Publications

[an evaluation of the effect of a bark extract from the cashew (anacardium occidentale l.) on infection by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis].	this paper presents an evaluation of the therapeutic effect of an hydroalcoholic extract of a. occidentale l. bark against leishmania (viannia) brasiliensis. the extract showed high activity in the in vitro model against the promastigotes of this species. however in the in vivo model no curative activity was observed.	1993	8146389
[lymphadenopathies in american cutaneous leishmaniasis: comments on 2 cases].	two patients, with cervical lymphadenopathies and a presumptive diagnosis of lymphoma or scrofula, were submitted to biopsies of the affected lymph nodes. unexpectedly, the histological picture revealed a necrotic-granulomatous reaction and the presence of leishmania (amastigotes) in some vacuolated macrophages. the patients were from different endemic areas of leishmaniasis in brazil, and had no perceptible cutaneous or mucosal lesions. later, however, one of them developed such lesions, probab ...	1993	8146393
[disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania viannia braziliensis in the state of maranhão, brazil].	the authors describe a case of a patient from barreirinhas, ma with disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, who presented 58 lesions spread all over his body, with many different aspects, but ulcerative lesions were predominant. they discuss the difficulty of laboratory diagnosis in the beginning of the investigation and its therapeutics implications. the parasite isolated was identified as leishmania viannia braziliensis using monoclonal antibodies in the fluorescent antibody test. this form of t ...	1993	8128071
[intracellular calcium homeostasis. calmodulin and ca(2+)-atpase of the plasma membrane of trypanosomatids].	the intracellular ca2+ concentration in all eukaryotic cells so far studied is 4 orders of magnitude lower than in the extracellular milieu. in trypanosomatids, the intracellular concentration of this cation is around 50 nm, even lower than in higher eukaryotics. this differential concentration is maintained by diverse transport systems at the plasma membrane level and at certain intracellular organelles. in the case of trypanosomatids it have been identified the presence of an electrophoretic u ...	1993	8085408
leishmania braziliensis in blood 30 years after cure.		1993	8098463
ecology of sandflies in a recent focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in paraty, littoral of rio de janeiro state (diptera, psychodidae, phlebotominae).		1993	8107595
relationships between cell surface protease and acid phosphatase activities of leishmania promastigote.	a correlation between the ratio of the cell surface protease activity to phosphatase activity and the complexity of the pattern of cell surface exposed polypeptides of leishmania promastigotes was demonstrated for various strains grown under similar conditions. the ratio of the cell surface protease activity to acid phosphatase activity was high for l. major and l.b. panamensis and it correlates with the expression of a single polypeptide of 63 kda on their cell surface. intermediate and lower r ...	1993	8114687
[accidental cutaneous leishmaniasis].	the authors report the 3rd case of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to accidental contamination of a student of biological sciences during laboratory research. the inoculation occurred when amastigotes of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis from infected hamsters were injected in healthy animals. at this stage, the student had her glove bitten by a healthy hamster and the infection was probably conveyed by the direct contact of the inoculum with the skin.	1993	8115802
[outbreak of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in itaporanga, são paulo (brazil)].	an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a small rural settlement, located in the southern of são paulo state-brazil was observed. this region has basic agricultural activities, and has no forests. two hundred and thirty one persons were evaluated, and the following aspects were observed. 1) 67 individuals (29%) had skin lesions, confirmed by histopathologic study and the montenegro skin test; 2) of these cases, 40 (59.7%) were males; 3) the youngest patients were 2 years (5 cases), and the old ...	1993	8115812
detection of leishmania rna virus 1 proteins.	polyclonal antiserum was raised against the peak viral fraction of a sucrose gradient from lrv1-4-infected cells and used in western immunoblot analysis to identify viral proteins from various isolates. consistent with this result, in vitro-translated protein from cloned rna was immunoprecipitated with the same antiserum. the putative capsid at times appeared as a doublet; relative amounts of the two species varied, depending on the method of purification.	1993	8350417
[epidemiological, clinical and biological features of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in bolivia after a 221 patient sample].	the authors present a clinical, biological and epidemiological study of 221 cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis observed in bolivia between january 1990 and april 1991. the patients exhibited cutaneous lesions in 136 cases and mucous involvement in 85 cases. it is stressed on the severity of the disease in bolivia.	1993	8353467
epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in colombia: a longitudinal study of the natural history, prevalence, and incidence of infection and clinical manifestations.	this prospective study measured the incidence of leishmania infection, by leishmanin skin test (lst) conversion, and leishmaniasis, by new acquisition of lesions, in a leishmania braziliensis endemic area of colombia, during 7243 person-years. the incidence rate of infection and leishmaniasis varied greatly by village, ranging from 2.8 to 23.0/100 person-years and 0.0 to 20.4/1000 person-years, respectively. adult males experienced greater rates of both infection and leishmaniasis. most primary ...	1993	8354912
epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in colombia: environmental and behavioral risk factors for infection, clinical manifestations, and pathogenicity.	through a longitudinal, active surveillance for leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (viannia) panamensis infection and lesions on the pacific coast of colombia, risk factors for infection (leishmanin skin test conversion), leishmanial lesions, and pathogenicity were examined. risk factor information was obtained prior to and independently of case ascertainment. similar factors were associated with acquisition of infection and of leishmaniasis, including male sex, age > 10 years, and ...	1993	8354913
