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construction and analysis of a plant transformation binary vector pbdgg harboring a bi-directional promoter fusing dual visible reporter genes.the constitutive promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus 35s (camv 35s) is a polar unidirectional promoter and is widely used in plant genetic engineering. in the present study, the unidirectional camv 35s promoter has been modified to a bi-directional promoter by fusing its minimal promoter element to the 5' end of camv 35s promoter in the opposite orientation. to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate its bi-directional transcriptional function and activity, two visible reporter genes, gusa (b ...200818439982
glucomannan-mediated attachment of rhizobium leguminosarum to pea root hairs is required for competitive nodule infection.the rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae genome contains several genes predicted to determine surface polysaccharides. mutants predicted to affect the initial steps of polysaccharide synthesis were identified and characterized. in addition to the known cellulose (cel) and acidic exopolysaccharide (eps) (pss) genes, we mutated three other loci; one of these loci (gmsa) determines glucomannan synthesis and one (gela) determines a gel-forming polysaccharide, but the role of the other locus (an exo ...200818441060
roots, nitrogen transformations, and ecosystem services.this review considers some of the mechanistic processes that involve roots in the soil nitrogen (n) cycle, and their implications for the ecological functions that retain n within ecosystems: 1) root signaling pathways for n transport systems, and feedback inhibition, especially for no(3)(-) uptake; 2) dependence on the mycorrhizal and rhizobium/legume symbioses and their tradeoffs for n acquisition; 3) soil factors that influence the supply of nh(4)(+) and no(3)(-) to roots and soil microbes; a ...200818444903
coordinating nodule morphogenesis with rhizobial infection in legumes.the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legumes requires an integration of infection by rhizobia at the root epidermis and the initiation of cell division in the cortex, several cell layers away from the sites of infection. several recent developments have added to our understanding of the signaling events in the epidermis associated with the perception of rhizobial nodulation factors and the role of plant hormones in the activation of cell division leading to nodule morphogenesis. this revi ...200818444906
anchorage to the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane: a new strategy to stabilize a cytosolic recombinant antigen in plants.the levels of accumulation of recombinant vaccines in transgenic plants are protein specific and strongly influenced by the subcellular compartment of destination. the human immunodeficiency virus protein nef (negative factor), a promising target for the development of an antiviral vaccine, is a cytosolic protein that accumulates to low levels in transgenic tobacco and is even more unstable when introduced into the secretory pathway, probably because of folding defects in the non-cytosolic envir ...200818444969
dual elicitation for improved production of withaferin a by cell suspension cultures of withania somnifera.high yielding transformed callus culture of w. somnifera was established by infecting hypocotyls with agrobacterium tumefaciens mtcc-2250. maximum withaferin a content of 0.0875 mg/g dry cell weight and transformation efficiency of 80% were obtained. confirmation of transformation was done on the basis of the presence of the ags gene by using polymerase chain reaction. various abiotic elicitors (arachidonic acid, methyl jasmonate, calcium chloride, and copper sulfate) and biotic elicitors (cell ...200818449479
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of apricot (prunus armeniaca l.) leaf explants.a protocol for agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation for scored, whole leaf explants of the apricot (prunus armeniaca) cultivar helena was developed. regenerated shoots were selected using a two-step increased concentrations of paromomycin sulphate. different factors affecting survival of transformed buds, including possible toxicity of green fluorescent protein (gfp) and time of exposure to high cytokine concentration in the regeneration medium, were examined. transformation efficiency, ...200818449544
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice using immature embryos or calli induced from mature seed.here, we provide comprehensive, highly efficient protocols for agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of a wide range of rice genotypes. methods that use either immature embryos (japonica and indica rice) or calli (japonica cultivars and the indica cultivar, kasalath) as a starting material for inoculation with agrobacterium are described. immature embryos are pretreated with heat and centrifugal force, which significantly enhances the efficiency of gene transfer, and then infected wi ...200818451790
rhizobium cellulase celc2 is essential for primary symbiotic infection of legume host roots.the rhizobia-legume, root-nodule symbiosis provides the most efficient source of biologically fixed ammonia fertilizer for agricultural crops. its development involves pathways of specificity, infectivity, and effectivity resulting from expressed traits of the bacterium and host plant. a key event of the infection process required for development of this root-nodule symbiosis is a highly localized, complete erosion of the plant cell wall through which the bacterial symbiont penetrates to establi ...200818458328
phage display and crystallographic analysis reveals potential substrate/binding site interactions in the protein secretion chaperone csaa from agrobacterium tumefaciens.the protein csaa has been proposed to function as a protein secretion chaperone in bacteria that lack the sec-dependent protein-targeting chaperone secb. csaa is a homodimer with two putative substrate-binding pockets, one in each monomer. to test the hypothesis that these cavities are indeed substrate-binding sites able to interact with other polypeptide chains, we selected a peptide that bound to csaa from a random peptide library displayed on phage. presented here is the structure of csaa fro ...200818462752
interaction between agrobacterium tumefaciens oncoprotein 6b and a tobacco nucleolar protein that is homologous to tnp1 encoded by a transposable element of antirrhinum majus.when gene 6b on the t-dna of agrobacterium tumefaciens is transferred to plant cells, its expression causes plant hormone-independent division of cells in in vitro culture and abnormal cell growth, which induces various morphological defects in 6b-expressing transgenic arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana tabacum plants. protein 6b localizes to the nuclei, a requirement for the abnormal cell growth, and binds to a tobacco nuclear protein called ntsip1 and histone h3. in addition, 6b has histone ch ...200818463947
agrobactrium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of monascus ruber.agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) was successfully applied to monascus ruber. the optimum cocultivation time was 84 h with an efficiency of 900 to 1,000 transformants when 1x106 spores were used with the same volume of bacteria. the stability of transformants was over 98% after five generations. when m. ruber was transformed with a. tumefaciens yl-63 containing the green fluorescent protein gene (egfp), the green fluorescent signal was observed throughout hyphae, confirmin ...200818467872
