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circular dichroism of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o1 and some related derivatives.the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of vibrio cholerae o1 is a homopolymer of alpha-(1 --> 2)-linked 4-amino-4, 6-dideoxy-d-mannopyranose whose amino group is acylated with 3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronic acid [n-(3-deoxy-l-glycero- tetronyl)-alpha-d-perosamine]. the circular dichroism (cd) of the o-sp as well as of a number of n-acyl (formyl, acetyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 3-deoxy-l-and d-glycero-tetronyl) derivatives of methyl alpha-glycosides of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannopyranose (methyl alpha-d-perosa ...19957585695
synthesis and crystal structure of methyl 4-6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l- glycero-tetronamido)-2-o-methyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside, the methyl alpha-glycoside of the terminal unit, and presumed antigenic determinant, of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa.methyl 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-3-o-benzyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside and its analogous 3-o-(4-methoxybenzyl) derivative were methylated and the 2-o-methyl derivatives formed were converted into methyl 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-o-methyl-alpha-d- mannopyranoside [sequence: see text]. reaction of the latter with 3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronolactone gave the methyl glycoside of 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero- tetronamido)-2-methyl-alpha-d-mannopyranose [sequence: see text], the monosaccharide that is reported to ...19957585718
aggregation properties of semisynthetic gd1a ganglioside (iv3neu5acii3neu5acggose4cer) containing an acetyl group as acyl moiety.gd1a ganglioside containing an acetyl group as acyl moiety, gd1a(acetyl), was synthesized from natural gd1a. the aggregative properties in aqueous solution of gd1a(acetyl) have been studied by static and dynamic laser light-scattering measurements. gd1a(acetyl) spontaneously aggregates as small micelles showing a hydrodynamic radius and molecular mass of 33 a and 96 kda, respectively. vibrio cholerae sialidase showed a very high activity on the micelles of gd1a(acetyl), compared to gd1a. this ha ...19957586091
the structure of the lipid a-core region of the lipopolysaccharides from vibrio cholerae o1 smooth strain 569b (inaba) and rough mutant strain 95r (ogawa).the lipopolysaccharides (lps) from vibrio cholerae 95r, a rough mutant strain of o1 v. cholerae 162 (ogawa), and from smooth o1 v. cholerae 569b (inaba) were de-o-acylated. in each case, one part of the products was treated with 48% aqueous hf which removed the phosphoryl and fructose residues, then reduced, de-n-acylated, and n-acetylated. another part was de-n-acylated by treatment with hot koh. the products of both degradation pathways were separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromat ...19957588739
c reactive protein and prealbumin as markers of disease activity in shigellosis.to evaluate serum c reactive protein (crp) and prealbumin concentrations as markers of disease activity in shigellosis this study serially measured serum concentrations of crp and prealbumin in 39 patients infected with shigella spp, and a comparison group of 10 patients infected with vibrio cholerae serotype 01. on admission, patients with shigellosis had significantly higher median concentrations of crp (109 v 5 mg/l; p < 0.01) and significantly lower median concentrations of prealbumin (16 v ...19957590438
development of highly specific monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of vibrio cholerae 01.we report here the development of two monoclonal antibodies, termed 5g8 and 5c12, belonging to the igm and igg1 class, respectively, suitable for the identification of vibrio cholerae 01 in clinical and environmental samples. the specificities of the monoclonals were evaluated by elisa and indirect immunofluorescent microscopy of microorganisms normally present in stool samples and with two bacterial panels. one panel included 72 potentially antigenically related bacterial strains and the second ...19957590791
the ompu outer membrane protein, a potential adherence factor of vibrio cholerae.expression of the ompu outer membrane protein of vibrio cholerae is positively regulated by toxr, which also regulates critical virulence factors such as cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus colonization factor. in this study, we have characterized the 38-kda ompu protein and investigated its role in the adhesion of v. cholerae to mammalian cells. the amino-terminal sequence of ompu has similarity with the sequences of haemophilus influenzae hmw1 and hmw2 adhesins, which, in turn, also ...19957591082
multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect toxigenic vibrio cholerae and to biotype vibrio cholerae o1.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed to identify cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae and to biotype v. cholerae o1. enterotoxin-producing v. cholerae strains were identified with a primer pair that amplified a fragment of the ctxa2-b gene. vibrio cholerae o1 strains were simultaneously differentiated into biotypes with three primers specified for the hyla gene in the same reaction. the hlya amplicon in the multiplex pcr serves as an internal control when testing toxin-pr ...19957592121
molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated in nepal by southern hybridization with a cholera toxin gene probe.a cholera epidemic broke out in 1992 due to vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor in the eastern and southern belt of nepal mainly among the bhutanese refugees. restriction fragment profiles (rfp) of dna fragments of v. cholerae o1 isolates hybridized with an enzyme-labelled oligonucleotide probe for cholera toxin gene (ctx) by southern hybridization were compared. the probe hybridized with the 13- and 8-kb fragments of psti-digested total dna in all isolates observed in the epidemic. this rfp in th ...19957594311
plasmid profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of vibrio cholerae o1 strain isolated during a recent outbreak in nigeria.in a study on the outbreak of cholera in nigeria in 1992, 86 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 (79 ogawa serotype and 7 inaba serotype) were isolated. antimicrobial susceptibility testing and plasmid profile analysis of the strains were done. most isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and nitrofurantoin, and less sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cloxacillin, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline. the strain ...19957594312