leishmania (viannia) panamensis-specific ige and iga antibodies in relation to expression of human tegumentary leishmaniasis.	leishmania (viannia) panamensis-specific ige and iga antibodies were quantified in patients with parasitologically confirmed american tegumentary leishmaniasis using a radioallergosorbent test (rast) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), respectively. the rast values, presented as the mean +/- sem percentage of total isotope added, were significantly elevated in patients having disease evolution greater than 12 months (3.14 +/- 0.91), as compared with those with an evolution time of ...	1993	8357080
karyotype polymorphism and conserved characters in the leishmania (viannia) braziliensis complex explored with chromosome-derived probes.	molecular karyotype of 45 reference populations of neotropical leishmanias was analyzed with ethidium bromide staining and with 6 chromosome-derived probes selected from a genomic library of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. size-conserved patterns were identified and found to be specific to subgenus viannia and to its constitutive species. an important issue for epidemiology and clinical investigations was the discrimination between l. (v.) peruviana and l. (v.) braziliensis, 2 species found v ...	1993	8368887
antigen-reactive gamma delta t cells in human leishmaniasis.	the importance of ag-specific gamma delta t lymphocytes in human immune responses to pathogenic organisms is unknown. in the present study the expression of gamma delta tcr on t lymphocytes from patients with cutaneous, mucosal, or visceral leishmaniasis was examined. all of these patient groups had elevated levels of gamma delta t cells in peripheral blood. patients' gamma delta t cells included cd8+ as well as null cells. the percentage of t cells expressing gamma delta tcr was increased signi ...	1993	8376802
cutaneous leishmaniasis in british troops from belize.	the medical records of 306 british soldiers in whom a clinical diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis had been made following a tour of duty in belize were analysed. parasitological confirmation of the diagnosis was established in 187 cases; leishmania were cultured in 117 cases and leishman-donovan bodies were identified histologically in a further 70 cases. leishmania braziliensis braziliensis was identified in 78 cases and leishmania mexicana mexicana in a further 29 cases. seventy-one per cent ...	1993	8381299
diagnosis of leishmania using the polymerase chain reaction: a simplified procedure for field work.	oligonucleotide primers directed to the minicircle kinetoplast dna of leishmania strains supported enzymatic amplification of this dna by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a single product of 70 basepairs was obtained from parasites belonging exclusively to the l. braziliensis complex. direct sequencing of the amplified product confirmed its minicircle origin. skin biopsy specimens from human patients were used directly for the pcr. a pulse incubation of such specimens with deoxyribonuclease ...	1993	8396860
[the virulence, metacyclogenesis and respiratory enzymes of leishmania isolated in culture from laboratory animals].	it has been shown that an increase of virulence of leishmania major, l. tropica, l. braziliensis as a result of passing through animals and its decrease during the cultivation are accompanied by certain changes of biochemical characteristics of these promastigotes. in the former case the activity of nadp-h-diaphorase and peroxidase of promastigotes and their ability to be transformed into final (invasional) metacyclic forms increase and in the latter case these characteristics decrease. the leve ...	1993	8414649
identification of two distinct cysteine proteinase genes of leishmania pifanoi axenic amastigotes using the polymerase chain reaction.	a developmentally regulated cysteine proteinase associated with an unique lysosomal organelle, the megasome, has been described for the intracellular amastigotes of the leishmania mexicana complex; this proteinase appears to be important in the survival of the parasite. degenerate primers encoding the active sites residues have been used to amplify cysteine proteinase cdna sequences from axenically cultured amastigotes of leishmania pifanoi, a member of the l. mexicana complex. based on sequence ...	1993	8426606
uptake and metabolism of s-adenosyl-l-methionine by leishmania mexicana and leishmania braziliensis promastigotes.	promastigotes of leishmania mexicana and leishmania braziliensis incorporate s-adenosyl-l-[3h-methyl]methionine (adomet) against a concentration gradient through a saturable system. this concentrative uptake requires metabolic energy and is sensitive to temperature and sulfhydryl reagents such as n-ethyl maleimide. intracellular adomet exchanges with external adomet. at steady state, unaltered adomet in the intracellular pool is at about a 1800-fold concentration in relation to that found in the ...	1993	8459824
induction and modulation of the immune response to leishmania by montenegro's skin test.	the intradermal inoculation in naive or in previously sensitized individuals of small amounts of leishmania extract (montenegro's skin test) induced or modulated, respectively, the immune response to leishmania, as assessed by subsequent montenegro's skin tests. these phenomena could hinder the interpretation of montenegro's skin tests in a population already subjected to the test in the past and, in addition, could affect in an unknown way the development of mucosal lesions in people infected w ...	1993	8465411
cytokine patterns in the pathogenesis of human leishmaniasis.	the host response to infection appears to be regulated by specific patterns of local cytokine production. in the mouse, resistance to many pathogens including leishmania is associated with a th1 cytokine profile, il-2 and ifn-gamma; whereas susceptibility to infection is associated with production of th2 cytokines, il-4, il-5, and il-10. to determine the cytokine patterns of the local immune response to leishmania infection in humans, we used the polymerase chain reaction to compare cytokine mrn ...	1993	8473490
nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome.	to describe nodular lymphangitis by reviewing the clinical and epidemiologic features of this disease with an emphasis on distinguishing specific etiologic agents.	1993	8480962
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: a clinicopathologic classification.	leishmaniasis, a chronic parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomus sandflies, affects millions of patients. mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania brasiliensis is endemic in much of south america.	1993	8496456