a novel capsular polysaccharide from rhizobium rubi strain dsm 30149.rhizobium rubi, strain dsm 30149, is a gram negative phytopathogenic bacterium which produces a linear polysaccharide with the following repeating unit: this new structure was determined by spectroscopical and chemical methods. it presents similar lipophilic features reported for another strain of r. rubi. these contrast with features already known for capsular polysaccharide species from symbiontic members of the rhizobiaceae family, namely highly anionic polymers.200818468587
enhancement of heavy metal accumulation by tissue specific co-expression of iaam and acc deaminase genes in plants.1-aminocyclopropane deaminase (acc) and tryptophan monooxygenase are two enzymes involved in plant senescence-inhibiting and growth-promoting regulation, respectively. in this study, two binary vectors were constructed in which the agrobacterium iaam gene was under the transcriptional control of a xylem-specific glycine-rich protein promoter alone, or co-expressed with the bacterial acc deaminase gene, which was driven by the constitutive camv 35s promoter. transgenic petunia shoots co-expressin ...200818471863
transgenic superroots of lotus corniculatus can be regenerated from superroot-derived leaves following agrobacterium-mediated transformation.super-growing roots (superroots; sr), which have been established in the legume species lotus corniculatus, are a fast-growing root culture that allows continuous root cloning, direct somatic embryogenesis and mass regeneration of plants under entirely growth regulator-free culture conditions. these features are unique for non-hairy root cultures, and they are now stably expressed since the culture was isolated more than 10 years ago (1997). attempts to achieve direct and stable transformation o ...200818471930
pbinplus/ars: an improved plant transformation vector based on pbinplus.binary plant transformation vectors are widely used for introduction of transgenes into plants via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. we report the construction of a binary plant vector pbinplus/ars based on the pbinplus vector. improvements introduced into pbinplus/ars include the use of nonproprietary (ubiquitin-3 gene of solanum tuberosum) promoter and terminator sequences for transcription of the nptii selectable marker and introduction of rare 8-bp restriction enzyme sites f ...200818476828
flower-specific expression of the agrobacterium tumefaciens isopentenyltransferase gene results in radial expansion of floral organs in petunia hybrida.summary: biotechnology has the potential to modify commercially important traits of crops, such as fruit size and stress tolerance. to date, the floricultural industry has not profited significantly from these possibilities to manipulate, for example, flower size. cytokinins are known to be involved in many aspects of plant development, including cell division. increasing the amount of cytokinins has the potential to increase the size of an organ, such as the flower or the fruit. the agrobacteri ...200818482222
peptidoglycan and muropeptides from pathogens agrobacterium and xanthomonas elicit plant innate immunity: structure and activity.peptidoglycan (pgn) is a unique and essential structural part of the bacterial cell wall. pgns from two contrasting gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria elicited components characteristic of the innate immune system in arabidopsis thaliana, such as transcription of the defense gene pr1, oxidative burst, medium alkalinization, and formation of callose. highly purified muropeptides from pgns were more effective elicitors of early defense responses than native pgn. therefore, pgn and its constit ...200818482696
chromophore heterogeneity and photoconversion in phytochrome crystals and solution studied by resonance raman spectroscopy. 200818484576
symbiosis-promoting and deleterious effects of nopt, a novel type 3 effector of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234.establishment of symbiosis between certain host plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria ("rhizobia") depends on type 3 effector proteins secreted via the bacterial type 3 secretion system (t3ss). here, we report that the open reading frame y4zc of strain ngr234 encodes a novel rhizobial type 3 effector, termed nopt (for nodulation outer protein t). analysis of secreted proteins from ngr234 and t3ss mutants revealed that nopt is secreted via the t3ss. nopt possessed autoproteolytic activity when expr ...200818487326
fluorescent protein fusions to a human immunodeficiency virus monoclonal antibody reveal its intracellular transport through the plant endomembrane system.summary: in order to further understand the production and intracellular trafficking of pharmaceutical proteins in plants, the light and heavy chains (lc and hc) of the human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2g12 were fused to fluorescent proteins [venus and monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp)] to enable the visualization of their passage through the plant cell. co-expression of lc and hc with various markers of the endomembrane system demonstrated that lc fusions wer ...200818489536
genome sequence of the beta-rhizobium cupriavidus taiwanensis and comparative genomics of rhizobia.we report the first complete genome sequence of a beta-proteobacterial nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legumes, cupriavidus taiwanensis lmg19424. the genome consists of two chromosomes of size 3.42 mb and 2.50 mb, and a large symbiotic plasmid of 0.56 mb. the c. taiwanensis genome displays an unexpected high similarity with the genome of the saprophytic bacterium c. eutrophus h16, despite being 0.94 mb smaller. both organisms harbor two chromosomes with large regions of synteny interspersed by speci ...200818490699
formation of enantiopure 5-substituted oxazolidinones through enzyme-catalysed kinetic resolution of epoxides.halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter catalyzed the enantioselective ring opening of terminal epoxides with cyanate as a nucleophile, yielding 5-substituted oxazolidinones in high yields and with high enantiopurity (69-98% ee). this is the first example of the biocatalytic conversion of a range of epoxides to the corresponding oxazolidinones.200818491860
the effect of chromosome geometry on genetic diversity.although organisms with linear chromosomes must solve the problem of fully replicating their chromosome ends, this chromosome configuration has emerged repeatedly during bacterial evolution and is evident in three divergent bacterial phyla. the benefit usually ascribed to this topology is the ability to boost genetic variation through increased recombination. but because numerous processes can impact linkage disequilibrium, such an effect is difficult to assess by comparing across bacterial taxa ...200818493068
agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of prunus salicina.we report agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of two prunus salicina varieties, 'angeleno' and 'larry anne', using a modification of the hypocotyl slice technique previously described for p. domestica. regeneration rates on thidiazuron (tdz) and indole-3-butyric acid (iba) supplemented murashige and skoog (ms) media reached 11% for 'angeleno' and 19% for 'larry anne' hypocotyl slices. transformation using agrobacterium tumefaciens gv3101 harboring a plasmid with the neomycin phosph ...200818493725
pyruvate carboxylase is involved in metabolism of mimosine by rhizobium sp. strain tal1145.the objective of this study was to determine the role of midk, which encodes a protein similar to pyruvate carboxylase, in mimosine degradation by rhizobium sp. strain tal1145. the midk gene is located downstream of midr in the cluster of genes for mimosine degradation in rhizobium sp. strain tal1145. the midk mutants of tal1145 degraded mimosine slower than the wild-type. these mutants could utilize pyruvate as a source of carbon, indicating that there is another pyruvate carboxylase (pyc) gene ...200818493742
