be a ...	2008	18723864
[purification and reactivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3a, 3b and 2c expressed in e. coli].	to purify and to detect reactivity of non-structural proteins 3a, 3b and 2c expressed in the escherichia coli.	2008	18724495
[construction of recombinant retroviral vector carrying lab gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its expression in bovine kidney (mdbk) cells].	in this study, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain oa/58 rnas were used as templates for rt-pcr. by the molecular cloning, the lab gene encoding leader protease called lpro were cloned in retroviral vector pbpstr1 to obtain reconstruction retroviral vector termed pbpstr1-lab. at different concentrations of puromycin and tetracycline respectively in the cell culture mediums, the growth of bovine kidney cells (mdbk) showed that the optimal puromycin resistant selection concentration was 3 m ...	2008	18724691
[cloning of foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin receptor beta1 subunit and antibody production to its ligand-binding domain].	we produced beta1 gene which is about 2400 bp by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) from bovine trachea, reclaimed and purified, then cloned the amplified fragment to pgem-t easy vector, confirmed by sequencing. the immune-dominant epitope of beta1 gene was chosen by computer analysis and then syncretized ligand-binding domain from 346 bp to 843 bp of ecytoplasm with six histidine, expressed lbd protein massly in e. coli bl21 (de3), and identified by sds-page. the fusion pr ...	2008	18724711
foot-and-mouth disease virus, but not bovine enterovirus, targets the host cell cytoskeleton via the nonstructural protein 3cpro.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a member of the picornaviridae, is a pathogen of cloven-hoofed animals and causes a disease of major economic importance. picornavirus-infected cells show changes in cell morphology and rearrangement of cytoplasmic membranes, which are a consequence of virus replication. we show here, by confocal immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, that the changes in morphology of fmdv-infected cells involve changes in the distribution of microtubule and intermediate ...	2008	18753210
probable route of infection for the second uk 2007 foot-and-mouth disease cluster.		2008	18757904
delivery of a foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid subunit antigen with nonstructural protein 2b improves protection of swine.	to develop a more efficacious human adenovirus (ad5)-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) subunit vaccine (ad5-a24) we have included coding regions for fmdv nonstructural proteins 2b and 2c. these proteins are involved in membrane re-arrangements resulting in the proliferation of cytoplasmic vesicles which serve as the sites of virus replication. cells infected with a vector containing full-length 2b (ad5-ci-a24-2b) had a significant increase in the number of cytoplasmic vesicles as comp ...	2008	18762225
induction of a protective antibody response to fmdv in mice following oral immunization with transgenic stylosanthes spp. as a feedstuff additive.	the expression of antigens in transgenic plants has increasingly been used as an alternative to the classical methodologies for the development of experimental vaccines, and it remains one of the real challenges in this field to use transgenic plant-based vaccines effectively as feedstuff additives. we report herein the development of a new oral immunization system for foot and mouth disease with the structural protein vp1 of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) produced in transgenic stylosa ...	2008	18651235
inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in vitro and in vivo by small interfering rna.	by using bioinformatics computer programs, all foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome sequences in public-domain databases were analyzed. based on the results of homology analysis, 2 specific small interfering rna (sirna) targeting homogenous 3d and 2b1 regions of 7 serotypes of fmdv were prepared and 2 sirna-expression vectors, psi-fmd2 and psi-fmd3, were constructed. the sirna-expressing vectors were used to test the ability of sirnas to inhibit virus replication in baby hamster kidney (bh ...	2008	18652701
enhanced mucosal immune response in cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the mucosal immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia 1 was examined in experimentally infected cattle by assaying antibodies by the virus-neutralizing test (vnt) and iga elisa in two secretory fluids, oesophageal pharyngeal fluid (opf) and oro-nasal fluid (onf). out of 17 animals infected by the intradermo-lingual route, 12 became persistently infected (carriers), as defined by positive antigen capture rt-pcr reactions for fmdv rna in opf samples collected at 28 days or l ...	2008	18656268
engineering a single-chain fv antibody to alpha v beta 6 integrin using the specificity-determining loop of a foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the alpha v beta 6 integrin is a promising target for cancer therapy. its expression is up-regulated de novo on many types of carcinoma where it may activate transforming growth factor-beta1 and transforming growth factor-beta 3, interact with the specific extracellular matrix proteins and promote migration and invasion of tumor cells. the viral protein 1 (vp1) coat protein of the o(1) british field strain serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus is a high-affinity ligand for alpha v beta 6, and ...	2008	18656482
