Publications

short hairpin rna-mediated knockdown of protein expression in entamoeba histolytica.	entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal protozoan parasite of humans. the genome has been sequenced, but the study of individual gene products has been hampered by the lack of the ability to generate gene knockouts. we chose to test the use of rna interference to knock down gene expression in entamoeba histolytica.	2009	19222852
[amebic meningoencephalitis].	it has been reported that amebic meningoencephalitis is caused by some rhizopods, which are taxonomically different from entamoeba histolytica which is well known as the causative agent of amebic dysentery. different types of human meningoencephalitis have been reported to be caused by amphizoic amebae, which are not obligatorily parasitic (endozoic) but are usually free-living (exozoic) in nature, i.e., in environmental water and soil: naegleria fowleri causes acute primary amebic meningoenceph ...	2009	19235460
a developmentally regulated myb domain protein regulates expression of a subset of stage-specific genes in entamoeba histolytica.	conversion between a cyst and trophozoite stage is essential to disease transmission and pathogenesis in the parasitic protist entamoeba histolytica. a transcriptomic analysis of e. histolytica cysts and trophozoites has recently been accomplished, but the molecular basis of the regulation of encystation is not known. we have now identified a developmentally regulated myb protein (belonging to the shaqky family of myb proteins), which controls expression of a subset of amoebic stage-specific gen ...	2009	19239479
hepatic amebiasis: a reminder of the complications.	the complications of amebic liver abscess are underappreciated in developed countries and are often misdiagnosed. we report a 16-month-old male child with amebic liver abscess, initially misdiagnosed with pneumonia, who became critically ill with peritoneal, pleural and pericardial extension, and gastric perforation. in addition to highlighting the complications of amebic liver abscess, this case demonstrates the value of pcr testing as a diagnostic and molecular tool.	2009	19242252
a retrospective analysis of prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among school children in the palajunoj valley of guatemala.	this study retrospectively analyzed demographic factors that may affect the prevalence of intestinal parasites among guatemalan school children. the findings of the study showed that young age, wet season, female gender, and severe malnutrition all correlated positively with increased rates of infection. clinical visits were performed on 10,586 school children aged 5-15 years over a four-year period (2004-2007) in the palajunoj valley of guatemala, during which 5,705 viable stool samples were sc ...	2009	19248646
differential expression of surface glycoconjugates on entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar.	the human large intestine can harbor two morphologically similar amoebae; the invasive entamoeba histolytica and the non-invasive entamoeba dispar. whereas e. histolytica can produce intestinal and extra-intestinal lesions, e. dispar is present in non-symptomatic carriers. although biochemical, genetic and proteomic studies have identified clear differences between these entamoebae, it has become clear that several molecules, once assumed to be involved in tissue destruction, exist in both the v ...	2009	19269346
horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic parasites: a case study of entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis.	over the past few years it has become apparent that horizontal gene transfer (hgt) has played an important role in the evolution of pathogenic prokaryotes. what is less clear is the exact role that hgt has played in shaping the metabolism of eukaryotic organisms. the main problems are the reliable inference of hgt on a genomic scale as well as the functional assignment of genes in these poorly studied organisms. we have screened the completed genomes of the protists entamoeba histolytica and tri ...	2009	19271203
molecular basis of the unusual catalytic preference for gdp/gtp in entamoeba histolytica 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.	phosphoglycerate kinase (ec 2.7.2.3) catalyzes reversible phosphoryl transfer from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to adp to synthesize 3-phosphoglycerate and atp during glycolysis. phosphoglycerate kinases from several sources can use gdp/gtp as alternative substrates to adp/atp; however, the maximal velocities (v(m)) reached with the guanine nucleotides are approximately 50% of those displayed with the adenine nucleotides. by contrast, entamoeba histolytica phosphoglycerate kinase (ec 2.7.2.10) is the ...	2009	19292872
[epidemiological retrospective survey intestinal parasitism in the provincial hospital center (kenitra, morocco): review of 10 years (1996-2005)].	the survey drew up the epidemiological situation of intestinal parasitism in the center of health el idrissi (kenitra, morocco). the number of reviews has decreased between 1996 and 2005. a correlation between the number of examinations and years of the study period was observed (p <0.001). 4285 stool specimens collected in 1996-2005 were tested by parasitologic examination. among the persons examined, 606 of them were parasited by one or several species, say an infestation index of 14.15%. amoe ...	2009	19297294
development of an immunobinding dot-blot assay as an alternative for the serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis.	an immunobinding dot-blot assay (dba) was developed on nitrocellulose paper for the serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis, using cysticercus cellulosae as antigen. the dba had an immunological sensitivity of 0.08 mg of antigen protein/ml; however, it showed cross-reactions with antigens of adult taenia solium and echinococcus granulosus, but not with toxoplasma gondii and entamoeba histolytica antigens. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used as the gold standard for obtaining the d ...	2009	19317923
development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of entamoeba histolytica.	a novel one-step, closed-tube, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for detecting entamoeba histolytica, one of the leading causes of morbidity in developing countries, was developed. the sensitivity of the lamp assay is 1 parasite per reaction. a total of 130 clinical samples were analyzed, and the results compared with those of conventional nested pcr to validate the practicability of this assay. no dna was amplified from other diarrheal pathogens, such as other entamoeba specie ...	2009	19321720
prospective case-control study of the association between common enteric protozoal parasites and diarrhea in bangladesh.	the parasitic causes of diarrhea have historically been identified by use of microscopy; however, the use of this technique does not allow one to distinguish between subspecies or genotypes of parasites. our objective was to determine, by use of modern diagnostic methods, the proportion of diarrhea cases in bangladesh attributable to cryptosporidium hominis, cryptosporidium parvum, entamoeba histolytica, and giardia lamblia assemblages a and b.	2009	19323634
