Publications

genetic diversity of pneumocystis carinii in hiv-positive and -negative patients as revealed by pcr-sscp typing.	to describe the epidemiology of severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in hiv-infected and non hiv-infected patients.	2001	11242142
discontinuation of primary prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients at high risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: prospective multicentre study.	to assess the safety of discontinuation of primary prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients on antiretroviral combination therapy at high risk of developing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	2001	11242147
primary prevention with cotrimoxazole for hiv-1-infected adults: results of the pilot study in dakar, senegal.	to assess the efficacy and tolerance of chemoprophylaxis with cotrimoxazole compared with placebo among hiv-1-infected adults.	2001	11242179
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia recurrence in hiv patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: secondary prophylaxis.	the incidence and risk factors for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) recurrence were evaluated in 451 hiv-infected patients enrolled in the french hospital database on hiv who started highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) while receiving secondary pcp prophylaxis after a first episode occurring between january 1995 and december 1998. there were 18 episodes of recurrent pcp. on haart, the cd4+ cell count increased to above 200 x 106/l in 274 patients, 51 of whom stopped pcp prophylaxis. ...	2001	11242182
spectrum of aids-defining illnesses in australia, 1992 to 1998: influence of country/region of birth.	to examine the influence of country/region of birth on spectrum of aids-defining illness.	2001	11242202
twice-weekly pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine effectively prevents pneumocystis carinii pneumonia relapse and toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with aids.	to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a fixed 25mg pyrimethamine--500mg sulfadoxine combination plus 15mg folinic acid given twice weekly for the prevention of relapses of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and primary episodes of toxoplasmic encephalitis.	2001	11243747
prognostic markers of short-term mortality in aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	since 1990, corticosteroids have been recommended as adjunctive therapy for patients with aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and respiratory failure. we hypothesized that the natural course of aids-associated pcp has changed in the era of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy.	2001	11243967
search for primary infection by pneumocystis carinii in a cohort of normal, healthy infants.	to determine whether pneumocystis carinii is associated with clinical illness in the competent host, 107 normal, healthy infants were enrolled in a 2-year prospective cohort study in chile. p. carinii was identified by specific stains and nested--deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) amplification of the large subunit mitochondrial ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene of p. carinii f. sp. hominis, and seroconversion was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum samples drawn every 2 months. p. car ...	2001	11247708
clinical presentation and risk behaviors of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in thailand, 1994--1998: regional variation and temporal trends.	from 1994 through 1998, the clinical and demographic features and risk behaviors of 101,945 adolescent and adult patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were reported to the ministry of public health in thailand. the number of reported cases of aids infection increased from 12,005 in 1994 to 24,722 in 1997. nearly 40% of the cases were reported from the northern provinces, which contained only approximately 20% of the adult population. about 80% of cases were among male patients, ...	2001	11247718
survival of patients with aids, after diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, in the united states.	to examine survival after diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and factors associated with early death (during the month of or the month after diagnosis of pcp), data were analyzed from the adult and adolescent spectrum hiv disease project. among 4412 patients with 5222 episodes of pcp during follow-up (1992-1998), survival at >1 month after diagnosis was 82%, and survival at > or =12 months after diagnosis was 47%; 12-month survival increased from 40% in 1992-1993 to 63% in 1996-19 ...	2001	11294675
cd4(+) t-lymphocytopenia and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with miliary tuberculosis.	we report a case of miliary tuberculosis (mtb) occurring after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in a 51-year-old man. the mtb was complicated by pancytopenia and cd4(+) t-lymphocytopenia, which was responsible for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. hematological parameters returned to normal in response to antituberculous treatment.	2001	11297918
localization of cytoskeletal proteins in pneumocystis carinii by immuno-electron microscopy.	pneumocystis carinii causes serious pulmonary infection in immunosuppressed patients. this study was undertaken to observe the cytoskeletal proteins of p. carinii by immuno-electron microscopy. p. carinii infection was experimentally induced by immunosuppression of sprague-dawley rats for seven weeks, and their lungs were used for the observations of this study. the gold particles localized actin, tropomyosin, and tubulin. the actin was irregularly scattered in the cytoplasm of the trophic forms ...	2001	11301586
activities and conformational fitting of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and other cyclic 1,4-diones tested in vitro against pneumocystis carinii.	atovaquone is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii in some immunocompromised patients. a set of cyclic 1,4-diones were tested in vitro for ability to inhibit growth of p. carinii, including 22 variously substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones, one bis-1,4-naphthoquinone, and three other quinones. for comparison, the antipneumocystic primaquine and its 5-hydroxy-6-desmethyl metabolite were also tested. at 1.0 microg/ml, seven compounds inhibited growth by at lea ...	2001	11302813