vibriocidal activities of some local herbs.four of the seven tested medicinal plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against vibrio cholerae. these 7 plants are: ficus capensis, mitragyna stipulosa, entada africana, piliostigma reticulatum, terminalia avicennoides, mimosa pudica, and lannea acida. of them terminalia avicennoides showed higher antimocrobial activity than others. potentials of these herbs in the control of cholera need to be determined.19957594314
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal infections among tourists to southeast asia: an intercontinental foodborne outbreak.to determine the source and extent of an outbreak of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal infections among 630 cruise ship passengers to southeast asia, a retrospective cohort study was done. questionnaires were sent to all passengers from the united states, canada, and the united kingdom, and serum samples were requested from all passengers reporting diarrhea. a case was defined as diarrheal illness with onset between 8 and 28 february 1994 and a cholera antitoxic antibody titer > or = 800. six passenge ...19957594688
[in vitro antibacterial activity of balofloxacin (blfx) against isolates from patients with bacterial enteritis].in vitro antibacterial activity of balofloxacin (blfx), a newly developed fluoroquinoline, was compared with that of norfloxacin (nflx), ofloxacin (oflx) and ciplofloxacin (cpfx). bacterial strains used in this experiment were freshly isolated from patients with infectious enteritis just before blfx therapy. the isolates were 43 strains of vibrio cholerae o1, 1 strain of campylobacter sp., 4 strains of aeromonas spp., 3 strains of plesiomonas shigelloides, 1 strain of vibrio mimicus and 1 strain ...19957594800
cholera in england and wales, 1994. 19957533034
monoclonal antibodies against ogawa specific & ogawa-inaba common antigenic determinants of vibrio cholerae o1 & their diagnostic utility.monoclonal antibodies to ogawa-inaba common antigenic determinant and ogawa specific antigenic determinant of v. cholerae belonging to the serogroup o1 were generated from balb/c mice immunized with v. cholerae o1 eltor ogawa strain. reactivity and specificities of the monoclonal antibodies were examined by slide agglutination method. the monoclonal antibodies agglutinated all the v. cholerae o1 strains tested but did not agglutinate with any of the other currently recognized 140 serogroups of v ...19957533744
update: vibrio cholerae o1--western hemisphere, 1991-1994, and v. cholerae o139--asia, 1994.the cholera epidemic caused by vibrio cholerae o1 that began in january 1991 has continued to spread in central and south america (figure 1). in southern asia, the epidemic caused by the newly recognized strain v. cholerae o139 that began in late 1992 also has continued to spread (figure 2). this report updates surveillance findings for both epidemics.19957533888
application of ribotyping for differentiating vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolated from shrimp farms in thailand.a collection of 143 vibrio cholerae non-o1 strains isolated from shrimp farms in thailand were characterized and grouped by ribotyping. sixty-four ribotypes were distinguished following digestion of chromosomal dna with the restriction enzyme bgli, and the reproducibility of the method was 100%. there was no correlation between specific ribotype distributions and the locations of the shrimp farms. ribotype similarity was examined by cluster analysis, and two main groups with 10 and 54 ribotypes, ...19957534053
new variant of vibrio cholerae o1 from clinical isolates in amazonia.a survey of pathogenic vibrio cholerae o1 strains from the north of brazil by using arbitrarily primed pcr fingerprints revealed a group of strains with similar fingerprint patterns that are distinct from those of the current el tor epidemic strain. these strains have been analyzed by in vivo and in vitro techniques and the group has been denominated the amazonian variant of v. cholerae o1.19957535309
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: vibrio cholerae o1--western hemisphere, 1991-1994, and v. cholerae o139--asia, 1994. 19957535870
synthesis of specifically deoxygenated analogues of the methyl alpha-glycoside of the intracatenary monosaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1.treatment of methyl alpha-d-perosaminide (1) with gamma-butyrolactone gave the 2'-deoxy analogue of methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-alpha-d-mannopyranos ide (13), the methyl alpha-glycoside of the intracatenary monosaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1. the analogous 4'-deoxy derivative was obtained by hydrogenolysis of a 4'-chlorodeoxy precursor, obtained by chlorination of methyl 2,3-di-o-benzyl-4-(2-o-benzyl-3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido ...19957537627
immunochemistry of group a and inaba c antigen factors constituting the o antigen of o1 vibrio cholerae.serological cross-reactivity among intact lipopolysaccharides (lps) from o1 vibrio cholerae inaba o-form (inaba), yersinia enterocolitica o9 (o9), non-o1 v. cholerae serogroup hakata (hakata) and vibrio bio-serogroup 1875 variant (1875 variant) (all of which share inaba antigen factor c), as well as a total of six kinds of chemically modified lps (three from o9 and three from inaba) was demonstrated by passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition by using these lps as antigen for sensitizi ...19957538078
molecular subtyping of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o139 causing epidemic cholera in india and bangladesh, 1992-1993.since october 1992, > 150,000 cases of cholera have been reported from india and bangladesh; the great majority of vibrio cholerae isolates belong to the newly established serogroup o139. to better understand the interaction of genetic and epidemiologic factors responsible for their sudden appearance and rapid spread, representative toxigenic v. cholerae o139 isolates were molecularly characterized and compared with a set of toxigenic v. cholerae o1 and non-o1/non-o139 strains. dna sequences of ...19957528249
the capsule and o antigen in vibrio cholerae o139 bengal are associated with a genetic region not present in vibrio cholerae o1.vibrio cholerae o139 bengal, although closely related to v. cholerae o1 el tor, produces a polysaccharide capsule and has a distinct o antigen. we have identified a chromosomal region of at least 11 kb, as defined by three tnphoa mutations, that is required for the expression of both polysaccharides. electron microscopy and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that these tnphoa mutants have lost the abilities both to express capsule and to produce lipopolysaccharide bey ...19957528734