ameboma of the colon with amebic liver abscess mimicking metastatic colon cancer.	amebic colitis is common in developing countries, with its variable and non-specific symptoms. amebomas occur rarely, resulting from the formation of annular granulation tissue, usually in the cecum and in the ascending colon. this report describes the case of a 59-year-old male who presented with abdominal pain. radiological examination depicted concentric thickening of the cecal wall with mass formation and a cystic lesion in the liver. the endoscopy performed showed a growth in the ascending ...	2009	19332922
presence of parasitic protozoa and helminth in sewage and efficiency of sewage treatment in tunisia.	helminth eggs and protozoan cysts were enumerated in raw and treated wastewater in tunisia in order to determine their removal by wastewater treatment and to provide quantitative data for developing regulations for wastewater quality that are currently lacking. raw and treated wastewater samples were collected from 17 plants in tunisia during 2006-2007 and analyzed for parasites using the modified bailenger method. two groups of parasites, namely, ascaris sp., entamoeba coli, enterobius vermicul ...	2009	19333622
inter-cellular variation in dna content of entamoeba histolytica originates from temporal and spatial uncoupling of cytokinesis from the nuclear cycle.	accumulation of multiple copies of the genome in a single nucleus and several nuclei in a single cell has previously been noted in entamoeba histolytica, contributing to the genetic heterogeneity of this unicellular eukaryote. in this study, we demonstrate that this genetic heterogeneity is an inherent feature of the cell cycle of this organism. chromosome segregation occurs on a variety of novel microtubular assemblies including multi-polar spindles. cytokinesis in e. histolytica is completed b ...	2009	19352422
targeting histone deacetylase inhibitors for anti-malarial therapy.	it is now clear that histone acetylation plays key roles in regulating gene transcription in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the acetylated form inducing gene expression while deacetylation silences genes. recent studies have identified roles for histone acetyltransferases (hats) and/or histone deacetylases (hdacs) in a number of parasites including entamoeba histolytica, toxoplasma gondii, schistosoma mansoni, cryptosporidium sp., leishmania donovani, neospora caninum, and plasmodium falciparu ...	2009	19355992
oxidative folding and reductive activities of ehpdi, a protein disulfide isomerase from entamoeba histolytica.	pdi enzymes are oxidoreductases that catalyze oxidation, reduction and isomerization of disulfide bonds in polypeptide substrates. we have previously identified an e. histolytica pdi enzyme (ehpdi) that exhibits oxidase activity in vivo. however, little is known about the specific role of its redox-related structural features on the enzymatic activity. here, we have studied the in vivo oxidative folding of ehpdi by mutagenic analysis and functional complementation assays as well as the in vitro ...	2009	19361571
proteomic comparison of entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar and the role of e. histolytica alcohol dehydrogenase 3 in virulence.	the protozoan intestinal parasite entamoeba histolytica infects millions of people worldwide and is capable of causing amebic dysentery and amebic liver abscess. the closely related species entamoeba dispar colonizes many more individuals, but this organism does not induce disease. to identify molecular differences between these two organisms that may account for their differential ability to cause disease in humans, we used two-dimensional gel-based (dige) proteomic analysis to compare whole ce ...	2009	19365541
[detection of entamoeba histolytica in stool specimens with the elisa method].	in this study, carried out between november 2006 and september 2007, amebic cysts were observed in 44 (0.37%) out of a total of 1720 stool specimens which were examined by direct microscopy. entamoeba histolytica specific antigen was investigated with elisa in the specimens in which cysts were observed. specific antigen was detected in 26 (59.1%) of these specimens. the diagnosis of amoebiasis for the patients whose elisa tests were positive was confirmed and the appropriate therapy was immediat ...	2009	19367537
[the determination of intestinal parasites, physical growth and hygiene behaviors of children in the mersin city social service child care centre].	intestinal parasites are still a major health problem in our country. the aim of this study was the determination of intestinal parasites, physical growth and hygiene behavior of a total of 106 children living in the mersin city social service child care centre and who could participate in this research. a questionnaire form was used to determine the socio-demographic features and hygienic behavior of the children, and their weight and height were measured in order to determine their physical gr ...	2009	19367550
thymidine kinase and uridine-cytidine kinase from entamoeba histolytica: cloning, characterization, and search for specific inhibitors.	entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite and the causative agent of amoebiasis, which is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. although anti-amoebic drugs such as metronidazole, emetine, chloroquine and nitazoxanide are generally effective, there is always potential for development of drug resistance. in order to find novel targets to control e. histolytica proliferation we cloned, expressed and purified thymidine kinase (eh-tk) and uridine-cytidine kina ...	2009	19368743
antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis.	entamoeba histolytica infection is common in developing countries, and up to 100,000 individuals with severe disease die every year. adequate therapy for amoebic colitis is necessary to reduce the severity of illness, prevent development of complicated disease and extraintestinal spread, and decrease transmission.	2009	19370624
computational study of the electronic structure characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory tripeptide derived from monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (mlif)-pentapeptide.	the structure and properties of molecules are determined by their charge-density distribution. several works have shown that electron delocalization along the peptide backbone and side-chain modulates the physical and chemical features of peptides and protein properties. research on entamoeba histolytica-soluble factors led to the identification of the pentapeptide met-gln-cys-asn-ser, with anti-inflammatory in vivo and in vitro effects. a synthetic pentapeptide, met-pro-cys-asn-ser, maintained ...	2009	19371982
molecular nature of virulence in entamoeba histolytica.	for many years virulence of pathogenic entamoeba histolytica has been attributed to the capacity of the parasite to destroy tissues through the expression and/or secretion of various molecules. such view is supported mainly by in vitro experimentation, whereas data obtained by using animal models of the disease have clearly demonstrated that the host's inflammatory response is primarily responsible for tissue damage. this review analyzes the content and/or activity of some of the presumed toxic ...	2009	19376272