identification of pneumocystis carinii in the lungs of infants dying of sudden infant death syndrome.	recently pneumocystis carinii has been identified in a significant number of infants diagnosed as having died from sudden infant death syndrome (sids) in south america and europe.	2001	11303835
carbohydrate recognition domain of surfactant protein d mediates interactions with pneumocystis carinii glycoprotein a.	pneumocystis carinii continues to cause severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. surfactant protein d (sp-d), a lung collectin, markedly accumulates during p. carinii pneumonia and binds to glycoprotein a (gpa) on the surface of p. carinii, thereby enhancing interactions with alveolar macrophages. herein, we report the structural basis of the interaction of sp-d with gpa. we demonstrate that natural sp-d binds to purified gpa in the presence of 2 mm calcium in a saturable, concentration-d ...	2001	11306442
infections in patients with immunodeficiency with thymoma (good syndrome). report of 5 cases and review of the literature.	immunodeficiency with thymoma (good syndrome, gs) is a rare, adult-onset condition that is characterized by thymoma, hypogammaglobulinemia, and low numbers of peripheral b cells. cd4+ t lymphopenia and an inverted cd4:cd8+ t-cell ratio may be present. here we report 5 patients with gs and infectious complications who were seen at 3 institutions between 1983 and 1999. three patients had recurrent sinopulmonary infections, 3 had severe cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease, and 1 had pneumocystis carinii ...	2001	11307588
reappraisal of the aetiology and prognostic factors of severe acute respiratory failure in hiv patients.	the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors in 1996 has changed the morbidity and mortality of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. therefore, the aetiologies and prognostic factors of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with life-threatening respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit (icu) admission need to be reassessed. from 1993 to 1998, we prospectively evaluated 57 hiv patients (mean+/-sem age 36.5+/-1.3 yrs) admitted t ...	2001	11307762
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a cavalier king charles spaniel.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed by postmortem examination of a one-year-old cavalier king charles spaniel with four-week history of dyspnea. cytologic and histologic examination of lung tissues revealed numerous p. carinii trophozoites and cysts, and p. carinii specific dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction. the dog showed hypogammagloblinemia and extremely low levels of serum igg. it was considered that p. carinii pneumonia in this case was associated with an immunodeficien ...	2001	11307943
anti-inflammatory treatment of acute and chronic pneumonia.	the inflammatory response to infection is necessary for host defense but can contribute to the systemic toxicity and lung injury that may result from pneumonia. in some settings, adjunctive treatment of lower respiratory infections with anti-inflammatory agents can reduce morbidity. corticosteroids have a well-documented role in the management of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia complicating human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. corticosteroids also were found to reduce systemic symptoms o ...	2001	11309715
complications during clinical courses of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	to describe the incidence of complications before and during therapy of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).	2001	11310488
pneumocystosis in wild small mammals from california.	cyst forms of the opportunistic fungal parasite pneumocystis carinii were found in the lungs of 34% of the desert shrew, notiosorex crawfordi (n = 59), 13% of the ornate shrew, sorex ornatus (n = 55), 6% of the dusky-footed wood rat, neotoma fuscipes (n = 16), 2.5% of the california meadow vole, microtus californicus (n = 40), and 50% of the california pocket mouse, chaetodipus californicus (n = 2) caught from southern california between february 1998 and february 2000. cysts were not found in a ...	2001	11310900
real time quantitative pcr and rt--pcr for analysis of pneumocystis carinii hominis.	pneumocystis carinii hominis is a common cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients and particularly in those infected by hiv. giemsa- and gomori--grocott-stained smears are widely used for detection and quantification of this opportunistic fungus obtained from biological samples or from in vitro culture. but these methods are fastidious and time-consuming. thus, instead of performing a count of organisms, we focused our attention on the level of specific dna by a quantitative pcr techniqu ...	2001	11311396
neonatal t cells in an adult lung environment are competent to resolve pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	initiation of the pulmonary inflammatory response to pneumocystis carinii is delayed by 3 wk in mice infected as neonates compared with adults. there was no difference in the proliferative response of draining lymph node t cells from mice infected as neonates compared with adults when stimulated in vitro with either con a or anti-cd3 mab: however, tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma mrna expression in the lungs of p. carinii-infected neonates was significantly lower than in adults indicating a lack of appro ...	2001	11313412
value of limited necropsy in hiv-positive patients.	we performed limited autopsy with histological examination of tissue cores obtained percutaneously using the tru-cut needle and the jamshidi trocar in 150 adult hiv-positive patients. data were compared retrospectively with the antemortem clinical diagnosis. eighty-one percent of the patients were male, and 78% were intravenous drug users. specimens were obtained from the brain, liver, lung, bone marrow, and kidney of most patients. the main findings included liver cirrhosis in 22 cases (associa ...	2001	11314779
surfactant protein d and kl-6 as serologic indicators of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in immunocompromised patients is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality. serum levels of surfactant protein d (sp-d) and kl-6 are useful biomarkers for understanding some pulmonary inflammatory responses in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ipf). we present a child with pcp following bone marrow transplantation (bmt) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all), for whom both sp-d and kl-6 in sera were simultaneously measured through the ...	2001	11321887
