Publications

linear b-cell epitope mapping of mapk3 and mapk4 from leishmania braziliensis: implications for the serodiagnosis of human and canine leishmaniasis.	the correct and early identification of humans and dogs infected with leishmania are key steps in the control of leishmaniasis. additionally, a method with high sensitivity and specificity at low cost that allows the screening of a large number of samples would be extremely valuable. in this study, we analyzed the potential of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (mapk3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (mapk4) proteins from leishmania braziliensis to serve as antigen candidates for the sero ...	2015	25359475
trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania infantum chagasi infection in wild mammals from maranhão state, brazil.	trypanosoma and leishmania are obligate parasites that cause important diseases in human and domestic animals. wild mammals are the natural reservoirs of these parasites, which are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods. the present study aimed to detect the natural occurrence of trypanosomatids through serological diagnosis, pcr of whole blood and blood culture (hemoculture), and phylogenetic relationships using small subunit ribosomal dna (ssu rdna), cytochrome b, and glycosomal glyceraldehyd ...	2015	26501369
3-nitrotriazole-based piperazides as potent antitrypanosomal agents.	novel linear 3-nitro-1h-1,2,4-triazole-based piperazides were synthesized and evaluated as antitrypanosomal agents. in addition, some bisarylpiperazine-ethanones which were formed as by-products were also screened for antiparasitic activity. most 3-nitrotriazole-based derivatives were potent and selective against trypanosoma cruzi parasites, but only one displayed these desired properties against trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. moreover, two 3-nitrotriazole-based chlorophenylpiperazides were mod ...	2015	26363868
discovery of potent nitrotriazole-based antitrypanosomal agents: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.	3-nitro-1h-1,2,4-triazole- and 2-nitro-1h-imidazole-based amides with an aryloxy-phenyl core were synthesized and evaluated as antitrypanosomal agents. all 3-nitrotriazole-based derivatives were extremely potent anti-trypanosoma cruzi agents at sub nm concentrations and exhibited a high degree of selectivity for the parasite. the 2-nitroimidazole analogs were only moderately active against t. cruzi amastigotes and exhibited low selectivity. both types of compound were active against leishmania d ...	2015	26344593
repurposing of the open access malaria box for kinetoplastid diseases identifies novel active scaffolds against trypanosomatids.	phenotypic screening had successfully been used for hit generation, especially in the field of neglected diseases, in which feeding the drug pipeline with new chemotypes remains a constant challenge. here, we catalyze drug discovery research using a publicly available screening tool to boost drug discovery. the malaria box, assembled by the medicines for malaria venture, is a structurally diverse set of 200 druglike and 200 probelike compounds distilled from more than 20,000 antimalarial hits fr ...	2015	25690568
antiprotozoal activity and dna binding of dicationic acridones.	dicationic acridone derivatives were synthesized and their antiparasitic activity was evaluated. acridones displayed in vitro nanomolar ic50 values against trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stib900 with selectivity indices >1000. compounds 1b, 3a, and 3b were as potent as the reference drug melarsoprol in this assay. submicromolar-range activities were observed against wild-type (nf54) and resistant (k1) strains of plasmodium falciparum, whereas no significant activity was detected against trypanos ...	2015	25642604
search for antiprotozoal activity in herbal medicinal preparations; new natural leads against neglected tropical diseases.	sleeping sickness, chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and malaria are infectious diseases caused by unicellular eukaryotic parasites ("protozoans"). the three first mentioned are classified as neglected tropical diseases (ntds) by the world health organization and together threaten more than one billion lives worldwide. due to the lack of research interest and the high increase of resistance against the existing treatments, the search for effective and safe new therapies is urgently required. in vie ...	2015	26248069
2-phenoxy-1,4-naphthoquinones: from a multitarget antitrypanosomal to a potential antitumor profile.	a small library of 2-phenoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-phenoxy-1,4-anthraquinone derivatives was initially developed to optimize the antitrypanosomatid profile of the multitarget hit compound b6 (1). the whole series was evaluated against the three most important human trypanosomatid pathogens (trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, trypanosoma cruzi, and leishmania donovani), and two compounds (14 and 21) showed good activity, despite a concomitant mammalian cytotoxicity. furthermore, a subset also inh ...	2015	26237241
pls-prediction and confirmation of hydrojuglone glucoside as the antitrypanosomal constituent of juglans spp.	naphthoquinones (nqs) occur naturally in a large variety of plants. several nqs are highly active against protozoans, amongst them the causative pathogens of neglected tropical diseases such as human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), chagas disease and leishmaniasis. prominent nq-producing plants can be found among juglans spp. (juglandaceae) with juglone derivatives as known constituents. in this study, 36 highly variable extracts were prepared from different plant parts of j. regia, ...	2015	26035104
targeting ergosterol biosynthesis in leishmania donovani: essentiality of sterol 14 alpha-demethylase.	leishmania protozoan parasites (trypanosomatidae family) are the causative agents of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis worldwide. while these diseases are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, there are few adequate treatments available. sterol 14alpha-demethylase (cyp51) in the parasite sterol biosynthesis pathway has been the focus of considerable interest as a novel drug target in leishmania. however, its essentiality in leishmania donovani has yet to be deter ...	2015	25768284
new compound sets identified from high throughput phenotypic screening against three kinetoplastid parasites: an open resource.	using whole-cell phenotypic assays, the glaxosmithkline high-throughput screening (hts) diversity set of 1.8 million compounds was screened against the three kinetoplastids most relevant to human disease, i.e. leishmania donovani, trypanosoma cruzi and trypanosoma brucei. secondary confirmatory and orthogonal intracellular anti-parasiticidal assays were conducted, and the potential for non-specific cytotoxicity determined. hit compounds were chemically clustered and triaged for desirable physico ...	2015	25740547
toxicogenomic analysis of pharmacological active coumarins isolated from calophyllum brasiliense.	calophyllum brasiliense (calophyllaceae) is a tropical rain forest tree, mainly distributed in south and central america. it is an important source of bioactive natural products like, for instance soulatrolide, and mammea type coumarins. soulatrolide is a tetracyclic dipyranocoumarins and a potent inhibitor of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase and mycobacterium tuberculosis. mammea a/ba and a/bb coumarins, pure or as a mixture, are highly active against several leukemia cell lines, trypanosoma cruzi a ...	2015	26697389
