Publications

reconstruction of genomic rearrangements in great apes and gibbons by chromosome painting.	the homology between hylobatid chromosomes and other primates has long remained elusive. we used chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization of all human chromosome-specific dna libraries to "paint" the chromosomes of primates and establish homologies between the human, great ape (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan), and gibbon karyotypes (hylobates lar species group, 2n = 44). the hybridization patterns unequivocally demonstrate the high degree of chromosomal homology and synteny of great ape ...	1992	1528869
genital swelling in females of the monogamous gibbon, hylobates (h.) lar.	cyclical changes in the vulvae of five adult lar gibbons (hylobates [h.] lar) were studied and compared with those of eight lowland gorillas. the results reveal that the gibbons have relatively conspicuous and specialized sexual swellings that alter shape and appearance during the ovarian cycle. at maximum extent, the genital swellings of gorillas are relatively and absolutely smaller than those of gibbons, and lack the distinctive coloration seen in the genital swellings of the smaller apes. we ...	1992	1530056
the evolutionary origin of the hla-dr3 haplotype.	the human hla-dr3 haplotype consists of two functional genes (drb103 and drb301) and one pseudogene (drb2), arranged in the order drb1...drb2...drb3 on the chromosome. to shed light on the origin of the haplotype, we sequenced 1480 nucleotides of the hla-drb2 gene and long stretches of two other genes, gogo-drb2 from a gorilla, "sylvia" and patr-drb2 from a chimpanzee, "hugo". all three sequences (hla-drb2, gogo-drb2, patr-drb2) are pseudogenes. the hla-drb2 and gogo-drb2 pseudogenes lack exon ...	1992	1541486
electromyography of pronators and supinators in great apes.	we obtained electromyographic recordings from the supinator, biceps brachii, pronator quadratus, and pronator teres muscles of a chimpanzee and a gorilla and from the supinator, pronator quadratus, and biceps brachii muscles of an orangutan as they stood and walked quadrupedally on horizontal and inclined surfaces, engaged in suspensory behavior, reached overhead, and manipulated a variety of foods and artifacts. in pan troglodytes and pan gorilla, as in homo sapiens, the supinator muscle is the ...	1992	1543246
seasickness in totally-enclosed motor-propelled survival craft: five offshore oil rig disasters.	five mobile offshore drilling unit disasters--alexander l. kielland, ocean ranger, vinland, ocean odyssey, and rowan gorilla i--were studied to assess the degree to which seasickness occurs and endangers the lives of occupants of totally-enclosed motor-propelled survival craft (tempsc). thousands of other peacetime marine incidents were reviewed and a literature search was conducted to assess the same seasickness problem. the one reported death in the vinland abandonment appears to be the only o ...	1992	1546944
evolutionary origin of mutations in the primate cytochrome p450c21 gene.	the cyp21 gene codes for the enzyme cytochrome p450c21 (21-hydroxylase), which is critically involved in the synthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. standard human haplotypes contain two copies of cyp21--a functional gene and a pseudogene. inactivation of the functional gene leads to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah). the pseudogene has three main defects: an 8-bp deletion in exon 3, a t insertion in exon 7, and a stop codon in exon 8. to determine the origin of these defects and ...	1992	1550121
statistical method for estimating the standard errors of branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree reconstructed without assuming equal rates of nucleotide substitution among different lineages.	a statistical method is developed for estimating the standard errors of branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree reconstructed without assuming equal rates of nucleotide substitution among different lineages. this method can be easily used for testing whether the length of an interior branch in a reconstructed tree is positive, i.e., whether the topology of the tree is correct. computer simulations indicate that this method is appropriate for a statistical test. as an example, this method is applie ...	1992	1552838
evolution of the primate beta-globin gene region: nucleotide sequence of the delta-beta-globin intergenic region of gorilla and phylogenetic relationships between african apes and man.	a 6.0-kb dna fragment from gorilla gorilla including the 5' part of the beta-globin gene and about 4.5 kb of its upstream flanking region was cloned and sequenced. the sequence was compared to the human, chimpanzee, and macaque delta-beta intergenic region. this analysis reveals four tandemly repeated sequences (rs), at the same location in the four species, showing a variable number of repeats generating both intraspecific (polymorphism) and interspecific variability. these tandem arrays delimi ...	1992	1556740
concerted evolution of the primate immunoglobulin alpha-gene through gene conversion.	we determined four nucleotide sequences of the hominoid immunoglobulin alpha (c alpha) genes (chimpanzee c alpha 2, gorilla c alpha 2, and gibbon c alpha 1 and c alpha 2 genes), which made possible the examination of gene conversions in all hominoid c alpha genes. the following three methods were used to detect gene conversions: 1) phenetic tree construction; 2) detection of a dna segment with extremely low variability between duplicated c alpha genes; and 3) a site by site search of shared nucl ...	1992	1559979
corpus callosum in sexually dimorphic and nondimorphic primates.	the midsagittal area and other morphological measures were taken on the corpus callosum of four different species of primate: macaca mulatta, m. fascicularis, callithrix jacchus, and saguinus oedipus. the first two species are strongly dimorphic, whereas the new world forms show little dimorphism with regard to overall body size, canines, and brain weight. neither total corpus callosal area (totalcc), or other parts of the corpus callosum (cc) showed any significant sexual dimorphism in any of t ...	1992	1562061
mountain gorilla conservation: a study in human values.		1992	1568900
hemizona assay for measuring zona binding in the lowland gorilla.	the hemizona assay is a diagnostic test used to evaluate the binding potential of spermatozoa to zonae pellucida and has been used to predict fertilization potential in the human. in this study, frozen-thawed gorilla spermatozoa were coincubated with human hemizonae to evaluate tight binding and to assess the use of human zonae in evaluating sperm fertility. matching hemizonae were incubated with human sperm to serve as a control. for evaluation of binding studies in a homologous system, matchin ...	1992	1571161
immunoglobulin ch gene family in hominoids and its evolutionary history.	the organization of the human immunoglobulin ch gene suggests that a gene duplication involving the c gamma-c gamma-c epsilon-c alpha region has occurred during evolution. we previously showed that both chimpanzee and gorilla have two 5'-c epsilon-c alpha-3', as in human, and that orangutan, gibbon, and old world monkeys have one c epsilon gene and one, two, and one c alpha gene(s), respectively. in addition to these clustered ch genes, there is one processed c epsilon pseudogene in each species ...	1992	1577482