safety of fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone combined with rituximab in the treatment of stage iv indolent lymphoma.	rituximab (rituxan; genentech, inc, south san francisco, ca and idec pharmaceutical corporation, san diego, ca) is an effective agent for the treatment of cd20-positive b-cell lymphomas. because its toxicities are minimal and do not overlap with the toxicities of standard chemotherapy, it is an appealing agent to use in combination with chemotherapy. moreover, there is evidence for synergy between rituximab and some chemotherapeutic agents. the combination of fludarabine/ mitoxantrone/dexamethas ...	2000	11225999
identification of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum of aids patients in chennai (madras).	induced sputum samples were collected from 32 aids patients with respiratory ailments. pneumcystis carinii was demonstrated in 9 out of 32 aids cases by indirect immunofluorescence technique (hf). four cases were positive by all the three techniques namely giemsa staining, toluidine blue staining and iif, three were positive by both toluidine blue and iif, and two were positive only by iif. among other microbial pathogens, acid fast bacilli was demonstrated in all the p carinii positive cases an ...	2000	11218675
secondary infections of aids autopsy cases in japan with special emphasis on mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection.	in order to study the frequency of secondary infections of aids autopsy cases in japan, especially the frequency of mycobacterium aviumintracellulare complex (mac) infection, retrospective autopsy study was conducted between 1986 and 1997 at the affiliated hospital of institute of medical sciences, university of tokyo. secondary infections of various organs from 43 aids autopsy cases were examined using histopathology, genetic diagnosis of tuberculosis, ziehl-neelsen stain for acid-fast bacilli ...	2000	11211316
[listeriosis: an infrequent infection in patients with hiv].	although resistance to listeria monocytogenes infection requires intact t-cell mediated immunity, listeriosis is an infrequent problem in patients with hiv infection and only about 50 patients have been reported to date. only two patients with hiv and l. monocytogenes have been attended in our hospital since the beginning of aids epidemic in 1981. case 1: a man with hiv and 364 cd4+ cells/mm3 presented fever and occipital headache. the cerebral scan was normal and l. monocytogenes grew in licuor ...	2000	11213581
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv infection. review of 70 cases].		2000	11213593
pneumocystis infections: the iceberg?	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a well-recognized lung disease of immunocompromised patients, but the real impact of pneumocystis infection in humans remains to be discovered. pneumocystis represents probably one of the more frequent infectious agents faced by humans. seroconversion revealed p. carinii primary infection in > 90% of infants and small children, but the infection source and the clinical or pathological changes associated with this first contact with the parasite remain unkn ...	2000	11204150
mycoses in aids.	major changes are occurring in the epidemiology of opportunistic infections (oi) in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). a marked decrease of minor and major oi was observed and clinical resistance of thrush to antifungal agents became extremely rare. primary and secondary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii infections can be stopped; however, the situation is less clear for other oi such as cryptococcosis or ...	2000	11204154
new targets and delivery systems for antifungal therapy.	development of new approaches for treatment of invasive fungal infections encompasses new delivery systems for approved and investigational compounds, as well as exploiting the cell membrane, cell wall and virulence factors as putative antifungal targets. novel delivery systems consisting of cyclodextrins, cochleates, nanoparticles/nanospheres and long circulating ('stealth') liposomes, substantially modulate the pharmacokinetics of existing compounds, and may also be useful to enhance the deliv ...	2000	11204162
natural pathogens of laboratory animals and their effects on research.	the natural fungal pathogens of laboratory animals such as rabbits and guinea pigs are mainly dermatophyte species, most commonly trichophyton mentagrophytes and also, less frequently microsporum gypseum and m. canis. however, the incidences of infection and clinical disease are low in well-managed animal facilities. young or immunocompromised rabbits are thought to be most susceptible. dermatophytes infect the epidermis and adnexal structures, including hair follicles and shafts, usually on or ...	2000	11204165
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a yorkshire terrier dog.	a 14-month-old male yorkshire terrier was presented to the autonomous university of barcelona veterinary teaching hospital because of a history of chronic non-productive cough and acute dyspnea. a follow-up radiograph revealed a diffuse, bilaterally interstitial-alveolar lung disease with presence of air bronchograms. the dog died 5 h after admission with severe dyspnea. histological sections of the necropsy specimens revealed the presence of characteristic pneumocystis carinii cysts within alve ...	2000	11204883
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a child without immunodepression].	we report the case of a 5 1/2 month baby with an atypical pneumonia. the pcr revealed a pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the complementary approach failed to show any immunosuppression. we will discuss the aetiology, physiopathology and treatment of pneumocystis carnii pneumonia, particularly in cases without immunosuppression. we will also recall the importance of this disease in aids.	2000	11205188
prospective evaluation of detoxification pathways as markers of cutaneous adverse reactions to sulphonamides in aids.	the use of sulphonamides is complicated by a high rate of cutaneous reactions in aids. metabolic risk factors have been suspected for these reactions. we conducted a prospective study to evaluate whether glutathione s-transferase m1 null genotype, glutathione deficiency and acetylator status as risk factors. to explain the high frequency of slow acetylator phenotype in aids patients, we compared n-acetyltransferase-2 phenotype and genotype in this population. aids patients treated with sulphonam ...	2000	11191886