molecular characterization of a dual inhibitory and mutagenic activity of 5-fluorouridine triphosphate on viral rna synthesis. implications for lethal mutagenesis.	the basis for a dual inhibitory and mutagenic activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) on foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna replication has been investigated with purified viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (3d) in vitro. 5-fluorouridine triphosphate acted as a potent competitive inhibitor of vpg uridylylation, the initial step of viral replication. peptide analysis by mass spectrometry has identified a vpg fragment containing 5-fluorouridine monophosphate (fump) covalently attached to tyr3, the ...	2008	18662697
techniques developed in china for foot-and-mouth disease diagnosis.	over the past several decades, a series of new methods have been developed in china for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). these methods are theoretically consistent with office international des epizooties standards for fmd diagnosis and include: antigen-capture elisa and colloid-gold test strip for viral antigen typing, liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) for detection of antibodies against o and asia 1 fmdv, and an indirect elisa for detection of antibodies against the non-structur ...	2008	18666962
internal translation initiation on the foot-and-mouth disease virus ires is affected by ribosomal stalk conformation.	a human cell line, in which expression of the ribosomal stalk proteins p1 and p2 has been suppressed by rnai technology, has been used to test how the loss of these proteins affects ires-dependent translation. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires-dependent translation from a bicistronic construct is about three fold higher in the p1/p2-depleted cells than in control cells in the presence of lb protease. by contrast, no effect on hepatitis c virus (hcv) ires translation was observed. these re ...	2008	18675807
clinical and laboratory investigations of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in southern england in 2007.	a case of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) on a cattle farm in normandy, surrey, was confirmed on friday august 3, 2007, the first case in the uk since 2001. the infection was detected nearby on a second farm on august 6. on september 12, fmd was confirmed on a farm approximately 20 km from normandy in egham, and this was followed by cases on five more farms in that area in the next three weeks. the majority of the infected farms consisted of multiple beef cattle holdings in semi-urban areas. in tot ...	2008	18676997
comparison of the characters of the plaque-purified viruses from foot-and-mouth disease virus o/jpn/2000.	at least two biotypes were observed at the 2nd passage stage after the isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/jpn/2000 strain. these 2 types of viruses differed from their plaque phenotypes and were distinguishable by using a monoclonal antibody (mab) 64g8 that was made for the fmdv o/jpn/2000 strain. one of these 2 biotypes formed small plaque (sp) and with immuno staining showed a positive reaction to mab 64g8, while the other formed clear large plaque (lp) and did not react with m ...	2008	18685235
uv inactivation and model of uv inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in suspension.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes one of the most contagious diseases affecting cloven-hoofed animals (e.g., cattle and swine) and causes severe economic loss for many countries. the resistance to uv irradiation of fmdv strains isolated from outbreaks in thailand was investigated in phosphate-buffered saline at 25 degrees c. since the regression coefficients of linear regression were large and root mean square errors were small, uv inactivation could be appropriately summarized and fitt ...	2008	18625534
herd reproduction ratio and time-space analysis of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in peru in 2004.	the herd reproductive ratio (rh) and spatio-temporal clustering were estimated in the 2004 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epidemic in peru. the epidemic lasted 39 days and involved 26 herds. movement of cattle was restricted, all susceptible species within a 25-km buffer zone were revaccinated, and infected animals with clinical signs of fmd were killed or destroyed to control and eradicate the disease. the rh declined from 5.3 on the second day of the epidemic to 1.31 on the 25th day. spatio-temp ...	2008	18631231
the crystal structure of coxsackievirus b3 rna-dependent rna polymerase in complex with its protein primer vpg confirms the existence of a second vpg binding site on picornaviridae polymerases.	the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is a central piece in the replication machinery of rna viruses. in picornaviruses this essential rdrp activity also uridylates the vpg peptide, which then serves as a primer for rna synthesis. previous genetic, binding, and biochemical data have identified a vpg binding site on poliovirus rdrp and have shown that is was implicated in vpg uridylation. more recent structural studies have identified a topologically distinct site on the closely related foot-an ...	2008	18632861
crystal structure of coxsackievirus b3 3dpol highlights the functional importance of residue 5 in picornavirus polymerases.	the crystal structure of the coxsackievirus b3 polymerase has been solved at 2.25-a resolution and is shown to be highly homologous to polymerases from poliovirus, rhinovirus, and foot-and-mouth disease viruses. together, these structures highlight several conserved structural elements in picornaviral polymerases, including a proteolytic activation-dependent n-terminal structure that is essential for full activity. interestingly, a comparison of all of the picornaviral polymerase structures show ...	2008	18632862