allelic diversity at the primate major histocompatibility complex drb6 locus.	the hla-drb6 gene (also called drb sigma/v1) has been found only in about 26% of human hla haplotypes, i.e.; dr1, drw10, and dr2-bearing ones (corell et al. 1991). in contrast, exon-2 drb6 sequences have been obtained from all tested primates: nine chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), three gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and three orangutans (pongo pygmaeus); other apes which had already been sequenced (one gorilla and one chimpanzee) also had the drb6 gene. thus, all apes tested from three different spec ...	1992	1587552
spondyloarthropathy as an old world phenomenon.	the presence of spine and sacroiliac involvement and the nature and distribution of erosive lesions allowed definitive diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy in the great apes (gorilla and pan [chimpanzee]), the lesser ape (hylobates), and old world monkeys (theropithecus, papio, cercopithecus, macaca, colobus, presbytis, and erythrocebus). analysis of lesional character, distribution, radiological appearance, and sex ratios showed a picture indistinguishable from human spondyloarthropathy. this contr ...	1992	1604326
molecular and classical cytogenetic analyses demonstrate an apomorphic reciprocal chromosomal translocation in gorilla gorilla.	the existence of an apomorphic reciprocal chromosomal translocation in the gorilla lineage has been asserted or denied by various cytogeneticists. we employed a new molecular cytogenetic strategy (chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization) combined with high-resolution banding, replication sequence analysis, and fluorochrome staining to demonstrate that a reciprocal translocation between ancestral chromosomes homologous to human chromosome 5 and 17 has indeed occurred.	1992	1605320
a human moderately repeated y-specific dna sequence is evolutionarily conserved in the y chromosome of the great apes.	evolutionary conservation of the human-derived moderately repeated y-specific dna sequence y-190 (dyz5) was investigated in the chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla. southern blot analysis showed the presence of the sequence in the y chromosome of all great apes. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and in situ hybridization revealed that the repeat is organized in one major block and confined to a small region of the y chromosome of the three species. dyz5 was assigned to the proximal short arm of th ...	1992	1612595
organization of c4 and cyp21 loci in gorilla and orangutan.	the standard human haplotype contains two c4 and two cyp21 loci arranged in the order c4a ... cyp21p ... c4b ... cyp21 and intercalated between the class i and class ii loci of the hla complex. the c4a gene is 22 kilobases (kb) long; the c4b gene is either 22 kb or 16 kb long. the cyp21p is a pseudogene characterized by an eight base pair (bp) deletion in exon 3 and other defects; the cyp21 is a functional gene. the standard chimpanzee haplotype is arranged in the same way as the standard human ...	1992	1618655
a non-alphoid repetitive dna sequence from human chromosome 21.	a non-alphoid repetitive dna from human chromosome 22, consisting of a 48-bp motif, shows homology to both g-group chromosomes in the gorilla, thus indicating the presence of additional repeat family members on further human chromosomes. therefore, we screened a chromosome-21-specific cosmid library using this repetitive sequence from chromosome 22 (d22z3). some 40-50 cosmid clones were positive in tests for hybridization. one of the clones giving the strongest signals was digested with ecori/ps ...	1992	1634230
c4 genes of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orang-utan: evidence for extensive homogenization.	the human complement component 4 is encoded in two genes, c4a and c4b, residing between the class i and class ii genes of the major histocompatibility complex. the c4a and c4b molecules differ in their biological activity, the former binding more efficiently to proteins than to carbohydrates while for the latter, the opposite holds true. to shed light on the origin of the c4 genes we isolated cosmid clones bearing the c4 genes of a chimpanzee, a gorilla, and an orang-utan. from the clones, we is ...	1992	1729169
conservation of the hla-dqb2 locus in nonhuman primates.	the evolutionary history of mhc class ii genes is characterized by several examples of gene duplication, leading both to the creation of distinct subregions such as dr, dq, and dp, as well as to duplicated loci within each of these subregions. in the human mhc, a prominent example of this diversification occurs within the hla-dq subregion, where the nonpolymorphic and transcriptionally "silent" dqb2 locus is highly homologous to the polymorphic expressed dqb1 locus. in order to gain some insight ...	1992	1730881
isolation and comparative mapping of a human chromosome 20-specific alpha-satellite dna clone.	we have isolated and characterized a human genomic dna clone (pz20, locus d20z2) that identifies, under high-stringency hybridization conditions, an alphoid dna subset specific for chromosome 20. the specificity was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization. sequence analysis confirmed our previously reported data on the great similarity between the chromosome 20 and chromosome 2 alphoid subsets. comparative mapping of pz20 on chimpanzee and gorilla chromosomes, also performed under hi ...	1992	1733665
brief communication: the popliteal sesamoid bone (cyamella) in primates.	a study of 246 adult nonhuman primates belonging to 34 genera indicates that a popliteal sesamoid bone is always present in the tendon of the popliteus muscle in prosimii and callitrichidae. the bone occurs only variably in atelidae and pongo, and is usually absent in gorilla. the bone is absent, or very rare, in cebus, cercopithecidae, hylobatidae, pan, and humans. when the bone is present, it articulates with the posterior part of the articular surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia, and ...	1992	1736668
further evidence on relative dental maturation and somatic developmental rate in hominoids.	new data on hominoid dental development are presented. individual bivariate pairings of all mandibular teeth were made for african apes and humans. data were analyzed with a full linear regression model. no statistically significant differences were found among apes, although a consistent pattern of earlier incisal development was observed in pan relative to gorilla. this is concordant with an earlier fusion of the premaxillary:maxillary suture in pan. only one tooth pair differed significantly ...	1992	1736672
nonsocial behavior of captive infant gorillas.	frequencies of eight nonsocial behaviors (object contact, environmental exploration, mouthing, self-directed behavior, display behavior, solitary behavior, rest, and locomotion) were obtained for 20 infant lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) between 14 and 36 months of age. they lived in 13 groups in 10 zoological collections. approximately 12 hours of one-zero data were collected on each animal. behavioral data were analyzed with regard to the following independent variables: rearing his ...	1992	31948168