discrimination between nongenetically modified (non-gm) and gm plant tissue expressing cysteine-rich polypeptide using ft-raman spectroscopy.fourier transform (ft)-raman spectroscopy was applied to the analysis of genetically modified (gm) plant tissue. transgenic carrot callus and tobacco plants possessing a novel stsn1 gene coding for a cysteine-rich snakin-1 polypeptide were obtained after agrobacterium-mediated transformation. the presence of the stsn1 gene and its expression were confirmed by polymerase chain reactions using plant dna and cdna as templates for the amplification of the transgenes. raman measurements were taken fr ...200818494491
phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal dna-containing bacterioplankton genome fragments from a 4000 m vertical profile in the north pacific subtropical gyre.high-throughput identification of rrna gene-containing clones in large insert metagenomic libraries is difficult, because of the high background of host ribosomal rna (rrna) and rrna genes. to address this challenge, a membrane hybridization method was developed to identify all bacterial small subunit rrna-containing fosmid clones of microbial community dna from seven different depths in the north pacific subtropical gyre. out of 101,376 clones screened, 751 rdna-containing clones were identifie ...200818494796
characterization of a symbiotically effective rhizobium resistant to arsenic: isolated from the root nodules of vigna mungo (l.) hepper grown in an arsenic-contaminated field.bacteria were isolated from the root nodules of vigna mungo (l.) hepper, grown in an arsenic-contaminated field and the strain was selected by its nodulation ability as well as better arsenic tolerant capacity compared to others. the selected strain was identified as rhizobium by 16s rdna sequencing and designated as vma301. phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequences showed its close relatedness with sinorhizobium fredii. lc(50) value of arsenate for the bacteria as determined by flow cytometry ...200818497483
transposon mediation allows a symbiotic plasmid of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii to become a symbiosis island in agrobacterium and rhizobium.the symbiotic plasmid (psym) of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii 4s5, which carries tn5-mob, was successfully transferred into agrobacterium tumefaciens a136 by using a conjugation method. the resulting transconjugants induced the development of ineffective nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of white clover seedlings. depending on the manner in which the psym was retained, the transconjugants were divided into two groups of strains, afp and afcs. psym was retained as a plasmid in the afp s ...200818497485
production of (s)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate by microbial resolution using hydrolase from rhizobium sp. ds-s-51.(s)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate (chb) is essential for the synthesis of biologically and pharmacologically important compounds. rhizobium sp. ds-s-51 isolated from soil samples showed hydrolytic activity toward (r)-chb in the racemate to (r)-3-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone (hl) under a simple composition of the reaction. residual (s)-chb was obtained with high optical purity. the gene encoding the enzyme concerned, designated chb hydrolase, was isolated from ds-s-51, and the gene was highly express ...200818499045
visualization of symbiotic tissue in intact root nodules of vicia tetrasperma using gfp-marked rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae.in rhizobial symbiosis with legume plant hosts, the symbiotic tissue in the root nodules of indeterminate type is localized to the basal part of the nodule where the symbiotic zones contain infected cells (ic) interspersed with uninfected cells (uc) that are devoid of rhizobia. although ic are easily distinguished in nodule sections using standard histochemical techniques, their observation in intact nodules is hampered by nodule tissue characteristics. tagging of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. vic ...200818500633
t-dna activation tagging as a tool to isolate salvia miltiorrhiza transgenic lines for higher yields of tanshinones.the study of functional genomics has paved the way for directed approaches to the generation of genetically modified plants that produce novel and/or improved yields of pharmaceuticals. in the present study, an activation tagging mutagenesis (atm) population of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge, a medicinal plant, was established by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. the optimum conditions for agrobacterium transformation were determined by the expression of green fluorescent protein. under these op ...200818500684
agrobacterium-mediated disruption of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene in the invertebrate pathogen metarhizium anisopliae reveals a peptide spore factor.numerous secondary metabolites have been isolated from the insect pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae, but the roles of these compounds as virulence factors in disease development are poorly understood. we targeted for disruption by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation a putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nps) gene, manps1. four of six gene disruption mutants identified were examined further. chemical analyses showed the presence of serinocyclins, cyclic heptapeptides, i ...200818502925
plant engineered minichromosomes and artificial chromosome platforms.the introduction of telomere sequences during transformation of maize will cause chromosomal truncation. this technique has been used to create minichromosomes. with the simultaneous introduction of site specific recombination cassettes, the ability to add additional genes to the newly formed engineered minichromosome becomes possible. targeting the supernumerary b chromosome produces truncations at a very high rate and produces minichromosomes with the additional property that they can be dosag ...200818504351
the tuber borchii fruiting body-specific protein tbf-1, a novel lectin which interacts with associated rhizobium species.lectins, proteins that are able to bind carbohydrate structures, are typically involved in cell recognition mechanisms. we demonstrate here that tbf-1, the main soluble protein in the tuber borchii vittad. fruiting body, is a phase-specific lectin that is able selectively to bind the exopolysaccharides produced by ascoma-associated rhizobium spp. characterization of tbf-1 was performed using both the protein purified from the truffles and the recombinant protein overexpressed in escherichia coli ...200818505412
susceptibility of local agrobacterium tumefaciens strains to streptomycetes isolates from jordan soils.five strains of agrobacterium tumefaciens were isolated and characterized from 12 different plant tumors. the susceptibility of these phytopathogens to antibiotics and to soil streptomyces isolates was tested. among the 90 streptomyces isolates, only 12 were able to inhibit the growth of at least one a. tumefaciens strain. four strains of a. tumefaciens were susceptible to streptomycin and cefotaxime. in addition, streptomyces 404 strain was able to inhibit the growth of four strains of the agro ...200818506907