overexpression of a mutant form of ehraba, a unique rab gtpase of entamoeba histolytica, alters endoplasmic reticulum morphology and localization of the gal/galnac adherence lectin.	entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery and liver abscess. vesicle trafficking events, such as phagocytosis and delivery of plasma membrane proteins, have been implicated in pathogenicity. rab gtpases are proteins whose primary function is to regulate vesicle trafficking; therefore, understanding the function of rabs in this organism may provide insight into virulence. e. histolytica possesses a number of unique rabs that exhibit limited homology to host rabs. ...	2009	19377040
synthesis of novel hybrid molecules from precursors with known antiparasitic activity.	three novel new compounds derived from antiparasitic precursors have been synthesized and tested for their antiamoebic and antigiardial activities. the condensation of 2-(2-methyl-5-1h-nitroimidazolyl)ethylamine (6) with 5-nitro-2-furylacrylic acid (7) gave 3-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)-n-[2-(5-nitroimidazol-1-yl)ethyl]acrylamide (8). condensation of 7 with 7-chloro-4-(piperazin-1-yl)quinoline (9) afforded 1-[4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)propenone as a mixture of two iso ...	2009	19384280
n- and c-terminal domains of the calcium binding protein ehcabp1 of the parasite entamoeba histolytica display distinct functions.	entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of amoebiasis, and calcium signaling is thought to be involved in amoebic pathogenesis. ehcabp1, a ca(2+) binding protein of e. histolytica, is essential for parasite growth. high resolution crystal structure of ehcabp1 suggested an unusual arrangement of the ef-hand domains in the n-terminal part of the structure, while c-terminal part of the protein was not traced. the structure revealed a trimer with amino terminal domains of ...	2009	19384409
entamoeba histolytica: cysteine proteinase activity and virulence. focus on cysteine proteinase 5 expression levels.	cysteine proteinase (cp) activity and cp5 mrna levels were analyzed in eleven samples of entamoeba histolytica isolated from patients presenting different clinical profiles. the virulence degree of the isolates, determined in hamster liver, correlated well with the clinical form of the patient and culture conditions. cp5 mrna levels were also determined in sample freshly picked up directly from liver amoebic abscess. differences were not observed in the levels of cp5 mrna and cp specific activit ...	2009	19389401
pleural empyema secondary to amebic liver abscess.		2009	19389640
frequency of human toxocariasis in a rural population from cajamarca, peru determined by dot-elisa test.	the aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of human toxocariasis in cauday district, cajamarca, peru, using a dot-elisa test. from june to october 2005, a total of 256 adult subjects were studied. blood samples were collected for serology by a dot-elisa test and for hematological examination. parasitological examination was also carried out in stool samples to check cross-reactions in the dot-elisa. the frequency observed was 44.92%, with a significant higher proportion of positivity in ...	2009	19390733
coinfections with schistosoma haematobium, necator americanus, and entamoeba histolytica/entamoeba dispar in children: chemokine and cytokine responses and changes after antiparasite treatment.	the effect of polyparasite infections on cytokine and chemokine responses as well as the effect of antiparasite treatment was studied in children without parasite infection (the g0 group), in children singly infected with schistosoma haematobium (the g1 group), and in children multiply infected with s. haematobium/schistosoma mansoni, entamoeba histolytica/entamoeba dispar, and necator americanus (the g3+ group). linear regression analysis disclosed a significant risk for coinfection with hookwo ...	2009	19392635
a pcdna-ehcpadh vaccine against entamoeba histolytica elicits a protective th1-like response in hamster liver.	dna vaccines are promising tools to fight parasitic diseases, including amoebiasis caused by the protozoan entamoeba histolytica. here we studied the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a dna vaccine against this parasite composed by the ehcpadh surface complex encoding genes (ehcp112 and ehadh112). ehcpadh is formed by an adhesin (ehadh112) and a cysteine proteinase (ehcp112), both involved in the parasite virulence. we evaluated transcription, protein expression, immunological response a ...	2009	19406180
attribution of malnutrition to cause-specific diarrheal illness: evidence from a prospective study of preschool children in mirpur, dhaka, bangladesh.	we examined whether malnutrition (underweight [waz] < -2) increased the risk of diarrhea equally for all enteropathogens. the study was conducted prospectively between january 1999 and july 2002 in mirpur, an urban slum in dhaka. two hundred eighty-nine bangladeshi children (147 male and 142 female) 2-5 years of age were included in the study. malnutrition was present in 39% of the children at the time of enrollment. the parents and children were visited and interviewed every other day by health ...	2009	19407131
a case of duodenal entamoeba histolytica.		2009	19410047
molecular diagnostics of intestinal parasites in returning travellers.	a new diagnostic strategy was assessed for the routine diagnosis of intestinal parasites in returning travellers and immigrants. over a period of 13 months, unpreserved stool samples, patient characteristics and clinical data were collected from those attending a travel clinic. stool samples were analysed on a daily basis by microscopic examination and antigen detection (i.e. care as usual), and compared with a weekly performed multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis on enta ...	2009	19415354
trichomonas vaginalis: metronidazole and other nitroimidazole drugs are reduced by the flavin enzyme thioredoxin reductase and disrupt the cellular redox system. implications for nitroimidazole toxicity and resistance.	infections with the microaerophilic parasite trichomonas vaginalis are treated with the 5-nitroimidazole drug metronidazole, which is also in use against entamoeba histolytica, giardia intestinalis and microaerophilic/anaerobic bacteria. here we report that in t. vaginalis the flavin enzyme thioredoxin reductase displays nitroreductase activity with nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, and with the nitrofuran drug furazolidone. reactive metabolites of metronidazole and other nitroimidazoles ...	2009	19415801
the nucleolus in entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba invadens is located at the nuclear periphery.	the ribosomal rna genes in the human parasite entamoeba histolytica and its reptilian counterpart entamoeba invadens are located on extrachromosomal circles. the expression of rrna genes generally takes place in a specialized nuclear compartment-the nucleolus. in entamoeba species the nuclear space that may be called the nucleolus has yet to be defined. previous studies showed that the rdna circles are located at the nuclear periphery. here we have raised antibodies against the e. histolytica ho ...	2009	19416742