marmosets in new world leishmaniasis research.	in leishmaniasis, the search for a suitable experimental animal model is highly recommended, especially in leishmania (viannia) braziliensis (l. (v) b) research. diverse species of neotropical primates have increasingly been used as experimental hosts of leishmania. this article describes aspects of parasite l(v)b and marmoset, callithrix penicillata (primates, callithricidae), interaction and summarizes the biology of parasitism in this primate model. results of recent studies on primary infect ...	1993	8201929
genes coding for antigens recognized by sera from andean cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from peru.		1993	7802495
pcr: a tool for diagnosis of american tegumentary leishmaniasis in a health post of rural endemic areas.		1993	7802507
from pulsed field to field: contribution of molecular karyotyping to epidemiological studies on new world leishmaniasis.		1993	7802508
a small chromosome of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis contains multicopy sequences which are complex specific.	orthogonal field alternating gel electrophoresis (ofage) has been used to show a band of approximately 260 kb which is stained intensely with ethidium bromide in leishmania (v.) braziliensis stock m2903. this small chromosome (sc-2903), as well as a 50 kb and a 200 kb chromosome seen in l. (l.) mexicana and l. (l.) amazonensis, respectively, are stably maintained and linear. when used as a hybridisation probe, sc-2903 showed homology to large chromosomal dna bands and to a multiplicity of genomi ...	1993	7903136
homogeneous restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ribosomal dna repeating unit in new world leishmania.	we have studied the sau 3ai restriction length polymorphisms (rflp) of the non-transcribed ribosomal spacer of leishmania isolates from the mexicana and braziliensis complexes, using cloned sequences of leishmania garnhami and leishmania braziliensis. the l. garnhami probe produced very complex but conserved patterns in the homologous organisms, and these were shared by all the mexicana complex isolates at intermediate stringency conditions. the small subunit rrna coding region within the probe ...	1993	7670526
intracellular calcium homeostasis in leishmania mexicana. identification and characterization of a plasma membrane calmodulin-dependent ca(2+)-atpase.	the intracellular ca2+ concentration in different trypanosomatids is about 50 nanomolar, which concentration in different trypanosomatids is about 50 nanomolar, which is 4 orders of magnitude lower than in the extracellular milieu. this fact implies the existence of well developed mechanisms for the maintenance of such a high calcium gradient. in higher eukaryotics a number of different structures have been implicated in this function. some of them are located in intracellular organelles, and ot ...	1993	7670527
rna circularization reveals terminal sequence heterogeneity in a double-stranded rna virus.	double-stranded rna viruses (dsrna), termed lrv1, have been found in several strains of the protozoan parasite leishmania. with the aim of constructing a full-length cdna copy of the viral genome, including its terminal sequences, a protocol based on pcr amplification across the 3'-5' junction of circularized rna was developed. this method proved to be applicable to dsrna. it provided a relatively simple alternative to one-sided pcr, without loss of specificity inherent in the use of generic pri ...	1993	7679855
transforming growth factor beta as a virulence mechanism for leishmania braziliensis.	transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) has potent down-regulating effects on macrophages and is thus capable of influencing the fate of intramacrophage parasites, including leishmanias. we report the development of a mouse model for the study of the human pathogen leishmania braziliensis and demonstrate, both in vitro and in vivo, a key regulatory role for tgf-beta in the pathogenesis of infection with this parasite. recombinant tgf-beta added to cultures of murine peritoneal macrophages led ...	1993	7682701
effect of natural naphthoquinones in balb/c mice infected with leishmania amazonensis and l. venezuelensis.	plumbagin, 3,3'-biplumbagin and 8,8'-biplumbagin are naphthoquinones isolated by activity-directed fractionation from a bolivian plant, pera benensis, used in folk medicine as treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania braziliensis. balb/c mice were infected with l. mexicana or l. venezuelensis and treated 24 h after the parasitic infection with plumbagin (5 or 2.5 mg/kg/day), 3,3'-biplumbagin, 8,8'-biplumbagin (25 mg/kg/d) or glucantime (200 mg/kg/d). lesion development was the c ...	1992	1293723
ten years of occurrence of human leishmania viannia braziliensis (lvb) infections in farms around três braços, bahia-brazil.		1992	1308071
montenegro skin tests in dogs experimentally infected with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.		1992	1308548
leishmania braziliensis spp. in the nasal mucosa of guinea pigs inoculated in the tarsi.	two lots of 20 young male guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously in the tarsi with 10(4) amastigotes of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis or l. b. guyanensis to study the susceptibility of this neotropical hystricomorph rodent the autochthonous parasites. almost 50% of the animals showed lesions in the inoculation site and had parasitizations that were infective to hamsters, as shown by inoculating homogenates of the dermal lesion, of the spleen, of the liver, and of the nasal mucosa into ...	1992	1308558
development of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis vianna, 1911 in lutzomyia intermedia (lutz & neiva, 1912) (diptera:psychodidae:phlebotominae) under experimental conditions.	the development of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in experimentally infected lutzomyia intermedia, showed colonization of the hindgut from 48 h after the infective blood-meal, and the migration of flagellates to the foregut, with a massive infection of the cardia at the 5th day post infection. up to 10 days following the infective blood-meal, very few parasites were seen in the pharynx and cibarium. the role of l. intermedia as a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis is discussed according to the ...	1992	1308569