specific n-terminal protein labelling: use of fmdv 3c pro protease and native chemical ligation.	we report an effective strategy for generating n-terminal cysteinyl proteins by proteolytic cleavage using the enzyme 3c pro, suitable for a wide range of applications via native chemical ligation.	2008	18633492
multiplexed molecular assay for rapid exclusion of foot-and-mouth disease.	a nucleic acid-based multiplexed assay was developed that combines detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with rule-out assays for two other foreign animal diseases and four domestic animal diseases that cause vesicular or ulcerative lesions indistinguishable from fmdv infection in cattle, sheep and swine. the fmdv "look-alike" diagnostic assay panel contains 5 pcr and 12 reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) signatures for a total of 17 simultaneous pcr amplifications for 7 diseases plus ...	2008	18634827
topology of evolving, mutagenized viral populations: quasispecies expansion, compression, and operation of negative selection.	the molecular events and evolutionary forces underlying lethal mutagenesis of virus (or virus extinction through an excess of mutations) are not well understood. here we apply for the first time phylogenetic methods and partition analysis of quasispecies (paq) to monitor genetic distances and intra-population structures of mutant spectra of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) quasispecies subjected to mutagenesis by base and nucleoside analogues.	2008	18637173
generation and characterization of an npro-disrupted marker bovine viral diarrhea virus derived from a bac cdna.	in vitro studies showed that n(pro) protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) interferes with cellular antiviral defense. to understand the role of n(pro) protein in successful viral invasion of the host and establishment of the lifetime persistence, an infectious n(pro)-disrupted virus with a noncytopathic (ncp) background is desired. in this study, an n(pro)-disrupted cdna, pbsd1-n(pro)/egfp2a, was constructed based on an infectious full-length bac cdna clone of ncp bvdv strain sd1, pbsd1. ...	2008	18555541
evaluation of different adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing all the sat serotypes.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is primarily controlled by vaccination of susceptible animals and movement restrictions for animals and animal-derived products in south africa. vaccination using aluminium hydroxide gel-saponin (as) adjuvanted vaccines containing the south african territories (sat) serotypes has been shown to be effective both in ensuring that disease does not spread from the endemic to the free zone and in controlli ...	2008	18575060
evaluation of fta cards as a laboratory and field sampling device for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus and serotyping by rt-pcr and real-time rt-pcr.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) samples transported to the laboratory from far and inaccessible areas for serodiagnosis pose a major problem in a tropical country like india, where there is maximum temperature fluctuation. inadequate storage methods lead to spoilage of fmdv samples collected from clinically positive animals in the field. such samples are declared as non-typeable by the typing laboratories with the consequent loss of valuable epidemiological data. the present study evaluated ...	2008	18584888
variation in the vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a associated with epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks in the 2001 epizootic in argentina.	a mixed binomial bayesian regression model was used to quantify the relation between nucleotide differences in the vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a, and epidemiologic characteristics of the outbreaks from which the viruses were obtained between january and december 2001 in argentina. an increase in the probability of different nucleotides between isolates was associated with a longer time between isolation dates, a greater distance between isolation locations, an increa ...	2008	18599847
therapeutic application of rna interference against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro and in vivo.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important animal disease because of the speed of its transmission. routine vaccination may not be effective for early protection in an outbreak situation. small interfering rna (sirna) can be used in a rapid and effective antiviral approach. however, sirna has limitations when used in disease prevention, such as a short duration of action. in this study, we have demonstrated that treatment with sirna after fmd virus (fmdv) infection has an antivira ...	2008	18601955
heparan sulfate-binding foot-and-mouth disease virus enters cells via caveola-mediated endocytosis.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) utilizes different cell surface macromolecules to facilitate infection of cultured cells. virus, which is virulent for susceptible animals, infects cells via four members of the alpha(v) subclass of cellular integrins. in contrast, tissue culture adaptation of some fmdv serotypes results in the loss of viral virulence in the animal, accompanied by the loss of virus' ability to use integrins as receptors. these avirulent viral variants acquire positively charge ...	2008	18614639
minority report: hidden memory genomes in hiv-1 quasispecies and possible clinical implications.	the rna viruses replicate as complex distributions of closely related genomes termed viral quasispecies. the behavior of the evolving quasispecies and its response to selective pressures such as antiviral treatment is influenced by the ensemble of mutants that compose the viral population. one such influence is the presence of minority subpopulations in the mutant spectra of viral quasispecies. biologically relevant mutants have long been known to be present as minority components of replicating ...	2008	18615120