[cryptosporidium sp infections and other intestinal parasites in food handlers from zulia state, venezuela].	cryptosporidiosis in food handlers from venezuela is unknown, being this an important public health problem in immunosuppressed patients. to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium sp and other intestinal parasites in food handlers from zulia state, one hundred nineteen fecal samples were evaluated by wet mount, concentrated according to ritchie and modified ziehl-neelsen staining. fourteen (11.8%) were positive for cryptosporidium sp and associated with other protozoosis (p < 0.05), being m ...	2009	19418723
major cysteine peptidases of entamoeba histolytica are required for aggregation and digestion of erythrocytes but are dispensable for phagocytosis and cytopathogenicity.	cysteine peptidases of entamoeba histolytica (ehcps) are considered to be important pathogenicity factors. it has been described that under standard axenic culture conditions, only three (ehcp-a1, ehcp-a2 and ehcp-a5) out of approximately 50 cysteine peptidase genes present in the e. histolytica genome are substantially expressed, thus representing the set of major ehcps. in this study, transcriptional silencing of the major peptidase genes was used to characterize their physiological role in mo ...	2009	19426210
[autochthonous amebic liver abscess in spain: an emerging disease? case report and description of a pcr-based diagnostic test].	in spain an increase in cases of amebiasis has been detected in patients with no history of traveling to, or immigration from, endemic areas.	2009	19427082
natural killer t cells activated by a lipopeptidophosphoglycan from entamoeba histolytica are critically important to control amebic liver abscess.	the innate immune response is supposed to play an essential role in the control of amebic liver abscess (ala), a severe form of invasive amoebiasis due to infection with the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. in a mouse model for the disease, we previously demonstrated that jalpha18(-/-) mice, lacking invariant natural killer t (inkt) cells, suffer from more severe abscess development. here we show that the specific activation of inkt cells using alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-galcer) in ...	2009	19436711
insights into the mechanism of dna recognition by the methylated line binding protein ehmlbp of entamoeba histolytica.	ehmlbp is an essential entamoeba histolytica protein that binds preferentially to methylated long interspersed nuclear elements and rdna. in an effort to identify more ehmlbp dna substrates, we developed an affinity-based technique in which the c-terminal dna binding domain of ehmlbp (gst-cterehmlbp) was used as the ligand. bioinformatic analysis of the dna sequences that were isolated by this affinity method revealed the presence of a 29-nucleotide consensus motif that includes a stretch of ten ...	2009	19450728
new derivatives of 3,5-substituted-1,4,2-dioxazoles: synthesis and activity against entamoeba histolytica.	dioxazole derivatives (1-33) were synthesized in two steps via their corresponding oximes (i-iii). all the compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. a comparative study of in vitro antiamoebic activity of these heterocyclic compounds, viz. 3-o-chloro (1-11), 3-m-chloro (12-22) and 3-p-chloro (23-33) dioxazoles having same substituents at 5-position of dioxazole ring, was performed against hm1:imss strain of entamoeba histolytica. the results showed a regular pattern in ...	2009	18384916
antiamoebic coumarins from the root bark of adina cordifolia and their new thiosemicarbazone derivatives.	in continuation of our search for potential antiamoebic agents from folklore indian medicinal plants, we found that the benzene and ethyl acetate extracts from the root bark of adina cordifolia exhibited strong antiamoebic activity with ic(50) values of 2.92 and 2.50 microg/ml, respectively. bioassay-guided fractionation of benzene and ethyl acetate extracts led to the isolation of 7-hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferone 1) and 7-beta-d-glucosylcoumarin (skimmin 2), respectively. umbelliferone 1 was co ...	2009	18675491
amebic colitis can mimic tuberculosis and inflammatory bowel disease on endoscopy and biopsy.	biopsies of 11 patients with histopathologically diagnosed amebic colitis was evaluated; endoscopically, they were suspected to have tuberculosis or inflammatory bowel disease. amebiasis was suggested in the differential diagnosis in only 3 cases. three patients had purely rectal or sigmoid involvement, whereas the others had ileocecal, cecal, ascending, or transverse colon disease. the biopsies showed cryptitis and depletion of mucin but no crypt branching. crypt abscesses were seen in one biop ...	2009	18499688
entamoeba histolytica modulates a complex repertoire of novel genes in response to oxidative and nitrosative stresses: implications for amebic pathogenesis.	upon host infection, the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica is confronted with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and must survive these stresses in order to cause invasive disease. we analysed the parasite's response to oxidative and nitrosative stresses, probing the transcriptional changes of trophozoites of a pathogenic strain after a 60 min exposure to h2o2 (1 mm) or a no donor (dipropylenetriamine-nonoate, 200 microm), using whole-genome dna microarrays. genes encoding reactive oxyg ...	2009	18778413
development of the gateway system for cloning and expressing genes in entamoeba histolytica.	the early branching eukaryote entamoeba histolytica is a human parasite that is the etiologic agent of amebic dysentery and liver abscess. the sequencing of the e. histolytica genome combined with the development of an e. histolytica microarray has resulted in the identification of several distinct gene expression profiles associated with virulence. the function of many modulated transcripts is unknown and their role in pathogenicity is unclear. they however represent a pool of potential virulen ...	2009	18822389
purification, refolding and autoactivation of the recombinant cysteine proteinase ehcp112 from entamoeba histolytica.	the cysteine proteinase ehcp112 and the adhesin ehadh112 assemble to form the ehcpadh complex involved in entamoeba histolytica virulence. to further characterize this cysteine proteinase, the recombinant full-length ehcp112 enzyme was expressed and purified under denaturing conditions. after a refolding step under reductive conditions, the inactive precursor (ppehcp112) was processed to a 35.5 kda mature and active enzyme (ehcp112). the thiol specific inhibitor e-64, but not serine or aspartic ...	2009	18824105
polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration intensity as consequence of entamoeba histolytica density in amebic colitis.	it has been suggested that the damage observed in invasive amebiasis is related to interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) and entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. we analyzed the relation between infiltrating inflammatory cell populations and e. histolytica density in intestinal amebic lesions.	2009	18831680
