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[bactericidal effect of hydrated lime in aqueous solution].this study determined the bactericidal effect of the supernatants of saturated solutions of common lime and of micronized calcium hydroxide (ca(oh)2) (1500 mg/l), which was used as a control, compared with disinfectants made of solutions of 0.33% colloidal silver (0.0016 mg/l), toluene sulfachloramine (41 mg/l) with sodium bicarbonate (9 mg/l), and sodium hypochlorite (5 mg/l). the test involved four strains of vibrio cholerae 01, v. parahaemolyticus, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, sh ...19957779285
[the 8th cholera pandemic: vibrio cholerae serogroup 0139 (bengala strain)]. 19957779879
interaction between the autokinase epse and epsl in the cytoplasmic membrane is required for extracellular secretion in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae secretes a number of proteins important for virulence, including cholera toxin. this process requires the products of the eps genes which have homologues in genera such as aeromonas, klebsiella and pseudomonas and are thought to form a membrane-associated multiprotein complex. here we show that the putative nucleotide-binding protein epse is associated with and stabilized by the cytoplasmic membrane via interaction with epsl. analysis of fusion proteins between epse and the homol ...19957737119
detection of heat-stable enterotoxin genes among australian vibrio cholerae o1 strains.dna probes derived from the heat-stable enterotoxin gene of vibrio cholerae non-o1 (stn), and the cholera toxin gene (ctx), were used to screen 199 strains of v. cholerae o1, which were isolated within australia from 1977-1986. 13 environmental strains isolated from the riverine environment in southeast queensland in 1980 and 1981, hybridized with the stn and ctx dna probes. the concentrated supernatant of 6 of these strains elicited fluid accumulation in the infant mouse assay both before and a ...19957737472
isolation and characterization of the vibrio cholerae acfa gene, required for efficient intestinal colonization.the nucleotide sequence of the vibrio cholerae acfa gene (encoding an accessory colonization factor) has been determined. sequence analysis revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 215 amino acids with a characteristic signal peptidase i (spi) cleavage site at the n terminus. electrophoretic analysis of proteins synthesized by escherichia coli cells, following t7 promoter/rna polymerase-directed expression of acfa, revealed a 23-kda protein corresponding to the mature form of acfa. the ...19957737517
studies on the genesis of vibrio cholerae o139: identification of probable progenitor strains.four lines of evidence suggest that the recent outbreak strains of vibrio cholerae o139 could have emerged from serogroup o1 strains typified by isolates m01 and m0477 described in this paper, which are neither truly classical nor truly e1 tor in their biotype attributes. firstly, like all o139 isolates, these o1 strains, isolated in madras during and before the o139 outbreak, were resistant not only to polymyxin b but also to all biotype-specific choleraphages, i.e. classical phage phi 149 and ...19957739019
coexistence of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 bengal in plankton in bangladesh. 19957739342
cholera associated with food transported from el salvador--indiana, 1994.since the onset of the cholera epidemic in latin america in 1991, most cases of cholera in the united states have occurred among persons traveling to the united states from cholera-affected areas or who have eaten contaminated food brought or imported from these areas. in december 1994, a cluster of cholera cases occurred among persons in indiana who had shared a meal of contaminated food brought from el salvador. this report summarizes the investigation of the cases conducted by the indiana sta ...19957746262
comparative trial of five antimicrobial compounds in the treatment of cholera in adults.to compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid and pivmecillinam in the treatment of tetracycline-resistant strains of vibrio cholerae o1 in adults, a randomized, open, clinical trial was conducted. a tetracycline group was used for comparison. seventy-five adult men infected with v. cholerae o1 were randomly assigned to receive either 400 mg pivmecillinam or 500 mg of one of each of the other drugs. ciprofloxacin was given every 12 h and the others every 6 h for 3 d. the ...19957747291
extension of the volunteer challenge model to study south american cholera in a population of volunteers predominantly with blood group antigen o.the volunteer challenge model was used to study the virulence of strains of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor recently isolated from cases of cholera in south america. fifteen of the 24 volunteers (62%) were of blood group o, the group most prevalent in south america and the group at increased risk of more severe cholera. two el t or inaba strains and 2 el tor ogawa strains were given to volunteers at a dose of 1-2 x 10(6) colony-forming units. all 4 strains caused diarrhoea in 67-83% of volunteers. vol ...19957747315
homogentisic acid is the primary precursor of melanin synthesis in vibrio cholerae, a hyphomonas strain, and shewanella colwelliana.the enzyme p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase (hpph) is involved in pigmentation (pyomelanin) via homogentisic acid (hga). pyomelanin formation is correlated with hga production and expression of hpph in three disparate marine species: vibrio cholerae, a hyphomonas strain, and shewanella colwelliana. induction of pigmentation in v. cholerae 569b by nutrient limitation also correlated with production of hga.19957747976