fragment-based screening in tandem with phenotypic screening provides novel antiparasitic hits.	methods to discover biologically active small molecules include target-based and phenotypic screening approaches. one of the main difficulties in drug discovery is elucidating and exploiting the relationship between drug activity at the protein target and disease modification, a phenotypic endpoint. fragment-based drug discovery is a target-based approach that typically involves the screening of a relatively small number of fragment-like (molecular weight <300) molecules that efficiently cover c ...	2015	25231971
conserved curvature of rna polymerase i core promoter beyond rrna genes: the case of the tritryps.	in trypanosomatids, the rna polymerase i (rnapi)-dependent promoters controlling the ribosomal rna (rrna) genes have been well identified. although the rnapi transcription machinery recognizes the dna conformation instead of the dna sequence of promoters, no conformational study has been reported for these promoters. here we present the in silico analysis of the intrinsic dna curvature of the rrna gene core promoters in trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma cruzi, and leishmania major. we found that, ...	2015	26718450
protozoan parasite growth inhibitors discovered by cross-screening yield potent scaffolds for lead discovery.	tropical protozoal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide; four in particular (human african trypanosomiasis (hat), chagas disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and malaria) have an estimated combined burden of over 87 million disability-adjusted life years. new drugs are needed for each of these diseases. building on the previous identification of neu-617 (1) as a potent and nontoxic inhibitor of proliferation for the hat pathogen (trypanosoma brucei), we have now t ...	2015	26087257
structures of prostaglandin f synthase from the protozoa leishmania major and trypanosoma cruzi with nadp.	the crystal structures of prostaglandin f synthase (pgf) from both leishmania major and trypanosoma cruzi with and without their cofactor nadp have been determined to resolutions of 2.6 å for t. cruzi pgf, 1.25 å for t. cruzi pgf with nadp, 1.6 å for l. major pgf and 1.8 å for l. major pgf with nadp. these structures were determined by molecular replacement to a final r factor of less than 18.6% (rfree of less than 22.9%). pgf in the infectious protozoa l. major and t. cruzi is a potential thera ...	2015	25945716
design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as anti-trypanosomatid and anti-plasmodial agents.	in this paper, the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine derivatives (1-9) as trypanocidal, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial agents are explained. the compounds were rationalized basing on docking studies of the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr from trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania major and plasmodium vivax) and pteridin reductase (ptr from t. cruzi and l. major) structures. all compounds were in vitro screened against both bloodstream trypomastigotes of ...	2015	25899334
profiling of small rna cargo of extracellular vesicles shed by trypanosoma cruzi reveals a specific extracellular signature.	over the last years, an expanding family of small regulatory rnas (e.g. micrornas, sirnas and pirnas) was recognized as key players in novel forms of post-transcriptional gene regulation in most eukaryotes. however, the machinery associated with ago/dicer-dependent small rna biogenesis was thought to be either entirely lost or extensively simplified in some unicellular organisms including trypanosoma cruzi, saccharomyces cerevisiae, leishmania major and plasmodium falciparum. although the biogen ...	2015	25795082
nmr structure and dynamics of q4d059, a kinetoplastid-specific and conserved protein from trypanosoma cruzi.	q4d059 (uniprot accession number), is an 86-residue protein from trypanosoma cruzi, conserved in the related kinetoplastid parasites trypanosoma brucei and leishmania major. these pathogens are the causal agents of the neglected diseases: chagas, sleeping sickness and leishmaniases respectively and had recently their genomes sequenced. q4d059 shows low sequence similarity with mammal proteins and because of its essentiality demonstrated in t. brucei, it is a potential target for anti-parasitic d ...	2015	25748338
evaluation of aromatic 6-substituted thienopyrimidines as scaffolds against parasites that cause trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and malaria.	target repurposing is a proven method for finding new lead compounds that target trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human african trypanosomiasis. due to the recent discovery of a lapatinib-derived analog 2 with excellent potency against t. brucei (ec50 = 42 nm) and selectivity over human host cells, we have explored other classes of human tyrosine kinase inhibitor scaffolds in order to expand the range of chemotypes for pursuit. following library expansion, we found compound 11e to have ...	2015	25685309
multicomponent reaction-based synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic heterofused quinolines with multi-trypanosomatid activity.	human african trypanosomiasis (hat), chagas disease and leishmaniasis, which are caused by the trypanosomatids trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania species, are among the most deadly neglected tropical diseases. the development of drugs that are active against several trypanosomatids is appealing from a clinical and economic viewpoint, and seems feasible, as these parasites share metabolic pathways and hence might be treatable by common drugs. from benzonapthyridine 1, an inhibit ...	2015	26479031
in vitro antiprotozoal activity and cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions from the leaves, root bark and stem bark of isolona hexaloba.	isolona hexaloba (pierre) engl. and diels (annonaceae) is traditionally used in d.r. congo against parasitic diseases including malaria.	2015	26239153
anti-parasitic guanidine and pyrimidine alkaloids from the marine sponge monanchora arbuscula.	hplc-uv-elsd-ms-guided fractionation of the anti-parasitic extract obtained from the marine sponge monanchora arbuscula, collected off the southeastern coast of brazil, led to the isolation of a series of guanidine and pyrimidine alkaloids. the pyrimidines monalidine a (1) and arbusculidine a (7), as well as the guanidine alkaloids batzellamide a (8) and hemibatzelladines 9-11, represent new minor constituents that were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data. the total synthesis of monalid ...	2015	25924111
aromatic amine n-oxide organometallic compounds: searching for prospective agents against infectious diseases.	in search of prospective agents against infectious diseases, 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene pyridine-2-thiolato-1-oxide m(ii) hexafluorophosphate compounds [m(mpo)(dppf)](pf6), where m = palladium or platinum, were synthesized and fully characterized in the solid state and in solution using experimental and dft computational techniques. the compounds are isomorphous and the m(ii) transition metal ions are in a nearly planar trapezoidal cis-coordination bound to the pyridine-2-thiolato-1-ox ...	2015	26203896