entamoeba histolytica uses ferritin as an iron source and internalises this protein by means of clathrin-coated vesicles.	entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic protozoan that produces dysentery and often reaches the liver, leading to abscess formation. ferritin is an iron-storage protein that is mainly found in liver and spleen in mammals. the liver contains a plentiful source of iron for amoebae multiplying in that organ, making it a prime target for infection since iron is essential for the growth of this parasite. the aim of this study was to determine whether trophozoites are able to take up ferritin and interna ...	2009	18848948
isoform-dependent feedback regulation of serine o-acetyltransferase isoenzymes involved in l-cysteine biosynthesis of entamoeba histolytica.	serine acetyltransferase (sat; ec 2.3.1.30) catalyzes the coa-dependent acetylation of the side chain hydroxyl group of l-serine to form o-acetyl serine, in the first step of the l-cysteine biosynthetic pathway. since this pathway is selectively present in a few parasitic protists and absent in mammals, it represents a reasonable target to develop new chemotherapeutics. entamoeba histolytica apparently possesses three sat isotypes (ehsat1-3) showing 48-73% mutual identity, a calculated molecular ...	2009	18851994
public health importance of non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies.	this study was carried out to determine the role of non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies as carriers of human intestinal parasites at woreta, northwestern ethiopia. in total, 6530 flies were collected from four breeding sites and then examined for human intestinal parasites, mainly using the formol-ether concentration method. fly species identified were musca domestica (32.9%), chrysomya rufifacies (32.6%), musca sorbens (23%), lucina cuprina (4.7%), calliphora vicina (2.8%), chrysomya bezziana (2.3%) ...	2009	18817940
blastocystis exhibits inter- and intra-subtype variation in cysteine protease activity.	blastocystis is an enteric protistan parasite of zoonotic potential and poorly understood pathogenesis. we have previously reported that blastocystis cysteine proteases can degrade human secretory iga and are also responsible for the induction of il-8 response in colonic epithelial cells in vitro. differences in virulence between blastocystis subtypes have been reported recently in both animal models and clinical studies, although cellular mechanisms for these differences are currently unknown. ...	2009	18846388
promoter analysis of palindromic transcription units in the ribosomal dna circle of entamoeba histolytica.	rrna genes of entamoeba histolytica are organized as palindromic ribosomal dna (rdna) units (i and ii) in a 24.5-kb circle. although the two rdnas are identical in sequence, their upstream spacers are completely different. since the intergenic sequences (igs) of all rdna copies in other organisms are conserved and contain transcription regulatory sequences, the lack of sequence conservation in the igs prompted the question of whether both rdnas are indeed transcriptionally active. we mapped the ...	2009	18978203
recent insights into entamoeba development: identification of transcriptional networks associated with stage conversion.	entamoeba histolytica is an important human pathogen and a leading parasitic cause of death globally. the parasite life cycle alternates between the trophozoite form, which is motile and causes invasive disease and the cyst stage, which is environmentally resistant and transmits infection. understanding the triggers that initiate stage conversion is an important yet understudied area of investigation. recent progress in dissecting the transcriptional networks that regulate e. histolytica develop ...	2009	18938171
characterization of entamoeba histolytica intermediate subunit lectin-specific human monoclonal antibodies generated in transgenic mice expressing human immunoglobulin loci.	four fully human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to entamoeba histolytica intermediate subunit lectin (igl) were prepared in xenomouse mice, which are transgenic mice expressing human immunoglobulin loci. examination of the reactivities of these mabs to recombinant igl1 and igl2 of e. histolytica showed that xehi-20 {immunoglobulin g2(kappa) [igg2(kappa)]} and xehi-28 [igg2(kappa)] were specific to igl1, xehi-b5 [igg2(kappa)] was specific to igl2, and xehi-h2 [igm(kappa)] was reactive with both igl ...	2009	19001071
entamoeba histolytica: effect on virulence, growth and gene expression in response to monoxenic culture with escherichia coli 055.	monoxenic cultivation of pathogenic entamoeba histolytica trophozoites with escherichia coli serotype 055 which binds strongly to the gal/galnac amoebic lectin, markedly improved the growth of e. histolytica and produced a significant decrease in cysteine proteinase activity and a lower cytopathic activity on monolayer cells after 3 months of monoxenic culture. however, after long term monoxenic culture (12 months) the proteolytic and cytopathic activities were recovered and the amoebic growth r ...	2009	19014938
giardia, entamoeba, and trichomonas enzymes activate metronidazole (nitroreductases) and inactivate metronidazole (nitroimidazole reductases).	infections with giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica, and trichomonas vaginalis, which cause diarrhea, dysentery, and vaginitis, respectively, are each treated with metronidazole. here we show that giardia, entamoeba, and trichomonas have oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase (ntr) genes which are homologous to those genes that have nonsense mutations in metronidazole-resistant helicobacter pylori isolates. entamoeba and trichomonas also have nim genes which are homologous to those genes expressed ...	2009	19015349
trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica express a cd59-like molecule in human colon.	in vitro studies have proved the presence of epitopes of cd59 in the surface of trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica (e. histolytica). however, it has not been proved if cd59 molecules are expressed in the surface during the trophozoites' tissue invasion. the aim of the present study was to determine whether the complement-regulatory protein cd59 is present on trophozoites of e. histolytica in human colon. eleven specimens of amoebic colitis were studied by immunohistochemistry and electron mic ...	2009	19018568
high frequency of parasitic and viral stool pathogens in patients with active ulcerative colitis: report from a tropical country.	diarrhoeal relapses in patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) may be associated with enteric infections and its diagnosis may lessen avoidable exposure to corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants. the purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of stool pathogens (parasitic and viral) in patients with active uc.	2009	19040190
cloning and identification of a gene coding for a 26-kda hemoglobin-binding protein from entamoeba histolytica.	the capability of entamoeba histolytica to use hemoglobin (hb) as an iron source has been documented. however, the underlying mechanism to acquire iron from this source is poorly understood. in the present work, an in silico analysis in the e. histolytica genome (pathema database) allowed us to identify a gene coding for a putative 26-kda protein (ehhmbp26) which contains the motifs necessary for hb-binding. the purified ehhmbp26 protein was able to bind hb. albeit with less efficiency, trophozo ...	2009	19041684