a retrospective analysis of the madras epidemic of non-01 vibrio cholerae new serogroup 0139 bengal.during the recent epidemic of cholera in madras from october-december 1992, a total of 11,100 patients with acute secretory diarrhoea have been admitted to the communicable diseases hospital, madras, when compared to a total of 2,440 patients admitted during the pre-epidemic period studied between january - september 1992. a novel strain of non-01 v. cholerae was found to be the most predominant agent during the epidemic period. a representative sample of 84 non-01 strains isolated during the ep ...19957751049
evaluation of the monoclonal antibody-based kit bengal smart for rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in stool samples.a monoclonal antibody-based test, bengal smart, was developed for rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal directly from stool specimens. the test, which takes about 15 min to complete, was used to screen 189 diarrheal stool specimens. the results were compared with those of a monoclonal antibody-based coagglutination test (coat) and the conventional culture methods used as the "gold standard" for detection of v. cholerae o139. the bengal smart test showed a sensitivity of 100% and ...19957751386
cloning and sequencing of a novel hemolysis gene of vibrio cholerae.a hemolysis gene (hlx) which lyses sheep erythrocytes on blood agar plates when expressed in escherichia coli was cloned from vibrio cholerae. the cloned gene is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 92 amino acid residues with a deduced molecular mass of 10,451. e. coli transformed with this gene lysed sheep, goose, horse and chicken erythrocytes but not those of guinea pig and human. the hlx gene was observed in classical- and el tor-biotype v. cholerae o1, v. cholerae non-o1, and v. mimicus, b ...19957781973
vibrio cholerae o139 in denmark. 19957783553
analysis of vibrio cholerae toxr function by construction of novel fusion proteins.the toxr protein is a transmembrane protein that regulates the expression of several virulence factors of vibrio cholerae. previous analysis of fusion proteins between toxr and alkaline phosphatase (toxr-phoa) suggested that toxr was active as a dimer. in order to determine whether dimerization of the toxr periplasmic domain was essential for activity, this domain was replaced by monomeric and dimeric protein domains. surprisingly, phoa (dimeric), beta-lactamase (monomeric, toxr-bla), or the leu ...19957783643
comparison of a reversed passive latex agglutination and a polymerase chain reaction for identification of cholera toxin producing vibrio cholerae o1.production of cholera toxin (ct) in aki medium and conservation of ct gene (ctx) of 49 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 were compared by reversed passive latex agglutination (rpla) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the production of ct agreed with conservation of the ctx in 48 out of the 49 strains. ten strains were positive, and 38 strains were negative by both methods. only one strain was negative in rpla and positive in pcr. this suggested that the combination of aki-sw and rpla is comparable ...19957783678
characterization of an enterotoxin produced by vibrio cholerae o139.a cholera-like enterotoxin was purified from vibrio cholerae o139 strain ai-1841 isolated from a diarrheal patient in bangladesh. its characteristics were compared with that of cholera toxins (cts) of classical strain 569b and el tor strain kt25. al-1841 produced as much toxin as o1 strains. the toxins were indistinguishable in terms of their migration profiles in conventional polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusin ...19957783690
a discrete factor a is detected on vibrio cholerae non-o1, o:139 by laser flow cytometry.a new serogroup of vibrio cholerae non-o1, o:139, has been implicated in recent epidemics. it was scanned with a factor a-specific fluoresceine-conjugated monoclonal antibody, searching for antigen determinants by laser flow cytometry. first, a group of gram-negative 4-amine-4, 6 dideoxy-d-mannose antigen-related microorganisms were tested to assess monoclonal antibody cross reactions. later, a clear recognition of antigen determinants was found with this monoclonal antibody, on v. cholerae non- ...19957784729
heterologous antigen expression in vibrio cholerae vector strains.live attenuated vector strains of vibrio cholerae were derived from peru-2, a peruvian el tor inaba strain deleted for the cholera toxin genetic element and attrs1 sequences, which was developed as a live, oral vaccine strain. a promoterless gene encoding the shiga-like toxin i b subunit (slt-ib) was inserted in the v. cholerae virulence gene irga by in vivo marker exchange, such that slt-ib was under transcriptional control of the iron-regulated irga promoter. slt-ib was also placed under trans ...19957790086
presence of lysogenic phage in the outbreak strains of vibrio cholerae o139.four outbreak strains of vibrio cholerae o139 from endemic areas of india and bangladesh were found to carry lysogenic phage(s). all of these phage(s) produced turbid plaques characteristic of lysogeny on v. cholerae mak 757 (el tor, ogawa) cells as well as on their vca-1 lysogens but were unable to infect v. cholerae 154 (classical) cells, the universal host for all classical phages. colonies in the turbid plaques were o139 lysogens and these developed an auxotrophic requirement, mainly for pur ...19957791203
the history of live bacterial vaccines.recent developments have made it possible to construct non-reverting live bacterial vaccine candidates with defined deletions of two or more genes. such vaccines have proven safe and immunogenic in human volunteers. since the virulent parent strains are only pathogenic to man (s. typhi, s. flexneri, and v. cholerae), they pose no threat to the environment. besides holding promise as efficacious vaccines for protection against typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery and cholera, the attenuated strains ...19957796956