evidence for a weak adaptive response to alkylation damage in vibrio cholerae.wild-type vibrio cholerae cells, when adapted by a stepwise treatment with sub-lethal concentrations of n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng), acquired resistance to killing and mutagenesis by subsequent challenges with higher concentrations of mnng. this was also seen in the rec isogenic strain indicating that the observed phenomenon was not due to the induction of sos functions. further, the adapted cells of both the wild-type and rec strains could reactivate lethally alkylated phages wi ...19957528898
carbohydrate-dependent binding of the cell-free hemagglutinin of vibrio cholerae to glycoprotein and glycolipid.the carbohydrate-binding specificity of the cell-free hemagglutinin (ha) of vibrio cholerae (k.k. banerjee, a.n. ghose, k. datta-roy, s.c. pal, and a.c. ghose, infect. immun.58:3698-3705, 1990) was studied by using glycoconjugates with defined sugar sequences. the ha was not inhibited by simple sugars including glucobiose, galabiose, and their n-acetylated derivatives. the hemagglutination of rabbit erythrocytes by the ha was inhibited moderately by fetuin, calf thyroglobulin, and human alpha 1- ...19957530711
haemagglutinating property & cell surface hydrophobicity of vibrio cholerae 0139.cell-associated haemagglutinating activity was detected in all the epidemic strains of v. cholerae 0139 and 01, isolated in different parts of the country, with erythrocytes from rabbit, rat, chicken and guinea pig. sheep erythrocytes were unresponsive to both groups of strains. while d-mannose, alpha-methyl-d-mannoside, glucosamine, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, thyroglobuline were effective inhibitors of the haemagglutinating activity of the v. cholerae 0139 and 01 strains, galactose and n-acetyl-d- ...19957601494
[molecular epidemiological study on vibrio cholerae o139].genomic dna from 56 vibrio cholerae o139 strains isolated in various countries was digested with sfi i or not i and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). eight different pfge patterns were identified. although the patterns of a large majority of ct-gene-positive epidemic strains isolated in india, bangladesh and thailand were the same or similar, but were slightly different from those of two ct-positive strains from india and nepal. on the other hand, the patterns of ct-negative t ...19957602181
cholera admissions in adults 1989-1994: a hospital based study.in order to gain insight into the distribution of cholera over the years and proportion of monthly admissions under our adult medical services, we scrutinized our records of hospital discharges between 1989 and 1994. only culture positive cases were included. each year most of the cases of cholera are admitted between may and november with almost disease free interval from december to april. in 1992 admission rate was 4.24/1000 medical admissions which increased to 12.65 in 1993 and 13.73 in 199 ...19957623405
identification of errors among database sequence entries and comparison of correct amino acid sequences for the heat-labile enterotoxins of escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae. 19957623669
isolation and characterization of the exo-enterotoxin of vibrio cholerae strain 110 cal.vibrio cholerae "strain 110 cal" from calabar, nigeria were grown in syncase broth. exo-enterotoxin secreted into the medium was then isolated purified and characterized. the toxin had enterotoxic activity using the infant mouseassay of world health organization. the toxin also had a molecular weight of about 89,000 daltons by gel filtration through sephadex g-150 and 100,000 daltons by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). the toxin exhibited two subunits with molecular weights of about 63 ...19957626525
dynamics of non-o1 vibrio cholerae and fecal coliforms in experimental stabilization ponds in the arid region of marrakesh, morocco, and the effect of ph, temperature, and sunlight on their experimental survival.we studied the spatial-temporal dynamics of non-o1 vibrio cholerae numbers at a stabilization pond treatment plant. this bacterium's seasonal dynamics were the inverse of those of fecal coliforms, with high levels in hot periods and low levels in cold periods. stabilization pond treatment did not significantly reduce non-o1 v. cholerae numbers between the system's inflow and outflow points. in contrast, fecal coliforms were reduced by 98.95% in hot periods and by 94.91% in cold periods. signific ...19957627909
zonula occludens toxin modulates tight junctions through protein kinase c-dependent actin reorganization, in vitro.the intracellular signaling involved in the mechanism of action of zonula occludens toxin (zot) was studied using several in vitro and ex vivo models. zot showed a selective effect among various cell lines tested, suggesting that it may interact with a specific receptor, whose surface expression on various cells differs. when tested in iec6 cell monolayers, zot-containing supernatants induced a redistribution of the f-actin cytoskeleton. similar results were obtained with rabbit ileal mucosa, wh ...19957635964
epidemiology of cholera in delhi--1992.cholera is endemic in delhi and is a highly seasonal disease. suspected cholera cases are referred to infectious diseases hospital, delhi. rectal swabs from 2783 cases were bacteriologically examined during 1992, out of which 1075 were found to be positive for vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor. first isolation was made on 3 april and the last on 14 december. about 87 per cent isolations were made between may and september, which are summer and monsoon months in delhi. detailed epidemiological in ...19957636931
emergence of tetracycline resistance due to a multiple drug resistance plasmid in vibrio cholerae o139.of the 173 clinical strains of vibrio cholerae o139 isolated from india, bangladesh, and thailand tested, six strains from india were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and gentamicin. these six strains harbored a self-transmissible plasmid that mediated resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and o/129. the multiple drug resistance plasmids were 200 kb in size and belonged to the incompatibil ...19957640673
vibrio cholerae o139 produces a protease which is indistinguishable from the haemagglutinin/protease of vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1.haemaglutinin/protease (ha/p) is one of the virulence factors of vibrio cholerae o1 and pathogenic strains of v. cholerae non-o1. in this study, we examined protease activity of a new serogroup of vibrio cholerae recently designated as o139 synonym bengal. the protease activity was produced by all eight isolates of v. cholerae o139 from bangladeshi patients. purification and partial characterization of the protease from v. cholerae o139 demonstrated the purified protease (o139-p) was indistingui ...19957640676
