Publications

the global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future.	the aim of this review was to use geographic information systems in combination with historical maps to quantify the anthropogenic impact on the distribution of malaria in the 20th century. the nature of the cartographic record enabled global and regional patterns in the spatial limits of malaria to be investigated at six intervals between 1900 and 2002. contemporaneous population surfaces also allowed changes in the numbers of people living in areas of malaria risk to be quantified. these data ...	2004	15172341
functional analysis of the putative fusion domain of the baculovirus envelope fusion protein f.	group ii nucleopolyhedroviruses (npvs), e.g., spodoptera exigua mnpv, lack a gp64-like protein that is present in group i npvs but have an unrelated envelope fusion protein named f. in contrast to gp64, the f protein has to be activated by a posttranslational cleavage mechanism to become fusogenic. in several vertebrate viral fusion proteins, the cleavage activation generates a new n terminus which forms the so-called fusion peptide. this fusion peptide inserts in the cellular membrane, thereby ...	2004	15194771
plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western kenya.	studies on plasmodium falciparum gametocyte development and dynamics have almost exclusively focused on patients treated with antimalarial drugs, while the majority of parasite carriers in endemic areas are asymptomatic. this study identified factors that influence gametocytaemia in asymptomatic children in the absence and presence of pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine (sp) antimalarial treatment.	2004	15202944
a single multiplex assay to identify major malaria vectors within the african anopheles funestus and the oriental an. minimus groups.	the african anopheles funestus and the oriental an. minimus groups are closely related and composed of major malaria vectors in africa and southeast asia, respectively. none of the species of either the an. funestus or the an. minimus group can be identified with absolute certainty using the adult morphology. polymorphisms present on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of ribosomal dna allowed the development of 10 primers that combined with an universal forward primer lead to a simple and ...	2004	15210996
unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations.	malaria transmission dynamics is highly variable throughout africa: inoculation rates vary from almost null to more than a 1000 infective bites per year, transmission can occur throughout the year or only during a couple of months, and heterogeneities are also observed between years within the same locale. depending on the area, as much as five different anophelines species can transmit parasites to the human population. major vectors are anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles funest ...	2004	15225985
identification of the vectors of lymphatic filariasis in the lower shire valley, southern malawi.	an investigation of lymphatic filariasis vectors in malawi is reported. anopheles funestus, a. arabiensis, and a. gambiae sensu stricto had high rates of filarial infection (2.2-3.1%) and carried infective larvae. anopheles funestus was the predominant species collected (77.6%) and was the primary vector during the study period of april to may 2002.	2003	15228246
observations on the swarming and mating behaviour of anopheles funestus from southern mozambique.	control of malaria by the release of genetically modified mosquitoes refractory to transmission is now becoming a possibility. in many areas of africa, anopheles gambiae is found together with an equally important vector, an. funestus. given their sympatry and the likelihood of a similar mating period some aspects of the mating behaviour of an. gambiae s.l. and an. funestus are likely to differ. we therefore attempted to characterise the swarming behaviour of an. funestus and to determine if any ...	2003	12636875
construction of a bac library and generation of bac end sequence-tagged connectors for genome sequencing of the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae.	a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) genomic dna library of anopheles gambiae, the major human malaria vector in sub-saharan africa, was constructed and characterized. this library (nd-tam) is composed of 30,720 bac clones in eighty 384-well plates. the estimated average insert size of the library is 133 kb, with an overall genome coverage of approximately 14-fold. the ends of approximately two-thirds of the clones in the library were sequenced, yielding 32,340 pair-mate ends. a statistical a ...	2003	12655398
heterologous expression of four glutathione transferase genes genetically linked to a major insecticide-resistance locus from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	a cluster of eight genes encoding glutathione transferases (gsts) are located on division 33b of polytene chromosome arm 3r of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. this region of the genome contains a major 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-( p -chlorophenyl)ethane (ddt)-resistance locus, rtd1. these gsts belong to the insect-specific epsilon class and share between 22.6 and 65.2% identity at the amino acid level. two distinct allelic variants of the epsilon gst, gste1, differing at 12 out of ...	2003	12718742