vibrio cholerae cvd103-hgr live oral attenuated vaccine: construction, safety, immunogenicity, excretion and non-target effects.in many controlled studies, cvd103-hgr has been shown to be safe and immunogenic and to offer a significant degree of protection against experimental cholera after a single dose. its minimal excretion and limited ability to compete and survive in various ecosystems indicate that this strain presents little risk to the environment. furthermore, the potential of cvd103-hgr to regain virulence by acquisition of the ct a or lt a gene is extremely remote even under optimal conditions. therefore, cvd1 ...19957796960
the emerging diversity of the electrophoretic types of vibrio cholerae in the western hemisphere.since the latin american cholera epidemic began in 1991, 447 isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 from the western hemisphere have been assayed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mee) to determine allelic variation among 16 enzyme-encoding genes. two electrophoretic types (ets) were identified among toxigenic isolates from latin america: 323 were et 4, the et associated with the latin american epidemic, and 29 were et 3. twenty-three of these et 3 isolates had a distinctive antimicrobial resistance ...19957797907
summary of the 29th united states-japan joint conference on cholera and related diarrheal diseases. 19957798685
diarrhoeal outbreak of vibrio cholerae 0139 from north india.epidemics of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae 01 occur regularly in india. until recently, vibrio cholerae non-01 have been the the causative agents of sporadic cases of gastroenteritis and septicaemia, especially in immunocompromised children. we describe a large outbreak of cholera-like illness from north india caused by vibrio cholerae non-01, later serotyped as vibrio cholerae 0139. forty-one of a total of 391 patients with acute diarrhoea during a 2-month period (may-july 1993) were identi ...19957756810
cloning and expression of vibrio cholerae dsba, a gene encoding a periplasmic protein disulphide isomerase. 19957758780
simultaneous outbreak due to vibrio cholerae and shigella dysenteriae in kenya. 19957799734
expression and purification of shiga-like toxin ii b subunits.shiga-like toxins (slts), which are produced by certain strains of escherichia coli, are composed of enzymatically active a and b subunit multimers responsible for the toxin's binding. we have previously purified large amounts of the slt-i b subunit by using a hyperexpression vector in vibrio cholerae under the control of the trc promoter. in this study we examined various expression vectors to maximize yields of the slt-ii b subunit. the slt-ii b subunit has been expressed by using both the t7 ...19957806370
attenuated live cholera vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr elicits significantly higher serum vibriocidal antibody titers in persons of blood group o.persons of blood group o are at increased risk of developing cholera gravis. in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind safety-immunogenicity trial of live oral cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr in 5- to 9-year-old chilean children, vibriocidal antibody seroconversion (74% overall) did not differ by blood group. however, the reciprocal geometric mean titer (gmt) in blood group o vaccines (gmt = 486) was higher than that in non-o vaccines (gmt = 179) (p < 0.02).19957822046
sequencing of the gene encoding the major pilin of pilus colonization factor antigen iii (cfa/iii) of human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and evidence that cfa/iii is related to type iv pili.the plasmid-encoded structural gene cofa necessary for the production of the major pilin subunit of pilus colonization factor antigen iii (cfa/iii) of human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli was identified, and the nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined. cofa consists of 714 nucleotides encoding a 238-amino-acid protein (molecular weight of 25,309). cofa seems to be a precursor of cfa/iii pilin, because the first 23 residues of the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified cfa/iii pi ...19957822050
the deduced vibrio cholerae reca amino-acid sequence.the nucleotide sequence of the reca gene of vibrio cholerae (vc) has been determined. the amino acid (aa) sequence of the protein product is very similar to other known reca aa sequences. however, this sequence does not agree with a previously reported vc reca aa sequence [ghosh et al., nucleic acids res. 20 (1992) 372].19957828921
specificity of the protein secretory apparatus: secretion of the heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit pentamers by different species of gram- bacteria.the b-subunit pentamer(s) (etxbp) of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) are secreted from vibrio cholerae via the general secretion pathway (gsp), but remain periplasmic in e. coli. in order to determine if other gram- bacteria were also able to secrete the extbp, the etxb gene, which encodes etxb was introduced into different bacteria. of the bacteria examined, most species of vibrio and aeromonas were able to secrete this protein through the outer membrane; other gram- genera, inclu ...19957828926
myff, an element of the network regulating the synthesis of fibrillae in yersinia enterocolitica.the yersinia enterocolitica surface antigen myf is a fibrillar structure that resembles cs3 fimbriae. gene myfa encodes the 21-kda major subunit of the antigen, while genes myfb and myfc are required for the transport and assembly of pilin subunits at the bacterial cell surface. here we show that the expression of myf is regulated at the transcriptional level by temperature and ph. gene myfa is transcribed at 37 degrees c and in acidic medium. the transcription start is preceded by a putative -1 ...19957836309