the exopolysaccharide of rhizobium sp. yas34 is not necessary for biofilm formation on arabidopsis thaliana and brassica napus roots but contributes to root colonization.microbial exopolysaccharides (epss) play key roles in plant-microbe interactions, such as biofilm formation on plant roots and legume nodulation by rhizobia. here, we focused on the function of an eps produced by rhizobium sp. yas34 in the colonization and biofilm formation on non-legume plant roots (arabidopsis thaliana and brassica napus). using random transposon mutagenesis, we isolated an eps-deficient mutant of strain yas34 impaired in a glycosyltransferase gene (gta). wild type and mutant ...200818507672
ventilatory responses to acute and chronic hypoxia are altered in female but not male paskin-deficient mice.proteins harboring a per-arnt-sim (pas) domain are versatile and allow archaea, bacteria, and plants to sense oxygen partial pressure, as well as light intensity and redox potential. a pas domain associated with a histidine kinase domain is found in fixl, the oxygen sensor molecule of rhizobium species. paskin is the mammalian homolog of fixl, but its function is far from being understood. using whole body plethysmography, we evaluated the ventilatory response to acute and chronic hypoxia of hom ...200818509100
transformation by t-dna integration causes highly sterile phenotype independent of transgenes in arabidopsis thaliana.agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transformation caused highly sterile phenotype in t1 transgenic populations of arabidopsis thaliana. the phenomenon occurred independent of the genes and construct types used for transformation. the occurring frequency is less than 10% and the phenotype is inheritable. intensive examination elucidated that the sterility is due to indehiscence or delayed dehiscence of the anthers during the flowering stage, resulting from the reduced or disordered endotheci ...200818521611
[cyanobacterium nostoc paludosum kütz as a basis of creation of agriculturally useful microbial associations by the example of bacteria of the genus rhizobium].different species of rhizobium were successfully introduced into the extracellular slime of nostoc paludosum (kütz) elenk, strain 18; cyanobacteria did not eliminate them and exhibited no specificity to the introduced species. both partners were shown to exist in a self-sufficient manner in an artificial consortium, the stability of which is determined by the technology of growing the cultures in collections. cyanobacteria act as carriers of introduced satellites, providing contact with the inoc ...200818522330
rhizobium miluonense sp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium isolated from lespedeza root nodules.seventeen strains of lespedeza rhizobia, a previously defined novel group, were further characterized by comparison with phylogenetically related species using a polyphasic approach, including sds-page of whole-cell proteins, pcr-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences, determination of dna g+c contents, dna-dna hybridization and analysis of phenotypic features. based on data obtained in the present and previous studies, a novel species, r ...200818523179
shinella kummerowiae sp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium isolated from root nodules of the herbal legume kummerowia stipulacea.bacterial strain ccbau 25048(t) was isolated from root nodules of kummerowia stipulacea grown in shandong province of china. cells of the strain were gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile short rods. phylogeny of 16s rrna gene sequences revealed that the strain belonged to the genus shinella, a member of family rhizobiaceae. its closest phylogenetic relatives were shinella granuli ch06(t) and shinella zoogloeoides iam 12669(t), respectively showing 98.3 and 98.9 % 16s rrna g ...200818523187
agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced bacteraemia does not lead to reporter gene expression in mouse organs.agrobacterium tumefaciens is the main plant biotechnology gene transfer tool with host range which can be extended to non-plant eukaryotic organisms under laboratory conditions. known medical cases of agrobacterium species isolation from bloodstream infections necessitate the assessment of biosafety-related risks of a. tumefaciens encounters with mammalian organisms. here, we studied the survival of a. tumefaciens in bloodstream of mice injected with bacterial cultures. bacterial titers of 10(8) ...200818523638
a versatile assay for the identification of rna silencing suppressors based on complementation of viral movement.the cell-to-cell movement of turnip crinkle virus (tcv) in nicotiana benthamiana requires the presence of its coat protein (cp), a known suppressor of rna silencing. rna transcripts of a tcv construct containing a reporter gene (green fluorescent protein) (tcv-sgfp) in place of the cp open reading frame generated foci of three to five cells. tcv cp delivered in trans by agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration potentiated movement of tcv-sgfp and increased foci diameter, on average, by a factor of ...200818533829
the outer membrane protein tolc from sinorhizobium meliloti affects protein secretion, polysaccharide biosynthesis, antimicrobial resistance, and symbiosis.sinorhizobium meliloti is capable of establishing a symbiotic nitrogen fixation relationship with medicago sativa. during this process, it must cope with diverse environments and has evolved different types of transport systems that help its propagation in the plant roots. tolc protein family members are the outer-membrane components of several transport systems involved in the export of diverse molecules, playing an important role in bacterial survival. in this work, we have characterized the p ...200818533835
improvement of drought tolerance and grain yield in common bean by overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in rhizobia.improving stress tolerance and yield in crops are major goals for agriculture. here, we show a new strategy to increase drought tolerance and yield in legumes by overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in the symbiotic bacterium rhizobium etli. phaseolus vulgaris (common beans) plants inoculated with r. etli overexpressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene had more nodules with increased nitrogenase activity and higher biomass compared with plants inoculated with wild-type r. etli. in co ...200818533836
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the haploid liverwort marchantia polymorpha l., an emerging model for plant biology.agrobacterium-mediated transformation has not been practical in pteridophytes, bryophytes and algae to date, although it is commonly used in model plants including arabidopsis and rice. here we present a rapid agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for the haploid liverwort marchantia polymorpha l. using immature thalli developed from spores. hundreds of hygromycin-resistant plants per sporangium were obtained by co-cultivation of immature thalli with agrobacterium carrying the binary vect ...200818535011
coat protein-mediated resistance against an indian isolate of the cucumber mosaic virus subgroup ib in nicotiana benthamiana.coat protein (cp) -mediated resistance against an indian isolate of the cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) subgroup ib was demonstrated in transgenic lines of nicotiana benthamiana through agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. out of the fourteen independently transformed lines developed, two lines were tested for resistance against cmv by challenge inoculations. the transgenic lines exhibiting complete resistance remained symptomless throughout life and showed reduced or no virus accumula ...200818535359