transposable element (te) display and rapid detection of te insertion polymorphism in the anopheles gambiae species complex.	transposable element (te) display was shown to be a highly specific and reproducible method of detecting the insertion sites of tes in individuals of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and its sibling species, a. arabiensis. relatively high levels of insertion polymorphism were observed during the te display of several families of miniature inverted-repeat tes (mites) that have variable copy numbers. the genomic locations of selected insertion sites were identified by matching the ...	2003	12752653
polymorphism in two merozoite surface proteins of plasmodium falciparum isolates from gabon.	plasmodium falciparum antigenic diversity and polymorphism confuses the issue of antimalarial vaccine development. merozoite surface protein (msp)-1 and -2 are two highly polymorphic vaccine candidates. characterisation of their precise polymorphism in endemic regions may facilitate the design of an effective vaccine.	2003	12773207
'a mate or a meal'--pre-gravid behaviour of female anopheles gambiae from the islands of são tomé and príncipe, west africa.	malaria prevalence differs between the two islands that comprise the archipelago of são tomé and príncipe. this may be due to differences in the biology of local anopheles gambiae, the only vector on the islands. survival rate and feeding frequency are two factors influencing vectorial capacity. anophelines generally feed just once per gonotrophic (oviposition) cycle. newly emerged insects, however, may feed two or more times during their first oviposition cycle thus increasing the likelihood of ...	2003	12801421
anopheles parensis: the main member of the anopheles funestus species group found resting inside human dwellings in mwea area of central kenya toward the end of the rainy season.	a total of 460 anopheles funestus s.l. was collected inside human dwellings in mwea, central kenya. of the 414 specimens that were positively identified, 1 was anopheles leesoni and the others were anopheles parensis. none of the 373 specimens tested were positive for plasmodium falciparum or plasmodium malariae sporozoites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). of the 139 elisa blood-meal-positive specimens, 82.01% and 1.44% had fed on cattle and humans, respectively. these results are d ...	2003	12825663
non-ltr retrotransposons in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae: unprecedented diversity and evidence of recent activity.	over a hundred families of non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons (non-ltrs) were found in the newly released anopheles gambiae genome assembly during a reiterative and comprehensive search using the conserved reverse transcriptase (rt) domains of known non-ltrs as the starting queries. these families, which are defined by at least 20% amino acid sequence divergence in their rt domains, range from a few to approximately 2,000 copies and occupy at least 3% of the genome. in addition to having ...	2003	12832632
prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in gabon.	in areas where malaria is endemic, pregnancy is associated with increased susceptibility to malaria. it is generally agreed that this risk ends with delivery and decreases with the number of pregnancies. our study aimed to demonstrate relationships between malarial parasitaemia and age, gravidity and anaemia in pregnant women in libreville, the capital city of gabon.	2003	12919637
influence of maternal filariasis on childhood infection and immunity to wuchereria bancrofti in kenya.	to determine whether maternal filariasis influences the risk of infection by and immunity to wuchereria bancrofti in children, we performed a cross-sectional study in an area of kenya where filariasis is endemic. residents of 211 households were enrolled; 376 parents and 938 of their offspring between the ages of 2 and 17 years were examined for filarial infection status as determined by blood-borne microfilariae and filarial antigenemia. children of infected mothers had a three- to fourfold inc ...	2003	12933869
species identification within the anopheles funestus group of malaria vectors in cameroon and evidence for a new species.	anopheles funestus is a major vector of malaria in africa. it belongs to a group of sibling species that can be identified morphologically only at certain stages of their development. a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based tool made it possible to differentiate five species of the group. the assay seems to be applicable over all their distribution area for four of these species: an. funestus, an. leesoni, an. parensis, and an. vaneedenip. the fifth species, an. rivulorum, is the seco ...	2003	13677376
sequence analysis of a 282-kilobase region surrounding the citrus tristeza virus resistance gene (ctv) locus in poncirus trifoliata l. raf.	citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is the major virus pathogen causing significant economic damage to citrus worldwide, and a single dominant gene, ctv, provides broad spectrum resistance to ctv in poncirus trifoliata l. raf. ctv was physically mapped to a 282-kb region using a p. trifoliata bacterial artificial chromosome library. this region was completely sequenced to about 8x coverage using a shotgun sequencing strategy and primer walking for gap closure. sequence analysis predicts 22 putative gene ...	2003	12586873