preliminary structure determination of the capsular polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal al1837.vibrio cholerae o139 bengal has recently been identified as a cause of epidemic cholera in asia. in contrast to v. cholerae o1, v. cholerae o139 bengal has a polysaccharide capsule. as determined by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and 1h nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, the capsular polysaccharide of v. cholerae o139 bengal strain al1837 has six residues in the repeating subunit; this includes one residue each of n-acetylglucosamine, n-acetylquinovosamine (quinac), galacturoni ...19957836323
genesis of the novel epidemic vibrio cholerae o139 strain: evidence for horizontal transfer of genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis.only vibrio cholerae strains of serotype o1 are known to cause epidemics, while non-o1 strains are associated with sporadic cases of cholera. it was therefore unexpected that the recent cholera epidemic in asia was caused by a non-o1 strain with the serotype o139. we provide evidence that o139 arose from a strain closely related to the causative agent of the present cholera pandemic, v. cholerae o1 el tor, by acquisition of novel dna which was inserted into, and replaced part of, the o antigen g ...19957835331
[is vibrio cholerae serotype 0139 a potential cause of a new pandemic?].vibrio cholerae o139, a new v. cholerae serotype that does not react with the 138 so far known antisera, was first isolated in 1992 in madras, india. although a v. cholerae non-o1, it behaved quite differently from this particular group of organisms by its clinical appearance in causing epidemic cholera-like disease. the organism possessed the same register of virulence factors as v. cholerae o1. biochemical and genetic analyses have shown that v. cholerae o139 was closely related to the el tor ...19957846774
a 25-kda beta-lactam-induced outer membrane protein of vibrio cholerae. purification and characterization.a 25-kda outer membrane protein, induced following treatment of vibrio cholerae cells with beta-lactam antibiotics and constituting about 8-10% of the total outer membrane proteins of beta-lactam-resistant mutants, has been purified to homogeneity. it is a basic (pi 8.5) protein rich in beta-sheet structure and is a homodimer, the monomers being held together by hydrophobic interactions. the effective hydrophobicity of the protein is low, and a large part of the protein is exposed on the surface ...19957852369
molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio cholerae non-o1.a collection of 64 clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae non-o1 strains isolated in asia and peru were characterized by molecular methods and antibiotic susceptibility testing. all strains were resistant to at least 1 and 80% were resistant to two or more antibiotics. several strains showed multiple antibiotic resistance (> or = three antibiotics). plasmids most often of low molecular weight were found in 21/64 (33%) strains. the presence of plasmids did not correlate with antibiotic resist ...19957867743
distribution and virulence of vibrio cholerae belonging to serogroups other than o1 and o139: a nationwide survey.the distribution and virulence of vibrio cholerae serogroups other than o1 and o139 in india before, during and after the advent of o139 serogroup was investigated. a total of 68 strains belonging to 31 different 'o' serogroups were identified during the study period. with the exception of o53, there was no spatial or temporal clustering of any particular non-o1 non-o139 serogroup at any given place. two of the 68 strains examined produced cholera toxin (ct) which could only be partially absorbe ...19957867744
vibrio cholerae o139 in thailand in 1994.vibrio cholerae o139 first appeared in india and bangladesh in 1992. surveillance for o139 was started at three hospitals in thailand in 1993. by 1994 all three hospitals surveyed in thailand had experienced an increase in vibrio cholerae o139 infections.19957867745
the periplasmic endonuclease i of escherichia coli has amino-acid sequence homology to the extracellular dnases of vibrio cholerae and aeromonas hydrophila.the gene enda, encoding the periplasmic endonuclease i (endoi) of escherichia coli, was identified on a cloned chromosomal 1.5-kb hindiii fragment. the nucleotide sequence of the fragment revealed an open reading frame (orf) coding for a polypeptide of 235 amino acids (aa). the orf preceeded by a region with two possible promoter sites displays promoter activity when cloned into an expression vector. on the c-terminal side, two sequences with putative transcription termination function are prese ...19957867949
emerging diseases and ecosystem instability: new threats to public health.ecologists have begun to describe an environmental distress syndrome, whereby widespread loss of top predators and harsh environmental conditions are encouraging the selection of opportunistic pests and pathogens across a wide taxonomic range of plants and animals. environmental change and pollutants stress individuals and populations, and this may be reflected in the global resurgence of infectious disease as these stresses cascade through the community assemblages of species. in 1993, the sudd ...19957856775
inter-strand cross-linking of vibrio cholerae dna induced by furazolidone: a quantitative assay by four simple methods.four simple methods, i.e., (i) uv absorption spectrophotometry, (ii) hydroxyapatite chromatography, (iii) fluorescence analysis of ethidium bromide bound to dna and (iv) assay of s1 endonuclease action, were used in parallel for the estimation of furazolidone-induced inter-strand cross-links in vibrio cholerae dna. the data produced by the four methods were in reasonable agreement with each other and provided similar linear dose-response relations, the correlation (between dose and response) coe ...19957870098
molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o139 isolates from asia.in 1992, a serologically novel clone of vibrio cholerae, designated o139, caused large epidemics of diarrhea in india and bangladesh. to determine the extent of the spread of v. cholerae o139 worldwide, 484 v. cholerae non-o1 strains isolated from different patients with diarrhea in thailand, indonesia, the philippines, and peru in 1993 were tested for agglutination in o139 antisera. one hundred fifty-one of these 484 isolates were examined for genes encoding cholera toxin, zonula occlulans toxi ...19957872438
detection and differentiation of the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpa) in vibrio cholerae non-o1 using the polymerase chain reaction.the polymerase chain reaction has been used to differentiate the gene which encodes the toxin co-regulated pili (tcpa) of the el tor and classical biotypes of vibrio cholerae o1. the same pcr primers were applied to strains belonging to non-o1 serogroups that produced cholera toxin. the size of fragment amplified was either identical to the tcpa of biotype el tor (471 bp) or to the tcpa of biotype classical (617 bp). all strains belonging to the novel epidemic serogroup o139 generated a 471-bp f ...19957875567
isolation and characterization of a vibrio cholerae gene (taga) that encodes a toxr-regulated lipoprotein.the vibrio cholerae (vc) gene (taga) coding for the taga lipoprotein has been isolated. sequencing of taga revealed the presence of an open reading frame (orf) of 568 amino acids with a characteristic signal peptidase ii cleavage site at the n terminus. electrophoretic analysis of proteins synthesized by escherichia coli (ec) cells following t7 promoter/rna polymerase-directed expression of taga, revealed a closely migrating doublet of proteins corresponding to two species of taga. computer-gene ...19957883190
a new mobilizable cosmid vector for use in vibrio cholerae and other gram-negative bacteria.a new mobilizable cosmid vector, pcos5, was engineered for use in vibrio cholerae (vc). plasmid pcos5 is small in size (7286 bp), contains the orit from plasmid rk2, and has several unique restriction sites. the complete nucleotide sequence of pcos5 was deduced from the dna fragments used in its construction. biparental matings using escherichia coli (ec) sm10 and triparental matings using ec dh5 alpha[prk2013] were used to measure the conjugation frequency of pcos5 and pajm1, a clone containing ...19957883191
the spread of vibrio cholerae o139 in india. 19957876637
safety and immunogenicity of a live oral bivalent typhoid fever (salmonella typhi ty21a)-cholera (vibrio cholerae cvd 103-hgr) vaccine in healthy adults.the safety and immunogenicity of the live oral attenuated vaccine strains vibrio cholerae cvd 103-hgr and salmonella typhi ty21a were evaluated alone or in a combined bivalent formulation in four groups composed of 185 healthy european adults. all presentations were well tolerated. the serum anti-s. typhi lipopolysaccharide immunoglobulin g and immunoglobulin a antibody responses were comparable for all groups (66 to 72% seroconversion). the serum vibriocidal antibody seroconversion rate ranged ...19957890391
short communication: detection of non-culturable vibrio cholerae o139, by pcr and fluorescent antibody methods, in laboratory microcosms.non-culturable vibrio cholerae o139 was detected in microcosms by pcr and fluorescent-antibody (fa) techniques. when survival of v. cholerae o139 in microcosms was assessed by viable counting on culture media, the vibrio became non-culturable after 44 days and remained non-culturable for an additional 7 weeks.199524414922
detection of cholera (ctx) and zonula occludens (zot) toxin genes in vibrio cholerae o1, o139 and non-o1 strains.vibrio cholerae o1 and v. cholerae non-o1 strains isolated from environmental samples collected in são paulo, brazil, during cholera epidemics and pre-epidemic periods were examined for the presence of toxin genes. v. cholerae o1 strains isolated from clinical samples in peru and mexico, and v. cholerae o139 strains from india were also examined for the presence of ctx (cholera toxin gene) and zot (zonula occludens toxin gene) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a modified dna-extraction method ...199524414916
pupillary dysfunction in myasthenia gravis.the constriction-dilation cycles of pupils exposed to a stationary, discrete slit-lamp beam were significantly prolonged in 25 myasthenic patients (1,060.4 +/- 45.8 msec) undergoing therapy with steroids, anticholinesterases, or both, compared to normal controls (801.9 +/- 8.6 msec) or subjects receiving steroids for nonneurological disease (860.9 +/- 14.9 msec). the duration of myasthenia correlated with the slowing of the cycle time. myasthenia gravis may affect ectodermally derived smooth mus ...1995228589
modification of involuntary movements by centrally acting drugs. 1995167567
clonidine reverses the amnesia induced by dopamine beta hydroxylase inhibition.the role of noradrenergic (ne) mechanisms in amnesia induced by the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (dbh) inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate (dedtc) was examined by studying the antiamnestic characteristics of the alpha-ne receptor stimulator clonidine. dedtc (250 mg/kg) administered 3 hr prior to training to c57bl/6j mice resulted in marked deficits when retention of a multiple trial food motivated spatial discrimination task was measured 24 hr after learning. investigation of the temporal aspects of ...1995228318