inclusion bodies: specificity in their aggregation process and amyloid-like structure.	the accumulation of aggregated protein in the cell is associated with the pathology of many diseases and constitutes a major concern in protein production. intracellular aggregates have been traditionally regarded as nonspecific associations of misfolded polypeptides. this view is challenged by studies demonstrating that, in vitro, aggregation often involves specific interactions. however, little is known about the specificity of in vivo protein deposition. here, we investigate the degree of in ...	2008	18619498
experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease among indian buffalo (bubalus bubalis) and from buffalo to cattle.	indian buffalo and cattle were infected experimentally with a serotype o strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus of buffalo origin. whereas intradermolingual inoculation of buffalo produced largely sub-clinical infection, inoculation in the dental pad produced vesicles in the mouth and on the feet. a buffalo infected via the dental pad transmitted infection to cattle and buffalo by direct contact with them for 24h. the contact-exposed buffalo developed (1) delayed-onset clinical signs, and (2) sh ...	2008	18619607
epithelial distribution and replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna in infected pigs.	although the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been extensively investigated, relatively few studies have addressed the localization of fmd virus (fmdv) and in particular its replication in relation to the typical in-vivo sites of fmd lesions. in the present study, pigs were infected experimentally with fmdv serotype o ukg 34/2001 and tissue samples were collected from 1 to 4 days post-infection. samples were stored at -70 degrees c and frozen sections were prepared for in-situ hy ...	2008	18620703
foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in fetal lambs: tissue tropism and cytokine response.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can cause transplacental infection and death in fetal lambs. this study investigates the pathogenesis of fmdv infection in ovine fetuses using in-situ hybridization (ish) to detect viral transcripts in tissue and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays to quantify the fetal cytokine response to infection. fmdv ribonucleic acid (rna) was localized mainly to the heart and skeletal muscles of fetuses and was only occasionally exp ...	2008	18295784
residue l143 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase is a determinant of cleavage specificity.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader proteinase (l(pro)) self-processes inefficiently at the l(pro)/vp4 cleavage site lysleulysglyalagly ( indicates cleaved peptide bond) when the leucine at position p2 is replaced by phenylalanine. molecular modeling and energy minimization identified the l(pro) residue l143 as being responsible for this discrimination. the variant l(pro) l143a self-processed efficiently at the l(pro)/vp4 cleavage site containing p2 phenylalanine, whereas the l143m ...	2008	18305051
[the effectiveness of vaccination to prevent foot and mouth disease in several species].		2008	18260556
an mhc-restricted cd8+ t-cell response is induced in cattle by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection and also following vaccination with inactivated fmdv.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hooved animals that carries enormous economic consequences. cd8(+) cytotoxic t lymphocytes play an important role in protection and disease outcome in viral infections but, to date, the role of the cd8(+) t-cell immune response to fmdv remains unclear. this study aimed to investigate major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i-restricted cd8(+) t-cell responses to fmdv in vaccinated and in infected cattle. an in ...	2008	18272757
genetic characterization and molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated from afghanistan in 2003-2005.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolates collected from various geographic locations in afghanistan between 2003 and 2005 were genetically characterized, and their phylogeny was reconstructed utilizing nucleotide sequences of the complete vp1 coding region. three serotypes of fmdv (types a, o, and asia 1) were identified as causing clinical disease in afghanistan during this period. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the type a viruses were most closely related to isolates collected in iran ...	2008	18278548
subcellular distribution of swine vesicular disease virus proteins and alterations induced in infected cells: a comparative study with foot-and-mouth disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus.	the intracellular distribution of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) proteins and the induced reorganization of endomembranes in ibrs-2 cells were analyzed. fluorescence to new svdv capsids appeared first upon infection, concentrated in perinuclear circular structures and colocalized to dsrna. as in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-infected cells, a vesicular pattern was predominantly found in later stages of svdv capsid morphogenesis that colocalized with those of non-structural proteins 2 ...	2008	18279902