structural, functional and calorimetric investigation of mosa, a dihydrodipicolinate synthase from sinorhizobium meliloti l5-30, does not support involvement in rhizopine biosynthesis.mosa is an enzyme from sinorhizobium meliloti l5-30, a beneficial soil bacterium that forms a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants. mosa was proposed to catalyze the conversion of scyllo-inosamine to 3-o-methyl-scyllo-inosamine (compounds known as rhizopines), despite the mosa sequence showing a strong resemblance to dihydrodipicolinate synthase (dhdps) sequences rather than to methyltransferases. our laboratory has already shown that mosa is an efficient catalyst of the dhdps reaction. ...200818536061
a naturally occurring mutation in ropb suppresses speb expression and reduces m1t1 group a streptococcal systemic virulence.epidemiological studies of group a streptococcus (gas) have noted an inverse relationship between speb expression and invasive disease. however, the role of speb in the course of infection is still unclear. in this study we utilize a speb-negative m1t1 clinical isolate, 5628, with a naturally occurring mutation in the gene encoding the regulator ropb, to elucidate the role of ropb and speb in systemic virulence. allelic exchange mutagenesis was used to replace the mutated ropb allele in 5628 wit ...200819116661
pleiotropic effects of a rel mutation on stress survival of rhizobium etli cnpaf512.the rel gene of rhizobium etli (relret), the nodulating endosymbiont of the common bean plant, determines the cellular level of the alarmone (p)ppgpp and was previously shown to affect free-living growth and symbiosis. here, we demonstrate its role in cellular adaptation and survival in response to various stresses.200819077212
survival of rhizobia in two soils as influenced by storage conditions.two soils were kept moist at 4 degrees c, -20 degrees c or air-dried at 20-22 degrees c and after one week, one month, two months and six months of storage at these conditions changes in soil populations of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii (rlt) and rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (rlv) were examined. in one air-dried soil (from grab6w) markedly lower numbers of both rlt and rlv., as compared to the refrigerated or frozen samples, were found already after 1 week of storage. in the case of ...200819004248
[composition and immunochemical characteristics of exopolysaccharides from the rhizobacterium paenibacillus polymyxa 1465].exopolysaccharides (eps) synthesized by paenibacillus polymyxa 1465 in the course of batch cultivation were proven to contain neutral and acidic fractions. eps are heterogeneous polysaccharides, represented by a complex of macromolecules with molecular mass of 7 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(6) da. the acidic component was shown to be predominant in eps preparations isolated from bacteria cultivated on glucose, which corresponds to a higher viscosity of eps water solutions. the exoglycans were shown to cont ...200819004343
recent patents on agrobacterium-mediated gene and protein transfer, for research and biotechnology.agrobacterium has been widely used, in the last decades, for genetic transformation of a large number of plant species, and the genes and dna sequences involved in this process have been subject of numerous patents. this review focuses on recent discoveries, which have shown new possibilities for the utilization of this versatile microorganism. for example, the identification of an ever-increasing number of the bacterial and plant factors involved in the agrobacterium-mediated dna transfer and i ...200819075947
de novo organ formation from differentiated cells: root nodule organogenesis.the symbiotic interaction between rhizobium bacteria and legume plants leads to the induction of a new developmental program: the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. nodulation is triggered by specific bacterial signals, the nod factors, and integrates plant developmental regulatory pathways to reactivate differentiated cortical cells. this results in the formation of a de novo meristem, corresponding to a plant stem cell niche. recent data have shown a crucial function of the phytohormon ...200819066400
rhizobium fabae sp. nov., a bacterium that nodulates vicia faba.six strains were isolated from root nodules of vicia faba grown in nanchang, yifeng, taihu, huaibei, bengbu and lujiang, in the middle and lower reaches of the yangtze river. according to phylogenetic analyses of 16s rrna gene, atpd and reca sequences, these strains belong to the genus rhizobium, with rhizobium etli and rhizobium leguminosarum as the closest related species. ccbau 33202(t), a representative of these novel isolates, showed sequence similarity to its closest relatives r. etli cfn ...200819060074
cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of nods n-methyltransferase from bradyrhizobium japonicum wm9.the nod factor (nf) is a rhizobial signal molecule that is involved in recognition of a legume host and the formation of root and stem nodules. some unique enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of nf, which is a variously but specifically substituted lipochitooligosaccharide. one of these enzymes is nods, an n-methyltransferase that methylates end-deacetylated chitooligosaccharide substrates. in the methylation reaction, nods uses s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) as a methyl donor. to date, no s ...200819052372
cloning, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of a bacterial gaba receptor with a venus flytrap fold.in response to infection by the pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens, plants synthesize several stress amino acids, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), which modulates the expression of bacterial virulence factors. gaba penetrates into the bacterial cytoplasm via an abc transporter that is associated with the periplasmic receptor atu2422. mature receptor atu2422 (without its signal peptide) was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. a complete data set was collected to ...200819052373
effects of elicitors on tropane alkaloids and gene expression in atropa baetica transgenic hairy roots.elicitation of transgenic atropa baetica overexpressing the h6h gene with salicylic acid (sa), acetylsalicylic acid (asa),or methyl jasmonate (mej) was conducted to boost tropane alkaloid yields. scopolamine (1) amounts increased after treatment with asa and mej, but not with sa. the highest enhancement of 1 was achieved with mej followed by asa dissolved in etoh. transcriptomic analyses showed a direct relationship between content of 1 and gene expressions;the engineered h6h gene and other bios ...200819053510
a gene cluster in agrobacterium vitis homologous to polyketide synthase operons is associated with grape necrosis and hypersensitive response induction on tobacco.here, we identify a cluster of eight genes on chromosome 2 of agrobacterium vitis that is associated with the ability of the bacterium to cause a hypersensitive response on tobacco and a necrosis of grape shoot explants. three of these genes share a high level of structural and sequence similarity to clusters of genes in other bacteria that encode the enzymes for biosynthesis of polyketides and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. no similar gene clusters were discovered in sequenced genomes ...200819054098