carrier detection of the x-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases using x-chromosome inactivation analysis.carrier detection of three of the x-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases (x-linked agammaglobulinemia, x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and the wiskott-aldrich syndrome) is possible by analyzing patterns of x-chromosome inactivation in those cells affected by the disorder. normal women have balanced patterns of x-chromosome inactivation; that is, in a given population of cells, approximately half of their active x chromosomes are of paternal origin and half of their active ...19952191994
state-contracted study shows little pbb residue. 1995228158
[surface and wetting properties of etched and fluoridated dental enamel]. 1995398259
[intracranial pressure and changes in the level of wakefulness]. 1995167418
tolerance of mice to nitrous oxide.mice continuously exposed to a subanesthetic dose of nitrous oxide (n2o) become tolerant to nitrous oxide, as measured by an increase in their ed50 (dose required to abolish the righting reflex in 50% of animals) for n2o. the maximum increase in ed50 is approximately 0.25 atm for mice exposed to 40, 50 or 70% n2o for 2 to 3 weeks. mice exposed to 25% n2o for 3 weeks do not develop tolerance. mice exhibit a withdrawal syndrome when removed from the subanesthetic environment after exposure to 40 t ...1995228023
time of occurrence, duration, and ventricular rate of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the effect of digoxin. 19952271354
[university news from tromsø. full degree study in nursing science]. 19952271332
accumulation of copper, lead, manganese and iron by field populations of hydrodictyon reticulatum (linn.) lagerheim.the potential of 'water-net' hydrodictyon reticulatum to accumulate copper, lead, manganese and iron was determined in seven polluted water bodies having different physicochemical characteristics. the lead accumulation was linearly related with ambient concentration whereas in case of copper, manganese and iron it was maximum at lowest ambient level of metals. investigations on response of alga to various concentrations of test metals under single metal treatments revealed that the algal cells a ...19951615306
zollinger-ellison syndrome. 1995176667
[the development of the concept of perversion]. 1995398072
[ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass for the treatment of atypical coarctation in the adult]. 19953437149
hormone receptor complexes and their modulation of membrane function. 1995172994
decline of adrenal androgen production as measured by radioimmunoassay of urinary unconjugated dehyroepiandrosterone.dehydroepiandrosterone (dha), in large part a measure of adrenal androgen secretion, previously has been measured in urine after hydrolysis or solvolysis of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. these procedures are time consuming; they often require several days and variable recoveries are a source of error. a method is presented here for determination of unconjugated dha in 24-h urine specimens which requires less time, labor, and sample volume than necessary for the assay of dha derived fro ...1995162516
the accessory colonization factor and toxin-coregulated pilus gene clusters are physically linked on the vibrio cholerae 0395 chromosome.a partial nucleotide sequence of the first gene in the vibrio cholerae accessory colonization factor gene cluster was obtained by sequencing a cloned acfb::tnphoa fusion junction. analysis of the sequence data revealed that the atg start codon of the acfb structural gene is located 6 bp downstream of the tcpj tga stop codon. this establishes a large region in excess of 20 kbp of the vibrio cholerae chromosome as a cluster of coordinately regulated virulence genes involved in intestinal colonizat ...19947894059
[a prognostic model of a cholera epidemic].a new model for the prognostication of cholera epidemic on the territory of a large city is proposed. this model reflects the characteristic feature of contacting infection by sensitive individuals due to the preservation of vibrio cholerae in their water habitat. the mathematical model of the epidemic quantitatively reflects the processes of the spread of infection by kinetic equations describing the interaction of the streams of infected persons, the causative agents and susceptible persons. t ...19947879479
molecular epidemiologic analysis of vibrio cholerae o1 isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor from two well-defined cholera outbreaks in malaysia were analyzed by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). isolates from sporadic cases occurring during the same time period were also studied. digestion of chromosomal dna from these isolates of v. cholerae o1 with restriction endonucleases noti (5'-gcggccgc-3') and sfii (5'-ggccnnnn-3'), followed by pfge, produced restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) patterns consisting of 13 to 24 bands (ranging ...19947883885
case of aeromonas veronii (dna group 10) bacteremia.we describe the first case report of bacteremia due to aeromonas veronii biotype veronii. the infection occurred in a 77-year-old man suffering from multiple underlying conditions which included cancer of the sigmoid colon. because of the unusual biochemical phenotype of this group (ornithine decarboxylase positive), it was originally identified as vibrio cholerae.19947883912
[epidemiologic and prophylactic deductions in the bacteriologic studies of strains of vibrio cholerae (o:1) isolated in rwanda]. 19947885213
comparative efficacy of biodegradable liposomes and microspheres as carriers for delivery of vibrio cholerae antigens in the intestine.the effect of the encapsulated antigens of vibrio cholerae and their route of administration in induction of immune response was studied in experimental cholera. the antigenic proteins of v. cholerae el tor strain kb207 were obtained by fractionation of cell-free lysate by high-performance liquid chromatography. the antigenic proteins were pooled and encapsulated in biodegradable liposomes and poly(d,l) lactic co-glycolic acid microspheres. rabbits were immunized with free as well as encapsulate ...19947887015