insect-eating by sympatric lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan t. troglodytes) in the lopé reserve, gabon.	sympatric populations of lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the lopé reserve in central gabon consumed insects at similar average frequencies over a 7-year period (30% versus 31% feces contained insect remains). data came mostly from fecal analysis supplemented by observation and trail evidence. the weaver ant (oecophylla longinoda) was the species eaten most frequently by both gorillas and chimpanzees. other species of insects wore eaten ...	1992	31941221
penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes by ejaculated cryopreserved gorilla spermatozoa.	semen obtained by electroejaculation from two lowland gorillas were cryopreserved in test yolk to evaluate the ability of spermatozoa to penetrate zona-free hamster oocytes. thawed semen was processed through a two-layer percoll density gradient to obtain motile spermatozoa for the spa. the processed sperm penetrated greater than 25% of the zona-free hamster oocytes. thus, the use of test yolk to cryopreserve gorilla semen and processing the thawed semen through percoll gradient to concentrate m ...	1991	1743348
gorilla class i major histocompatibility complex alleles: comparison to human and chimpanzee class i.	14 gorilla class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) alleles have been isolated, sequenced, and compared to their counterparts in humans and chimpanzees. gorilla homologues of hla-a, -b, and -c were readily identified, and four gogo-a, four gogo-b, and five gogo-c alleles were defined. in addition, an unusual gogo class i gene with features in common with hla-a and its related pseudogene, hla-h, is described. none of the gorilla alleles is identical or even closely related to known class i ...	1991	1744581
molecular evolution of the urate oxidase-encoding gene in hominoid primates: nonsense mutations.	nucleotide sequences of portions of second and fifth exons of urate oxidase encoding gene (uox) of chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, rhesus monkey and squirrel monkey obtained following amplification by polymerase chain reaction have been compared with corresponding sequences of human, baboon and rat uox. two or more nonsense mutations are found in the coding regions of this uox gene thus far analyzed in human, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan, but not in the baboon, rhesus monkey and squirrel mo ...	1991	1765273
comparative mapping of a gorilla-derived alpha satellite dna clone on great ape and human chromosomes.	we have isolated an alpha satellite dna clone, pg3.9, from gorilla dna. fluorescence in situ hybridization on banded chromosomes under high stringency conditions revealed that pg3.9 identifies homologous sequences at the centromeric region of ten gorilla chromosomes, and, with few exceptions, also recognizes the homologous chromosomes in human. a pg3.9-like alphoid dna is present on a larger number of orangutan chromosomes, but, in contrast, is present on only two chromosomes in the chimpanzee. ...	1991	1769275
gorilla major histocompatibility complex-drb pseudogene orthologous to hla-drbviii.	the hla-dr4 haplotype consists of four drb genes: drb104, drbvii, drbviii, and drb401, arranged in this order on the chromosome. the drb1 and drb4 genes code for beta chains of the alpha beta heterodimers expressed on the cell surface and bearing the hla-dr4 and hla-drw53 determinants, respectively; the drbvii and drbviii are pseudogenes. we found and sequenced a gene closely related to hla-drbviii in the genome of the lowland gorilla "sylvia." we designate this gene gogo-drb8. the close relat ...	1991	1774200
evolutionary rate of immunoglobulin alpha noncoding region is greater in hominoids than in old world monkeys.	recent studies on the molecular evolution of primates show that the evolutionary rate among hominoids is considerably slower than that among nonhominoid primates. however, this observation at the nucleotide-sequence level is restricted to the beta-globin family region. in this study, we sequenced orthologous immunoglobulin alpha (c alpha) genes of chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and crab-eating macaque (an old world monkey) and compared them with that of the human by using noncoding regions for ...	1991	1775062
hand preferences in the skilled gathering tasks of mountain gorillas (gorilla g. berengei).	manual dexterity of 44 wild gorillas of all ages and both sexes was investigated on six naturally acquired feeding tasks of varied logical structure, which included multi-stage and bimanually coordinated procedures. at least 400 min observation of feeding per animal, and analysis at the level of bouts rather than individual actions, can be expected to produce statistically robust results; 22 years background data allowed effects of genealogy and injury to be investigated. five tasks elicited ver ...	1991	1782788
possible osteomyelitis of skull causes death of a wild lowland gorilla in the lopé reserve, gabon.	the remains of a juvenile gorilla, apparently dead for 3-4 days, were found in the lopé reserve, gabon. the skull was recovered and showed a chronic lesion involving the insertion of the masseter muscle, consistent with chronic osteomyelitis.	1991	1787531
the veterinary management of a laryngeal air sac infection in a free-ranging mountain gorilla.	a purulent laryngeal air sac infection was diagnosed in a free-ranging adult male mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei) in central africa. successful treatment included the administration of antibiotics via blow dart and surgical drainage in the field. this case occurred during an outbreak of respiratory disease of undetermined etiology in this and other gorillas in the population.	1991	1787532
ankylosing spondylitis in nonhuman primates: the drill and the siamang.	nonhuman primates are known to be susceptible to many of the arthritides that afflict humans. psoriatic like spondyloarthropathies have been reported in gorillas and skeletal hyperostosis in gibbons, rhesus monkeys, and gorillas, and additional cases of both of these conditions occurring in drills (baboons) are noted in this report. one western lowland gorilla and two rhesus monkeys with clinical features consistent with ankylosing spondylitis have been documented previously. two additional nonh ...	1991	1788553
character phylogeny of the primate forelimb superficial venous system.	the ontogeny and comparative anatomy of the forelimb superficial veins were investigated in humans, non-human primates and other mammals. adult humans and the orangutan (pongo) possess two autonomous forelimb veins, one on the lateral (preaxial) margin of the limb, the other on the medial (postaxial) margin. all other adult primates and mammals examined possess a lateral vein alone. in african apes (pan and gorilla) and in 24% of human forelimbs the lateral vein is short, being essentially confi ...	1991	1804767