microbiological and toxicological effects of perla black bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) extracts: in vitro and in vivo studies.	we investigated the microbiological and toxicological effects of three perla black bean extracts on the growth and culture of selected pathogenic microorganisms, the toxicity over vero cell lines and an in vivo rat model. three different solvents were used to obtain perla black bean extracts. all three perla black bean extracts were tested for antibacterial and antiparasitic activity and further analysed for intrinsic cytotoxicity (ic(50)). methanol perla black bean extract was used for acute to ...	2009	19053992
entamoeba histolytica: oxygen resistance and virulence.	entamoeba histolytica virulence has been attributed to several amoebic molecules such as adhesins, amoebapores and cysteine proteinases, but supporting evidence is either partial or indirect. in this work we compared several in vitro and in vivo features of both virulent e. histolytica (veh) and non-virulent e. histolytica (nveh) axenic hm-1 imss strains, such as complement resistance, proteinase activity, haemolytic, phagocytic and cytotoxic capacities, survival in mice caecum, and susceptibili ...	2009	19073188
entamoeba histolyticaehgef1 structure and mutational analysis: new specific residues critical for function.	this paper reports the ehgef1-ehracg and ehgef1-ehrho1 molecular complexes from entamoeba histolytica. the not conserved amino acids gln201,tyr299, gln302, lys312, asn313, phe314 and ile324 were localized, by means of an in silico computational analysis, at the interface of the exposed face from the dh domain of ehgef1, which are important to establish the contact with its target gtpases ehracg and ehrho1. functional studies of nucleotide exchange of phe314ala mutant showed a decrement of 80% on ...	2009	19135094
host-microbe interactions and defense mechanisms in the development of amoebic liver abscesses.	summary: amoebiasis by entamoeba histolytica is a major public health problem in developing countries and leads to several thousand deaths per year. the parasite invades the intestine (provoking diarrhea and dysentery) and the liver, where it forms abscesses (amoebic liver abscesses [alas]). the liver is the organ responsible for filtering blood coming from the intestinal tract, a task that implies a particular structure and immune features. amoebae use the portal route and break through the sin ...	2009	19136434
structural characterization of a novel ca2+-binding protein from entamoeba histolytica: structural basis for the observed functional differences with its isoform.	a novel ca(2+)-binding protein (ehcabp2) was identified from the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. ehcabp2 has 79% sequence identity with calcium-binding protein ehcabp1. the 3d structure of ehcabp2 was determined using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. the study reveals that the protein consists of two globular domains connected by a short flexible linker region of four residues. on comparison of the 3d structure and dynamics of ehcabp2 with those of ...	2009	19137330
effects of dna damage induced by uv irradiation on gene expression in the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica.	previously, we provided evidence for the role of e. histolytica rad52 epistasis group genes and the ehrad51 recombinase in dna damage response. to identify other genes participating in dna repair in this protozoan parasite, here we analyzed the transcriptional response to genetic damage induced by ultraviolet light (uv) using cdna microarrays. we found that 11.6% (350 orfs) and 17.2% (522 orfs) of genes were modulated at 5 min and 3h after uv irradiation, respectively. most genes were less than ...	2009	19138709
improvement in detection of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in patients with travelers' diarrhea by increasing the number of e. coli colonies tested.	no cause of one-third of travelers' diarrhea (td) cases can be detected despite microbiologic assessment. we propose that these pathogen-negative td cases include undetected enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec). as a standard in diagnostic microbiology, samples of five e. coli colonies were tested to detect etec from stool cultures. we compared the sensitivities and the number of etec detected by 20 colonies with those of 5, 10, and 15 colonies. the percent detection of etec with five e. coli ...	2009	19141833
two different chitinase genotypes in a patient with an amebic liver abscess: a case report.	the present work deals with the identification of a patient with two liver abscesses containing two different strains of entamoeba histolytica, as defined by chitinase gene plymorphisms.	2009	19141839
broad early immune response of porcine epithelial jejunal ipi-2i cells to entamoeba histolytica.	amoebiasis caused by entamoebahistolytica triggers an acute inflammatory response at early stages of intestinal infection. the patho-physiological study of intestinal amoebiasis requires the development of powerful animal models. swine provide robust model for human diseases and they could be used to study intestinal amoebiasis. here, we introduce an in vitro model of swine intestinal epithelial cell (ipi-2i) co-cultured with e. histolytica. intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) have crucial roles ...	2009	19110312
update on human infections caused by intestinal protozoa.	to update the reader on the recent literature discussing human infections due to intestinal protozoa.	2009	19119509
effect of tourism and trade on intestinal parasitic infections in guatemala.	a survey was performed to determine if infection with gastrointestinal parasites differs between the rural and urban poor inhabitants of guatemala. a total of 317 stool samples from children in two towns, one rural and one urban, were examined using the formalin-ether concentration method. the overall prevalence of parasites in infected children was 67%, 20%, 30%, and 22%, respectively for ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura, giardia duodenalis and entamoeba histolytica in the rural town o ...	2009	18941875
the human antimicrobial protein psoriasin acts by permeabilization of bacterial membranes.	psoriasin, a member of the s100 family of calcium-binding proteins (s100a7) is highly upregulated in the skin of psoriasis patients. as it has recently been found to exhibit antimicrobial activity, an important role of psoriasin in surface defence has been suggested. the similarity of the three-dimensional structures of psoriasin and amoebapore a, an ancient antimicrobial, pore-forming peptide from entamoeba histolytica, intrigued us to investigate whether the human psoriasin is also able to per ...	2009	19162067
[detection and differentiation of entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar by polymerase chain reaction in a community in zulia state, venezuela].	differential identification of entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar is essential for both appropriate patient treatment and epidemiological purposes. to determine the prevalence of these amoeba infections in santa rosa de agua (maracaibo, zulia state, venezuela), a pcr assay using specific primers for each species was standardized and applied. 204 stool samples were analyzed through direct microscopic examination with ssf (0.85%) and lugol, formol-ether concentration, and pcr. under direct ...	2009	19180297