non-01 vibrio cholerae. 19947890360
cholera vaccine: developmental strategies and problems.over a hundred years have elapsed since vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent for the disease cholera, was discovered by robert koch. ever since then serious efforts have been made to develop prophylactic measures to combat the disease without much success. seven pandemics have so far been reported and cholera still remains a public health problem in developing countries. several strategies have been adopted to develop vaccines against the disease and many of these vaccines have undergone field ...19947875711
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates at the american university medical center in lebanon.in lebanon, knowledge of the prevailing pattern of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents has been limited, particularly because of 15 years of civil strife. thus, the current study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of nonselected bacterial isolates recovered from recent clinical specimens, using the standardized disk agar diffusion technique. a total of 5216 isolates (1443 gram positive and 3773 gram negative) were examined. over 92% of staphylococcus au ...19947874882
lemon juice as a natural biocide for disinfecting drinking water.the natural biocidal activity of lemon juice was studied in order to explore its possible use as a disinfectant and inhibitor of vibrio cholerae in drinking water for areas lacking water treatment plants. from january through july 1993, water samples of varying alkalinity and hardness were prepared artificially, and underground and surface water samples were obtained from a number of different rural and urban areas in argentina's buenos aires province. after measuring the latter samples' hardnes ...19947858646
surface-associated and soluble components of vibrio cholerae involved in bacteria-host interactions. 19947859509
a 53 kda protein of vibrio cholerae classical strain 0395 involved in intestinal colonization.mutants of vibrio cholerae 01 strain 0395 (classical) mutated in genes encoding secretory or cell surface proteins were induced by tnphoa mutagenesis and were selected as blue colonies on l-agar plates containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate. southern analysis of the total dna from blue colonies showed that all mutants had tnphoa insertion in genomic dna. these mutants were analysed for adherence, colonization and protein profile. adherence to freshly isolated rabbit intestinal discs was ...19947861958
severity of cholera during concurrent infections with other enteric pathogens.in a clinic-based case-control study in bangladesh we evaluated whether children with diarrhoea due to v. cholerae o1 in association with other enteric pathogen(s) are likely to manifest more severe disease as indicated by development of moderate or severe dehydration. children with moderate or severe dehydration were defined as cases and those with no dehydration were controls; both cases and controls had acute diarrhoea. a systematic sample of 268 dehydrated cases and 699 nondehydrated control ...19947868829
distribution of zonula occludens toxin (zot) gene among clinical isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 from bangladesh and africa.seventy-two clinical isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 from bangladesh, and 12 and 9 isolates respectively from tanzania and nigeria were screened for sequences homologous to zonula occludens toxin (zot) and cholera toxin (ctx) genes. as observed previously, all isolates in the present study also possessed sequences for both toxins which suggested that zot does not occur independent of ctx. it appears that along with the virulence genes located in the "virulence cassette" region of the bacterial ch ...19947868831
antibacterial activity of tea (camellia sinensis) and coffee (coffee arabica) with special reference to salmonella typhimurium.extracts of black tea, japanese green tea, china tea or coffee inhibited the growth of various bacteria causing diarrhoeal diseases. tea or coffee also showed bactericidal activity against vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhimurium and salmonella typhi.19947868837
a second outbreak of cholera in the home for mentally handicapped, nonthaburi.a second outbreak of cholera, due to the ogawa strain, occurred in the home for mentally handicapped children in nonthaburi between july 29 and august 9, 1992. an outbreak of cholera due to the inaba strain was reported in the same institution and season tin 1987. in 1992, the clinical attack rate was 8 per cent of 440 children; there were two deaths. bath water was contaminated with vibrio cholerae o1 e1 tor ogawa, the same strain as was isolated from the ill children. chlorination of the water ...19947869006
characterization of phenotypic, serological, and toxigenic traits of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.biochemical and physiological traits of a collection of strains of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal isolated from india, bangladesh, and thailand showed that these strains formed a phenotypically homogeneous group with identical characteristics that were essentially similar to those of the o1 serogroup. resistance to 150 micrograms of the vibriostatic agent o/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine) and mukherjee's el tor phage 5 and classical phage iv and the nonagglutinability of the strains with ...19947852571