molecular cloning and characterization of a cdna encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit va from the lesser grain borer, rhyzopertha dominica (f.) (coleoptera: bostrichidae).	a cdna encoding subunit va of cytochrome c oxidase (ec 1.9.3.1) was cloned and characterized from a lesser grain borer (rhyzopertha dominica) cdna library. the complete cdna consists of 693-bp and contains an open reading frame of 450-bp that encodes 150 amino acid residues. the sequence includes a 28-bp putative n-terminal and a 122-bp putative mature protein. the estimated molecular weight and pi for the predicted mature protein are 13,962 and 4.60, respectively. the cdna-deduced amino acid se ...	2003	14518003
infection of malaria (anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae.	current intra-domiciliary vector control depends on the application of residual insecticides and/or repellents. although biological control agents have been developed against aquatic mosquito stages, none are available for adults. following successful use of an entomopathogenic fungus against tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) we investigated the potency of this fungus as a biological control agent for adult malaria and filariasis vector mosquitoes.	2003	14565851
quantitative trait loci in anopheles gambiae controlling the encapsulation response against plasmodium cynomolgi ceylon.	anopheles gambiae females are the world's most successful vectors of human malaria. however, a fraction of these mosquitoes is refractory to plasmodium development. l3-5, a laboratory selected refractory strain, encapsulates transforming ookinetes/early oocysts of a wide variety of plasmodium species. previous studies on these mosquitoes showed that one major (pen1) and two minor (pen2, pen3) autosomal dominant quantitative trait loci (qtls) control the melanotic encapsulation response against p ...	2003	14577840
variation of malaria transmission and morbidity with altitude in tanzania and with introduction of alphacypermethrin treated nets.	highland areas with naturally less intense malaria transmission may provide models of how lowland areas might become if transmission was permanently reduced by sustained vector control. it has been argued that vector control should not be attempted in areas of intense transmission.	2003	14585106
a survey of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group of mosquitoes from 10 sites in kenya with special emphasis on population genetic structure based on chromosomal inversion karyotypes.	we sampled anopheles funestus giles mosquitoes from 10 sites in kenya to determine (1) the different members of this group present at these sites and (2) the population genetic structure of these species based on chromosomal inversion karyotypes with particular reference to the role of the eastern arm of the great rift valley and geographical distance as barriers to gene flow. four members of this species group, namely an. funestus s.s., an. parensis, an. leesoni, and an. rivulorum, were found. ...	2003	14596280
is the mbita trap a reliable tool for evaluating the density of anopheline vectors in the highlands of madagascar?	background: one method of collecting mosquitoes is to use human beings as bait. this is called human landing collection and is a reference method for evaluating mosquito density per person. the mbita trap, described by mathenge et al in the literature, consists of an entry-no return device whereby humans are used as bait but cannot be bitten. we compared the mbita trap and human landing collection in field conditions to estimate mosquito density and malaria transmission. methods: our study was c ...	2003	14624701
population genetic structure of the african malaria mosquito anopheles funestus in kenya.	anopheles funestus giles is a major malaria vector in africa, but little is known about the genetic structure of natural populations. in this study, microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of a. funestus populations from kenya. two populations from western kenya 80 km apart and two from coastal kenya 50 km apart were collected and examined for allelic variation at five trinucleotide microsatellite loci. we found a. funestus giles was the predominant species (> 98%) ...	2003	14628948
raised houses reduce mosquito bites.	background: in many parts of continental africa house construction does not appear to impede entry of malaria vectors and, given their generally late biting cycle, the great majority of transmission takes place indoors. in contrast, many houses in são tomé, 140 km off the coast of gabon, are raised on stilts and built of wooden planks. building on stilts is a time-honoured, but largely untested, way of avoiding mosquito bites. exposure may also be affected by mosquito activity times and age comp ...	2003	14667242