inactivation of the cytosolic and mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyl transferase genes in leishmania major.	leishmania has two serine hydroxylmethyl transferase (shmt) genes, one coding for a cytosolic and the other for a mitochondrial enzyme. trypanosoma cruzi has only the gene coding for the cytosolic enzyme and trypanosoma brucei has no shmt. we tested whether these genes were dispensable for growth in leishmania major. by gene inactivation we succeeded in generating three cells lines one without the cytosolic cshmt, one without the mitochondrial mshmt, and finally one l. major line without any shm ...	2015	26868981
evaluation of the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic effects of inhibitors for microorganism metabolic pathway enzymes.	chemotherapy for leishmaniosis a neglected parasitic disease, is based on few drugs, which are toxic and present resistance issues. efforts for the development of new therapies are essential for the control of leishmaniasis. metabolic pathway enzymes are promising targets for new drugs against parasites. the search for effective drugs against key enzymes can take advantage of the similarities between metabolic pathways in different microorganisms trypanosomatids trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania ...	2015	26349969
synthesis and evaluation of novel prenylated chalcone derivatives as anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal compounds.	chalcones form a class of compounds that belong to the flavonoid family and are widely distributed in plants. their simple structure and the ease of preparation make chalcones attractive scaffolds for the synthesis of a large number of derivatives enabling the evaluation of the effects of different functional groups on biological activities. in this letter, we report the successful synthesis of a series of novel prenylated chalcones via claisen-schmidt condensation and the evaluation of their ef ...	2015	26055530
[progresses on antitumor immune mechanisms of protozoon].	a variety of protozoons (amoeba, trypanosoma cruzi, eimeria, plasmodium falciparum and toxoplasma gondii, etc.) can activate and regulate the human immune system, change tumor-induced immunosuppression, and enhance the anti-tumor immune response. this paper reviews the effects of protozoon on cellular and humoral immunity, the tumor microenvironment in tumor-bearing organisms, and reveals the antitumor immune mechanisms of protozoon.	2015	26080531
seroprevalence of triatoma virus (dicistroviridae: cripaviridae) antibodies in chagas disease patients.	chagas disease is caused by trypanosoma cruzi, and humans acquire the parasite by exposure to contaminated feces from hematophagous insect vectors known as triatomines. triatoma virus (trv) is the sole viral pathogen of triatomines, and is transmitted among insects through the fecal-oral route and, as it happens with t. cruzi, the infected insects release the virus when defecating during or after blood uptake.	2015	25595198
first study of different insect cells to triatoma virus infection.	the use of viruses for biological control is a new option to be considered. the family dicistroviridae, which affects only invertebrates, is one of the families that have been proposed for this purpose. the triatoma virus (trv), a member of this family, affects triatomine transmitters of chagas disease, which is endemic in latin america but also expanding its worldwide distribution. to this end, we attempted virus replication in diptera, aedes albopictus (clone c6/36) and lepidoptera spodoptera ...	2015	25481388
triatoma virus structural polyprotein expression, processing and assembly into virus-like particles.	in contrast to the current wealth of structural information concerning dicistrovirus particle structure, very little is known about their morphogenetic pathways. here, we describe the expression of the two orfs encoded by the triatoma virus (trv) genome. trv, a member of the cripavirus genus of the dicistroviridae family, infects blood-sucking insects belonging to the triatominae subfamily that act as vectors for the transmission of trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of the chagas disease ...	2015	25304655
molecular pathogenesis lessons from the world of infectious diseases research.	this guest editorial introduces this month's special infectious disease theme issue, a series of reviews focusing on the molecular pathogenic processes of four representative pathogens, including two bacteria (brucellae and staphylococcus aureus), a virus (influenza), and a parasite (trypanosoma cruzi).	2015	25906759
identification of dysfunctional biological pathways and their synergistic mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma process.	hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is a lethal and prevalent cancer worldwide. this study was conducted to investigate dysfunctional pathways and their synergistic mechanism in the hcc process.	2015	25805103
oral multicomponent dna vaccine delivered by attenuated salmonella elicited immunoprotection against american trypanosomiasis.	we have reported that attenuated salmonella (s) carrying plasmids encoding the cysteine protease cruzipain (cz) protects against trypanosoma cruzi infection. here, we determined whether immunoprotection could be improved by the oral coadministration of 3 salmonella carrying the plasmids that encode the antigens cz, tc52, and tc24. scz+stc52+stc24-immunized mice presented an increased antibody response against each antigen compared with those in the single antigen-immunized groups, as well as hig ...	2015	25160983
identification of a golgi-localized udp-n-acetylglucosamine transporter in trypanosoma cruzi.	nucleotide sugar transporters (nsts) play an essential role in translocating nucleotide sugars into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus to be used as substrates in glycosylation reactions. this intracellular transport is an essential step in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates.	2015	26589870
biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids in trypanosoma cruzi.	trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma cruzi showed similar fatty acid (fa) compositions, having a high proportion of unsaturated fas, mainly 18:2δ9,12 (23-39%) and 18:1δ9 (11-17%). c22 polyunsaturated fas are in significant amounts only in t. brucei (12-20%) but represent a mere 2% of total fas in t. cruzi. both species have also similar profiles of medium- and long-chain saturated fas, from 14:0 to 20:0. interestingly, procyclic and bloodstream forms of t. brucei lack very long chain fas (vlcfas), ...	2015	25339514
kinetoplastid specific rna-protein interactions in trypanosoma cruzi ribosome biogenesis.	rna binding proteins (rbp) play essential roles in the highly conserved and coordinated process of ribosome biogenesis. our laboratory has previously characterized two essential and abundant rbps, p34 and p37, in trypanosoma brucei which are required for several critical steps in ribosome biogenesis. the genes for these proteins have only been identified in kinetoplastid organisms but not in the host genome. we have identified a homolog of the tbp34 and tbp37 in a t. cruzi strain (termed tcp37/n ...	2015	26121669