orally delivered foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protomer vaccine displayed on t4 bacteriophage surface: 100% protection from potency challenge in mice.	an orally delivered foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine has not previously been reported. by using a t4 bacteriophage nanoparticle surface gene-protein display system (t4-s-gpds), we created a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) entire capsid protein vaccine candidate. on the t4 phage surface soc site, a full length fmdv capsid precursor polyprotein (p1, 755 aa) and proteinase 3c (213 aa) derived from an infected pig of serotype o strain gd-10 (1999), were separately displayed on different t4 p ...	2008	18289743
development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against fmd virus type asia-1 and determination of antigenic variations in the field strains.	twelve mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were developed against an indian vaccine strain of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia-1 wbn 117/85. the mabs were tested for their ability to bind to whole virus particle, trypsin-treated 146s (tt-146s) virus particle, sub-viral (12s and disrupted virus) antigens by elisa and to neutralize virus infectivity in cell culture. extensive characterization of mabs revealed the existence of three different groups based on the binding of non-overlappi ...	2008	18291535
persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture revisited: implications for contingency in evolution.	if we could rewind the tape of evolution and play it again, would it turn out to be similar to or different from what we know? obviously, this key question can only be addressed by fragmentary experimental approaches. twenty-two years ago, we described the establishment of bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a system that displayed as its major biological feature a coevolution of the cells and the resident virus in the course of persistence. now we report ...	2008	18089747
foliar extracts from transgenic tomato plants expressing the structural polyprotein, p1-2a, and protease, 3c, from foot-and-mouth disease virus elicit a protective response in guinea pigs.	the expression of recombinant antigens in transgenic plants is increasingly used as an alternative method of producing experimental immunogens. in this report, we describe the production of transgenic tomato plants that express the structural polyprotein, p1-2a, and protease, 3c, from foot-and-mouth disease (fmdv). p1-2a3c was inserted into the plant binary vector, pbin438, and transformed into tomato plants using agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, gv3101. the presence of p1-2a3c was confirmed by ...	2008	18006078
integrating genetic and epidemiological data to determine transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	estimating detailed transmission trees that reflect the relationships between infected individuals or populations during a disease outbreak often provides valuable insights into both the nature of disease transmission and the overall dynamics of the underlying epidemiological process. these trees may be based on epidemiological data that relate to the timing of infection and infectiousness, or genetic data that show the genetic relatedness of pathogens isolated from infected individuals. genetic ...	2008	18230598
construction and immune response characterization of a recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing capsid precursor protein (p1) and a multiepitope peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most contagious and devastating disease of livestock. our previous studies demonstrated that tk(-)/gg(-)/p1(+), a recombinant expressing the fmdv capsid precursor protein (p1) based on attenuated pseudorabies virus (prv) tk(-)/gg(-), could be used as a recombinant vaccine to protect pigs against both pseudorabies and fmd. however, because the p1 expression cassette is inserted into the gg locus of the genome of prv tk(-)/gg(-), this bivalent vaccine cannot be ...	2008	18246420
a bayesian evaluation of six diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease for vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle.	the sensitivity and specificity of six elisa tests for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) to discriminate between sero-converted (for non-structural fmd virus proteins) and non-sero-converted cattle were evaluated for vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle. since none of the tests could be considered as a proper reference test and for about half of the tested sera the true status (sero-converted or not for non-structural proteins, i.e. presence of antibodies) of the animals was unknown, a bayesian analysi ...	2008	18455817
the effects of il-6 and tnf-alpha as molecular adjuvants on immune responses to fmdv and maturation of dendritic cells by dna vaccination.	various approaches have been developed to improve efficacy of dna vaccination, such as the use of plasmid expressing cytokine as a molecular adjuvant. in this study, we investigated whether co-inoculation of a construct expressing either il-6 or tnf-alpha as the molecular adjuvant with fmdv dna vaccine, pcd-vp1, can increase immune responses. compared to the group immunized with pcd-vp1 alone, the co-inoculation with either molecular adjuvant induced a higher ratio of igg2a/igg1, higher levels o ...	2008	18462845
interleukin-15 enhance dna vaccine elicited mucosal and systemic immunity against foot and mouth disease virus.	aerosol transmission of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is believed to be an important route of infection. induction of mucosal response is thought to be effective way against such infection. various approaches have been developed including the use of molecules adjuvant and polymers delivery for the mucosal delivery of dna vaccine. in this study, using low molecular weight chitosan as a delivery vehicle, we investigated whether co-administration intranasally of the fmdv dna vaccine, pcd-vp1 ...	2008	18462848