placebo-controlled clinical trial of sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) versus ketoconazole for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in guatemala.	to determine the relative efficacy and toxicity of stibogluconate and ketoconazole for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a comparative trial was conducted in which 120 guatemalan men with parasitologically proven cutaneous leishmaniasis were randomly divided into three treatment groups: sodium stibogluconate (20 mg of antimony per kilogram per day intravenously for 20 days), ketoconazole (600 mg per day orally for 28 days), and placebo. treatment outcome was influenced by species. among ...	1992	1311351
sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) overdose during treatment of american cutaneous leishmaniasis.	a 27-year-old woman who acquired cutaneous leishmaniasis in central america was inadvertently treated with 10 times the intended daily dose of the pentavalent antimonial compound sodium stibogluconate (pentostam): 8500 mg (143 mg/kg) instead of 850 mg. the patient felt "wiped out" during the 4-h infusion of the drug. after the mistake in dosing was discovered, she was vigorously hydrated and carefully monitored in an intensive care unit for greater than 48 h. her vital signs were stable, and no ...	1992	1314873
drug resistance in leishmaniasis: its implication in systemic chemotherapy of cutaneous and mucocutaneous disease.	we report that in vitro sensitivity to pentavalent antimony (sb5) of 35 leishmania isolates as determined by the semiautomated microdilution technique (samt) showed an 89% and 86% correlation with clinical outcome after pentostam and glucantime treatment, respectively. these results suggest that in over 85% of the cases, the clinical outcome of treatment (cure or failure) could have been predicted by using the samt technique. furthermore, the results clearly indicate that drug resistance is a pr ...	1992	1322070
glucantime resistant leishmania promastigotes are sensitive to pentostam.	growth inhibition in vitro tests were used to study the susceptibility to pentostam of different leishmania strains involved in cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis--one glucantime sensitive strain, three naturally glucantime resistant strains and one glucantime resistant line developed by in vitro drug exposure. contrasting with the high degree of glucantime resistance, all strains were sensitive to pentostam. these differences suggest that there is some relationship between chemical struc ...	1992	1340539
immunopathology of american cutaneous leishmaniasis.	american mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a granulomatous disease clinically characterized by ulcerated skin lesions that can regress spontaneously. a small percentage of the affected individuals can however develop a severe destruction of the nasal, oral, pharyngeal and/or laryngeal mucous membranes many years after the healing of the primary lesion. the human immune response to the infection and the possible mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disease, determining either the self-heali ...	1992	1342704
ecology of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in a focus of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in northeastern colombia.	the phlebotomine sand fly fauna of two coffee plantations in a leishmania-endemic area of norte de santander, colombia was studied. regular insect collections using a variety of methods were made for three and a half years. information was obtained on diurnal resting sites, host range and seasonal abundance for 17 species, of which five (lutzomyia spinicrassa, lu. serrana, lu. shannoni, lu. ovallesi and lu. gomezi) were far more numerous than the others, anthropophilic and present throughout the ...	1992	1343648
dispersal of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in a colombian focus of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.	dispersal of five species of phlebotomine sand flies was studied in a coffee plantation near arboledas, colombia, by mark-release-recapture studies using fluorescent powders. the estimated recapture rate for males of lutzomyia shannoni marked and released during the day was 28.1%, significantly higher than that for all other species (p < 0.05). recapture rate of female lu. shannoni was 9.5%, and no females of the other four species were recovered. this suggests either that lu. shannoni is a more ...	1992	1343649
further observations on lutzomyia ubiquitalis (psychodidae: phlebotominae), the sandfly vector of leishmania (viannia) lainsoni.		1992	1343653
disseminated american muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in a patient with aids: a case report.	the authors report a case of culture-proven disseminated american muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in an hiv positive patient. lesions began in the oropharynx and nasal mucosa eventually spreading to much of the skin surface. the response to a short course of glucantime therapy was good.	1992	1343662
immunoprophylaxis in cutaneous leishmaniasis.		1992	1357486
diagnosis of new world leishmaniasis: specific detection of species of the leishmania braziliensis complex by amplification of kinetoplast dna.	we have sequenced single kinetoplast dna minicircles from three species and part of a minicircle from the fourth major species within the leishmania braziliensis complex. alignment of these sequences with each other and with those of other kinetoplastids allowed the selection of a pair of oligonucleotides suitable as primers in a polymerase chain reaction which is highly specific for the leishmania braziliensis complex. the reaction is capable of detecting less than one femtogramme of kinetoplas ...	1992	1359760
identification of new world leishmania using ribosomal gene spacer probes.	dna probes from the nontranscribed ribosomal spacer (nts), of leishmania garnhami and leishmania braziliensis were constructed and tested for sensitivity and specificity against different leishmania isolates. the l. garnhami probes were species-specific under hybridization conditions of high stringency, but displayed specificity for the mexicana complex under conditions of intermediate stringency. the l. braziliensis probes showed 'complex' specificity. rflp for the nontranscribed spacer within ...	1992	1361963
montenegro skin tests for american cutaneous leishmaniasis carried out on school children in rio de janeiro, brazil: an indicator of transmission risk.	montenegro skin tests were carried out in 1985 and 1987 on two groups of school children in the city of rio de janeiro. group a consisted of 449 children residing in the jacarepagua district, in areas where transmission of human and canine american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) has been high; this group was considered to be the one at greatest risk of acquiring the infection through l. braziliensis. group b consisted of 282 children from bonsucesso, a suburb of rio de janeiro that is at a consid ...	1992	1363175