distinct phenotypes caused by mutation of msh2 in trypanosome insect and mammalian life cycle forms are associated with parasite adaptation to oxidative stress.	dna repair mechanisms are crucial for maintenance of the genome in all organisms, including parasites where successful infection is dependent both on genomic stability and sequence variation. msh2 is an early acting, central component of the mismatch repair (mmr) pathway, which is responsible for the recognition and correction of base mismatches that occur during dna replication and recombination. in addition, recent evidence suggests that msh2 might also play an important, but poorly understood ...	2015	26083967
chemical constituents from waltheria indica exert in vitro activity against trypanosoma brucei and t. cruzi.	six extracts from the roots and the aerial parts of waltheria indica l. (malvaceae) were screened for their in vitro antitrypanosomal activity towards trypanosoma brucei brucei stib 427 strain, t. brucei rhodesiense stib 900 and trypanosoma cruzi tulahuen c4. the dichloromethane extract from the roots showed the highest activity against t. cruzi (ic50=0.74 μg/ml) as well as a good selectivity index (si value of 35). based on these results, this extract was fractionated and led to the isolation o ...	2015	26072041
identification and functional characterization of trypanosoma brucei peroxin 16.	protozoan parasites of the family trypanosomatidae infect humans as well as livestock causing devastating diseases like sleeping sickness, chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. these parasites compartmentalize glycolytic enzymes within unique organelles, the glycosomes. glycosomes represent a subclass of peroxisomes and they are essential for the parasite survival. hence, disruption of glycosome biogenesis is an attractive drug target for these neglected tropical diseases (ntds). peroxin 16 (pex16) ...	2015	26025675
camp signalling in trypanosomatids: role in pathogenesis and as a drug target.	despite recent research linking camp signalling to virulence in trypanosomatids and detailed studies of trypanosomatid adenylyl cyclases (acs) and phosphodiesterases (pdes) since their discoveries 40 years ago, downstream components of the pathway and their biological functions have remained remarkably elusive. however, in recent years, significant discoveries have been made: a role for parasite acs has been proposed in cytokinesis, evasion of the host immune response, and social motility. camp ...	2015	26004537
overexpression of cytoplasmic tcsir2rp1 and mitochondrial tcsir2rp3 impacts on trypanosoma cruzi growth and cell invasion.	trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan pathogen responsible for chagas disease. current therapies are inadequate because of their severe host toxicity and numerous side effects. the identification of new biotargets is essential for the development of more efficient therapeutic alternatives. inhibition of sirtuins from trypanosoma brucei and leishmania ssp. showed promising results, indicating that these enzymes may be considered as targets for drug discovery in parasite infection. here, we report the ...	2015	25875650
the flagellar adenylate kinases of trypanosoma cruzi.	adenylate kinases (adk) are key enzymes involved in cell energy management. trypanosomatids present the highest number of variants in a single cell in comparison with the rest of the living organisms. in this work, we characterized two flagellar adks from trypanosoma cruzi, called tcadk1 and tcadk4, which are also located in the cell cytosol. interestingly, tcadk1 presents a stage-specific expression. this variant was detected in epimastigotes cells, and was completely absent in trypomastigotes ...	2015	25790498
a unique, highly conserved secretory invertase is differentially expressed by promastigote developmental forms of all species of the human pathogen, leishmania.	leishmania are protozoan pathogens of humans that exist as extracellular promastigotes in the gut of their sand fly vectors and as obligate intracellular amastigotes within phagolysosomes of infected macrophages. between infectious blood meal feeds, sand flies take plant juice meals that contain sucrose and store these sugars in their crop. such sugars are regurgitated into the sand fly anterior midgut where they impact the developing promastigote parasite population. in this report we showed th ...	2015	25763714
dibenzosuberyl substituted polyamines and analogs of clomipramine as effective inhibitors of trypanothione reductase; molecular docking, and assessment of trypanocidal activities.	trypanothione reductase (tr) is an enzyme critical to the maintenance of the thiol redox balance in trypanosomatids, including the genera trypanosoma and leishmania that are parasites responsible for several serious diseases. analogs of clomipramine were prepared since clomipramine is reported to inhibit tr and cure mice infected with trypanosomes, however its psychotropic activity precludes its use as an anti-trypanosomal therapeutic. the clomipramine analogs contained a tricyclic dibenzosubery ...	2015	25661449
metabolic syndrome: an ill wind that blows some good?	in this issue of the journal, brima et al. report thought-provoking research providing a potential evolutionary rationale whereby natural selection might have preserved genes that predispose to metabolic syndrome. when cd-1 mice were fed a high fat diet, this induced metabolic changes characteristic of metabolic syndrome. in addition, the high fat diet provided substantial protection from lethality due to infection with trypanosoma cruzi. the authors hypothesize that the same genes predispose to ...	2015	25611014
dynamics of cyp51: implications for function and inhibitor design.	sterol 14α-demethylase (cytochrome p450 family 51 (cyp51)) is an essential enzyme occurring in all biological kingdoms. in eukaryotes, it is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. selective inhibitors of trypanosomal cyp51s that do not affect the human cyp51 have been discovered in vitro and found to cure acute and chronic mouse chagas disease without severe side effects in vivo. crystal structures indicate that cyp51 may be more rigid than most cyps, and it has been proposed that ...	2015	25601796
ribose 5-phosphate isomerase b knockdown compromises trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form infectivity.	ribose 5-phosphate isomerase is an enzyme involved in the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, and catalyzes the inter-conversion of d-ribose 5-phosphate and d-ribulose 5-phosphate. trypanosomatids, including the agent of african sleeping sickness namely trypanosoma brucei, have a type b ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. this enzyme is absent from humans, which have a structurally unrelated ribose 5-phosphate isomerase type a, and therefore has been proposed as an attractive drug t ...	2015	25568941
immune defence mechanisms of triatomines against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.	triatomines are vectors that transmit the protozoan haemoflagellate trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease. the aim of the current review is to provide a synthesis of the immune mechanisms of triatomines against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites to provide clues for areas of further research including biological control. regarding bacteria, the triatomine immune response includes antimicrobial peptides (amps) such as defensins, lysozymes, attacins and cecropins, whose site ...	2015	26082354