public health impact of rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in goma, zaire, in july, 1994? goma epidemiology group.the flight of 500,000-800,000 rwandan refugees into the north kivu region of zaire in july, 1994, overwhelmed the world's response capacity. during the first month after the influx, almost 50,000 refugees died, an average crude mortality rate of 20-35 per 10,000 per day. this death rate was associated with explosive epidemics of diarrhoeal disease caused by vibrio cholerae 01 and shigella dysenteriae type 1. 3-4 weeks after the influx of refugees, acute malnutrition rates among children under 5 ...19957646638
why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among rwandan refugees in goma, zaire.in july, 1994, in one of the worst cholera outbreaks in recent times, an estimated 12,000 rwandan refugees died in goma in eastern zaire. the vibrio cholerae strains were resistant to tetracycline and doxycycline, the commonly used drugs for cholera treatment. despite the efforts of international organisations, which provided medical relief by establishing treatment centres in goma, mortality from the disease was much higher than expected. in the area of muganga camp, which had the largest conce ...19957646639
prevalence of vibrio cholerae with heat-stable enterotoxin (nag-st) and cholera toxin genes; restriction fragment length polymorphisms of nag-st genes among v. cholerae o serogroups from a major shrimp production area in thailand.a total of 148 vibrio cholerae isolates from a major shrimp production area in southern thailand were examined by colony hybridisation for genes encoding heat-stable enterotoxin (nag-st) and cholera toxin (ct). only non-o1 v. cholerae strains were found to harbour nag-st (14 of 146) whereas no strains hybridised with the ct probe. nag-st-positive v. cholerae non-o1 strains were isolated from shrimp farms situated close to urban areas. five different o serogroups were found among nag-st positive ...19957650730
[the interrelationships between vibrio cholerae and the infusorian tetrahymena pyriformis].the results of the study of interaction between v. cholerae of different virulence and t. pyriformis are presented. the study has revealed the heterogeneity of v. cholerae population: alongside easily phagocytized vibrios, there are vibrios resistant to the digestive action of t. pyriformis. an increase in the number of v. cholerae in association with t. pyriformis has been evaluated, taking into account the selective multiplication of vibrios resistant to phagocytosis. the data on changes in th ...19957653129
[the reasons for the resistance of vibrio cholerae to diagnostic phages].phage resistance of 225 strains of cholera germs of o1 group obtained from different countries in 1988-1992 has been analyzed. change of sensitivity to diagnostic phages was mostly connected with the decrease or loss of agglutinability in cholera sera. phage resistance is rather conditioned by the change of the surface structures of the cell and by further change of phage reception zones. the increase in the number of strains sensitive to diagnostic phages after 6-12 months of storage evidenced ...19957655658
initial clinical studies of cvd 112 vibrio cholerae o139 live oral vaccine: safety and efficacy against experimental challenge.since october 1992, epidemics of cholera associated with vibrio cholerae o group 139 have occurred in india, bangladesh, and much of the rest of asia. a volunteer model was used to determine the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an attenuated delta ctxa delta zot delta ace delta cep v. cholerae o139 vaccine strain, designated cvd 112. six volunteers received 10(6) cfu and 6 received 10(8) cfu of cvd 112. no subject who received the 10(6) dose had diarrhea or other severe symptoms after vac ...19957658089
immunoglobulin mutant library genetically screened for folding stability exploiting bacterial signal transduction.a model repertoire of variants of immunoglobulin kappa variable domain reiv with different folding stabilities was generated by oligonucleotide-directed randomization of position 29, a key conserved residue of hypervariable loop 1. fused to toxr', the membrane-anchored cytoplasmic domain of the vibrio cholerae toxr transcription activator, different members of the library induce different levels of transcription from the ctx promoter in escherichia coli. differences in transcription activation c ...19957658465
the 2.4 a crystal structure of cholera toxin b subunit pentamer: choleragenoid.cholera toxin, a heterohexameric ab5 enterotoxin released by vibrio cholera, induces a profuse secretory diarrhea in susceptible hosts. choleragenoid, the b subunit pentamer of cholera toxin, directs the enzymatic a subunit to its target by binding the gm1 gangliosides exposed on the luminal surface of intestinal epithelial cells. the crystal structure of choleragenoid has been independently solved and refined at 2.4 a resolution by combining single isomorphous replacement with non-crystallograp ...19957658472
membrane insertion of the bacterial signal transduction protein toxr and requirements of transcription activation studied by modular replacement of different protein substructures.the vibrio cholerae protein toxr is an integral membrane protein that acts as a transcription activator in response to environmental signals; it controls expression of toxin genes ctxa and ctxb, along with a variety of other genes related to pathogenicity. here it is shown that: (i) toxr has a modular architecture and that activation of transcription starting at the ctx promoter depends strictly on dimerization of the periplasmic toxr domain; (ii) the transmembrane (tm) region of toxr is suffici ...19957664730
the first epidemic of vibrio cholerae o139. 19957665689
cell-surface charge and cell-surface hydrophobicity of collagen-binding aeromonas and vibrio strains.partitioning in aqueous polymer two-phase systems of polyethylene glycol and dextran was used to detect and compare cell-surface charge and cell-surface hydrophobicity of aeromonas hydrophila, a. caviae, a. sobria, vibrio cholerae, and v. anguillarum strains. these strains have cell-surface components that bound either native or thermally denatured type i collagen (i.e., a mixture of the alpha1+alpha2 chains) and gelatin immobilized on latex beads. our goals were: (1) to compare the possible rel ...19957668930
[choice of commercial elective nutrient media for the isolation of pathogenic vibrios of different species].commercial nutrient media and their modifications are assessed, including elective differentiation medium for v. cholerae developed at the rostov research anti-plague institute for the isolation of pathogenic vibrios. v. cholerae cholerae p-1 (145), v. cholerae el tor m-878, v. cholerae non 01 p-9741, e. coli 18, p. vulgaris 19, and 48 strains of vibrios belonging to different species were used in the study. all the strains used were characterized as to their nutritive requirements. alkaline aga ...19957670825