current and future perspectives on the chemotherapy of the parasitic protozoa trichomonas vaginalis and entamoeba histolytica.	trichomonas vaginalis and entamoeba histolytica are clinically important protozoa that affect humans. t. vaginalis produces sexually transmitted infections and e. histolytica is the causative agent of amebic dysentery. metronidazole, a compound first used to treat t. vaginalis in 1959, is still the main drug used worldwide to treat these pathogens. it is essential to find new biochemical differences in these organisms that could be exploited to develop new antiprotozoal chemotherapeutics. recent ...	2009	21426030
intestinal polyparasitism in a rural kenyan community.	polyparasitism seems to be a common feature in human populations in sub-saharan africa. however, very little is known about its epidemiological significance, its long term impact on human health or the types of interactions that occur between the different parasite species involved.	2009	20358789
a 23-year old male with cough, fever and blood-streaked sputum.		2009	20298388
th-1/th-2 cytokine pattern in human amoebic colitis.	amoebiasis, caused by entamoeba histolytica, is still considered a major health problem in developing countries. since the immune response during human amoebiasis has not been clearly defined, we chose to evaluate cytokine production in patients suffering from amoebic colitis. a case-control association study was carried out on 62 subjects, including 31 patients with amoebic colitis and 31 healthy controls (age, sex and geographic region-matched). serum levels of il-12, ifn-gamma, il-13 and il-5 ...	2009	20128506
prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal and non-diarroeal human stools from vhembe district, south africa.	in the present study, a cross-sectional survey of intestinal parasitic and bacterial infections in relation to diarrhoea in vhembe district and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolated bacterial pathogens was conducted. stool samples were collected from 528 patients attending major public hospitals and 295 children attending two public primary schools and were analyzed by standard microbiological and parasitological techniques. entamoeba histolytica/e. dispar (34.2%) and cryptospori ...	2009	20099757
[intestinal parasitoses detected in primary schoolchildren in the van province].	this study was carried out on school children in primary schools in the van province in order to investigate the distribution of intestinal parasitoses. the study was conducted in 7-15 year-old primary schoolchildren during the years from 2003-2005. stool specimens were taken from 2975 school children; of these, 1289 were female and 1686, male. the specimens were examined by native-lugol, flotation and trichrome staining methods in the parasitology laboratory of the health research and training ...	2009	20101580
[intestinal parasites detected in süphan primary schoolchildren in van].	this study was performed in order to determine the distribution of intestinal parasites among students of süphan primary school in van in 2005. in the study, stool specimens were taken from 395 students (166 girls and 229 boys) between 7-15 years of age. the specimens were examined by native-lugol, flotation and trichrome staining methods in the parasitology laboratory of health research and training hospital, yüzüncü yil university. one or more parasite species were detected in 28.9 % of the ch ...	2009	20101581
intestinal parasitosis in school going children of dharan municipality, nepal.	this community-based investigation was carried out to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in primary school-going children of the dharan municipality, sunsari, nepal from 2007 through 2008. a total of 182 stool samples were collected from 101 male and 81 female children of ages 4 to 10 years. a questionnaire including the factors predisposing to parasitosis, was filled up by the parents of each child. parasitic examination was carried out by direct wet mount examination and concent ...	2009	20306743
characteristics of amebic liver abscess in patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus.	amebic liver abscess (ala) is the most common extra-intestinal amebiasis. this study was performed to review the clinical features of patients with amebic liver abscesses and compare them in taiwanese patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus (hiv).	2009	20422135
undiagnosed amebic brain abscess.	we report a case of amebic brain abscess due to entamoeba histolytica. the patient was a 31-year-old man who presented with amebic liver abscess. his clinical course deteriorated in spite of proper drainage and treatment. he developed delirium, lethargy and then expired. with a history of heroin addiction, withdrawal syndrome from heroin was suspected. at autopsy, amebic abscesses were detected in the liver, large intestine, meninges and brain. a 19 cm amebic liver abscess was found in the right ...	2009	20578451
synthesis, spectral studies and antiamoebic activity of new 1-n-substituted thiocarbamoyl-3-phenyl-2-pyrazolines.	thirty new pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized by cyclization of mannich bases with thiosemicarbazides being substituted by different cyclic and aromatic amines. the structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental analyses, uv, ir, (1)h and (13)c nmr and esi-ms spectral data. the in vitro antiamoebic activity was evaluated against entamoeba histolytica in comparison with metronidazole used as reference substance. out of the 30 compounds screened for antiamoebic activity, 10 (5, 6, 1 ...	2009	18068873
bis-pyrazolines: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity as inhibitors of growth of entamoeba histolytica.	the cyclization of chalcone with n-4 substituted thiosemicarbazides under basic condition led to the formation of new compounds, thiocarbamoyl bis-pyrazoline derivatives. the structure of the compounds were elucidated by uv, ir, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr and esi-ms spectral data and thermogravimetric analysis, and their purities were confirmed by elemental analyses. the antiamoebic activity of these complexes was evaluated by microdilution method against hm1:imss strain of entamoeba histolytica and th ...	2009	18187238
trichostatin a regulates peroxiredoxin expression and virulence of the parasite entamoeba histolytica.	histone deacetylation is associated with a repressed chromatin state, and histone acetylase and deacetylase activities have been previously described in entamoeba histolytica. to investigate their roles in the control of entamoeba gene expression, the parasite was grown in 50 nm trichostatin a (tsa), an inhibitor of histone deacetylase. tsa enhanced the cytopathic and hemolytic activity of the parasite and its resistance to oxidative stress. we first focused our attention on peroxiredoxin, a pro ...	2008	18191469
evaluation of faecal occult blood test and lactoferrin latex agglutination test in screening hospitalized patients for diagnosing inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhoea in dhaka, bangladesh.	inflammatory diarrhoea (id) resulting from shigella, salmonella, campylobacter and entamoeba histolytica requires specific diagnosis for therapy. differentiation between id and non-inflammatory diarrhoea (nid) is often not clinically possible. a faecal occult blood test (fobt) correlates with faecal leucocytes. lactoferrin indicates an inflammatory process as a marker for faecal leucocytes. we evaluated diagnostic values of lactoferrin latex agglutination test (lt) either alone or in combination ...	2008	18196900