a y-chromosomal dna fragment is conserved in human and chimpanzee.	a human male-specific y-chromosomal dna fragment (lambda yh2d6) has been isolated. by deletion-mapping analysis, 2d6 has been localized to the euchromatic portion of the long arm (yq11) of the human y chromosome. among great apes, this fragment was found to be conserved in male chimpanzee but was lacking in male gorilla and male orangutan. no homologous fragments were detected in females of orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, or human. nucleotide sequence analysis indicated the presence of partial-a ...	1991	1840631
[comparison of the results of 2 discriminant analyses (face and mandible) in 4 groups of adult gorillas].	by discriminant analysis and calculation of generalized distances, four groups of adults gorilla are compared. sexual differences are more important than racial differences. very like results are obtained for 27 facial parameters and 31 mandibular parameter.	1991	1842247
what's old and new in molecular phylogenetics.	while it is fairly easy to devise a phylogenetic tree based on molecular data, it has proven difficult to tell how reliable any such tree is. thus while the genetic inference that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas cluster together is widely accepted, the genetic inference that the primary division among old world human populations is between asia and eurafrica is not. a molecular phylogenetic inference linking humans and chimpanzees was proposed in the 1980s based on the technique of dna hybridi ...	1991	1882983
segmental exchange between mhc class i genes in a higher primate: recombination in the gorilla between the ancestor of a human non-functional gene and an a locus gene.	classical human major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules are the products of highly diverse gene loci. it has been suggested that segmental exchange may play a role in the generation of diversity at the antigen recognition site of mhc class i molecules. here we present the cloning, sequencing and expression of two gorilla a locus cdnas. one of these cdnas shows remarkable similarity to the non-functional hla-ar locus gene (5.4-lbf) only in exon 2. the remainder of the cdna, howev ...	1991	1894312
highly conserved segments in mammalian chromosomes.	mammalian chromosomes from seven species for which gene maps exist were studied by high-resolution techniques to identify areas of conserved chromosome banding homology. high-resolution comparisons of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, african green monkey, cat, and mouse chromosomes revealed regions of apparently conserved chromosomal banding, which may indicate the likely positions of conserved linkage in the phylogeny of mammals. this analysis indicates that many regions of subbanding hom ...	1991	1901578
increased sod1 enzymatic activity and gene modifications in orangutans: evolutionary implications.	superoxide dismutase cuzn (sod1) enzymatic activity was measured in five orangutans (pongo pygmaeus, ppy) and compared to that of man, chimpanzee, and gorilla. it was found to be increased by a factor of two in one orangutan (ralfina) and by a factor of 1.5 in the four others. in situ hybridization of the sod1 cdna human probe showed a heterozygous intra-chromosomal rearrangement of pair ppy xxi, possibly an insertion, in ralfina. southern blotting showed that the sod1 gene is modified in the th ...	1991	1916758
primate drb6 pseudogenes: clue to the evolutionary origin of the hla-dr2 haplotype.	the hla-dr2 haplotype contains three beta-chain encoding drb genes and one alpha-chain encoding dra gene. of the three drb genes, two are presumably functional (hla-drb1 and hla-drb5), whereas the third (hla-drbvi) is a pseudogene. a pseudogene closely related to hla-drbvi is present in the chimpanzee (patr-drb6) and in the gorilla (gogo-drb6). we sequenced the hla-drbvi and patr-drb6 pseudogenes (all exons and most of the introns), and compared the sequence to that of the gogo-drb6 gene (of whi ...	1991	1937579
identification of the ancestral haplotype for apolipoprotein b suggests an african origin of homo sapiens sapiens and traces their subsequent migration to europe and the pacific.	the probable ancestral haplotype for human apolipoprotein b (apob) has been identified through immunological analysis of chimpanzee and gorilla serum and sequence analysis of their dna. moreover, the frequency of this ancestral apob haplotype among different human populations provides strong support for the african origin of homo sapiens sapiens and their subsequent migration from africa to europe and to the pacific. the approach used here for the identification of the ancestral human apob haplo ...	1991	1996341
resolution of the african hominoid trichotomy by use of a mitochondrial gene sequence.	mitochondrial dna sequences encoding the cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene have been determined for five primate species, siamang (hylobates syndactylus), lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla), pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), crab-eating macaque (macaca fascicularis), and green monkey (cercopithecus aethiops), and compared with published sequences of other primate and nonprimate species. comparisons of cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene sequences provide clear-cut evidence from the mitochondrial g ...	1991	1996358
strategies of habitat use by mountain gorillas.	patterns of home range use by a mountain gorilla group are examined here in relation to variation in food abundance and quality, diet quality and rainfall, to interactions between different social units and to the distribution of hazards (poaching risk). variation in habitat quality influenced both long-term area occupation densities and shorter-term movement parameters (day journey length and the distance moved between consecutive feeding sites). observed home range use patterns increased the g ...	1991	2007501
intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in cranial and dental variables among higher primates and their bearing on the hominid fossil record.	the extent and nature of dental and cranial sexual dimorphisms in extant hominoids have been investigated using reliably sexed samples of homo sapiens (n = 75), pan troglodytes (n = 51), gorilla gorilla (n = 64) and pongo pygmaeus (n = 43). seventy nine measurements (35 dental, 16 mandibular and 28 cranial) formed the basis of the study. the patterns of mean differences and dispersions between the taxa were compared across the anatomical regions and the group structures of the separate sex sampl ...	1991	2032934
a chimpanzee-derived chromosome-specific alpha satellite dna sequence conserved between chimpanzee and human.	we describe a cloned 2.7 kb alpha satellite sequence, pan-3, from the pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) that specifically hybridizes in situ to chromosome 19 in the pygmy chimpanzee and to the homeologous human chromosome, no. 17. using high stringency conditions of hybridization on southern blots, this sequence hybridized to dna from both species of chimpanzee (p. paniscus and p. troglodytes) and from human but not to dna from gorilla (gorilla gorilla) or orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). partial seque ...	1991	2040204