american leishmania spp. and trypanosoma cruzi: galactosyl alpha(1-3) galactose epitope localization by colloidal gold immunocytochemistry and lectin cytochemistry.	patients with chagas' disease or different clinical forms of leishmaniasis (cutaneous or visceral) have elevated galactosyl alpha (1-3)galactose antibodies. using colloidal gold immunocytochemistry--monoclonal antibody gal-13 (specific for lipid-linked galactosyl alpha (1-3)galactose residues) and anti-nidogen antibodies and lectin cytochemistry (bandeiraea simplicifolia ib4), both techniques specific for demonstrating galactosyl alpha (1-3)galactose residues--we have found terminal disaccharide ...	1992	1370418
cell populations in the lesion of human cutaneous leishmaniasis: a light microscopical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.	to characterize the in situ cellular immune response in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (lcl), the authors studied frozen skin biopsies from 50 patients with lcl due to leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. a panel of 31 monoclonal antibodies was used, which defined the number and distribution of inflammatory cell subsets. skin inflammatory infiltrates were composed of t cells (with a local cd4/cd8 ratio of 1.05 +/- 0.7 vs 1.48 +/- 0.3 in peripheral blood), macrophages and a smaller number of b ...	1992	1413489
biological and chemical studies of pera benensis, a bolivian plant used in folk medicine as a treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.	the stem barks of pera benensis are employed by the chimane indians in the bolivian amazonia as treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan leishmania braziliensis. the chloroform extracts containing quinones were found active against the promastigote forms of leishmania and the epimastigote forms of trypanosoma cruzi at 10 micrograms ml-1. the activity guided fractionation of the extract by chromatography afforded active compounds. their structures were elucidated, by spectral ...	1992	1434690
[cloning of kdna minicircles in different species of leishmania and its use as probes for diagnosis].	the present study describes the cloning procedure for fragments of kinetoplast dna minicircles from different leishmania species and its use for detecting the presence of these parasites. our methodology was as follow: the dna of the kinetoplast from leishmania mexicana amazonensis and leishmania braziliensis panamensis was extracted, purified and digested with the enzyme dra i. these fragments were cloned in the site for hinc ii in the plasmid pks. e. coli was the bacterial strain used for tran ...	1992	1439001
cutaneous leishmaniasis in western venezuela caused by infection with leishmania venezuelensis and l. braziliensis variants.	between 1975 and 1987, epidemiological studies were carried out in several rural and urban communities in the central part of western venezuela, especially in the state of lara. 115 positive cultures were obtained from human cases and identified by their reactivity patterns to a cross-panel of specific monoclonal antibodies using a radioimmune binding assay; 53 were leishmania venezuelensis and 62 were l. braziliensis. most of these stocks were also characterized by isoenzyme electrophoresis, wh ...	1992	1440772
isoenzyme characterization of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis isolates obtained from bolivian and peruvian patients.	thirty-four leishmania isolates obtained from bolivian and peruvian patients infected with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis were characterized by isoenzyme electrophoresis using 10 enzymatic markers; all belonged to the subspecies l.b. braziliensis. three isolates showed marked variation compared with the reference strain with respect to 5 or 6 enzymes. these variant isolates originated from patients with forms of the disease which were unresponsive to treatment.	1992	1440812
haemoculture of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis from two cases of mucosal leishmaniasis: re-examination of haematogenous dissemination.	leishmania parasites were isolated from peripheral blood leucocytes of 2 patients with mucosal disease among a total of 23 parasitologically confirmed cases of leishmaniasis. one had had mucosal leishmaniasis for 4 years and active pulmonary tuberculosis was also diagnosed. the other patient presented a cutaneous lesion on his right leg of 3 months duration and asymptomatic mucosal involvement. he had received intravenous antimonials before isolation of parasites. both patients had positive indi ...	1992	1440813
lymphadenopathy associated with leishmania braziliensis cutaneous infection.	lymph node involvement by leishmania during human cutaneous leishmaniasis was reported more than 90 years ago, but the importance of certain leishmania strains in such dissemination remains largely speculative. we have examined 36 consecutively untreated cutaneous leishmaniasis patients early in their disease; 66.7% had enlarged lymph nodes. patients with enlarged lymph nodes had higher anti-leishmania immune responses than patients without such involvement, both at the igg antibody level (mean ...	1992	1449199
cellular and humoral immune responses of a patient with american cutaneous leishmaniasis and aids.	the lymphocyte responsiveness to leishmanial antigens and its influence on the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis was studied in a patient with aids-associated american cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania braziliensis. the patient had cutaneous disseminated erythematous papules or nodules and mucosal lesions as well as moniliasis and weight loss. the patient had a poor delayed-type hypersensitivity to leishmanial antigens, showing 3 mm of induration. the cellular immune responses were st ...	1992	1475817
parasitic oligosaccharide residues recognized by patients with mucocutaneous and localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.	humoral immune responses were studied in 118 venezuelan patients with either active mucocutaneous (mcl) or localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (lcl). most patients had elevated antibody levels to the six promastigote oligosaccharide residues studied: galactosyl(alpha 1-2)galactose, galactosyl(alpha 1-3)galactose, galactosyl(alpha 1-6)galactose, galactosyl(alpha 1-3)mannose, galactofuranosyl(beta 1-3)mannose, and galactocerebroside. significantly higher antibody levels were found in patients with m ...	1992	1524141