pulmonary complications in patients with aids: a report from a beijing hospital.	the aim of this study was to improve the awareness of pulmonary complications in patients with aids.	2000	11192557
[dramatic improvement of severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by corticosteroids despite lack of antipneumocystis therapy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].	a 30-year-old thai man was admitted to our hospital complaining of general fatigue, pyrexia, dyspnea, and a productive cough. he was in serious respiratory failure and had a pao2 of 45.9 torr in room air. chest radiography showed marked infiltration of both lungs. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) was ruled out by a negative test for hiv antibody. he was given corticosteroids including methylprednisolone mini-pulse therapy and antibiot ...	2000	11193327
significance of respiratory isolates of mycobacterium avium complex in hiv-positive and hiv-negative patients.	mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is isolated with increasing frequency from respiratory specimens. this study was an attempt to determine the significance of this in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive and hiv-negative patients.	2000	11179916
evaluation of two nested polymerase chain reactions for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.		2000	11168092
[diffuse infiltrative lung diseases of infectious and neoplastic origin].	among the causes of chronic diffuse infiltrative lung diseases, infection and neoplasia have to be suspected in priority because of their frequency and their therapeutic specificities. diffuse infiltrative lung diseases related to infection, often acute and feverish, are due to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, miliary tuberculosis, or virus and atypical pneumonia. strategy for microbiological diagnosis depends on the pathogen suspected and the pulmonary disease severity. by contrast, diffuse infi ...	2000	11151329
hiv-1 tat represses transcription from the mannose receptor promoter.	the mannose receptor is expressed on mature macrophages and immature dendritic cells, and functions to mediate phagocytosis of pathogens and capture of ags for delivery to mhc class ii-containing intracellular compartments. it has been previously reported that hiv-1-infected macrophages have reduced functions associated with the mannose receptor, including impaired pneumocystis carinii phagocytosis and mannosylated albumin uptake. several hiv-1-derived proteins including the tat protein have bee ...	2000	11120831
determination of the copy number of the nuclear rdna and beta-tubulin genes of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis using pcr multicompetitors.	multiple copies of a gene may lead to difficulty in the interpretation of typing results because polymorphism of the copies may wrongly lead to the conclusion that different types are present in a specimen. to determine the copy number per genome of the nuclear rdna and beta-tubulin genes analyzed for the typing of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis, we developed a strategy based on the use of the same multicompetitor molecule in two different quantitative-competitive pcrs, one for the gene und ...	2000	11140450
differential impact of combined antiretroviral therapy on the survival of italian patients with specific aids-defining illnesses.	a decrease in hiv-related mortality and morbidity has been observed since 1996 in most developed countries as a consequence of the extensive use of combined antiretroviral therapies. the purpose of this study was to investigate whether combined antiretroviral therapies had a differential impact on the survival of patients with different aids-defining illnesses (adis).	2000	11141245
[rare cause of tachy-, asl well asl bradycardic arrhythmias].	a 53-year-old female patient from the philippines was admitted with intermittent complete heart block and assumed coronary artery disease. physical examination was normal except for moist pulmonary sounds. ecg and monitoring showed bifascicular block and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. a markedly reduced left ventricular function was seen in the echocardiogram. coronary angiography showed two vessel disease. endomyocardial biopsy revealed florid giant cell myocarditis. heart failure and ven ...	2000	11149266
dna minor groove interactions and the biological activity of 2,5-bis.	2,5-bis-[4-(n-cyclobutyl-amidino)phenyl] furan and 2,5-bis-[4-(n-cyclohexyl-amidino)phenyl] furan have activity against pneumocystis carinii and also show cytotoxicity against several tumour cell lines. these activities are correlated with dna-binding abilities; the crystal structures of complexes with the dna sequence d(cgcgaattcgcg) is reported here. interactions with, and effects on, the dna minor groove, are found to be factors in the biological properties of these compounds.	2000	11128631
characterization of the gene encoding a histidine and aspartic acid-rich protein from pneumocystis carinii.	a cdna clone derived from pneumocystis carinii contained an unusual sequence (gtgatg)2(atggtg)4(atg)4 and many gat repeats. it was found to encode a histidine and aspartic acid-rich protein (harp). the complete cdna contained an 888-bp open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 32.6 kda. the deduced harp protein contained 39 aspartic acid and 22 histidine residues. the genomic copy of the harp gene (1203 bp in length) was found to contain 3 small introns of 46, 44, and 38 bp, respectively ...	2000	11128711
factors impacting on drug choices. issues for developing countries.	in considering factors that impact on drug choices for children in developing countries, it is important to learn from the advances in antiretroviral therapy that have been made in the united states and other developed countries. abundant clinical data indicate that monotherapy with antiretroviral agents, no matter how potent, is inadequate and the children should be treated with three or more drugs. when treatment regimens are changed, at least two new drugs should be started simultaneouly to a ...	2000	11131721
pneumocystis carinii diagnosis: an update.	from 1994 to date we have been using the internal transcribed spacers (itss) nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to investigate the possibility of diagnosing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia on non-invasive samples collected from hiv-positive patients with pulmonary involvement. the objectives were: (1) to test the sensitivity, specificity and prognostic value of pcr in diagnosis and follow up of pcp; (2) to investigate the eventual occurrence and role of asymptomatic carriers of p. carinii; (3 ...	2000	11118878