[construction and eukaryotic expression of recombinant plasmid encoding fusion protein of goat complement c3d and foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1].	we constructed a recombinant plasmid encoding vp1 gene of o type foot-and-mouth disease virus fused to a molecular adjuvant, goat complement c3d gene. the goat c3d gene was cloned and three copies were tandem-linked with the linker (g4s)2 sequence. vp1 gene of o type foot-and-mouth disease virus was linked to three tandem repeats of c3d through the linker sequence and cloned into puc19 to obtain the recombinant plasmid puc19-vp1-c3d3. the vp1-c3d3 fusion gene was then subcloned into the eukaryot ...	2008	18464602
[cloning and expression of 3c protease gene from foot-and-mouth disease virus in insect cell].	the 3c protease from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv 3cpro) is critical for viral pathogenesis, has vital roles in both processing of the polyprotein precursor and rna replication, and is a potential anti-viral drug target. in the study, 3c gene of fmdv from serotype asia i was obtained through polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and subcloned into baculovirus transfer vector pmelbac-b. the recombinant transfer plasmid and linearized baculovirus dna were co-transfected into sf9 insect cell, and ...	2008	18479056
comparative study of experimental foot-and-mouth disease in cattle (bos indicus) and buffaloes (bubalis bubalus).	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is one of the most contagious diseases affecting wide range of host species with variable severity and decreased productivity. the present study was undertaken to compare the clinical and leucocytic changes in indigenous indian cattle and buffaloes experimentally infected with fmd virus (fmdv) asia 1. a mild type of disease was observed in the cattle, more so in buffaloes infected with fmdv. difference in terms of type, site and healing of lesion was observed between ...	2008	18491212
development and characterization of a bovine serum evaluation panel as a standard for immunoassays based on detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease viral non-capsid proteins.	the widespread perception of the effectiveness of applying tests based on the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viral non-capsid proteins (ncps) to assess virus circulation irrespective of vaccination triggered the demand for international standards to evaluate the comparative performance of the upcoming assays against the oie index test developed at the pan american foot-and-mouth disease center, paho/who. to this end, a panel was developed composed of 34 cattle sera ...	2008	18499275
foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing in cattle using homologous and heterologous challenge strains: precision of the "protection against podal generalisation" test.	the level of protection conferred by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines in primovaccinated animals primarily depends on the potency of the vaccine and the relatedness of the vaccine strain and circulating field isolate. the "gold standard" fmd vaccine potency test is the in vivo test performed in the target species. the objective of the study was to determine the precision of the in vivo "protection against podal generalisation" (ppg) fmd vaccine potency test in cattle using homologous (vacci ...	2008	18499310
diagnostic specificity of a real-time rt-pcr in cattle for foot-and-mouth disease and swine for foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever based on non-invasive specimen collection.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) are highly contagious and can cause great economic losses when introduced into disease-free regions. accurate estimates of diagnostic specificity (sp) are important when considering the implementation of surveillance for these agents. the purpose of this study was to estimate diagnostic sp of a real-time reverse-transcriptase pcr assay developed for detection of fmdv in cattle and domestic swine and csfv in domestic swine ...	2008	18499360
expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins in silkworm-baculovirus expression system and its utilization as a subunit vaccine.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of livestock that causes severe economic loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. although the traditional inactivated vaccine has been proved effective, it may lead to a new outbreak of fmd because of either incomplete inactivation of fmdv or the escape of live virus from vaccine production workshop. thus, it is urgent to develop a novel fmdv vaccine that is safer, more effective and more economical than traditional vaccines.	2008	18509464
immune responses of recombinant adenovirus co-expressing vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus and porcine interferon alpha in mice and guinea pigs.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically devastating vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in this study, we constructed and characterized the immune responses and vaccine efficacy conferred by the recombinant adenovirus co-expressing vp1 of fmdv and porcine interferon alpha as fusion protein (rad-pifnalpha-vp1). six groups of female balb/c mice each with 18 were inoculated subcutaneously twice 2-week intervals with the recombinant adenoviruses. the results show ...	2008	18511133