molecular evolution of the psi eta-globin gene locus: gibbon phylogeny and the hominoid slowdown.	an 8.4-kb genomic region spanning both the psi eta-globin gene locus and flanking dna was sequenced from the common gibbon (hylobates lar). in addition, sequencing of the entire orthologous region from galago (galago crassicaudatus) was completed. the gibbon and galago sequences, along with published orthologous sequences from 10 other species, were aligned. these noncoding nucleotide sequences represented four human alleles, four apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, organgutan, and gibbon), an old world ...	1991	2046542
chromosomal assignment of a large trna gene cluster (trna(leu), trna(gln), trna(lys), trna(arg), trna(gly)) to 17p13.1.	a cluster of trna genes (trna(uagleu), trna(cuggln), trna(uuulys), trna(ucuarg)) and an adjacent trna(gccgly) have been assigned to human chromosome 17p12-p13.1 by in situ hybridization using a 4.2 kb human dna fragment for trna(leu), trna(gln), trna(lys), trna(arg), and, for trna(gly), 1.3 kb and 0.58 kb human dna fragments containing these genes as probes. this localization was confirmed and refined to 17p13.100-p13.105 using a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel. preliminary experiments with th ...	1991	2066114
cdna cloning of carboxyl ester lipase from human pancreas reveals a unique proline-rich repeat unit.	we report the isolation and nucleotide sequence of the cdna for carboxyl ester lipase (cel) from human pancreas. cel was purified from human pancreas and microsequence analysis was performed on the amino-terminal and internal peptides. peptide sequence was used to design oligonucleotide probes for screening a human pancreas cdna library. partial length cdnas for cel were isolated from the library, and the 5' portion of the cdna was obtained using the anchored polymerase chain reaction. the deduc ...	1991	2066663
structure of the gorilla alpha-fetoprotein gene and the divergence of primates.	the sequence of the gorilla alpha-fetoprotein gene, including 869 base pairs of the 5' flanking region and 4892 base pairs of the 3' flanking region (24,607 in total), was determined from two overlapping lambda phage clones. the sequence extends 18,846 base pairs from the cap site to the polyadenylation site, and it reveals that the gene is composed of 15 exons, which are symmetrically placed within three domains of alpha-fetoprotein. the deduced polypeptide chain is composed of a 19-amino-acid ...	1991	1706310
evolutionary implications of primate endogenous retroviruses.	endogenous dna sequences related to retroviruses are probably present in all primates. by using approaches based on the polymerase chain reaction, two separate studies have revealed the evolutionary history of some of these sequences. in the first study, a retrovirus-like reverse transcriptase (rt) sequence homologous to that of baboon endogenous virus (baev) has been identified in both old world monkeys and african apes, but not in humans or asian apes. this rt sequence is highly conserved at t ...	1991	1708932
bacterial histiocytic colitis in a lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla).		1991	1722927
polymorphism of c4 and cyp21 genes in various primate species.	to study the genetic heterogeneity of the c4 and cyp21 genes in selected primate species we used the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). genomic dna was digested using several restriction endonucleases and filters were hybridized with a 500 bp bamhi/kpni fragment derived from the 5' section of a human c4-cdna and with a 1700 bp bamhi obtained from a human cyp21 gene. abundant rflp heterogeneity was observed for the c4 genes within a rhesus monkey population but not for ...	1991	1681597
comparative mapping of zfy in the hominoid apes.	within our project of comparative mapping of candidate genes for sex-determination/testis differentiation, we used a cloned probe from the human zfy locus for comparative hybridization studies in hominoids. as in the human, the zfy probe detects x- and y-specific restriction fragments in the chimpanzee, the gorilla, the orangutan, and the gibbon. furthermore, the x-specific hybridization site in the great apes resides in xp21.3, the same locus defining zfx in the human. the y-specific locus of z ...	1991	1683646
cytochemical evaluation of c-heterochromatic-dna in metaphase chromosomes.	a method is proposed to evaluate the amount of dna resistant to the c-banding pretreatments (c-heterochromatic-dna) in metaphase chromosomes. measurements were performed by microfluorometry on propidium iodide stained metaphases of man, gorilla and mouse; in these species, c-heterochromatin exhibits significant differences of both base composition and distribution along the chromosomes. the amount of c-heterochromatic-dna was found to be about 16%, 28% and 58% of the total dna content (genome si ...	1990	1692462
three parallel linkage groups of human acidic keratin genes.	two regions of human genomic dna, each containing several keratin genes, were isolated and partially sequenced. the keratin genes are inactive, having suffered deleterious mutations. both regions contain at least four keratin genes arranged in a head-to-tail orientation including a pseudogene for keratin k#16. within each segment there are two keratin genes in close linkage with only 1.5 kb of dna between them. sequence comparison of the two regions showed 98.9% identity in both the coding and t ...	1990	1694815
multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with the vc determinant of the mn blood group-related chimpanzee v-a-b-d system.	twelve restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) were detected in common chimpanzee using two restriction enzymes (hindiii and mspi) and four dna probes to the coding regions of the human glycophorin a (gpa) and glycophorin b (gpb) genes and their 3'-untranslated regions. seven rflps correlated with red cell expression of the vc determinant of the mn blood group-related v-a-b-d system and five rflps correlated with nonexpression of this antigen. animals heterozygous for the v allele that ...	1990	1696471
dna hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: a reanalysis of the data.	sibley and ahlquist (1984, 1987) presented the results of a study of 514 dna-dna hybrids among the hominoids and old world monkeys (cercopithecidae). they concluded that the branching order of the living hominoid lineages, from oldest to most recent, was gibbons, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzees, and human. thus, a chimpanzee-human clade was indicated, rather than the chimpanzee-gorilla clade usually suggested from morphological evidence. the positions of the gibbon and orangutan branches in the ...	1990	2109085
production of immunoglobulin a protease by streptococcus pneumoniae from animals.	human isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae tested by traditional immunochemical methods produce a protease that cleaves human immunoglobulin a1 (iga1) into fab and fc fragments. the protease may be an important virulence factor, but studies of its pathogenetic significance have been hampered by lack of a suitable animal model. since s. pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen for several species of animals, we sought to determine whether isolates of this organism from animals with pneumococcal infec ...	1990	2117567