[cause of death and autopsy findings in patients of the swiss hiv cohort study (shcs)].	the swiss hiv cohort study (shcs) is a prospective cohort study of hiv-infected adolescents and adults seen at 7 outpatient clinics (swiss university hospitals in basle, berne, geneva, lausanne, zurich, the st. gall cantonal hospital and the civico hospital in lugano). the shcs serves as an infrastructure for different research projects and includes about 70% of all patients with advanced disease in switzerland. from april 1984 to november 1995 3120 hiv-infected patients of the shcs died. autops ...	2000	11109604
small bowel transplantation using grafts from living-related donors. two case reports.	a living-related small bowel transplantation (sbt) was performed in two pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome. in both cases, the donor was the patient's mother. the distal ileum (100 cm, 120 cm) was harvested and the ileocolic vessels, ileocecal valve, and terminal ileum were left intact. the two donors were discharged from the hospital on postoperative days 15 and 6, respectively. recipient 1 was a 2 year 6 month-old boy with short bowel syndrome who underwent sbt due to loss of venous ...	2000	11111992
impact of bal in the management of pneumonia with treatment failure: positivity of bal culture under antibiotic therapy.	pneumonia is responsible for 50% of antibiotics prescribed in icus. treatment failure, ie, absence of improvement or clinical deterioration under antibiotic therapy, presents a dilemma to physicians. bal is an invasive method validated for etiologic diagnosis in pneumonia. study objective: to evaluate in icu patients the impact of bal in the etiologic diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of pneumonia with treatment failure.	2000	11115467
ultrastructural and molecular characterization of pneumocystis carinii isolated from a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta).	high levels of heterogeneity have been observed among isolates of pneumocystis carinii derived from different mammalian host species. we report the characterization of p. carinii isolated from a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), which was immunosuppressed as a result of infection with a chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shivsbg). histopathological examination showed evidence of severe p. carinii pneumonia with a large predominance of trophozoite forms. alveolitis consisted of typical f ...	2000	10746229
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in malawian children.		2000	10885379
activities of sordarins in experimental models of candidiasis, aspergillosis, and pneumocystosis.	sordarin derivatives represent a new class of antifungal agents that act as potent inhibitors of fungal protein synthesis and possess a broad spectrum of activity. the in vivo activity of gm193663 and gm237354 was studied in mouse models of disseminated candidiasis and aspergillosis and in a rat model of pneumocystosis. the pharmacokinetic behavior of both sordarin derivatives was studied in mice and rats. in all studies, compounds were administered by the subcutaneous route. after a subcutaneou ...	2000	11083645
delayed inflammatory response to pneumocystis carinii infection in neonatal mice is due to an inadequate lung environment.	challenge of neonatal mice with an intranasal inoculation of pneumocystis carinii results in a subclinical infection that takes 6 wk to resolve, whereas adult mice resolve a comparable challenge within 3 wk. this delayed clearance is due to a delayed inflammatory response in neonatal mice; however, the reason for this delay has been unknown. to determine whether the neonatal lung environment is sufficient to attract immunocompetent lymphocytes into the lungs, an adoptive transfer strategy was em ...	2000	11086088
contributions of individual nucleotides to tertiary binding of substrate by a pneumocystis carinii group i intron.	pneumocystis carinii is a mammalian pathogen that infects and kills immunocompromised hosts such as cancer and aids patients. the lsu rrna precursor of p. carinii contains a conserved group i intron that is an attractive drug target because humans do not contain group i introns. the oligonucleotide r(augacu), whose sequence mimics the 3'-end of the 5'-exon, binds to a ribozyme derived from the intron with a k(d) of 5.2 nm, which is 61000-fold tighter than expected from base-pairing alone [testa, ...	2000	11087376
improving survival following aids in australia, 1991-1996. national hiv surveillance committee.	to describe the pattern of survival following aids.	2000	11089623
housing status and health care service utilization among low-income persons with hiv/aids.	to examine the impact of housing status on health service utilization patterns in low-income hiv-infected adults.	2000	11089717
immunohistochemical study of pneumocystis carinii infection in pigs: evaluation of pneumocystis pneumonia and a retrospective investigation.	infection with pneumocystis carinii was demonstrated immunohistochemically in the lungs of pigs 15 to 75 days of age from a herd with epidemic pneumonia due to the organism. the distribution of the organism was centered on the airways, and extended progressively with age from the alveolar ducts to the alveoli. in a retrospective immunohistochemical study of 245 newborn to adult pigs which were necropsied between 1988 and 1995, p carinii infection was found in 87 pigs (35.5 per cent) aged between ...	2000	11095394
aspects of pulmonary infections after solid organ transplantation.	the increasing number of solid organ transplant (sot) recipients have high rates of pulmonary infections due to bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. these patients have unique sets of factors predisposing to infection. lung and heart-lung transplants are associated with particularly high infection rates. the prominence of cytomegalovirus (cmv) as a pathogen in all subsets of sot patients has led to new strategies for prophylaxis, detection, and treatment of cmv pneumonitis. progress is simila ...	2000	11095857
hiv treatment in developing countries.	diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic advances have had a major impact on hiv at both the individual and community levels in wealthy nations. however, more than 95% of hiv infections occur in developing countries, where personal or national economies cannot support these measures. therefore, hiv treatment in developing countries must focus on particular aspects of infection, especially prevention and treatment of those opportunistic infections for which inexpensive antimicrobial agents are avai ...	2000	11095879