comparative genomics of serotype asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from india sampled over the last two decades.	this study deals with a comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of twenty-one serotype asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) field viruses isolated over a period of two decades from india, two vaccine strains and seven exotic sequences. the indian viruses could be grouped in to three distinct lineages at the entire coding region, evolving independently probably under differential selection pressure as evident from the lineage-specific signatures identified. this comparison revealed 80% o ...	2008	18511143
partial sequence analysis of vp1 of indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia-1.	nucleotide sequence of 3' end of vp1 (1d region) was determined using rt-pcr amplified dna of 31 foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia-1 field isolates originating from 11 different geographically distinct states of india during the period 1987-2000. these field strains exhibited an average of 7.5% divergence among them and were found to be divergent from the indian vaccine strains asia-1 wbn 117/85, ind 8/79, and ind 63/72, by an average 5.9, 14.8, and 7.4% divergence, respectively. phy ...	2008	18512139
emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: significance and detection of subsequent sub-clinical infection.	this study has quantified the level of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) replication and shedding in vaccinated sheep and correlated this to the severity of clinical signs, the induction of antibodies against fmdv non-structural proteins (nsps) and the transmission of virus to in-contact vaccinated sentinel sheep. to mimic an emergency vaccination regime in the field, sheep were vaccinated with o(1) manisa vaccine and 4 or 10 days later were indirectly challenged with aerosols from o(1) ukg fm ...	2008	18513836
production of monoclonal antibodies against whole virus particles of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o and a and their potential use in quantification of intact virus for vaccine manufacture.	a double antibody sandwich elisa for quantification of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) whole virus particle was developed using two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against fmd virus (fmdv) serotype o and a. the antibody binding epitopes were characterized. the two mabs reacted with all of the tested fmdv strains. the use of these two mabs in the sandwich elisa will allow the quantification of fmd whole virus particles during vaccine manufacture.	2008	18513841
enhanced immune response of dna vaccine (vp1-pcdna) adsorbed on cationic plg for foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the major constraint to international trade in livestock and animal products. though conventional vaccine has shown to provide protection, it has several limitations, like short duration of immunity and poor cell mediated immune response compared to dna vaccines, which are known to induce both cell mediated as well as humoral responses. the present work envisages the production of dna vaccine construct with partial 1d gene (coding for vp1) of fmdv type 'a' and stu ...	2008	18516668
passive immunization of pigs with bispecific llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease and porcine immunoglobulin.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals that occasionally causes outbreaks in europe. we aim to develop an immunotherapy that confers rapid protection against fmd in outbreak situations. for this purpose, we previously isolated llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) binding to fmdv or porcine immunoglobulin (pig). the pig binding vhhs can be genetically fused to other vhhs, resulting in so-called vhh2s. as compared to non-pig binding vhhs such v ...	2008	18534789
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in infected pigs by rt-pcr four weeks after challenge.		2008	18540035
high potency vaccines induce protection against heterologous challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in a series of three homologous and eight heterologous challenge experiments, it was shown that high potency vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype a can induce protection even against heterologous challenge infection with viruses that give low r-values with the vaccine strains. the challenge virus specific neutralizing antibody response on the day of challenge (21 days post vaccination) generally correlated with protection.	2008	18313814
dramatic improvement in fmd dna vaccine efficacy and cross-serotype antibody induction in pigs following a protein boost.	to overcome the low and slow development of humoral antibody often observed with dna vaccines we applied a prime-boost strategy. when fmd dna vaccine p1-2a3c3d and pgm-csf primed pigs were boosted with inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigen and recombinant 3d (without adjuvant) an average 36-fold increase in the fmdv antibody response was observed compared to conventional vaccination, that included a log(10) virus neutralising titre increase. most remarkably, a significant level ...	2008	18321615
prospects for rapid diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in the field using reverse transcriptase-pcr.		2008	18326844
modelling foot-and-mouth disease: a comparison between the uk and denmark.	whilst the uk 2001 fmd (foot-and-mouth disease) outbreak provides an extremely rich source of spatio-temporal epidemic data, it is not clear how the models and parameters from the uk can be translated to other scenarios. here we consider how the model framework used to capture the uk epidemic can be applied to a hypothetical fmd outbreak in denmark. whilst pigs played a relatively minor role in the uk epidemic (being the infected animal on just 18 farms), they dominate the danish livestock lands ...	2008	18328581