aryloxyethyl thiocyanates are potent growth inhibitors of trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma gondii.	as a part of our project aimed at searching for new safe chemotherapeutic agents against parasitic diseases, several compounds structurally related to the antiparasitic agent wc-9 (4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate), which were modified at the terminal phenyl ring, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as growth inhibitors against trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease, and toxoplasma gondii, the parasite responsible of toxoplasmosis. most of the synthetic analogues exhib ...	2015	25914175
inflammasomes in host response to protozoan parasites.	inflammasomes are multimeric complexes of proteins that are assembled in the host cell cytoplasm in response to specific stress signals or contamination of the cytoplasm by microbial molecules. the canonical inflammasomes are composed of at least three main components: an inflammatory caspase (caspase-1, caspase-11), an adapter molecule (such as asc), and a sensor protein (such as nlrp1, nlrp3, nlrp12, naip1, naip2, naip5, or aim2). the sensor molecule determines the inflammasome specificity by ...	2015	25879291
trypanocidal, trichomonacidal and cytotoxic components of cultivated artemisia absinthium linnaeus (asteraceae) essential oil.	artemisia absinthium is an aromatic and medicinal plant of ethnopharmacological interest and it has been widely studied. the use ofa. absinthium based on the collection of wild populations can result in variable compositions of the extracts and essential oils (eos). the aim of this paper is the identification of the active components of the vapour pressure (vp) eo from a selected and cultivated a. absinthium spanish population (t2-11) against two parasitic protozoa with different metabolic pathw ...	2015	26107187
synthesis of a sugar-based thiosemicarbazone series and structure-activity relationship versus the parasite cysteine proteases rhodesain, cruzain, and schistosoma mansoni cathepsin b1.	the pressing need for better drugs against chagas disease, african sleeping sickness, and schistosomiasis motivates the search for inhibitors of cruzain, rhodesain, and schistosoma mansoni cb1 (smcb1), the major cysteine proteases from trypanosoma cruzi, trypanosoma brucei, and s. mansoni, respectively. thiosemicarbazones and heterocyclic analogues have been shown to be both antitrypanocidal and inhibitory against parasite cysteine proteases. a series of compounds was synthesized and evaluated a ...	2015	25712353
analysis of the mitochondrial maxicircle of trypanosoma lewisi, a neglected human pathogen.	the haemoflagellate trypanosoma lewisi is a kinetoplastid parasite which, as it has been recently reported to cause human disease, deserves increased attention. characteristic features of all kinetoplastid flagellates are a uniquely structured mitochondrial dna or kinetoplast, comprised of a network of catenated dna circles, and rna editing of mitochondrial transcripts. the aim of this study was to describe the kinetoplast dna of t. lewisi.	2015	26715306
flagellar membrane proteins in kinetoplastid parasites.	all kinetoplastid parasites, including protozoa such as leishmania species, trypanosoma brucei, and trypanosoma cruzi that cause devastating diseases in humans and animals, are flagellated throughout their life cycles. although flagella were originally thought of primarily as motility organelles, flagellar functions in other critical processes, especially in sensing and signal transduction, have become more fully appreciated in the recent past. the flagellar membrane is a highly specialized subd ...	2015	26599841
the ever unfolding story of camp signaling in trypanosomatids: vive la difference!	kinetoplastids are unicellular, eukaryotic, flagellated protozoans containing the eponymous kinetoplast. within this order, the family of trypanosomatids are responsible for some of the most serious human diseases, including chagas disease (trypanosoma cruzi), sleeping sickness (trypanosoma brucei spp.), and leishmaniasis (leishmania spp). although camp is produced during the life cycle stages of these parasites, its signaling pathways are very different from those of mammals. the absence of g-p ...	2015	26441645
vasoactive intestinal peptide reduces the inflammatory profile in mice infected with trypanosoma cruzi.	vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) has gained great prominence because of its therapeutic potential, which is ascribed to its ability to regulate innate immunity, inhibit antigen-specific th1 cell responses, and generate t regulatory cells. additionally, vip may act as a natural antimicrobial peptide, killing bacteria, fungi, and infective forms of trypanosoma brucei. despite the possible relevance of vip during the course of chagas disease, studies regarding this in human and experimental tryp ...	2015	26358268
novel ruthenium(ii) cyclopentadienyl thiosemicarbazone compounds with antiproliferative activity on pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites.	searching for new prospective antitrypanosomal agents, three novel ru(ii)-cyclopentadienyl compounds, [ru(η(5)-c5h5)(pph3)l], with hl=bioactive 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and characterized in the solid state and in solution. the compounds were evaluated in vitro on the blood circulating trypomastigote form of trypanosoma cruzi (dm28c strain), the infective form of trypanosoma brucei brucei (strain 427) and on j774 murine macrophages and human-derived ea.hy926 end ...	2015	26275470
development and application of a sensitive, phenotypic, high-throughput image-based assay to identify compound activity against trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes.	we have developed a high content 384-well, image-based assay to estimate the effect of compound treatment on trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes in 3t3 fibroblasts. in the same well, the effect of compound activity on host cells can also be determined, as an initial indicator of cytotoxicity. this assay has been used to identify active compounds from an in-house library of compounds with either known biological activity or that are fda approved, and separately, from the medicines for malaria venture m ...	2015	27120069
modeling chagas disease at population level to explain venezuela's real data.	in this paper we present an age-structured epidemiological model for chagas disease. this model includes the interactions between human and vector populations that transmit chagas disease.	2015	26929912
low seroprevalence of trypanosoma cruzi infection and chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy in a region with abundance of triatomine vectors in yucatan peninsula of mexico.	the yucatan peninsula of mexico is endemic with chagas disease. the main vector responsible for trypanosoma cruzi transmission is triatoma dimidiata which is abundant in domestic, peridomestic and sylvan cycles. the abundance of vectors favours t. cruzi transmission and is a high risk for developing chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (ccc). in the past 10 years, little information was available on parasite seroprevalence and the prevalence of ccc in the yucatan peninsula. in the present work, we st ...	2015	26878624