linking field-based ecological data with remotely sensed data using a geographic information system in two malaria endemic urban areas of kenya.	background: remote sensing technology provides detailed spectral and thermal images of the earth's surface from which surrogate ecological indicators of complex processes can be measured. methods: remote sensing data were overlaid onto georeferenced entomological and human ecological data randomly sampled during april and may 2001 in the cities of kisumu (population asymptotically equal to 320,000) and malindi (population asymptotically equal to 81,000), kenya. grid cells of 270 meters x 270 met ...	2003	14667243
functional genomics of wood quality and properties.	genomics promises to enrich the investigations of biology and biochemistry. current advancements in genomics have major implications for genetic improvement in animals, plants, and microorganisms, and for our understanding of cell growth, development, differentiation, and communication. significant progress has been made in the understanding of plant genomics in recent years, and the area continues to progress rapidly. functional genomics offers enormous potential to tree improvement and the und ...	2003	15629055
bioinformatics-based identification of chemosensory proteins in african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	chemosensory proteins (csps) are identifiable by four spatially conserved cysteine residues in their primary structure or by two disulfide bridges in their tertiary structure according to the previously identified olfactory specific-d related proteins. a genomics- and bioinformatics-based approach is taken in the present study to identify the putative csps in the malaria-carrying mosquito, anopheles gambiae. the results show that five out of the nine annotated candidates are the most possible an ...	2003	15629057
[recent observations on the sensitivity to pyrethroids and ddt of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in the central highlands of madagascar; preliminary results on the absence of the kdr mutation in an. arabiensis].	anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus are the principal vectors of malaria on the central highlands of madagascar. these two species of mosquito are directly or indirectly the targets of indoor insecticide spread. the survey of the susceptibility of these two vectors to insecticides is essential specifying for the anti-vectorial current directives and for the future programs. this paper describes: --the recent tests of susceptibility and the study of the knock-down effect of four pyrethroi ...	2003	15678819
impact of insecticide-treated materials on filaria transmission by the various species of vector mosquito in africa.	nocturnally periodic bancroftian filariasis is maintained by three mainly endophilic vectors in east africa: culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles funestus and the an. gambiae complex. permethrin-impregnated bednets provide considerable protection against these mosquitoes, but the species respond differently. the degree of protection conferred by treated bednets was determined in kenyan communities where all three vectors actively transmit wuchereria bancrofti. the annual transmission potential in t ...	2002	12625922
the effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in kenya.	since 1988 malaria epidemics have occurred in multiple sites in western kenya highlands. climatic variability has been associated with some of the recent epidemics. we examined influences of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of three malaria vector species, anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, and anopheles funestus in western kenya and in the great rift valley. mosquito samples were collected from the lowland and highland areas with various climatic conditions. the three ve ...	2002	12495180
host-specific cues cause differential attractiveness of kenyan men to the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	many studies have suggested that variability in the attractiveness of humans to host-seeking mosquitoes is caused by differences in the make-up of body emanations, and olfactory signals in particular. most investigations have either been laboratory-based, utilising odour obtained from sections of the body, or have been done in the field with sampling methods that do not discriminate between visual, physical and chemical cues of the host. accordingly, evidence for differential attractiveness base ...	2002	12513703
malariasphere: a greenhouse-enclosed simulation of a natural anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) ecosystem in western kenya.	the development and implementation of innovative vector control strategies for malaria control in africa requires in-depth ecological studies in contained semi-field environments. this particularly applies to the development and release of genetically-engineered vectors that are refractory to plasmodium infection. here we describe a modified greenhouse, designed to simulate a natural anopheles gambiae giles ecosystem, and the first successful trials to complete the life-cycle of this mosquito ve ...	2002	12537599
dissecting the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in a malaria-vector mosquito.		2002	11830653