a survey for a trypanocidal factor in primate sera.	the sera of 21 different species of primates were surveyed for the presence of a trypanocidal factor to a monomorphic human serum-sensitive clone of trypanosoma brucei gambiense (t.b.g.); human, gorilla, baboon (2 species), and the mandrill were found to contain this factor. the factor in all the sera is in the high density lipoprotein (hdl) fraction, and has similar modes of biological action. it has been shown that the human and gorilla trypanocidal factor share cross-reactive antigenic epitop ...	1990	2120433
mitochondrial dna evolution in primates: transition rate has been extremely low in the lemur.	based on mitochondrial dna (mt-dna) sequence data from a wide range of primate species, branching order in the evolution of primates was inferred by the maximum likelihood method of felsenstein without assuming rate constancy among lineages. bootstrap probabilities for the maximum likelihood tree topology among alternatives were estimated without performing a maximum likelihood estimation for each resampled data set. variation in the evolutionary rate among lineages was examined for the maximum ...	1990	2120449
comparative morphology of the lateral meniscus of the knee in primates.	the morphology of the lateral meniscus has been studied in a series of 316 non-human primates, representative of 43 genera. the lateral meniscus has a crescentic shape in prosimii, in platyrrhinii (new world monkeys) and in pongo pygmaeus. the lateral meniscus is disc-shaped, with a central foramen, in catarrhinii (old world monkeys), in hylobates, in gorilla and in pan troglodytes. in man, the lateral meniscus has a crescentic shape. discoid lateral menisci are reported as anomalies in man; the ...	1990	2123845
characterization of cr1- and membrane cofactor protein-like proteins of two primates.	we have identified and characterized c3b binding proteins of two primates, orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). detergent solubilized 125i surface-labeled e and pbmc were subjected to affinity chromatography with homologous or human ic3/c3b. these ligands bound a 225,000 single chain protein from orangutan e and pbmc and a 220,000 protein from gorilla e. proteins of the same mr were immunoprecipitated by a rabbit polyclonal and two murine mab to the human cr1 (cd35). the c3b ...	1990	2140391
techniques and significance of gamete collection and storage in the great apes.	rectal probe electroejaculation (rpe) is the most frequently used method for semen recovery in the great apes. artificial insemination has been successful in the chimpanzee and gorilla. oocytes can be recovered using laparoscopic techniques similar to those used in human medicine. at this time there has been no successful in vitro fertilization with birth of an infant in the great apes. semen can be successfully frozen in the apes, as documented by recovery of motility of sperm after thawing. pr ...	1990	2147215
novel use of a chimpanzee pseudogene for chromosomal mapping of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit iv.	we have isolated a chimpanzee processed pseudogene for subunit iv of cytochrome c oxidase (cox; ec 1.9.3.1) by screening a chimpanzee genomic library in lambda charon 32 with a bovine liver cdna encoding cox subunit iv (cox iv), and localized it to a 1.9-kb hindiii fragment. southern-blot analysis of genomic dna from five primates showed that dnas from human, gorilla, and chimpanzee each contained the 1.9-kb pseudogene fragment, whereas orangutan and pigtail macaque monkey dna did not. this resu ...	1990	2157630
new hominid skull material from the late miocene of macedonia in northern greece.	miocene hominoid material is very scarce and has previously only been reported as cranial fragments in the old world. here we describe a new specimen of ouranopithecus macedoniensis, which consists of the right part of the face of an adult male with a portion of the frontal bone, a portion of the left part of the face and the maxilla with complete dentition except the right third molar. the characters of this specimen are not congruent with those of sivapithecus and the pongids, but are more pri ...	1990	2193230
deconstructing reconstruction: the oh 62 humerofemoral index.	the humerus and femur of the fossil hominid oh 62 are badly damaged and their lengths are not directly measurable (johanson et al., 1987). nevertheless, using relatively intact reference materials from another early hominid, al 288-1, johanson et al. (1987) reconstructed the bones to estimate the humerofemoral index, which falls well above the range for modern homo, above the estimate for al 288-1, and within the range for pan paniscus. the reconstruction of missing bone by the method originally ...	1990	2221028
molecular genetic divergence of orang utan (pongo pygmaeus) subspecies based on isozyme and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.	the orang utan (pongo pygmaeus), as currently recognized, includes two geographically separated subspecies: pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, which resides on borneo, and p. p. abelii, which inhabits sumatra. at present, there is no known route of gene flow between the two populations except through captive individuals which have been released back into the wild over the last several decades. the two subspecies are differentiated by morphological and behavioral characters, and they can be distinguished b ...	1990	2230076
structure and evolution of the u2 small nuclear rna multigene family in primates: gene amplification under natural selection?	the organization of u2 genes was compared in apes, old world monkeys, and the prosimian galago. in humans and all apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee), the u2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of a 6-kb element; however, the restriction maps of the 6-kb elements in these divergent species differed slightly, demonstrating that mechanisms must exist for maintaining sequence homogeneity within this tandem array. in old world monkeys, the u2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat ...	1990	2233721
specificity of rheumatoid factors in relation to the disease state in rheumatoid arthritis.	rheumatoid factors found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis react with human igg and with igg from some other species. the levels of rheumatoid factor give some indication of prognosis, albeit a rather poor one in this highly variable disease. the high degree of variability may, in part, be due to differences in the fine specificity of the rheumatoid factor in each individual patient, leading to differences in the types of immune complex formed. to study this hypothesis the fine specificity o ...	1990	2241264
concerted evolution of primate alpha satellite dna. evidence for an ancestral sequence shared by gorilla and human x chromosome alpha satellite.	to understand evolutionary events in the formation of higher-order repeat units in alpha satellite dna, we have examined gorilla sequences homologous to human x chromosome alpha satellite. in humans, alpha satellite on the x chromosome is organized as a tandemly repeated, 2.0 x 10(3) base-pairs (bp) higher-order repeat unit, operationally defined by the restriction enzyme bamhi. each higher-order repeat unit is composed of 12 tandem approximately 171 base-pair monomer units that have been classi ...	1990	2258932