the natural history of cutaneous leishmaniasis in guatemala.	the natural history of american cutaneous leishmaniasis was studied in guatemala by analyzing the characteristics of 355 untreated leishmanial lesions, observing the evolution of 57 lesions on persons who received a placebo in treatment trials, and analyzing data from a population-based survey concerning the duration of 82 untreated lesions. of 25 lesions caused by leishmania mexicana that were followed prospectively, 22 (88%) completely reepithelialized by a median lesion age of 14 weeks, and 1 ...	1992	1538157
refractory barriers in the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) to infection with leishmania panamensis.	the life cycle of leishmania panamensis in phlebotomus papatasi was studied to characterize barriers limiting parasite colonization, differentiation, migration, and attachment in an unnatural sand fly host. the insects were fed a suspension of l. panamensis-infected macrophages and human erythrocytes, and were examined up to 16 days post-infection by light and electron microscopy. histologic examination of 401 flies showed the peritrophic membrane to be the first important barrier to parasite es ...	1992	1539756
loss of the gp46/m-2 surface membrane glycoprotein gene family in the leishmania braziliensis complex.	immunization with the gp46/m-2 membrane glycoprotein of leishmania amazonensis has been shown to induce a protective immune response against infection. we have surveyed a variety of trypanosomatid species and genera for the presence and expression of this gene family, information that will be relevant to future vaccine studies against leishmaniasis. molecular karyotype analysis revealed the presence of gp46/m-2 genes in all members of the leishmania mexicana complex, leishmania major, leishmania ...	1992	1542309
the 70-kda heat-shock protein is a major antigenic determinant in human trypanosoma cruzi/leishmania braziliensis braziliensis mixed infection.	five sera from bolivian individuals chronically infected by trypanosoma cruzi, and suffering an active leishmania braziliensis braziliensis metastatic mucocutaneous lesion were characterized. they reacted with the t. cruzi recombinant antigens that are currently used as chagas diagnostic reagents, and with several l. b. braziliensis proteins as assessed by western blot. these sera showed an intense reaction with a t. cruzi and an l. b. braziliensis polypeptide of about 70 kda. expression cloning ...	1992	1548032
failure to develop homologous immunity to a second challenge with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in the black-plumed marmoset (callithrix penicillata).		1992	1566300
isolation of leishmania braziliensis from lutzomyia ovallesi (diptera:psychodidae) in guatemala.	leishmania braziliensis is endemic in guatemala and belize in central america. to help identify the vector(s) of this parasite in guatemala, phlebotomine sand flies that were aspirated from the clothing of collectors at tikal national park in the department of the peten were examined for flagellates. lutzomyia ovallesi was found infected with flagellates that were identified as l. braziliensis by isoenzyme electrophoresis. the isoenzyme profile of this isolate matched those from humans from the ...	1992	1575293
[a case of leishmaniasis with isolated disease of the larynx].	we report about a 63-year-old man with a mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. besides the rareness of the disease in middle europe the exceptional location in the larynx is remarkable.	1992	1596316
[2 infectious granulomatous diseases (leprosy and cutaneous and mucous leishmaniasis) by scintigraphic methods].	leprosy is a multiform chronic infectious granulomatous disease caused by mycobacterium leprae, that affects over 12 million people in the world. cutaneous and mucous leishmaniasis (cml) is also a chronic granulomatous infectious disease, caused by leishmania brasiliensis and transmitted to man by the mosquitoes of the phlebotominae family. it is a worldwide spread disease. we studied one case of borderline-wirchowian leprosy and 2 cases of cml with gallium-67 (ga-67) scintigraphy. ga-67 is a ra ...	1992	1596960
transcribing and replicating particles in a double-stranded rna virus from leishmania.	during the replicative cycle of many double-stranded rna viruses, transcription of particles with a double-stranded rna genome alternates with replication of particles containing a single-stranded genome. in virions infecting some strains of leishmania guyanensis the putative transcriptase and replicase activities of the rna-dependent rna polymerase were previously detected in vitro. northern hybridization to rna of known polarity demonstrates that the single-stranded rna products are of positiv ...	1992	1620160
epidemiologic investigation of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a defined geographic focus of transmission.	an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in a unit of 608 puerto rican national guardsmen conducting jungle warfare training in the panama canal area in july 1984. an epidemiologic investigation of reported nonhealing, ulcerating skin lesions was conducted among 540 (89%) unit members in november and december 1984. fifteen (88%) of 17 individuals with chronic, ulcerating skin lesions were confirmed as cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis by culture or histopathology. twelve cases yielded posi ...	1992	1636883
lrv1 viral particles in leishmania guyanensis contain double-stranded or single-stranded rna.	the 32-nm-diameter spherical viral particles found in the cytoplasm of leishmania guyanensis cumc1-1a sediment at 130s and have a buoyant density of approximately 1.4 g/ml in cesium chloride gradients. these particles contain a 5.3-kb double-stranded rna, while single-stranded rna that corresponds to the viral positive strand is associated with less-dense particles. these results suggest a conservative and sequential mode of lrv1 viral rna replication that is exemplified by the scv l-a virus of ...	1992	1738198
viruses of the protozoa.		1991	1741616
experimental american leishmaniasis and chagas' disease in the brazilian squirrel monkey: effect of dual infection on antibodies to parasite antigens.	adult, laboratory-bred squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) were infected with either leishmania braziliensis braziliensis or l. b. panamensis and, 42 weeks later, they were challenge-infected with trypanosoma cruzi. another group of monkeys was infected with t. cruzi and challenged with l. b. braziliensis after 42 weeks. immunoblotting was used to examine parasite antigens bound by antibodies in plasma obtained from the monkeys during the course of primary and challenge infections. during primar ...	1991	1743848