agrobacterium tumefaciens iron superoxide dismutases have protective roles against singlet oxygen toxicity generated from illuminated rose bengal.singlet oxygen is a highly reactive form of molecular oxygen that is harmful to biological systems. here, the role of three iron-containing superoxide dismutase (sodb) genes is clearly shown in protecting agrobacterium tumefaciens against singlet oxygen toxicity. a sodbi mutant was more sensitive to singlet oxygen than both wild-type bacteria and a double sodbii-sodbiii mutant strain. moreover, a sodbi-sodbii double mutant had higher sensitivity to singlet oxygen than a single sodbi mutant, alth ...200819054099
transformation of microspore-derived embryos of winter oilseed rape (brassica napus l.) by using agrobacterium tumefaciens.haploid microspore-derived embryos (mdes) constitute a unique material for the introduction of new traits into winter oilseed rape (brassica napus). mdes have been transformed by using agrobacterium tumefaciens strains eha105 and lba4404, both carrying the binary vector pkgib containing the uida gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (gus) and the bar gene as a marker of resistance to phosphinotricin. transformed embryos expressed gus and regenerated plants that were resistant to herbicide basta, as c ...200819029681
mitragyna speciosa: hairy root culture for triterpenoid production and high yield of mitragynine by regenerated plants.hairy root cultures of mitragyna speciosa were established by infection of agrobacterium rhizogenes atcc 15834 and maintained in mccown woody plant medium (wpm) supplemented with 0.5 mg/1 naphthaleneacetic acid. the hairy roots were identified for the rooting genes loci of rola and rolb by polymerase chain reaction. for studying the secondary metabolite production, the n-hexane extract of the hairy roots was prepared and the compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, affording ...200819040109
highly efficient expression of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit in plants using potato virus x-based vector.a synthetic gene of the b-subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, optimized for expression in plants, was designed and synthesized. the recombinant viral vector was constructed on the basis of potato virus x containing the ltb gene instead of the removed triple block of transport genes and the coat protein gene, which provides for ltb expression in plants. the vector is introduced into the plant cells during cell infiltration by agrobacteria incorporating a binary vector, the t-dna region ...200818991556
evaluation of two gene-silencing constructs for resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl viruses in nicotiana benthamiana plants.infiltration of agrobacterium tumefaciens into intact plant leaves of n. benthamiana was used to test the efficiency of two virus-based silencing constructs conferring resistance to the closely related begomoviruses. the constructs contained the most conserved sequences of the coat protein (cp) gene and replication-associated protein (rep) gene of tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus (sicily strain) (tylcsv-[sic]). both constructs formed a hairpin structure that enhanced the post-transcription ...200818999888
mass spectrometry identification of membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase from bradyrhizobium sp. (lupinus).respiratory nitrate reductase (nr) from bradyrhizobium sp. (lupinus) usda 3045 has biochemical properties of the membrane-bound nr type. however, in the completely sequenced rhizobium genomes only genes for the periplasmic type of dissimilatory nr were found. therefore purification and identification of the enzyme by tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) was undertaken. ms/ms spectra representing 149 unique tryptic peptides derived from purified 137-kda subunit matched the ncbinr-deposited narg seque ...200819015774
role of 5'-utr hairpins of the turnip yellow mosaic virus rna in replication and systemic movement.turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rna has two hairpins in its 5' untranslated region (5'-utr). to investigate the role of the hairpins in replication of tymv, mutants lacking one or both of the two hairpins were constructed. the tymv constructs were introduced into chinese cabbage by an agrobacterium-mediated t-dna transfer method, called agroinfiltration. analysis of total rna from agroinfiltrated leaves showed that replication of the mutant tymv rna lacking both hairpins was about 1/100 of wil ...200819017489
revision of the taxonomic status of the species rhizobium leguminosarum (frank 1879) frank 1889al, rhizobium phaseoli dangeard 1926al and rhizobium trifolii dangeard 1926al. r. trifolii is a later synonym of r. leguminosarum. reclassification of the strain r. leguminosarum dsm 30132 (=ncimb 11478) as rhizobium pisi sp. nov.the taxonomic status of the species rhizobium leguminosarum, rhizobium trifolii and rhizobium phaseoli was analysed in this study on the basis of their molecular and phenotypic characteristics. according to the results, the type strain r. phaseoli atcc 14482(t) does not belong to any of the already described species of the genus rhizobium and it should therefore be considered as a different species. in contrast, the strains of r. trifolii examined belonged to r. leguminosarum and thus r. trifoli ...200818984681
infiltration with agrobacterium tumefaciens induces host defense and development-dependent responses in the infiltrated zone.despite the widespread use of agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer genes into plant systems, host responses to this plant pathogen are not well understood. the present study shows that disarmed strains of agrobacterium induce distinct host responses when infiltrated into leaves of nicotiana tabacum. the responses are limited to the infiltrated zone and consist of i) induction of pathogenesis-related (pr) gene pr-1 expression and resistance to subsequent infection with tobacco mosaic virus, ii) ...200818986249
suppression of reactive oxygen species and enhanced stress tolerance in rubia cordifolia cells expressing the rolc oncogene.it is known that expression of the agrobacterium rhizogenes rolc gene in transformed plant cells causes defense-like reactions, such as increased phytoalexin production and expression of pathogenesis-related proteins. in the present study, we examined whether this phenomenon is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ros). single-cell assays based on confocal microscopy and fluorogenic dyes (2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and dihydrorhodamine 123) showed reduced stead ...200818986252
the pea sym37 receptor kinase gene controls infection-thread initiation and nodule development.phenotypic characterization of pea symbiotic mutants has provided a detailed description of the symbiosis with rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains. we show here that two allelic non-nodulating pea mutants, risnod4 and k24, are affected in the pssym37 gene, encoding a lysm receptor kinase similar to lotus japonicus nfr1 and medicago truncatula lyk3. phenotypic analysis of risnod4 and k24 suggests a role for the sym37 in regulation of infection-thread initiation and nodule development from ...200818986256
agroinfection of cloned sri lankan cassava mosaic virus dna to arabidopsis thaliana, nicotiana tabacum and cassava.sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv) is a bipartite begomovirus infecting cassava in india and sri lanka. we have used agrobacterium-mediated inoculation (agroinoculation) of cloned slcmv dna to inoculate additional hosts, nicotiana tabacum and arabidopsis. although slcmv infection in these hosts caused stunting, leaf deformation and developmental abnormalities, accumulation levels of viral dna in the infected plants suggested that this virus was poorly adapted to them. in the natural host, c ...200818982246