emergence of furazolidone and cotrimoxazole resistant vibrio cholerae 01 in eastern india. 19957673756
pathologic changes of gut in non-01 vibrio cholerae infection.a 14-year-old girl who had beta-thalassemia hemoglobin e disease was infected by bacteriologically proven non-01 vibrio cholerae at 2 months postsplenectomy and died 37 hours after onset of the malady. postmortem examination disclosed congestion, edema, and hemorrhagic foci of the mucosa of the small and large intestines. the gut mucosa was focally eroded. the gut wall was infiltrated by leucocytes, especially neutrophils, in all coats representing acute purulent and hemorrhagic enterocolitis. t ...19957673807
neuraminidase is essential for fowl plague virus hemagglutinin to show hemagglutinating activity.when hemagglutinin (ha) of fowl plague virus (fpv) was expressed in cv-1 cells by a simian virus 40 vector, hemadsorption was barely detectable, although ha was exposed at the cell surface. however, treatment of ha-expressing cells with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (vcna) resulted in extensive hemadsorption. vcna treatment enhanced the electrophoretic mobility of the ha1 subunit of ha, indicating the removal of sialic acid. when two oligosaccharides in the vicinity of the receptor binding site ...19957676651
brucella antibodies and oral cholera vaccination. 19957603186
effect of dilution, incubation time, and temperature of enrichment on cultural and pcr detection of vibrio cholerae obtained from the oyster crassostrea virginica.the recovery of vibrio cholerae 01 by culture from the oyster crassostrea virginica and detection of the cholera toxin gene by polymerase chain reaction were evaluated using various enrichment procedures in alkaline peptone water. the effects of dilutions (1:10 and 1:100), incubation times (6-8 and 18-21 h), and incubation temperatures (35 and 42 degree) were determined. recovery of v.cholerae was significantly greater (p<0.05) from oyster homogenates diluted 1:100 in alkaline peptone water and ...19957603474
two highly similar multidrug transporters of bacillus subtilis whose expression is differentially regulated.the bacillus subtilis genome encodes two multidrug efflux transporters sharing 51% sequence identity: bmr, described previously, and blt, described here. overexpression of either transporter in b. subtilis leads to a similar increase in resistance to ethidium bromide, rhodamine and acridine dyes, tetraphenylphosphonium, doxorubicin, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. however, blt differs widely from bmr in its expression pattern. under standard cultivation conditions, b. subtilis expresses bmr but ...19957608059
the vibrio cholerae hlyc gene encodes a protein that is related to lipases of pseudomonas species.the nucleotide sequence of the vibrio cholerae n16961 hlyc gene was determined. the hlyc gene encompasses 513 nucleotides that are predicted to encode a 171-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 18.2 kda. the predicted hlyc protein contains a region that is 93.5% similar to the substrate-binding/catalytic domain of the pseudomonas species triacylglycerol acylhydrolase (lipase). the proposed catalytic serine residue is also conserved in the hlyc protein. the contribution of the ...19957612931
isolation of sucrose late-fermenting and nonfermenting variants of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal: implications for diagnosis of cholera.the sucrose-containing selective medium thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar missed a sucrose nonfermenting and four sucrose late-fermenting variant strains of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal from diarrheal stools. these strains were, however, correctly identified as v. cholerae o139 on a sucrose-deficient selective medium, taurocholate-tellurite-gelatin agar.19957615751
[studies on vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolated from diarrheal patients arrived from overseas].between the period january 1991 to june 1993, there were 23,976,238 travellers who arrived from overseas to narita airport, of which 20,501 stool specimens were collected from diarrheal patients for bacteriological examination, and infectious agents were detected from 2,751 cases (13.4%) including 250 cases (1.2%) of vibrio cholerae non-o1. countries suspected of infection of these patients were thailand, the most in number, and followed by indonesia, india and so on these mostly distributed in ...19957616008
decrease in culturability of vibrio cholerae caused by glucose.the culturability of vibrio cholerae o1 serotype inaba strain 569b was decreased by the addition of glucose to cell suspensions in starvation media. a similar effect was observed with sucrose, maltose, and fructose. we term this inhibitory effect glucose shock. it was not observed with arabinose or xylose or with carboxylates, such as acetate and pyruvate. no acidification of the medium occurred in the presence of these carbohydrates. glucose shock was prevented by the addition of nitrogen or ph ...19957618870
cholera: calamitous past, ominous future.from the pandemics of the 19th century to the recent disaster in goma, zaire, cholera has left an indelible mark on human and medical history. cholera pandemics in the 19th and 20th centuries drove the development of epidemiology as a serious science. cholera has continued to press advances in the concepts of disease ecology, basic membrane biology, and transmembrane signaling and in the application of scientific information to treatment design. furthermore, the lessons learned from the study of ...19957620035
survey of in vitro susceptibilities of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 to antimicrobial agents.vibrio cholerae o139 (173 strains) and o1 (221 strains) were tested for their in vitro susceptibilities to 39 antimicrobial agents. both o139 and o1 strains were highly susceptible to azithromycin, cephems, minocycline, penems, and newer fluoroquinolones. o139 strains (94.8%), o1 indian el tor strains (97%), and bangladeshi el tor strains (50%) were highly resistant to streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim and moderately resistant to chloramphenicol and furazolidone, in sharp contrast ...19957695314
in vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, rfad is closely linked to the rfb operon.the rfad gene of escherichia coli encodes adp-l-glycero-d-mannoheptose-6- epimerase, an enzyme required for the biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) precursor adp-l-glycero-d- mannoheptose, associated with production of the core oligosaccharide. we have identified an rfad homologue in vibrio cholerae o1. this gene maps adjacent to the rfb region encoding o-antigen biosynthesis, but is transcribed divergently. the complete nucleotide sequence of rfad and the flanking dna has been determin ...19957698669