the intestinal faunas of man and mountain gorillas in a shared habitat.	the primate fauna of the impenetrable (bwindi) forest in southwest uganda includes both man and the mountain gorilla gorilla gorilla beringei. the intestinal parasite faunas of these two species were described by examining faecal samples. of 16 parasites in the combined fauna only one, strongyloides fuelleborni, was shared by both host species.	1990	2260897
allelic diversification at the class ii dqb locus of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex.	the allelic diversity at hla class ii loci either arose after the divergence of hominoid lineages or, alternatively, the polymorphism was present before speciation and has been maintained by selection. here, we report the use of oligonucleotide primers to amplify, by the polymerase chain reaction, and sequence the polymorphic second exon of the dqb locus from 11 species, spanning more than 40 million years of mammalian evolution. phylogenetic analysis reveals that of the four human dqb allelic t ...	1990	2308943
common fragile sites in man and three closely related primate species.	the expression of common fragile sites was studied in peripheral lymphocytes of man, gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan after induction with aphidicolin, methotrexate, or fluorodeoxyuridine. as far as the chromosomal localization is concerned, it appears that many of these sites have been highly conserved during primate evolution. however, differences were found in the relative expression of certain sites. in all four species, mapping of approximately 500 lesions disclosed the most breakage-pron ...	1990	2323227
ribosomal rna gene sequences and hominoid phylogeny.	sequences totaling 3,500 bases from the 28s rrna gene and from one of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (its1) have been determined for human, chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). analyses of the rrna alignments show (1) a clustering of substitutions in the "variable regions" of the 28s gene, (2) a 1.5-3-fold increase in divergence in the transcribed spacer over that in the exon, and (3) that human and chimpanzee are the most closely r ...	1990	2359361
[the morphology of the palatine arch of pongids].	with the help of frontal cuts through casts of skulls of pongids we demonstrated the postnatal development of the form of the hard palate. the form of the hard palate is similar to a semicircle in the frontal cut. in the chimpanzee the palatal form in the frontal cut ist not as semicircular as in the other great apes and is similar to the palatal form of humans in the molar region. the differences between pongo pygmaeus and the african apes consists in the fact, that the palate of the pongo pygm ...	1990	2375499
evolution of the glycophorin gene family in the hominoid primates.	analysis of nucleotide sequences of the human glycophorin a (gpa) and glycophorin b (gpb) genes has indicated that the gpa gene most closely resembles the ancestral gene, whereas the gpb gene likely arose from the gpa gene by homologous recombination. to study the evolution of the glycophorin gene family in the hominoid primates, restricted dna on southern blots from man, pygmy chimpanzee, common chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon was probed with cdna fragments encoding the human gpa and ...	1990	2383247
isolation and characterization of a rat delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase processed pseudogene.	southern blot analysis of genomic dna from different strains of rat indicated that there were multiple copies of the gene encoding the second enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ala-d). two types of genomic clones were isolated from a sprague-dawley rat library. one appears to be the expressed gene, whereas the nucleotide sequence of the other suggests that it contains an ala-d processed pseudogene because (1) there are no introns, (2) there are multiple m ...	1990	2387590
composition of the diet of lowland gorillas at lopé in gabon.	this report describes the composition of the diet of lowland gorillas, gorilla gorilla gorilla, at lopé in central gabon. this population inhabits mature evergreen tropical forest and is not habituated to human observers. data were collected during 6 years of an ongoing long-term study, from feeding-trails and by direct observation, but mostly by fecal analysis. gorillas ate 182 plant foods from 134 species and 36 families. the fruit diet was diverse: 95 species were consumed, most with succulen ...	1990	31963968
hand preferences in captive gorillas, orang-utans and gibbons.	hand preference was assessed in 12 gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), 13 orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus abelii), and 9 gibbons (hylobates lar) by using a floor retrieval task and a mesh retrieval task. hand preference was also assessed in 8 gorillas and 8 orang-utans by using a task involving the unfastening of a hasp. a bipedal requirement during testing (mesh retrieval task) facilitated detection of hand preferences. a significant left-hand preference was found for the gibbons with 6 of 6 gibbon ...	1990	31963993
newly arisen dna repeats in primate phylogeny.	we discovered the presence of an alu and an xba repetitive dna element within introns 4 and 7, respectively, of the human alpha-fetoprotein (afp) gene; these elements are absent from the same gene in the gorilla. the alu element is flanked by 12-base-pair direct repeats, aggatgttgtgg ... (alu) ... aggatgttgtgg, which presumably arose by way of duplication of the intronic target site aggatgttgtgg at the time of the alu insertion. in the gorilla, only a single copy of the unoccupied target site is ...	1989	2480599
a molecular view of primate phylogeny and important systematic and evolutionary questions.	phylogenetic analysis of extensive nucleotide sequence data from primate beta-globin gene clusters elucidates the systematics and evolution of the order primates and reveals that rates of accumulation of mutations vary by as much as a factor of seven among different primate lineages. the picture of primate phylogeny from dna sequences clarifies many ambiguities of the morphological picture. in the molecular picture, dwarf and brown lemurs group together into superfamily lemuroidea, lemuroidea an ...	1989	2488474
nucleotide sequence of the gorilla immunoglobulin alpha 1 gene.		1989	2506527
biomechanics of cross-sectional size and shape in the hominoid mandibular corpus.	mandibular cross sections of pan, pongo, gorilla, homo, and two fossil specimens of paranthropus were examined by computed tomography (ct) to determine the biomechanical properties of the hominoid mandibular corpus. images obtained by ct reveal that while the fossil hominids do not differ significantly from extant hominoids in the relative contribution of compact bone to total subperiosteal area, the shape of the paranthropus corpora indicates that the mechanical design of the robust australopit ...	1989	2508480
evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from dna sequence data, and the branching order in hominoidea.	a maximum likelihood method for inferring evolutionary trees from dna sequence data was developed by felsenstein (1981). in evaluating the extent to which the maximum likelihood tree is a significantly better representation of the true tree, it is important to estimate the variance of the difference between log likelihood of different tree topologies. bootstrap resampling can be used for this purpose (hasegawa et al. 1988; hasegawa and kishino 1989), but it imposes a great computation burden. to ...	1989	2509717