evaluation of bean (phaseolus vulgaris) seeds inoculation with rhizobium phaseoli and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and yield components.to study the effect of co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) and rhizobium, on yield and yield components of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) cultivars was investigated in 2 consecutive years under field condition of plant growing evidence indicates that soil beneficial bacteria can positively affect symbiotic performance of rhizobia. pgpr strains pseudomonas fluorescens p-93 and azospirillum lipoferum s-21 as well as two highly effective rhizobium strains were used ...200818983036
molecular determinants of a symbiotic chronic infection.rhizobial bacteria colonize legume roots for the purpose of biological nitrogen fixation. a complex series of events, coordinated by host and bacterial signal molecules, underlie the development of this symbiotic interaction. rhizobia elicit de novo formation of a novel root organ within which they establish a chronic intracellular infection. legumes permit rhizobia to invade these root tissues while exerting control over the infection process. once rhizobia gain intracellular access to their ho ...200818983260
lebzip2 induced by salt and drought stress and transient overexpression by agrobacterium.the full-length cdna of lebzip2 (lycopersicon esculentum bzip2) encodes a protein of 164 amino acids and contains a n-terminal basic-region leucine zipper domain. analysis of the deduced tomato lebzip2 amino acid sequence revealed that it shares 85% sequence identity with both tobacco bzip and pepper ccbzip. lebzip2 mrna is expressed at a high level exclusively in flowers. presently, lebzip2 was strongly increased also following nacl and mannitol treatments. no significant lebzip2 expression was ...200818959814
efd is an erf transcription factor involved in the control of nodule number and differentiation in medicago truncatula.mechanisms regulating legume root nodule development are still poorly understood, and very few regulatory genes have been cloned and characterized. here, we describe efd (for ethylene response factor required for nodule differentiation), a gene that is upregulated during nodulation in medicago truncatula. the efd transcription factor belongs to the ethylene response factor (erf) group v, which contains ern1, 2, and 3, three erfs involved in nod factor signaling. the role of efd in the regulation ...200818978033
cryopreservation and metabolic profiling analysis of arabidopsis t87 suspension-cultured cells.we established a simple cryopreservation protocol for arabidopsis t87 cells using an encapsulation-dehydration method. t87 cells were encapsulated into alginate beads containing 2 m glycerol and 0.4 m sucrose. alginate beads containing t87 cells were dehydrated with silica gel for 2 h (to c. 0.7 g water per g dry weight followed by immersed in ln. after rewarming at 35 degree c for 3 min and 1-d incubation under continuous illumination at 22 degree c, cryopreserved t87 cells exhibited considerab ...200818946557
fluorescent transgenes to study interphase chromosomes in living plants.fluorescence tagging of genomic sites through the use of bacterial operator/repressor systems combined with fluorescent proteins permits high-resolution analysis of interphase chromosomes in living cells. this technique has been used to study interphase chromosome arrangement and dynamics in yeast, drosophila, and mammalian cells, but is only beginning to be exploited in plant systems. in this chapter, we describe methods for producing and identifying arabidopsis thaliana plants harbouring fluor ...200818951172
diverse bacteria isolated from root nodules of wild vicia species grown in temperate region of china.in the present study, a total of 154 bacterial strains isolated from nodules of eighteen vicia species mainly grown in the temperate chinese provinces were characterized by ardra, its pcr-rflp, box-pcr, sequencing of 16s rdna, nodc, nifh, atpd and glnii, and nodulation tests. the results demonstrated that most of the r. leguminosarum strains were effective microsymbionts of the wild vicia species, while genomic species related to rhizobium gallicum, mesorhizobium huakuii, ensifer meliloti and br ...200818704366
virb2 and virb5 proteins: specialized adhesins in bacterial type-iv secretion systems?many type-iv secretion systems (t4sss) of plant and human pathogens assemble a pilus used to inject virulence molecules (effectors) into host target cells. the t4ss of agrobacterium tumefaciens consists of virb1-virb11 and vird4 proteins. whether targeting of t4sss to the host requires a t4ss-adhesin that specifically engages host receptors for delivery of effectors has, until recently, remained unclear. recent data of agrobacterium and helicobacter indicate that two classes of t4ss components, ...200818706815
a citrate-inducible gene, encoding a putative tricarboxylate transporter, is downregulated by the organic solvent dmso in agrobacterium tumefaciens.to investigate the effects of the organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) on the expression of a citrate-inducible gene, encoding a putative tricarboxylate transporter, in agrobacterium tumefaciens.200818713283
effect of inoculation with putative plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from pinus spp. on pinus pinea growth, mycorrhization and rhizosphere microbial communities.in this study, 10 putative plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) were assayed for their ability to improve pinus pinea growth and mycorrhization.200818713291
establishment of withania somnifera hairy root cultures for the production of withanolide a.withania sominifera (indian ginseng) was transformed by agrobacterium rhizogenes. explants from seedling roots, stems, hypocotyls, cotyledonary nodal segments, cotyledons and young leaves were inoculated with a. rhizogenes strain r1601. hairy (transformed) roots were induced from cotyledons and leaf explants. the transgenic status of hairy roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using nptii and rolb specific primers and, subsequently, by southern analysis for the presence of nptii and r ...200818713347
[diversity and phylogeny of rhizobia isolated from root nodules of sesbania cannabina in jinshajiang arid river valley].to study the diversity and phylogeny of rhizobia strains from sesbania cannabina in jinshajiang arid river valley in sichuan province, china.200818720835
characterization of the quaternary amine transporters of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841.rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 contains six putative quaternary ammonium transporters (qat), of the abc family. qat6 was strongly induced by hyperosmosis although the solute transported was not identified. all six systems were induced by the quaternary amines choline and glycine betaine. it was confirmed by microarray analysis of the genome that prl100079-83 (qat6) is the most strongly upregulated transport system under osmotic stress, although other transporters and 104 genes are more ...200818721149
[the pta29-barnase chimeric gene transformation of brassica campestris l. subsp. chinensis makino var. parachinensis mediated by agrobacterium].in order to induce male sterility of brassica campestris l. subsp. chinensis makino var. parachinensis, we introduced the chimeric pta29-barnase gene into it by agrobacteriumtume faciens transformation. we obtained the transgenic plants, and determined them by pcr, southern blotting and rt-pcr analysis. results indicated that the rnase (barnase) gene had been transferred into genome of plant, and its expression level was different among transformation plants. all transgenic plants were male ster ...200818724712