leishmaniasis vector potential of lutzomyia spp. in colombian coffee plantations.	potential vectors of leishmania braziliensis vianna were assessed at four study sites in the mountainous valle del cauca, western colombia, from march to june 1989. in an active focus of transmission at 1450 m altitude, a coffee plantation at versalles, there were high densities of antropophilic phlebotomines: lutzomyia columbiana (ritorcelli & van ty) and lu.townsendi (ortiz), both in the verrucarum species group, and of lu.pia (fairchild & hertig). at a comparable altitude in a forest reserve ...	1991	1768906
fluorimetric quantification of cell death in monolayer cultures and cell suspensions.	a fluorimetric assay using ethidium bromide (eb) was employed to quantify cell death in monolayer cell cultures (ma-104 cells) in situ and isolated cell suspensions (isolated colonic cells and leishmania). fluorescence of eb stained cells was measured with a photometer coupled to an inverted microscope for cell monolayers or in a spectrofluorometer for cell suspensions. dead cells stained with trypan blue were fluorescent with eb in all preparations studied, but the latter gave an unequivocal si ...	1991	1779095
molecular karyotype and chromosomal localization of genes encoding two major surface glycoproteins, gp63 and gp46/m2, hsp70, and beta-tubulin in cloned strains of several leishmania species.	the molecular karyotypes of several leishmania isolates (leishmania amazonensis, leishmania braziliensis, leishmania guyanensis, leishmania panamensis, leishmania donovani, leishmania major, leishmania aethiopica, leishmania tropica, leishmania enriettii) have been analyzed by clamped homogeneous electric field (chef) gel electrophoresis. the chromosomal localization of genes encoding 2 major surface glycoproteins, gp63 and gp46/m2, heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), and beta-tubulin was determined ...	1991	1779988
recovery of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis from hepatic aspirates of the black-plumed marmoset, callithrix penicillata.		1991	1780984
association of mucosal leishmaniasis with hla.	in the search for genetic variability in individual susceptibility to mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease caused mainly by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, hla typing was performed on 43 patients presenting mucosal lesions and 111 matched controls. antigen specificities of the hla-a, -b, -c, -dr, and -dq loci were determined and their frequencies in patients and controls were compared. there was a significant decrease in the frequency of hla-dr2 [1 out of 38 (2.6%) patients vs. 29 out of 10 ...	1991	1783572
matrix remodelling and fibroblast phenotype in early lesions of human cutaneous leishmaniasis.	the connective matrix participates directly in early pathological events observed in the cutaneous lesion of leishmaniasis, due to leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. a sample of 19 skin biopsies was examined by light and electron microscopy, in order to identify the matrix components (collagen isotypes i to iv, elastin and membrane associated proteins) of the dermal infiltrate, and the pattern of organization of the reparative connective matrix. an extensive remodelling process of apparently pa ...	1991	1792187
human infection with trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania viannia braziliensis (lvb). a clinical perspective.		1991	1815292
cutaneous leishmaniasis of man due to leishmania (viannia) shawi lainson, de souza, póvoa, ishikawa & silveira, in pará state, brazil.	leishmania (viannia) shawi lainson, braga, de souza, póvoa, ishikawa & silveira, 1989, was originally recorded from monkeys (cebus apella and chiropotes satanas), sloths (choloepus didactylus and bradypus tridactylus) and coatis (nasua nasua) and the sandfly, lutzomyia whitmani. with a panel of leishmania specific monoclonal antibodies, it was found that 30.5% of the leishmania strains from patients, who had contracted cutaneous leishmaniasis in pará state, were similar, but not identical to l. ...	1991	1822654
conservation of cation-transporting atpase genes in leishmania.	dna fragments isolated from leishmania donovani atpase genes were used to analyze the organization and expression of cation transporting atpase genes in l. donovani, leishmania tropica, leishmania mexicana, leishmania braziliensis, trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma cruzi. the atpase loci in all leishmania species contained a tandem pair of atpase genes arranged in head-to-tail orientation and separated by approximately 2 kb. no restriction site polymorphisms were detected in the internal portio ...	1991	1828863
vectors of leishmaniases in venezuela.	information on the vectors of leishmaniases in venezuela is reviewed and updated. lutzomyia longipalpis is considered the vector of visceral leishmaniasis. lutzomyia ovallesi of the northcentral area is the only human feeding species from which parasites have been isolated and typed as leishmania braziliensis. in the andean region there is strong evidence that lu. youngi is the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis but the parasites require further identification. lutzomyia spinicrassa may be respon ...	1991	1841212
[metacyclics of leishmania mexicana in the hypopharynx of lutzomyia youngi experimentally infected].	although it has been postulated that the natural transmission of leishmaniasis occurs by regurgitation of the parasites from contaminated proboscis of phlebotomine vector recent experimental results seems to oppose this thesis. wild-caught and laboratory-reared females of lutzomyia youngi, vector of leishmania mexicana in the venezuelan andes, were infected on tarsal lesion of hamsters, inoculated 6 weeks previously s.c. with 2 x 10(4) amastigotes of l. mexicana s.l., isolated from venezuelan ca ...	1991	1841249
vectors of leishmania braziliensis in the petén, guatemala.	during a 1-year study, 13 species of sand fly were collected in bite-landing collections on human attractants in tikal, guatemala. using isoenzyme analysis, leishmania braziliensis was identified among isolates from lutzomyia ovallesi, lu. panamensis, and lu. ylephiletor. lutzomyia ovallesi, lu. shannoni, and lu. cruciata were found with flagellates whose isoenzyme patterns matched unidentified flagellates isolated from a patient with mucosal lesions.	1991	1841251
lutzomyia ovallesi (diptera: psychodidae) as a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in venezuela.	in the search for vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the barro negro forest, duaca, lara state, venezuela, 4,864 wild-caught lutzomyia females were dissected and examined for promastigotes. natural infection was found in 25 (0.5%) lu. ovallesi. by biological parameters and enzyme electrophoresis all isolates from lu. ovallesi were indistinguishable from those obtained from humans and dogs in the same region. the isoenzyme profile of these isolates appear to indicate that strains were a hybrid ...	1991	1841263