high malaria transmission intensity in a village close to yaounde, the capital city of cameroon.	a 2-yr longitudinal malaria study was undertaken in a suburb of yaounde, the capital city of cameroon, in the village of simbock, approximately 2 km from the city limits. this study allowed assessment of malaria transmission intensity and dynamics in this region before implementation of pyrethroid impregnated bed nets through the national vector control program. anophelines were captured on human volunteers by pyrethrum spray collections and in resting sites outdoors. malaria vectors were anophe ...	2002	11931035
analysis of the population structure of anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) from western and coastal kenya using paracentric chromosomal inversion frequencies.	in total, 324 anopheles funestus giles specimens collected from seven houses in western kenya and seven in coastal kenya were scored for their paracentric chromosomal inversions with the aim of determining the level of genetic differentiation based on these inversions. houses in each area were within a 2-km radius. the two areas are approximately 700 km apart. only inversions 2a, 3a, 3b, and 5a were found to be polymorphic. levels of polymorphism varied greatly between inversions. there were no ...	2002	11931275
impact of the malaria control campaign (1993-1998) in the highlands of madagascar: parasitological and entomological data.	malaria transmission in the central highlands of madagascar was interrupted in the 1960s by a national control program that used ddt indoor spraying and mass treatment with chloroquine. at the end of the 1980s in this region, epidemic malaria reappeared. italian health authorities provided technical assistance to the national malaria control program since the beginning of the resurgence of malaria in the central highlands. yearly residual house spraying performed for 5 years (1993-1998) and the ...	2002	12135262
[a comparison of 2 capture methods for sampling the population of anopheles funestus giles in a sudanese savannah village (dielmo, senegal)].	we conducted a comparative study of two collection methods for sampling an. funestus populations--human bait catch and indoor pyrethrum spray--in the sudanese savannah area of senegal from april 1996 to march 1997. an. funestus females were captured every month during the study period. the resting density per dwelling was 1.9 times higher than those obtained with human landing catch. the population dynamics were similar with two peaks situated respectively at the beginning of the rainy season be ...	2002	12145957
a cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group.	anopheles funestus giles is a major malaria vector in africa belonging to a group of species with morphologically similar characteristics. morphological identification of members of the a. funestus group is difficult because of overlap of distinguishing characteristics in adult or immature stages as well as the necessity to rear isofemale lines to examine larval and egg characters. a rapid rdna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method has been developed to accurately identify five members of the a ...	2002	12224596
influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of african malaria vectors in western kenya.	the abundance of anopheline mosquitoes varies substantially among houses within the same villages. anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is highly anthropophilic, and anopheles arabiensis is zoophilic; thus, it is often hypothesized that the abundance of an. gambiae and an. arabiensis in a house is associated with the distribution of livestock and humans. in this paper we examined the influence of livestock and human host availability on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in the basin r ...	2002	12363061
neuropeptides and peptide hormones in anopheles gambiae.	the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, is specialized for rapid completion of development and reproduction. a vertebrate blood meal is required for egg production, and multiple feedings subsequently allow transmission of malaria parasites, plasmodium spp. regulatory peptides from 35 genes annotated from the a. gambiae genome likely coordinate these and other physiological processes. plasmodium parasites may affect actions of newly identified insulin-like peptides, which coordinate grow ...	2002	12364794
inversions and gene order shuffling in anopheles gambiae and a. funestus.	in tropical africa, anopheles funestus is one of the three most important malaria vectors. we physically mapped 157 a. funestus complementary dnas (cdnas) to the polytene chromosomes of this species. sequences of the cdnas were mapped in silico to the a. gambiae genome as part of a comparative genomic study of synteny, gene order, and sequence conservation between a. funestus and a. gambiae. these species are in the same subgenus and diverged about as recently as humans and chimpanzees. despite ...	2002	12364797
isolations of bwamba virus from south central uganda and north eastern tanzania.	bwamba virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) is widely distributed in africa. it causes many unidentified fevers because of its benign nature.	2002	12789111
abstracts of the fourth international symposium on molecular insect science. may 28-june 2, 2002. tucson, arizona, usa.		2002	15455051