ancient roots for polymorphism at the hla-dq alpha locus in primates.	the genes encoding the human histocompatibility antigens (hla) exhibit a remarkable degree of polymorphism as revealed by immunologic and molecular analyses. this extensive sequence polymorphism either may have been generated during the lifetime of the human species or could have arisen before speciation and been maintained in the contemporary human population by selection or, possibly, by genetic drift. these two hypotheses were examined using the polymerase chain reaction method to amplify pol ...	1989	2513578
the comparative anatomy of the forelimb veins of primates.	one hundred and thirteen forelimbs taken from 62 individuals belonging to 17 primate genera were dissected to reveal the entire course of the superficial venous system. the course of the deep venous system was also documented in at least one forelimb of each primate genus, and the number and location of perforating veins was recorded in 18 human and 45 non-human primate limbs. in pan, gorilla and in about 25% of human specimens the lateral superficial vein was confined to the forearm, while in a ...	1989	2514175
concerted evolution of alpha satellite dna: evidence for species specificity and a general lack of sequence conservation among alphoid sequences of higher primates.	we investigated relationships among alpha satellite dna families in the human, gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan genomes by filter hybridization with cloned probes which correspond to chromosome-specific alpha satellite dnas from at least 12 different human chromosomes. these include representatives of both the dimer-based and pentamer-based subfamilies, the two major subfamilies of human alpha satellite. in addition, we evaluated several high-copy dimer-based probes isolated from gorilla genom ...	1989	2515043
serological evidence for variation in the incidence of herpesvirus infections in different species of apes.	sera from captive lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and gibbons were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibody to herpesviruses serologically related to human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2), a baboon virus (sa8), and a macaque herpesvirus (b virus). the incidence of herpesvirus antibodies varied considerably among the different species, gorillas having the highest incidence of seropositivity (65.4%) and orangutans the lowest. the virus specifi ...	1989	2546978
members of the rtvl-h family of human endogenous retrovirus-like elements are expressed in placenta.	a cdna clone homologous to the rtvl-h family of human retrovirus-like elements was isolated from a human placenta cdna library. the nucleotide sequence of the 1084-bp cdna revealed an open reading frame (orf) that may encode a 146 amino acid protein with significant homology to retroviral proteases. downstream from the putative protease orf a 3' long terminal repeat (ltr) containing u3 and r regions was found. the cdna sequence ends in a poly(a) tail appropriately positioned downstream from a po ...	1989	2551777
primate evolution of a human chromosome 1 hypervariable repetitive element.	the clone designated hmf #1 represents a clustered dna family, located on chromosome 1, consisting of tandem arrays displaying a monomeric length of 40 bp and a repetition frequency of approximately 7 x 10(3) copies per haploid genome. the sequence hmf #1 reveals multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) when human genomic dna is digested with a variety of 4-6-bp recognition sequence restriction enzymes (i.e., taq i, eco ri, pst i, etc.). when hamster and mouse genomic dna was d ...	1989	2564437
comparative studies on an antigenicity of plasma proteins from humans and apes by elisa: a close relationship of chimpanzee and human.	1. antigenic differences between human and ape plasma proteins were quantitatively investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using antisera against human and chimpanzee plasmas. 2. with anti-human plasma serum, both the chimpanzee and gorilla were very close to the human, although the chimpanzee was slightly closer to the human than to the gorilla; relative immunological distance (relative id) of the chimpanzee was 71, while that of the gorilla was 74. 3. with anti-chimpanzee pla ...	1989	2605910
a statistical test of phylogenies estimated from sequence data.	a simple approach to testing the significance of the branching order, estimated from protein or dna sequence data, of three taxa is proposed. the branching order is inferred by the transformed-distance method, under the assumption that one or two outgroups are available, and the branch lengths are estimated by the least-squares method. the inferred branching order is considered significant if the estimated internodal distance is significantly greater than zero. to test this, a formula for the va ...	1989	2615641
interspecies relationship of a repetitive chromosome-specific dna.	a repetitive dna motif, consisting of 48 bp units (d22z3) was shown to reside in the pericentric region of the human chromosome 22. in genomic blots it was displaying cross-homology only to great ape species, the restriction patterns being similar but specific for each species investigated. non-radioactive in situ hybridization revealed a minor homology to human chromosomes 14/15 when less stringent conditions were applied. in gorilla, only chromosomes corresponding to human g-group autosomes sh ...	1989	2625406
molecular phylogeny of the family of apes and humans.	the morphological picture of primate phylogeny has not unambiguously identified the nearest outgroup of anthropoidea and has not resolved the branching pattern within hominoidea. the molecular picture provides more resolution and clarifies the systematics of hominoidea. protein and dna evidence divides hominoidea into hylobatidae (gibbons) and hominidae, family hominidae into ponginae (orangutan) and homininae, and subfamily homininae into two tribes, one for gorilla, and the other for pan (chim ...	1989	2687100
[neurodermatitis in primates: a case description of a female gorilla].	neurodermatitis or atopic dermatitis appears to be more widespread among animals than has been assumed hitherto. we report on a female gorilla in saarbrücken zoo; after years of captivity the animal developed recurrent eczema in the crooks of the elbows and knees. an interesting aspect of this case is that apparently psychological factors stemming from a partner conflict led to manifestation of the disease. we discuss the feasibility of determining the presence of ige.	1989	2714992
plasma alpha-tocopherol, retinol, cholesterol, and mineral concentrations in captive gorillas.	vitamins a, e, cholesterol, and mineral (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, sodium, and zinc) concentrations were examined in the plasma of 74 captive lowland gorillas aged newborn to 41 years. effects of age or sex on measured parameters were not significant. plasma mg and ca concentrations were lower than reported captive gorilla means, whereas na and p were higher. since comparative gorilla values for certain blood components (vitamins e and a, copper, and selenium) are l ...	1989	2716040