transgene-induced gene silencing is not affected by a change in ploidy level.whole genome duplication, which results in polyploidy, is a common feature of plant populations and a recurring event in the evolution of flowering plants. polyploidy can result in changes to gene expression and epigenetic instability. several epigenetic phenomena, occurring at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, have been documented in allopolyploids (polyploids derived from species hybrids) of arabidopsis thaliana, yet findings in autopolyploids (polyploids derived from the dupl ...200818725969
genetic diversity of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from pea (pisum sativum) in subtropical regions of china.diversity of 42 isolates from effective nodules of pisum sativum in different geographical regions of china were studied using 16s rrna gene rflp patterns, 16s rrna sequencing, 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer (igs) region rflp patterns and g-c rich random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd). the isolates were distributed in two groups on the basis of their 16s rrna gene rflp patterns. the 16s rrna gene sequences of strains from 16s rrna gene rflp patterns group i were very closely related (identitie ...200818726533
aromatic amino acid-dependent expression of indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase is regulated by tyrr in enterobacter cloacae uw5.the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium enterobacter cloacae uw5 synthesizes the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) via the indole-3-pyruvate pathway utilizing the enzyme indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase that is encoded by ipdc. in this bacterium, ipdc expression and iaa production occur in stationary phase and are induced by an exogenous source of tryptophan, conditions that are present in the rhizosphere. the aim of this study was to identify the regulatory protein that controls ...200818757531
t-dna-mediated transfer of agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosomal dna into plants.besides the well-documented integration of dna flanked by the transfer dna borders, occasional insertion of fragments from the tumor-inducing plasmid into plant genomes has also been reported during agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. we demonstrate that large (up to approximately 18 kb) gene-bearing fragments of agrobacterium chromosomal dna (achrdna) can be integrated into arabidopsis thaliana genomic dna during transformation. one in every 250 transgenic plants may carry achrdn ...200818758448
production of 3-indolylacetic acid in root nodules and culture by a rhizobium species isolated from root nodules of the leguminous pulse phaseolus mungo.the root nodules of phaseolus mungo (a herbaceous leguminous pulse) contained a high amount of 3-indolylacetic acid (iaa). a tryptophan pool present in the nodule might play the role of precursor for iaa production. from the root nodule a rhizobium sp. was isolated. the symbiont produced a large amount of iaa (142 microg/ml) from l-tryptophan-supplemented basal medium. the production of iaa by the symbiont was much increased over the control when a l-tryptophan (2 mg/ml) supplemented c-free mine ...200818759120
evaluation of a focused library of n-aryl l-homoserine lactones reveals a new set of potent quorum sensing modulators.a focused library of n-aryl l-homoserine lactones was designed around known lactone leads and evaluated for antagonistic and agonistic activity against quorum-sensing receptors in agrobacterium tumefaciens, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vibrio fischeri. several compounds were identified with significantly heightened activities relative to the lead compounds, and new structure-activity relationships (sars) were delineated. notably, 4-substituted n-phenoxyacetyl and 3-substituted n-phenylpropionyl l ...200818760602
water stress responses of two mediterranean tree species influenced by native soil microorganisms and inoculation with a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium.soil microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr), play crucial roles in plant growth, but their influence on plant water relations remains poorly explored. we studied the effects of native soil microorganisms and inoculation with the pgpr strain aur6 of pseudomonas fluorescens on water stress responses of seedlings of the drought-avoiding pinus halepensis mill. and the drought-tolerant quercus coccifera l. plant growth, nutrient concentrations and physiology (maximum phot ...200818765374
rhizobium oryzae sp. nov., isolated from the wild rice oryza alta.during a study of endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in the wild rice species oryza alta, eight novel isolates were obtained from surface-sterilized roots and classified in the genus rhizobium on the basis of almost-complete 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. these strains can nodulate phaseolus vulgaris and glycine max. the highly similar protein patterns, dna fingerprint patterns of insertion sequence-based pcr (is-pcr) and dna-dna hybridizations showed that these novel isolates were me ...200818768622
limitations observed in the use of agroinoculation for geminivirus research. 200818770016
use of potato virus x (pvx)-based vectors for gene expression and virus-induced gene silencing (vigs).potato virus x-based vectors are a well established system for rapid in planta studies. the vectors can be used for expression of proteins in plants and to down-regulate genes through virus-induced gene silencing. the development of binary-based vectors for agrobacterium delivery makes this system well suited to high-throughput studies. protocols are given for establishing infections to achieve expression and vigs through in vitro transcription and agrobacterium delivery to glasshouse and in vit ...200818770535
transgenic cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds expressing a bean alpha-amylase inhibitor 1 confer resistance to storage pests, bruchid beetles.cowpea is one of the important grain legumes. storage pests, callosobruchus maculatus and c. chinensis cause severe damage to the cowpea seeds during storage. we employ a highly efficient agrobacterium-mediated cowpea transformation method for introduction of the bean (phaseolus vulgaris) alpha-amylase inhibitor-1 (alphaai-1) gene into a commercially important indian cowpea cultivar, pusa komal and generated fertile transgenic plants. the use of constitutive expression of additional vir genes in ...200818784925
diversity of bacteria that nodulate prosopis juliflora in the eastern area of morocco.a total of 274 bacterial strains were isolated from the root nodules of prosopis juliflora, growing in two arid soils of the eastern area of morocco. a physiological plate screening allowed the selection of 15 strains that could tolerate nacl concentrations between 175 and 500 mm. these were compared with 15 strains chosen from among the ones which did not tolerate high salinity. the diversity of strains was first assessed by rep-pcr amplification fingerprinting using boxa1r and eric primers. an ...200818789623
capturing the vira/virg tcs of agrobacterium tumefaciens.two-component systems (tcs) regulate pathogenic commitment in many interactions and provide an opportunity for unique therapeutic intervention. the vira/virg tcs of agrobacterium tumefaciens mediates inter-kingdom gene transfer in the development of host tumors and sets in motion the events that underlie the great success of this multi-host plant pathogen. significant proof for the feasibility of interventions has now emerged with the discovery of a natural product that effectively "blinds" the ...200818792688
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