a possible alternative method for collecting mosquito larvae in rice fields.	rice fields are efficient breeding places for malaria vectors in madagascar. in order to establish as easily as possible if a rice field is an effective larval site for anophelines, we compared classical dipping versus a net as methods of collecting larvae.	2002	12057018
the availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by african mosquito populations.	a simple model for the influence of host availability on vector bloodmeal choice is applied to estimate the relative availabilities of humans, cattle and other host populations to malaria vectors in african communities, using published human blood indices and ratios of cattle to humans. cattle were bitten < 0.01, 0.021 +/- 0.11, 1.61 +/- 0.16 and 1.61 +/- 0.46 times as often as humans by anopheles funestus, an. gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis in segera, tanzania, and an. gambiae sensu l ...	2001	11706651
[the campaign against malaria in central western madagascar: comparison of the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and ddt house spraying. i--entomological study].	for malaria vector control in madagascar, the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin 10% wettable powder (icon 10 wp) was compared with ddt 75% wp for house-spraying. this evaluation was conducted from november 1997 to september 1998 in highland villages of vakinankaratra region, at the fringe of the malaria epidemic zone, outside the zone covered by routine ddt house-spraying (opération de pulvérisation intro-domiciliaire de ddt: opid zone). treatments were compared by house-spraying in four areas: 1) ...	2001	11802266
[geographic approach in malaria control in the central highlands of madagascar].	following the severe malaria outbreak in the central highlands in madagascar in 1986, a vector control program by use ddt pm 75 house-spraying has been implemented to operate in areas located at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m. early treatment with chloroquine has also been incorporated in the control program. to detect areas at particular high risk for malaria outbreak the geographic information system (gis) has been applied and tested. the study has shown that the system can be used in malar ...	2001	12471743
current status of malaria and potential for control.	malaria remains one of the world's worst health problems with 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths annually; these deaths are primarily among children under 5 years of age and pregnant women in sub-saharan africa. of significance, more people are dying from malaria today than 30 years ago. this review considers the factors which have contributed to this gloomy picture, including those which relate to the vector, the female anopheline mosquito; to human activity such as creating new mosquito breeding sites, ...	2001	11148010
eight novel families of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	eight novel families of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (mites) were discovered in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, by using new software designed to rapidly identify mite-like sequences based on their structural characteristics. divergent subfamilies have been found in two families. past mobility was demonstrated by evidence of mite insertions that resulted in the duplication of specific ta, taa, or 8-bp targets. some of these mites share the same target duplicat ...	2001	11172014
maque, a family of extremely short interspersed repetitive elements: characterization, possible mechanism of transposition, and evolutionary implications.	database analysis revealed a novel family of very short interspersed repetitive elements named maque in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. past mobility of maque was demonstrated by evidence of its insertion that resulted in a target duplication. approximately 220 copies of maque were present in the a. gambiae genome. although only approximately 60 bp long, maque has the appearance of a distinct transposition unit. eleven of the 12 maque elements found in the database were flanked ...	2001	11223264
malaria in the highlands of madagascar after five years of indoor house spraying of ddt.	the central region of madagascar is a vast area of highlands (altitude 700-2000 m). malaria transmission has re-established itself here since the last epidemic of 1985-90 and has caused the deaths of 40,000 persons according to the minister of health. to combat the main malaria vector in the region, anopheles funestus, annual programmes of indoor house spraying of ddt were carried out between december 1993 and january 1998 in most rural areas at altitude 1000-1500 m. a parasitological and serolo ...	2001	11280055
attraction of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) to volatile chemicals in western kenya.	anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus giles are the primary vectors of malaria in east africa. identification of host-location olfactory cues may increase trap sensitivity for vector control and surveillance programs. solid-state army miniature light traps were operated near sleeping humans in huts at night without lights and augmented with the potential attractants: l-lactic acid, limburger cheese volatiles, hexanoic acid, and carbon dioxide. mosquito response varied between species and ...	2001	11296830