temperature-induced recovery of vibrio cholerae from the viable but nonculturable state: growth or resuscitation?vibrio cholerae cells were incubated at 4 degrees c in nutrient-limited artificial seawater (asw) microcosms. plate counts declined from 8 x 10(5) to less than 2 c.f.u. ml-1 in about 23 d. when samples of microcosms were shifted to 30 degrees c, plate counts increased to 2.2 x 10(5) c.f.u. ml-1 in 72 h. an experiment was performed to determine whether culturable cells obtained after temperature upshifts were the result of 'resuscitation', or outgrowth, of nonculturable cells or of cell division ...19957704268
cholera.despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by vibrio cholerae of the o1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to asia and africa. however, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. in 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in south america, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. in 1992, ...19957704895
clinical and immunologic characteristics of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal infection in north american volunteers.vibrio cholerae o139 bengal has recently emerged as a cause of epidemic cholera in asia. to evaluate clinical and immunologic responses to infection, v. cholerae o139 bengal ai1837 was administered to healthy adult north american volunteers. two of 4 persons ingesting 10(4) cfu became ill (incubation period, 48 h; mean diarrheal stool, 1873 g), as did 7 of 9 persons receiving 10(6) cfu (incubation period, 28 h; mean diarrheal stool, 4548 g). ill volunteers did not demonstrate a vibriocidal antib ...19957706818
a comparative study of the properties of vibrio cholerae o139, o1 and other non-o1 strains.vibrio cholerae o139 organisms isolated from different parts of india and from bangladesh were characterised with respect to their haemagglutination (ha) activity, plasmid content, cholera toxin (ct) production, cell surface protein and lipopolysaccharide (lps) profiles, and antigenic properties. of 28 v. cholerae o139 isolates tested, 14 (50%) were shown to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes; the ha activity was sensitive to d-mannose 0.1%. in parallel experiments, 12 (92.3%) of 13 v. cholerae o1 ...19957707332
identification of a 29 kda flagellar sheath protein in helicobacter pylori using a murine monoclonal antibody.the membrane-like flagellar sheath of helicobacter pylori is of unknown function and little is known of its composition. a murine monoclonal antibody to h. pylori, designated gf6, which reacts by immunoblot with a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 29 kda was shown by immunogold-electron microscopy to label specifically the flagellar sheath structure. the antigen was detected by immunoblot using the monoclonal antibody in all 11 strains, of diverse geographic origin, so far tested. t ...19957711897
safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of live attenuated vibrio cholerae o139 vaccine prototype.new vaccines are needed to prevent cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o139. attenuated v cholerae o139 vaccines were made by deleting multiple copies of the cholera-toxin genetic element from two virulent strains of the organism, mo10 and ai4456. the deletion mutants were further modified by insertion of a construct that encoded the b subunit of cholera toxin, thus generating strains bengal-3 and vri-16. a stable spontaneous non-motile derivative of bengal-3 was isolated and designated bengal-15; ...19957715293
trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase: enhancement of virulence in a murine model of chagas' disease.trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas' disease, expresses a trans-sialidase at highest levels in infective trypomastigotes, where it attaches to the plasma membrane by a glycophosphoinositol linkage. bound enzyme sheds into the extracellular milieu in a soluble form. experiments performed in vitro suggest that the trans-sialidase participates in several parameters of t. cruzi-host interactions, like cell adhesion and complement resistance. however, the role that membrane-bound and s ...19957722448
all vibrio cholerae infections are not created equal. 19957723150
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal: emergence of a new epidemic strain of cholera.in october 1992, a new strain of cholera, subsequently designated vibrio cholerae o139 bengal, was detected in madras, india. this strain spread rapidly through the indian subcontinent and has now been reported in many parts of asia, with additional cases identified in travelers to north american and the middle east. phylogenetically, v. cholerae o139 bengal is very closely related to "standard" v. cholerae o1 el tor strains; it produces cholera toxin and causes an illness identical that seen wi ...19957728355
rapid detection of vibrio cholerae 0139 in faecal specimens by coagglutination.we compared the conventional culture method with the coagglutination (coa) test for detecting v. cholerae 0139 antigen in a 4 h faecal enrichment culture. the coa test reacted positively in all 13 culture positive stool specimens from patients with clinical cholera and negatively in all 23 culture negative specimens from non-diarrhoeal healthy controls. the test also did not show cross reaction with v. cholerae 01 antigen or with any of the enterobacterial antigens of the coliforms. the coa test ...19957729848
colonization ability & intestinal pathology of rabbits orally fed with vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.the colonization ability of a representative epidemic strain of v. cholerae o139 bengal was studied in the oral rabbit colonization model and the nature of colonization in the ileal and jejunal tissues was examined ultrastructurally. results of the colonization study and ileal loop assay indicated that the strain proliferates and colonizes the small intestine of the rabbit mucosal surface. further, the electronmicroscopic study revealed the disruptive effect of the strain on the apical membrane ...19957729849
outbreak due to vibrio cholerae e1 tor & serotype o139 in yavatmal (maharashtra) during june-july, 1994.a total of 65 strains of v. cholerae were isolated during june-july 1994 at yavatmal (maharashtra). of the 65 strains isolated, 62 were 01 el tor vibrios, while three were non 01 serotype 0139. the novel epidemic strain designated as 0139 reported during the outbreak in 1993, has been supplanted by the usual el tor vibrio during the present outbreak while 0139 serotype has remained sporadic.19957729850
emrr is a negative regulator of the escherichia coli multidrug resistance pump emrab.the emrab locus of escherichia coli encodes a multidrug resistance pump that protects the cell from several chemically unrelated antimicrobial agents, e.g., the protonophores carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (cccp) and tetrachlorosalicyl anilide and the antibiotics nalidixic acid and thiolactomycin. the mpra gene is located immediately upstream of this locus and was shown to be a repressor of microcin biosynthesis (i. del castillo, j. m. gomez, and f. moreno, j. bacteriol. 173:3924-3929, ...19957730261