cutaneous leishmaniasis in the amazon region: natural infection of the sandfly lutzomyia ubiquitalis (psychodidae: phlebotominae) by leishmania (viannia) lainsoni in pará state, brazil.		1991	1842393
dna probes for distinguishing psychodopygus wellcomei from psychodopygus complexus (diptera:psychodidae).	genomic dna fragments from males of psychodopygus wellcomei were isolated and shown to be useful as sensitive diagnostic probes for positively separating individuals of this species from those of ps. complexus. these two members of the ps. squamiventris series are found sympatrically in foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the hill forests of southern pará state. of the two species, only ps. wellcomei is thought to be an important vector of leishmania braziliensis sensu stricto, but this is based ...	1991	1842400
an outbreak of human leishmania (viannia) braziliensis infection.	the occurrence of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis among inhabitants of 10 farms within 10 km of the hamlet of corte de pedra, bahia, brazil was studied prospectively from 1984-1989. a mean population of 1,056 inhabitants living in 146 houses were visited every 6 months and the number of skin ulcers recorded. a leishmanin skin test survey was done people with suggestive skin scars or active disease in 1984. the incidence of skin ulcers due to leishmania (viannia) braziliensis (lvb) reached 83/1,000 ...	1991	1842411
leishmaniasis due to leishmania braziliensis in espírito santo state, brazil. further evidence on the role of dogs as a reservoir of infection for humans.		1991	1842452
[cutaneous leishmaniasis in amazonia: isolation of leishmania (viannia) lainsoni from the rodent agouti paca (rodentia: dasyproctidae), in the state of pará, brazil].	the isolation of leishmania (v.) lainsoni is recorded for the first time from a wild animal, the rodent agouti paca (rodentia: dasyproctidae), from pará state, north brazil. isolates of the parasite were made from apparently normal skin of 3 specimens of this rodent captured on the island of tocantins, in the municipality of tucuruí, an area subsequently flooded in the formation of the lake associated with the tucuruí hydroelectric dam. no isolations were made from the viscera. identification of ...	1991	1843391
clonal variation within a mucosal isolate derived from a patient with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis infection.	three isolates over 5 years from a patient with persistent relapsing mucosal leishmaniasis due to leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and 7 clones from one of these isolates were studied by zymodemes and serodemes analysis. results showed evidences of clonal phenotypic variation. eight isoenzymes markers demonstrated clear differences on cellulose acetate (ca) and thin starch gel electrophoresis. also a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies showed such differences. our observations provide addit ...	1991	1844960
comparison on the performance of leishmania major-like and leishmania braziliensis braziliensis as antigen for new world leishmaniasis igg-immunofluorescence test.	the performance of an antigen of l. major-like promastigotes for the serological diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the igg-immunofluorescent test was compared to that of an antigen of l.braziliensis braziliensis. each antigen was used to test two hundred and twenty-four sera of etiologies such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, deep mycoses, toxoplasmosis, malaria. chagas' disease, visceral leishmaniasis, anti-nuclear factor, schistosomiasis, rheumatoid factor and normal controls. agreeme ...	1991	1844982
parasitological diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania b. braziliensis in bolivia.	parasitological diagnosis, using stained smears, culture and pathological examination of biopsy, was studied in 146 patients infected with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, in bolivia and peru. the most efficient parasite detecting technique appeared to be the smear examination in cutaneous lesions (33% positive) and the pathology in case of mucous lesions (28% positive). in both, cutaneous and mucous lesions, the parasites were found most frequently in old lesions.	1991	1845007
first case report of leishmania braziliensis panamensis in an endemic area for leishmania major in egypt.		1991	1845162
leishmania (viannia) braziliensis: comparative pathology of golden hamsters infected with isolates from cutaneous and mucosal lesions of patients residing in tres bracos, bahia, brazil.	the histopathology of primary forepaw and metastatic lymph node, spleen, and liver lesions produced in golden hamsters infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) strains (ltb 111 and ltb558) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (mcl) strains (ltb12 and ltb201) of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis isolated from patients residing in tres bracos, bahia, brazil is described. no pathological features providing clear differentiation of the cl and mcl strains were found. although amastigotes were plentiful ...	1991	1849379
characterization and classification of leishmanial parasites from humans, wild mammals, and sand flies in the amazon region of brazil.	ninety-four leishmanial isolates from the brazilian amazon region (amapá, amazonas, pará, and rondônia) were identified and classified using specific monoclonal antibodies and an indirect radioimmunoassay (serodeme analysis); eighty-two were also characterized by enzyme electrophoresis (zymodeme analysis), the results of which were subjected to a numerical phenetic analysis. six isolates from humans (3), didelphis marsupialis (1), lutzomyia olmeca nociva (1), and lu, reducta (1) showed reactivit ...	1991	1858968
purine analogs as chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis and american trypanosomiasis.	the metabolic pathways for purines in parasitic protozoans differ significantly from the corresponding pathways in human beings. leishmania and trypanosoma cruzi have particular enzymatic reactions that have relevance for chemotherapy. certain purine analogs are metabolized by the parasites to nucleotides and aminated to the analogs of adenine nucleotides. these halt protein synthesis and cause the break-down of rna. the most important purine analogs with respect to chemotherapeutic potential ar ...	1991	1906917