the kiss of death: a rare case of anaphylaxis to the bite of the "red margined kissing bug".	triatoma (kissing bugs), a predatory genus of blood-sucking insects which belongs to the family reduviidae, subfamily triatominae, is a well-known vector in the transmission of trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent in chagas disease. however, it is less well appreciated that bites from these insects can cause a range of symptoms varying from localized cutaneous symptoms to a generalized anaphylactic reaction. while anaphylactic reactions following bites have been reported with five of the eleve ...	2015	26793414
prevalence of chagas disease among blood donor candidates in triangulo mineiro, minas gerais state, brazil.	despite public health campaigns and epidemiological surveillance activities, chagas disease remains a major health problem in latin america. according to data from the world health organization, there are approximately 7-8 million people infected with trypanosoma cruzi worldwide, a large percentage of which in latin america. this study aims to examine the serological profile of blood donors in blood banks of hemominas hematology center, in the town of ituiutaba, minas gerais state, brazil. the s ...	2015	27049698
structure-based approach to the identification of a novel group of selective glucosamine analogue inhibitors of trypanosoma cruzi glucokinase.	glucokinase and hexokinase from pathogenic protozoa trypanosoma cruzi are potential drug targets for antiparasitic chemotherapy of chagas' disease. these glucose kinases phosphorylate d-glucose with co-substrate atp and yield glucose 6-phosphate and are involved in essential metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. an inhibitor class was conceived that is selective for t. cruzi glucokinase (tcglck) using structure-based drug design involving glucosamine having a ...	2015	26778112
evasion of the immune response by trypanosoma cruzi during acute infection.	trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people mainly in latin america. to establish a life-long infection, t. cruzi must subvert the vertebrate host's immune system, using strategies that can be traced to the parasite's life cycle. once inside the vertebrate host, metacyclic trypomastigotes rapidly invade a wide variety of nucleated host cells in a membrane-bound compartment known as the parasitophorous vacuole, which fus ...	2015	26834737
[postpartum treatment without interrupting breastfeeding in a patient with chagas disease].	chagas disease is a problem of global public health. it is caused by the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, which is acquired through exposure to infected triatomine feces, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, orally, by laboratory accidents and congenitally (mother-child); the latter is a public health problem in endemic countries and is the most common form in non-endemic countries. in mexico, there are few studies on congenital transmission of chagas disease. the majority of pregnant women wit ...	2015	26591033
quality of reporting and adherence to arrive guidelines in animal studies for chagas disease preclinical drug research: a systematic review.	publication of accurate and detailed descriptions of methods in research articles involving animals is essential for health scientists to accurately interpret published data, evaluate results and replicate findings. inadequate reporting of key aspects of experimental design may reduce the impact of studies and could act as a barrier to translation of research findings. reporting of animal use must be as comprehensive as possible in order to take advantage of every study and every animal used. an ...	2015	26587586
risks associated with dispersive nocturnal flights of sylvatic triatominae to artificial lights in a model house in the northeastern plains of colombia.	control initiatives and continuous surveillance of vector-borne transmission have proved to be effective measures for diminishing the incidence of chagas disease in endemic countries. however, the active dispersal of infected sylvatic adult triatomines by flight represents one of the main obstacles to eliminating domestic transmission.	2015	26582012
reply to "drug susceptibility of genetically engineered trypanosoma cruzi strains and sterile cure in animal models as a criterion for potential clinical efficacy of anti-t. cruzi drugs".		2015	26578702
drug susceptibility of genetically engineered trypanosoma cruzi strains and sterile cure in animal models as a criterion for potential clinical efficacy of anti-t. cruzi drugs.		2015	26578701
world health organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis.	foodborne diseases are globally important, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. parasitic diseases often result in high burdens of disease in low and middle income countries and are frequently transmitted to humans via contaminated food. this study presents the first estimates of the global and regional human disease burden of 10 helminth diseases and toxoplasmosis that may be attributed to contaminated food.	2015	26633705
the combination of vitamin k3 and vitamin c has synergic activity against forms of trypanosoma cruzi through a redox imbalance process.	chagas' disease is an infection that is caused by the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, affecting millions of people worldwide. because of severe side effects and variable efficacy, the current treatments for chagas' disease are unsatisfactory, making the search for new chemotherapeutic agents essential. previous studies have reported various biological activities of naphthoquinones, such as the trypanocidal and antitumor activity of vitamin k3. the combination of this vitamin with vitamin c exerted ...	2015	26641473
co-infection and wild animal health: effects of trypanosomatids and gastrointestinal parasites on coatis of the brazilian pantanal.	wild animals are infected by diverse parasites, but how they influence host health is poorly understood. we examined the relationship of trypanosomatids and gastrointestinal parasites with health of wild brown-nosed coatis (nasua nasua) from the brazilian pantanal. we used coati body condition and hematological parameters as response variables in linear models that were compared using an information theoretic approach. predictors were high/low parasitemias by trypanosoma cruzi and t. evansi, and ...	2015	26657699
heart transplant recipient with history of chagas disease and elevated panel-reactive antibodies.	chagas disease is caused by a protozoan named trypanosoma cruzi transmitted to humans by reduviid bugs. severe dilated cardiomyopathy from chronic t cruzi infection is the most common finding, leading to end-stage heart failure. heart transplant is an effective treatment for chagas heart disease. however, t cruzi reactivation is of great concern, predisposing patients to episodes of myocarditis and rejection. a 56-year-old woman with a history of chagas disease and elevated calculated panel reac ...	2015	26645921
prevalence, genetic characterization, and 18s small subunit ribosomal rna diversity of trypanosoma rangeli in triatomine and mammal hosts in endemic areas for chagas disease in ecuador.	trypanosoma rangeli is a nonpathogenic parasite for humans; however, its medical importance relies in its similarity and overlapping distribution with trypanosoma cruzi, causal agent of chagas disease in the americas. the genetic diversity of t. rangeli and its association with host species (triatomines and mammals) has been identified along central and the south america; however, it has not included data of isolates from ecuador. this study reports infection with t. rangeli in 18 genera of mamm ...	2015	26645579