an antimicrobial abietane from the root of plectranthus hereroensis.a new abietane diterpene, 16-acetoxy-7 alpha, 12-dihydroxy-8,12-abietadiene-11,14-dione, has been isolated from the acetone extract of the root of plectranthus hereroensis and its structure established by spectroscopic means. this compound showed antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus and vibrio cholerae, and antiviral activity against herpes simplex type ii.19957766053
characterization of the hgba locus encoding a hemoglobin receptor from haemophilus ducreyi.haemophilus ducreyi can bind hemoglobin and use it as a source of heme, for which it has an obligate requirement. we previously identified and purified hgba, a hemoglobin-binding outer membrane protein from h. ducreyi. in this report, we describe the molecular cloning, expression, dna sequence, and mutagenesis of the structural gene for hgba, hgba. h. ducreyi and recombinant escherichia coli expressing hgba bound [125i]hemoglobin, establishing hgba as a receptor. insertions or deletions in the c ...19957768598
construction of nontoxic derivatives of cholera toxin and characterization of the immunological response against the a subunit.using computer modelling, we have identified some of the residues of the a subunit of cholera toxin (ct) and heat-labile toxin that are involved in nad binding, catalysis, and toxicity. here we describe the site-directed mutagenesis of the ct gene and the construction of ct mutants. nine mutations of the a subunit gene were generated. six of them encoded proteins that were fully assembled in the ab5 structure and were nontoxic; these proteins were ct-d53 (val-53-->asp), ct-k63 (ser-63-->lys), ct ...19957768621
aldb, an rpos-dependent gene in escherichia coli encoding an aldehyde dehydrogenase that is repressed by fis and activated by crp.escherichia coli aldb was identified as a gene that is negatively regulated by fis but positively regulated by rpos. the complete dna sequence determined in this study indicates that aldb encodes a 56.3-kda protein which shares a high degree of homology with an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by acod of alcaligenes eutrophus and an aldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by alda of vibrio cholerae and significant homology with a group of other aldehyde dehydrogenases from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. e ...19957768815
the sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones separately derived from environmental, nontoxigenic, non-o1 vibrio cholerae.the dna sequences of the asd genes from 45 isolates of vibrio cholerae (19 clinical o1 isolates, 2 environmental nontoxigenic o1 isolates, and 24 isolates with different non-o1 antigens) were determined. no differences were found within either sixth- or seventh-pandemic isolates; however, variation was found between the two forms and among the non-o1 isolates. o139 isolates had sequences identical to those of seventh-pandemic isolates. phylogenetic trees with vibrio mimicus as the outgroup sugge ...19957768818
impact of infection by helicobacter pylori on the risk and severity of endemic cholera.to evaluate the relationship between helicobacter pylori infection and the subsequent risk and severity of endemic vibrio cholerae o1 diarrhea among rural bangladeshis, 285 children and adults with cholera (cases) and 881 contemporaneously selected community controls were studied. cases and controls were contrasted for h. pylori infection, as manifested by serum igg anti-h. pylori antibodies. although the overall risk of cholera was not significantly increased among h. pylori-infected subjects, ...19957769312
[the use of a cholera coagulating diagnostic agent under the cholera epidemic conditions in dagestan].dried cholera diagnosticum for the slide coagglutination test was obtained. the diagnosticum, found to be highly active and specific, permitted the detection of vibrio cholerae in the analyzed material at a concentration of 10(6)-10(8) microbial cells/ml. the diagnosticum was used during cholera epidemic in daghestan for the detection and rapid identification of cholera vibrios. in all cases the positive results of the coagglutination test were confirmed by other investigation methods (no cases ...19957771138
[the routes of the spread of cholera in the shamil'skiĭ mountain district of dagestan].the routes of the spread of cholera were analyzed in 273 patients and vibrio carriers during the outbreak of cholera in a mountainous region of daghestan during the period of july 18 to september 4, 1994. cholera was found to spread mainly after funeral repasts and condolence visits accompanied by the dispensation of foodstuffs, transmission being realized through alimentary and contact routes. under the conditions of the absence of the centralized water supply system in mountain villages and th ...19957771145
[the cholera epidemic in mountainous regions of dagestan in relation to the probable role of the water factor in its spread].the follow-up of dynamics of cholera epidemic in 1994 was made in 4 mountain regions of daghestan with shared river system. there were 537 infection cases in these regions, which was equal to 1/4 from the total number of cholera patients in daghestan. the probability of cholera distribution by water way has been shown, which can be related to massive dissemination with v. cholerae in river, drink and waste water both from active, and from local (intrahospital) epidemic sources. vibrio's exit fro ...19957771149
[the characteristics of the antibacterial therapy for cholera in dagestan].wide circulation of antibiotic-resistant vibrio cholerae strains again gives prominence to the problem of etiotropic therapy. the results of the treatment of 428 persons infected with v.cholerae (237 cholera patients and 191 vibrio carriers) in different regions of daghestan during the outbreak of epidemic in 1994 are presented. the main criterion of the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy was the determination of the percentage of bacterial relapses. the sensitivity of 118 v.cholerae strains ...19957771151
[the characteristics of vibrio cholerae isolated in dagestan in 1994].a high degree of resistance to cholera diagnostic phages and carriership of prophages characteristic of v. cholerae eltor strains vct+ were shown to be the specific features v. cholerae isolated in daghestan during the period of june-october 1994. among the strains under study, isolated respectively in 12 and 18 out of 19 regions of daghestan, a high proportion was found to have resistance to tetracycline (65%) and chloramphenicol (28.6%). moreover, some strains were found to be resistant to fur ...19957771152