a rat model for combined trypanosoma cruzi and pneumocystis carinii infection.	dexamethasone treated rats inoculated with trypanosoma cruzi developed acute parasitemia. in addition, these animals concomitantly developed severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and died after 4 weeks of immunosuppression (100%). however, immunocompetent (untreated) rats inoculated with t. cruzi did not acquire p. carinii and recovered from t. cruzi infection. rats immunosuppressed, but not inoculated with t. cruzi, developed only pcp and died 5-6 weeks later (93%). in contrast, immunocom ...	2000	11095921
epidemiology of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an era of effective prophylaxis: the relative contribution of non-adherence and drug failure.	to determine the relative contribution of patient non-adherence, provider failure to prescribe prophylaxis, and drug failure to the continued occurrence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and to determine correlates of non-adherence.	2000	11101068
why does pneumocystis carinii pneumonia still occur?		2000	11101076
a 5-day course of oral desensitization to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (t/s) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection who were previously intolerant to t/s.	trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (t/s) is an essential drug in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) infection to prevent opportunistic infections. about 40% to 60% of them develop skin rash which leads to discontinue the medication. a precise mechanism of the reaction is not known.	2000	11030281
expression and characterization of recombinant human-derived pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase.	dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) is the target of trimethoprim (tmp), which has been widely used in combination with sulfa drugs for treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. while the rat-derived p. carinii dhfr has been well characterized, kinetic studies of human-derived p. carinii dhfr, which differs from rat-derived p. carinii dhfr by 38% in amino acid sequence, have not been reported to date. here we report on the expression and kinetic characterization of the recombinant ...	2000	11036028
infection and immunity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	patients having chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) are at increased risk for infectious morbidity and mortality. the predisposition to infections in cll patients has many components, including both immunodeficiency related to the leukemia itself (humoral and cellular immune dysfunction) and the results of cumulative immunosuppression related to cll treatment. the risk of infectious complications increases with the duration of cll, reflecting the natural history of the disease and the cumulative ...	2000	11040852
[current hiv therapy and its clinical problems].	hiv-specific protease inhibitors(pi) have been available in japan since 1997. since then, highly active anti-retroviral therapy(haart) including two reverse transcriptase inhibitors combined with pi became the main strategy of hiv treatment. after introducing haart, incidence of most opportunistic infections dramatically decreased, resulted a steep decline of aids death in japan as well as in the united states. however, several unexpected problems related to haart have been coming up. one is a l ...	2000	11051780
design, synthesis, and x-ray crystal structure of a potent dual inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase as an antitumor agent.	a novel n-¿2-amino-4-methyl[(pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl¿-l-glutamic acid (3a) was designed and synthesized as a potent dual inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (ts) and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and as an antitumor agent. compound 3b, the n7-benzylated analogue of 3a, was also synthesized as an antitumor agent. the synthesis of 3a was accomplished via a 12-step sequence which involved the synthesis of 2-amino-4-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (10) in 5 steps from 2-acetylbutyr ...	2000	11052789
febrile neutropenia in allogeneic transplantation.	infections post allogeneic bone marrow transplant (bmt) are a major problem. post bmt, three periods with infectious complications are discerned: pre-engraftment and early recovery, mid recovery and late recovery. in the first period mucosal damage and neutropenia are the major host defence deficits. bacterial infections with gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, and fungal infections are seen in this period. in the mid recovery phase graft versus host and its treatment contribute to dimini ...	2000	11053805
rapid detection of dihydropteroate polymorphism in aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by restriction fragment length polymorphism.	sulpha agents, which act by inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (dhps), are used widely for the treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). recently, we have shown that mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) gene of pneumocystis carinii f.sp hominis are associated with failure of sulpha prophylaxis and increased mortality in hiv-1 positive patients with pcp, suggesting that dhps mutations may cause sulpha resistance. to facilitate detection of dhps mut ...	2000	11055650
population structure of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii in danish wild rats.	the rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is frequently used to study human p. carinii infection, but there are many differences between the rat and human infections. we studied naturally acquired p. carinii in wild rats to examine the relevance of the rat model for human infection. p. carinii dna was detected in 47 of 51 wild rats and in 10 of 12 nonimmunosuppressed laboratory rats. evidence for three novel formae speciales of rat-derived p. carinii was found, and these were provisionally ...	2000	11055949