infectious agents causing acute watery diarrhoea in infants and young children in bangladesh and their public health implications.we studied the age specific distribution of enteropathogens in young children presenting at a large diarrhoeal diseases hospital in urban bangladesh. a 5 per cent systematic sample was used to examine 1207 rectal swab specimens of children aged 1-35 months with acute watery diarrhoea. variation in isolation rates of enteropathogens was observed in different age groups. overall rotavirus (26 per cent) and campylobacter (26 per cent) were the most common pathogens followed by enterotoxigenic esche ...19947853440
cryptolepis sanguinolenta activity against diarrhoeal bacteria.cryptolepine is the main alkaloid of cryptolepis sanguinolenta (lindl.) schlechter, a plant used in traditional medicine in west africa. the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of cryptolepine, ethanol and aqueous extracts of cryptolepis sanguinolenta root were determined for 65 strains of campylobacter jejuni, 41 strains of campylobacter coli isolated from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in portugal and 86 strains of vibrio cholerae isolated from patients with enteric infections in angol ...19947853867
tcpa pilin sequences and colonization requirements for o1 and o139 vibrio cholerae.the distribution, characterization and function of the tcpa gene was investigated in vibrio cholerae o1 strains of the el tor biotype and in a newly emergent non-o1 strain classified as serogroup o139. the v. cholerae tcpa gene from the classical biotype strain o395 was used as a probe to identify a clone carrying the tcpa gene from the el tor biotype strain e7946. the sequence of the e7946 tcpa gene revealed that the mature el tor tcpa pilin has the same number of residues as, and is 82% identi ...19947854116
an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to vibrio cholerae 0139 in pondicherry, south india. 19947855647
immunogenicity of vibrio cholerae ghosts following intraperitoneal immunization of mice.the immunogenic potential of vibrio cholerae ghosts (vcg) in comparison with heat-killed whole-cell vibrios (wcv) was evaluated after intraperitoneal immunization of adult mice. swiss white mice received four doses of vcg or wcv intraperitoneally, consisting of 500 micrograms of lyophilized material in 200 microliters of phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), ph 7.4. the control group received 200 microliters of pbs. serum samples were collected from all mice on the day of immunization and on days 14, ...19947856300
protein crystallography and infectious diseases.the current rapid growth in the number of known 3-dimensional protein structures is producing a database of structures that is increasingly useful as a starting point for the development of new medically relevant molecules such as drugs, therapeutic proteins, and vaccines. this development is beautifully illustrated in the recent book, protein structure: new approaches to disease and therapy (perutz, 1992). there is a great and growing promise for the design of molecules for the treatment or pre ...19947849584
enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhoeal diseases.five types of escherichia coli are responsible for as much as 25% of all diarrheal diseases in developing countries. they tend to be transmitted via contaminated foods, particularly weaning foods, and water. they include enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroadherent, enteroinvasive, and enterohemorrhagic e. coli. shigella species are responsible for 10-15% of acute diarrheas in children less than 5 years old and the most common etiologic agents of childhood dysentery. shigellosis is common i ...19947835992
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal: the eighth pandemic strain of cholera. 19947835993
toxin-related diarrheas. 19947838605
environmental reservoir of vibrio cholerae. the causative agent of cholera. 19947840478
cholera el tor in latin america, 1991-1993. 19947840479
construction of plasmids useful for production of the b subunit of cholera toxin from vibrio cholerae or a heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.a simple method to construct the plasmids producing the b subunit of porcine or human heatlabile enterotoxin or cholera toxin was developed, and the b subunits produced by the resulting plasmids were purified. the gene of ltp from pewd 299 was ligated to phsg 396 or pbluescript sk(+)-1 and the vector carrying one xbal and ecor1 site in the ltp-a gene was constructed. the xbal-ecor1 fragment of ltp-a gene was exchanged for the multicloning site of phsg 396 containing xbal, bamh1, cla 1, kpn1, sac ...19947843342
bengal: el tor cholera vibrio in a new robe. 19947823808
breast feeding: overview and breast milk immunology.the transfer of host defence capacity to the human offspring provides a remarkable model of passive transfer of immunity. in fact it may also provide an example of active immunization. the transfer of mucosal protection via breast feeding offers many additional advantages for the mother and infant. through its contraceptive effects it increases the spacing between births, thus diminshing the infant mortality and the burden on the mother. it also enhances bonding between mother and child, it seem ...19947825463
carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human t leukaemic cells.the mucin-type carbohydrate tn cryptantigen (galnac alpha 1-o-ser/thr, where galnac is n-acetyl-d-galactosamine) is expressed in many carcinomas, in haemopoietic disorders including the tn syndrome, and on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) coat glycoproteins, but is not expressed on normal, differentiated cells because of the expression of a tn-processing galactosyltransferase. using jurkat t leukaemic cells which express high levels of tn antigen due to deficient tn galactosylation, we have es ...19947827404
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