[the bacteriophage lysis-susceptibility properties of vibrio cholerae strains isolated in separate regions of dagestan in 1994].the study of the properties of v. cholerae strains isolated in june-september 1994 in the daghestan revealed that they belonged, according to their specific properties, to typical representatives of v. eltor, serovar ogawa, but a great part of them (67.2%) was not lysed by diagnostic cholera bacteriophages. experiments with different batches of diagnostic cholera bacteriophages showed the necessity of their further improvement.19957771153
[the preservation of the causative agent of cholera in the water supplies of the central regions of dagestan (experimental data)].the acidic ph of water of surface water reservoirs in izberbash and two adjoining regions, including sea water, seems to be unfavorable for the prolonged preservation of vibrio cholerae eltor, but additional ecological investigations are necessary to study the possibility for infection to take root at this territory. water from the zam-zam spring, if contaminated with v. cholerae, may serve as a transmission factor, but the duration of its action is limited by the survival term of v. cholerae. t ...19957771154
[the properties of the vibrio cholerae strains isolated in large districts in western dagestan in 1994].190 v. cholerae cultures isolated by the specialized antiepidemic brigade of the rostov-on-don research institute for plague control in the khasavyurt, babayurt and novolaksk regions of daghestan in august-october 1994. all isolated strains were typical with respect to their morphological and cultural properties and could be agglutinated (with the exception of one strain) to the titer or half-titer with diagnostic cholera serum and ogawa serum. 4 strains had signs of ro-dissociation, 4 strains w ...19957771155
[the outer membranes of vibrio cholerae as a potential component in a chemical vaccine].the results of the study of the preparation of v. cholerae eltor membrane, obtained by the lysis and inactivation of microbial cells with urea and the subsequent differential centrifugation and nuclease treatment. as revealed in this study, the outer membrane preparation, when introduced parenterally and orally to mice, induced pronounced immunity to experimental cholera infection and the production of vibriocidal antibodies in high titers. the treatment of v. cholerae eltor membranes with tryps ...19957771156
[the isolation of the vibrio cholerae dermotoxin and the characterization of its biological properties].the dermonecrotic factor (dermotoxin) inducing skin necrosis in rabbits has been isolated from v. cholerae strain b-53-2-38 and partially purified. dermotoxin has a molecular weight of about 110 kd and possesses pronounced cytotoxic and general toxic action, differing from that of enterotoxin. the introduction of this factor into the blood and peritoneum of laboratory animals causes their death.19957771158
[the destructive activity of vibrios]. 19957771159
[the discovery of a dermonecrotic factor in vibrio cholerae non o1 and other pathogenic vibrios]. 19957771160
[cases of intrahospital cholera infection]. 19957771162
[a case of the importation onto the territory of russia of cholera caused by a new serovar].materials on the import of rarely occurring vibrio cholerae, not belonging to group o1 of serovar o139, to the territory of russia are presented. the clinical picture of a cholera case is described and the biological properties of v. cholerae, serovar o139, are presented. a suggestion has been made concerning the appearance of a new v. cholerae serovar, capable of ousting v. cholerae eltor, the cause of the seventh pandemic.19957771163
utility of rapid monoclonal antibody-based coagglutination test for direct detection of vibrio cholerae o1 and/or o139 in stool samples. 19957772164
in situ accessibility of murine macrophage gangliosides.gangliosides are implicated in cell signal transduction. prior to investigating this phenomenon in macrophages, the in situ accessibility of gangliosides to macromolecules was assessed for peritoneal macrophages isolated from normal c3h/hen and endotoxin-hyporesponsive c3h/hej mice. c3h/hej resident and thioglycolate-elicited macrophage ganglioside patterns are the same as normal strains, and no strain differences in galactose oxidase accessibility for resident or thioglycolate-elicited macropha ...19957772869
studies on adhesion, haemagglutination and other biological properties of vibrio cholerae o139.the adhesive capabilities of eight vibrio cholerae o139 epidemic strains to isolated rabbit intestinal epithelial cells (riec) were observed to be high similar to those observed with a vibrio cholerae o1 strain isolated from patients. toxin production by the strains, measured by accumulation of fluid in rabbit ileal loop model, was high and the toxin was lethal as the animal expired within 6 h. culture filtrates of the strains exhibited the presence of vascular permeability factor which produce ...19957773236
clinical characteristics and risk factors for vibrio cholerae infection in children.surveillance was conducted during february and march 1991 in the pediatric emergency department of cayetano heredia hospital, lima, peru, to contrast the characteristics of children with epidemic cholera with those of children with noncholera-associated diarrhea. among 626 patients 14 years of age or younger, vibrio cholerae o1 was isolated from stool specimens of 310 patients (49%), more commonly from children older than 24 months of age (66%; p < 0.0001) than from younger children. cholera was ...19957776088
from the centers for disease control and prevention. cholera associated with food transported from el salvador--indiana, 1994. 19957776490
effect of iron and ph on the survival of vibrio cholerae in water.many physicochemical factors affect the survival of vibrio cholerae in the aquatic environment. an attempt was made to study the combined effect of ph and iron on the survival of v. cholerae in water in a laboratory environment. none of the 6 strains of v. cholerae used survived at ph 5.0; survival of all strains increased with increasing ph. the effect of ferric oxide on survival was significant for v. cholerae o1 only, not for non o1 strains. the longest survival of v. cholerae non o1 was 82 d ...19957778142
[the cellular fatty acid composition of bacteria in the family vibrionaceae].vibrio cholerae strains, serovar o1, biovar eltor, subtype ogawa, isolated from different sources, v. cholerae classica and nag vibrios have identical cell fatty acid composition with the prevalence of hexadecenoic, hexadecanoic and octadecenoic acids. v. parahaemolyticus and v. alginolyticus fatty acid profiles, being identical, are similar to v. cholerae profile, differing from it mainly by a higher content of dodecanoic acid. the similarity of the fatty acid profiles of aeromonas sp. and vibr ...19957778361
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