transmission of pneumocystis carinii disease from immunocompetent contacts of infected hosts to susceptible hosts.	pneumocystis carinii organisms constitute a large group of heterogeneous atypical microscopic fungi that are able to infect immunocompromised mammals by an airborne route and to proliferate in their lungs, inducing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. this pneumonia remains a crucial epidemiological challenge, since neither the source of pneumocystis carinii infection in humans nor the process by which humans become infected has been clearly established. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays have sh ...	2000	11057500
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients.		2000	11057837
regional differences in presentation of aids in europe.	data were collected on 6578 patients diagnosed with aids at 52 clinical centres in 17 european countries during an 1-year period from 1979 to 1989. the centres were divided into four regions, north, central, southeast, and southwest. differences in the incidence of most aids-defining opportunistic infections and malignancies were found. after adjusting for known possible confounders, statistically significant differences between regions remained. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was more com ...	2000	11057969
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome followed by kl-6, surfactant protein-d and beta-d-glucan in serum].	a 40-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with acute respiratory failure. the patient was given a diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). after treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroid, the respiratory failure was improved and the abnormal shadows disappeared. the serum beta-d-glucan level, significantly elevated (76.0 pg/ml) on admission, returned to the normal range within two weeks. serum kl-6 (ma ...	2000	11061091
conversion to rapamycin immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients: report of an initial experience.	the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of rapa conversion in patients undergoing cyclosporine (csa) or tacrolimus (tac) toxicity.	2000	11063349
pneumocystis carinii and geographic clustering: evidence for transmission of infection.		2000	11069781
geographic clustering of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv infection.	to detect whether there was geographic clustering of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia cases among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, we performed a retrospective analysis of a clinical database. the rates of pneumocystosis were analyzed by zip code zones for evidence of geographical clustering. during the study period, 118 patients at our aids treatment center had a first episode of p. carinii pneumonia. an analysis of the 24 zip code zones for which a p. carinii pneumonia ...	2000	11069785
geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in san francisco.	the epidemiology of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and its geographic distribution are incompletely understood. we examined the influence of geographic location as a risk factor for pcp through a retrospective case-control study of hiv-infected persons evaluated for pcp at san francisco general hospital. subjects had microscopically confirmed pcp diagnosed between january 1996 and june 1999. control subjects had a presentation suggestive of pcp, but had bronchoalveolar lavage examination t ...	2000	11069786
cytokine-driven inflammatory response is associated with the hypermetabolism of aids patients with opportunistic infections.	to assess a possible role of systemic inflammation in the resting metabolic response in aids patients with active secondary infections.	2000	11071589
fatal pneumonia in an aids patient coinfected with adenovirus and pneumocystis carinii.	adenovirus infections are common in immunocompromised hosts. however, pulmonary adenovirus infections rarely cause significant morbidity in hiv-infected patients.	2000	11073142
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected patient with sickle cell crisis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) usually occurs in the setting of preexisting immunosuppression. we present a case of pcp that occurred in an hiv-negative woman with severe sickle cell disease.	2000	11073785
hiv-related nontuberculous mycobacterial infection: incidence, survival analysis and associated risk factors.	to evaluate the incidence and survival time for aids-patients affected by different stages of nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infection we performed a retrospective study. data of 1540 hospitalised aids-patients was analyzed with respect to survival time and incidence rates. the overall incidence rate of ntm following aids was 16.6/100 person-years (py), with an increase from 12.1/100py (1987-1990) to 18.9/100py (1991-1994). antiretroviral therapy (art) and toxoplasmosis prophylaxis reduced t ...	2000	11076783
pneumocystis carinii in south africa.		2000	11081117
the crystal structure of thymidylate synthase from pneumocystis carinii reveals a fungal insert important for drug design.	thymidylate synthase from pneumocystis carinii (pcts) is an especially important drug target, since p. carinii is a fungus that causes opportunistic pneumonia infections in immune-compromised patients and is among the leading causes of death of aids patients. thymidylate synthase (ts) is the sole enzyme responsible for the de novo production of deoxythymidine monophosphate and hence is crucial for dna replication in every organism. inhibitors selective for p. carinii ts over human ts would be gr ...	2000	10731418
structural studies on bioactive compounds. 30. crystal structure and molecular modeling studies on the pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase cofactor complex with tab, a highly selective antifolate.	the crystal structure of the ternary complex of nadph, the potent antifolate [2, 4-diamino-5-¿3-[3-(2-acetyloxyethyl)-3-benzyltriazen-1-yl]-4 -chloroph enyl¿-6-ethylpyrimidine] (tab, 1) and pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcdhfr), refined to 2.1 a resolution, reveals that tab binds similar to the antifolates trimethoprim and methotrexate. these data also reveal multiple conformations for the binding geometry of tab with two preferred orientations of the acetyloxy and benzyl groups ...	2000	10736154
[effect of dapsone on survival in hiv infected patients: a meta- analysis of finished trials].	the aim of the study was to estimate the effect of dapsone on survival in hivinfected patients. method: the method was a metaanalysis. data searches used medline, aids trials, and aids drugs databases from 1983 to january 1996, clinical trials registries of appropriate collaborative research groups, abstract books of international conferences on aids and infectious diseases between 1988 and 1996, references listed within selected articles and active experts in hiv infection. were considered as e ...	2000	10740082