combining public health education and disease ecology research: using citizen science to assess chagas disease entomological risk in texas.	chagas disease is a zoonotic parasitic disease well-documented throughout the americas and transmitted primarily by triatomine 'kissing bug' vectors. in acknowledgment of the successful history of vector control programs based on community participation across latin america, we used a citizen science approach to gain novel insight into the geographic distribution, seasonal activity, and trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence of kissing bugs in texas while empowering the public with information a ...	2015	26658425
can body traits, other than wings, reflect the flight ability of triatominae bugs?	insects of the subfamily triatominae are vectors of trypanosoma cruzi , the chagas disease parasite, and their flying behavior has epidemiological importance. the flying capacity is strikingly different across and within triatominae species, as well as between sexes or individuals. many triatoma infestans individuals have wings but no flying muscles. in other triatominae species, no clear relationships were found between wing length and flying behavior. if wing presence or size is not reflective ...	2015	26676492
behavioural alterations are independent of sickness behaviour in chronic experimental chagas disease.	the existence of the nervous form of chagas disease is a matter of discussion since carlos chagas described neurological disorders, learning and behavioural alterations in trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals. in most patients, the clinical manifestations of the acute phase, including neurological abnormalities, resolve spontaneously without apparent consequence in the chronic phase of infection. however, chronic chagas disease patients have behavioural changes such as psychomotor alterations, ...	2015	26676323
transcriptional and phenotypical heterogeneity of trypanosoma cruzi cell populations.	trypanosoma cruzi has a complex life cycle comprising pools of cell populations which circulate among humans, vectors, sylvatic reservoirs and domestic animals. recent experimental evidence has demonstrated the importance of clonal variations for parasite population dynamics, survival and evolution. by limiting dilution assays, we have isolated seven isogenic clonal cell lines derived from the pan4 strain of t. cruzi. applying different molecular techniques, we have been able to provide a compre ...	2015	26674416
new insights into the evolution of the trypanosoma cruzi clade provided by a new trypanosome species tightly linked to neotropical pteronotus bats and related to an australian lineage of trypanosomes.	bat trypanosomes are implicated in the evolution of the t. cruzi clade, which harbours most african, european and american trypanosomes from bats and other trypanosomes from african, australian and american terrestrial mammals, including t. cruzi and t. rangeli, the agents of the american human trypanosomiasis. the diversity of bat trypanosomes globally is still poorly understood, and the common ancestor, geographical origin, and evolution of species within the t. cruzi clade remain largely unre ...	2015	26701154
mir-190b negatively contributes to the trypanosoma cruzi-infected cell survival by repressing pten protein expression.	chagas disease, which is caused by the intracellular protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, is a serious health problem in latin america. the heart is one of the major organs affected by this parasitic infection. the pathogenesis of tissue remodelling, particularly regarding cardiomyocyte behaviour after parasite infection, and the molecular mechanisms that occur immediately following parasite entry into host cells are not yet completely understood. previous studies have reported that the establishment of ...	2015	26692329
preventing the transmission of american trypanosomiasis and its spread into non-endemic countries.	american trypanosomiasis, commonly known as chagas disease, is caused by the flagellate protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi. an estimated eight million people infected with t. cruzi currently reside in the endemic regions of latin america. however, as the disease has now been imported into many non-endemic countries outside of latin america, it has become a global health issue. we reviewed the transmission patterns and current status of disease spread pertaining to american trypanosomiasis at t ...	2015	26715535
broad patterns in domestic vector-borne trypanosoma cruzi transmission dynamics: synanthropic animals and vector control.	chagas disease (caused by trypanosoma cruzi) is the most important neglected tropical disease (ntd) in latin america, infecting an estimated 5.7 million people in the 21 countries where it is endemic. it is one of the ntds targeted for control and elimination by the 2020 london declaration goals, with the first goal being to interrupt intra-domiciliary vector-borne t. cruzi transmission. a key question in domestic t. cruzi transmission is the role that synanthropic animals play in t. cruzi trans ...	2015	26489493
correction: cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin e2 signaling through prostaglandin receptor ep-2 favor the development of myocarditis during acute trypanosoma cruzi infection.		2015	26485277
murine heart gene expression during acute chagasic myocarditis.	chagas disease is transmitted by the parasite, trypanosoma cruzi. acute infection is characterized by acute myocarditis, although it is largely asymptomatic. initial cardiac insult could be a determinant to the posterior development of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, usually after 10 years in only approximately 30% of chronically infected patients. herein, we characterized the acute gene expression profiling in heart tissue of two strains of mice infected with t. cruzi (tulahuen strain) at 4 we ...	2015	26484182
current and future chemotherapy for chagas disease.	human american trypanosomiasis, commonly called chagas disease, is one of the most neglected illnesses in the world and remains one of the most prevalent chronic infectious diseases of latin america with thousands of new cases every year. the only treatments available have been introduced five decades ago. they have serious, undesirable side effects and disputed benefits in the chronic stage of the disease - a characteristic and debilitating cardiomyopathy and/or megavisceras. several laboratori ...	2015	26477622
1,2,3-triazole-based analogue of benznidazole displays remarkable activity against trypanosoma cruzi.	the current treatment of chagas disease is based on the use of two drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, which present limited efficacy in the chronic stage of the disease and toxic side effects. although some progress has been made in the development of new drugs to treat this disease, the discovery of novel compounds is urgently required. in this work we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,3-triazole-based analogues of benznidazole. a small series of 27 compounds was successful ...	2015	26476667