kinetic characterization of methionine gamma-lyases from the enteric protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica against physiological substrates and trifluoromethionine, a promising lead compound against amoebiasis.	methionine gamma-lyase (mgl) (ec 4.4.1.11), which is present in certain lineages of bacteria, plants, and protozoa but missing in mammals, catalyzes the single-step degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids (saas) to alpha-keto acids, ammonia, and thiol compounds. in contrast to other organisms possessing mgl, anaerobic parasitic protists, namely entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis, harbor a pair of mgl isozymes. the enteric protozoon en. histolytica shows various unique aspects i ...	2008	18199285
entamoeba histolytica phagocytosis of human erythrocytes involves patmk, a member of the transmembrane kinase family.	entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amebic colitis and liver abscess. this parasite induces apoptosis in host cells and utilizes exposed ligands such as phosphatidylserine to ingest the apoptotic corpses and invade deeper into host tissue. the purpose of this work was to identify amebic proteins involved in the recognition and ingestion of dead cells. a member of the transmembrane kinase family, phagosome-associated tmk96 (patmk), was identified in a proteomic screen for early phagosomal prote ...	2008	18208324
entamoeba moshkovskii infections in sydney, australia.	entamoeba moshkovskii is considered to be a free-living ameba, which is morphologically similar, but biochemically and genetically different, to entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar. however, recent studies have suggested that e. moshkovskii may be a "potential" pathogen, with infections giving rise to diarrhea and other intestinal disorders. microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the 18s ribosomal (r) dna was performed on fecal samples collected from patients presenting ...	2008	17957394
patterns of evolution in the unique trna gene arrays of the genus entamoeba.	genome sequencing of the protistan parasite entamoeba histolytica hm-1:imss revealed that almost all the trna genes are organized into tandem arrays that make up over 10% of the genome. the 25 distinct array units contain up to 5 trna genes each and some also encode the 5s rna. between adjacent genes in array units are complex short tandem repeats (strs) resembling microsatellites. to investigate the origins and evolution of this unique gene organization, we have undertaken a genome survey to de ...	2008	17974548
syntheses and evaluation of 3-(3-bromo phenyl)-5-phenyl-1-(thiazolo [4,5-b] quinoxaline-2-yl)-2-pyrazoline derivatives.	a variety of 3-(3-bromo phenyl)-5-phenyl-1-(thiazolo [4,5-b] quinoxaline-2-yl)-2-pyrazoline were obtained by the refluxing of 1-n-thiocarbamoyl 3,5-diphenyl-2-pyrazoline with 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline. the chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by uv, ir, (1)h nmr, and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the purity of the compounds was confirmed by their elemental analysis. the antiamoebic activity of these compounds was evaluated by microdilution method against hmi:imss strain of entamoeba hist ...	2008	18068273
the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calreticulin is recruited to the uropod during capping of surface receptors in entamoeba histolytica.	calreticulin (crt), an intracellular chaperone protein, is crucial for proper folding and transport of proteins through the endoplasmic reticulum (er). it has recently been identified as a critical regulator of some several different cellular functions such as migration, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cytotoxic t lymphocyte- or natural killer cell-mediated lysis. characterization of crt isolated from parasites may thus help to decipher the contribution of this protein in the parasites' biol ...	2008	18160113
the cys-asn-ser carboxyl-terminal end group is the pharmacophore of the amebic anti-inflammatory monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (mlif).	the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (mlif) is an anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by entamoeba histolytica. among its different effects, it inhibits locomotion of human monocytes, hence its original name. previous experimental studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory properties of mlif (met-gln-cys-asn-ser) remained when aminoacid glutamine was substituted by a proline in the second position (pmlif: met-pro-cys-asn-ser). by changing the order of mlif amino acids, the resulting ...	2008	18180049
shouldering a burden.		2008	18187066
new pd(ii) complexes of the synthesized 1-n-substituted thiosemicarbazones of 3-indole carboxaldehyde: characterization and antiamoebic assessment against e. histolytica.	reaction of 3-indole carboxaldehyde with aminothiocarbonyl hydrazines resulted in the formation of 3-indole carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (tscs) 1-13. the synthesized thiosemicarbazones were used as ligands in the formation of [pd(tsc)cl2] complexes with palladium(ii) metal ion precursor, [pd(dmso)2cl2]. the chemical structures of all the compounds were established by electronic, ir, 1h nmr and 13c nmr spectral data. the structure of the complexes was further established by fabms and dta. it ...	2008	18222017
characterization of the entamoeba histolytica ornithine decarboxylase-like enzyme.	the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are organic cations that are required for cell growth and differentiation. ornithine decarboxylase (odc), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, is a highly regulated enzyme.	2008	18235846
synthesis and antiamoebic activity of metronidazole thiosemicarbazone analogues.	repeated treatment of entamoeba histolytica infection with commonly used antiamoebic drugs results in not only increasing the toxicity potential but also leads to the development of clinical resistance. thus new effective agents with less toxicity against amoebiasis are urgently required. with this view, metronidazole thiosemicarbazone analogues 1-11 were synthesized wherein thioamide moiety was substituted by different cyclic and aromatic amines. these compounds were screened against hm1:imss s ...	2008	18242785
calcium-binding protein 1 of entamoeba histolytica transiently associates with phagocytic cups in a calcium-independent manner.	ehcabp1, a calcium-binding protein of the parasite entamoeba histolytica, is known to participate in cellular processes involving actin filaments. this may be due to its direct interaction with actin. in order to understand the kinetics of ehcabp1 in such processes, its movement was studied in living cells expressing gfp-ehcabp1. the results showed that ehcabp1 accumulated at phagocytic cups and pseudopods transiently. the time taken for appearance and disappearance of ehcabp1 was found to be ar ...	2008	18341598