immunization with recombinant pneumocystis carinii p55 antigen provides partial protection against infection: characterization of epitope recognition associated with immunization.	many therapeutic options exist for the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a common fungal opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, but treatment is often complicated by side effects and toxicity and, more recently, markers of drug resistance have been described. the development of immunotherapetic modalities such as active immunization or passive immunotherapy may play an increasing important role in the prevention and treatment of infection. passive immunotherapy with polyclonal anti-p. cari ...	2000	10742685
evaluation of diagnostic value and epidemiological implications of pcr for pneumocystis carinii in different immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patient groups.	to evaluate the value of single and nested pcrs for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in a variety of respiratorily distressed patient groups, 574 respiratory samples from 334 patients (89 human immunodeficiency virus [hiv]-positive patients, 61 transplant recipients, 66 malignancy patients, 34 otherwise immunosuppressed patients, and 84 immunocompetent patients) were prospectively examined by microscopy and single and nested pcrs. the resulting data were correlated with clinical ...	2000	10747126
transmission of pneumocystis carinii dna from a patient with p. carinii pneumonia to immunocompetent contact health care workers.	the transmission of pneumocystis carinii from person to person was studied by detecting p. carinii-specific dna in prospectively obtained noninvasive deep-nasal-swab samples from a child with a documented p. carinii pneumonia (pcp), his mother, two contact health care workers, and 30 hospital staff members who did not enter the patient's room (controls). nested-dna amplification was done by using oligonucleotide primers designed for the gene encoding the mitochondrial large subunit rrna of rat p ...	2000	10747139
hiv infection in children in developing countries.	disease progression in children acquiring hiv infection vertically from their mothers is more rapid in developing countries compared with developed countries. the probability of death by 12 months in sub-saharan africa ranges from 0.23 to 0.35, and by 5 years is 0.57-0.68. data from europe in the era before highly active anti-retroviral therapy (haart) yielded probabilities of 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. confirming the diagnosis can be difficult in resource-limited settings. existing clinical cas ...	2000	10748884
bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplant patients.	bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) has proved valuable in the diagnosis of pulmonary complications in immunosuppressed patients. we evaluated the diagnostic yield of bal in pulmonary complications in bone marrow transplantation (bmt) recipients. we reviewed sequentially the records of 89 patients during an 18-month period. bal was diagnostic in 42 patients (47%). the most common pulmonary complication diagnosed by bal was diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (n = 15); followed by bacterial pneumonia (n = 10), ...	2000	10800066
therapeutic application of zinc in human immunodeficiency virus against opportunistic infections.	the relevance of zinc in resistance to infections by virus, fungi and bacteria is recognized because of its pivotal role in the efficiency of the entire immune system, in particular in conferring biological activity to a thymic hormone called thymulin, which has differentiation properties on t-cell lines. in infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the zinc-bound form of thymulin (active thymulin, znfts) is strongly reduced in stage iv of the disease (centers for disease control and pr ...	2000	10801955
s-adenosylmethionine and pneumocystis carinii.	we previously reported that s-adenosylmethionine (adomet), a key molecule in methylation reactions and polyamine biosynthesis, enhances axenic culture of the aids-associated opportunistic fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii. here we report that adomet is absolutely required for continuous growth. two transporters are present, one high affinity, k(m) = 4.5 microm, and one low affinity, k(m) = 333 microm. the physiologically relevant high affinity transporter has a ph optimum of 7.5 and no relate ...	2000	10809741
inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis and amphotericin b reduce the viability of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii.	pneumocystis carinii synthesizes sterols with a double bond at c-7 of the sterol nucleus and an alkyl group with one or two carbons at c-24 of the side chain. also, some human-derived pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis strains contain lanosterol derivatives with an alkyl group at c-24. these unique sterols have not been found in other pathogens of mammalian lungs. thus, p. carinii may have important differences in its susceptibility to drugs known to block reactions in ergosterol biosynthesis i ...	2000	10817720
in vitro activity of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors against pneumocystis carinii.	since 1996, the introduction of protease inhibitors (pis) has led to a dramatic decrease of human immunodeficiency virus-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. this effect is clearly due, in large part, to the induction of immune reconstitution by highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). however, it is conceivable that pis had other beneficial effects, including direct activity against pneumocystis. in this study, the occurrence of specific aspartyl proteases in pneumocystis is described. ...	2000	10823762
discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus type i-infected patients: the changes in opportunistic prophylaxis study.	a multicenter open, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to determine whether primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis can be discontinued in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) whose cd4+ t cell counts have increased to >200 cells/mm3 (and who have remained at this level for at least 3 months) as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). patients were randomized to either the discontinuation arm (i.e ...	2000	10823763