monitoring of the parasite load in the digestive tract of rhodnius prolixus by combined qpcr analysis and imaging techniques provides new insights into the trypanosome life cycle.	here we report the monitoring of the digestive tract colonization of rhodnius prolixus by trypanosoma cruzi using an accurate determination of the parasite load by qpcr coupled with fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging (bli). these complementary methods revealed critical steps necessary for the parasite population to colonize the insect gut and establish vector infection.	2015	26496442
phosphatidylinositol kinase activities in trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes.	phosphatidylinositol (ptdins) metabolism through phosphatidylinositol kinase (piks) activities plays a central role in different signaling pathways. in trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of chagas disease, piks have been proposed as target for drug design in order to combat this pathogen. in this work, we studied the classes of pi4k, pipk and pi3k that could participate in signaling pathways in t. cruzi epimastigote forms. for this reason, we analyzed their enzymatic parameters and detailed resp ...	2015	26493613
triatominae (hemiptera, reduviidae) in the pantanal region: association with trypanosoma cruzi, different habitats and vertebrate hosts.	the transmission cycle of trypanosoma cruzi in the brazilian pantanal region has been studied during the last decade. although considerable knowledge is available regarding the mammalian hosts infected by t. cruzi in this wetland, no studies have investigated its vectors in this region. this study aimed to investigate the presence of sylvatic triatomine species in different habitats of the brazilian pantanal region and to correlate their presence with the occurrences of vertebrate hosts and t. c ...	2015	26516961
chagas disease and transfusion medicine: a perspective from non-endemic countries.	in the last decades, increasing international migration and travel from latin america to europe have favoured the emergence of tropical diseases outside their "historical" boundaries. chagas disease, a zoonosis endemic in rural areas of central and south america represents a clear example of this phenomenon. in the absence of the vector, one of the potential modes of transmission of chagas disease in non-endemic regions is through blood and blood products. as most patients with chagas disease ar ...	2015	26513769
negative studies are helpful to compute the specificity of diagnostic tests: measuring trypanosoma cruzi seroprevalence in guanajuato, mexico.	publishing negative seroprevalence studies not only helps to have more accurate seroprevalence estimates but also allows calculating the specificity of the diagnostic tests used. we performed a population-based trypanosoma cruzi seroprevalence survey in a community in central mexico.	2015	26510987
an abietane diterpene from salvia cuspidata and some new derivatives are active against trypanosoma cruzi.	the plant kingdom is an excellent source for obtaining natural compounds with antiprotozoal activity. in the present work, we studied the effect of the diterpene 12-hydroxy-11,14-diketo-6,8,12-abietatrien-19,20-olide (habto) obtained from the aerial parts of salvia cuspidata on trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. this compound was found to inhibit parasite growth even at low concentrations (ic50 5 μg/ml) and with low toxicity on mammalian cells. in addition, this diterpene induced an intense vacuol ...	2015	26525862
expanding the tool box for genetic manipulation of trypanosoma cruzi.	trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes chagas disease, an illness that affects 6-7 million people and for which there is no effective drug therapy or vaccine. the publication of its complete genome sequence allowed a rapid advance in molecular studies including in silico screening of genes involved with pathogenicity as well as molecular targets for the development of new diagnostic methods, drug therapies and prophylactic vaccines. alongside with in silico genomic analyses, metho ...	2015	26523948
synthesis and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal properties of a new imidazole-containing nitrophthalazine derivative.	a series of new phthalazine derivatives (1-4) containing imidazole rings and functionalized with nitro groups in the benzene ring of the phthalazine moiety were prepared and identified on the basis of their ms, elemental analyses and bidimensional (1)h and (13)c nmr data, and their trypanocidal activity was tested. the 8-nitrosubstituted compound (3) was more active in vitro against trypanosoma cruzi and less toxic against vero cells than the reference drug benznidazole, and showed a si value th ...	2015	26523668
trypanosoma cruzi discret typing units (tcii and tcvi) in samples of patients from two municipalities of the jequitinhonha valley, mg, brazil, using two molecular typing strategies.	trypanosoma cruzi is classified into six discrete taxonomic units (dtus). for this classification, different biological markers and classification criteria have been used. the objective was to identify the genetic profile of t. cruzi samples isolated from patients of two municipalities of jequitinhonha valley, mg, brazil.	2015	26520576
molecular characterization of a novel family of trypanosoma cruzi surface membrane proteins (tcsmp) involved in mammalian host cell invasion.	the surface coat of trypanosoma cruzi is predominantly composed of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, which have been extensively characterized. however, very little is known about less abundant surface proteins and their role in host-parasite interactions.	2015	26565791
identification of the nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase of trypanosoma cruzi.	the intracellular parasite trypanosoma cruzi is the aetiological agent of chagas disease, a public health concern with an increasing incidence rate. this increase is due, among other reasons, to the parasite's drug resistance mechanisms, which require nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad+). furthermore, this molecule is involved in metabolic and intracellular signalling processes necessary for the survival of t. cruzi throughout its life cycle. nad+biosynthesis is performed by de novo and salv ...	2015	26560979
surveillance, health promotion and control of chagas disease in the amazon region--medical attention in the brazilian amazon region: a proposal.	we refer to oswaldo cruz's reports dating from 1913 about the necessities of a healthcare system for the brazilian amazon region and about the journey of carlos chagas to 27 locations in this region and the measures that would need to be adopted. we discuss the risks of endemicity of chagas disease in the amazon region. we recommend that epidemiological surveillance of chagas disease in the brazilian amazon region and pan-amazon region should be implemented through continuous monitoring of the h ...	2015	26560976
vesicles from different trypanosoma cruzi strains trigger differential innate and chronic immune responses.	trypomastigote forms of trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease, shed extracellular vesicles (evs) enriched with glycoproteins of the gp85/trans-sialidase (ts) superfamily and other α-galactosyl (α-gal)-containing glycoconjugates, such as mucins. here, purified vesicles from t. cruzi strains (y, colombiana, cl-14 and yuyu) were quantified according to size, intensity and concentration. qualitative analysis revealed differences in their protein and α-galactosyl contents. later, t ...	2015	26613751