characteristics of larval anopheline (diptera: culicidae) habitats in western kenya.	a longitudinal survey of mosquito larval habitats was carried out in asembo bay, western kenya, during the rainy season of 1998. all pools of standing water along a 700-m transect were sampled twice per week. for each habitat, eight environmental variables were recorded and a sample of anopheline larvae was collected for identification. in total, 1,751 anopheles gambiae s.l. and 2,784 anopheles funestus giles were identified. identification of an. gambiae s.l. by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...	2001	11296836
impact of irrigation on malaria in africa: paddies paradox.	the high population growth rate of the african continent has led to an increased demand for food and is in danger of outstripping agricultural production. in order to meet this need, many governments have sought ways of improving food production by initiating large-scale irrigation projects, involving reclamation of arid and semi-arid areas for the cultivation of crops. although crop irrigation promises one solution to alleviating hunger and encourages economic growth, irrigation has often been ...	2001	11297093
effect of permethrin-impregnated nets on exiting behavior, blood feeding success, and time of feeding of malaria mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in western kenya.	the impact of permethrin-treated bednets on the feeding and house entering/exiting behavior of malaria vectors was assessed in two studies in western kenya. in one study, matched pairs of houses were allocated randomly to receive bednets or no bednets. exiting mosquitoes were collected in colombian curtains hung around half of each house; indoor resting mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. the number of anopheles gambiae giles and an. arabiensis patton estimated to have entered ...	2001	11476333
comeback of anopheles funestus in sahelian senegal.		2001	11511072
meiotic recombination, cross-reactivity, and persistence in plasmodium falciparum.	we incorporate a representation of plasmodium falciparum recombination within a discrete-event model of malaria transmission. we simulate the introduction of a new parasite genotype into a human population in which another genotype has reached equilibrium prevalence and compare the emergence and persistence of the novel recombinant forms under differing cross-reactivity relationships between the genotypes. cross-reactivity between the parental (initial and introduced) genotypes reduces the frequ ...	2001	11525454
linear and spatial organization of polytene chromosomes of the african malaria mosquito anopheles funestus.	anopheles funestus giles is one of the major malaria vectors in africa, but little is known about its genetics. lack of a cytogenetic map characterized by regions has hindered the progress of genetic research with this important species. this study developed a cytogenetic map of an. funestus using ovarian nurse cell polytene chromosomes. we demonstrate an important application with the cytogenetic map for characterizing various chromosomal inversions for specimens collected from coastal kenya. t ...	2001	11560898
bioassay and biochemical analyses of insecticide resistance in southern african anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae).	anopheles funestus giles has been implicated as a major malaria vector in sub-saharan africa where pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in agriculture and public health. samples of this species from northern kwazulu/natal in south africa and the beluluane region of southern mozambique showed evidence of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. insecticide exposure, synergist and biochemical assays conducted on a. funestus suggested that elevated levels of mixed function oxidases were responsibl ...	2001	11587622
[feeding behaviour of anopheles funestus resting females in senegal].	the feeding behaviour of an. funestus resting females was studied in eleven sites in senegal along a west-east transect in two biogeographical zones (the sudanese and sudanese-guinean zones) by an elisa technique. mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. for the 1563 blood meals tested, the main hosts were humans, cows, sheep and horses representing respective proportions of 85%, 9.9%, 1.3% and 3.8%. no blood meal was taken on chicken. the percentage of non-reacting blood meals was ...	2001	16579080
false detection of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in anopheles marshallii group mosquitoes.	a study was conducted to determine the role of members of the anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission in the mpumalanga province, in the northeastern region of south africa. female anopheline mosquitoes were collected between january 1996 and november 1997 by means of human landing catches and tested for salivary gland plasmodium falciparum infections by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method with pf2a10 antibodies. infection rates from april and may 1997 collecti ...	2001	14529083
distribution of ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone i in the nervous system and gut of mosquitoes.	ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone i (oeh i) is a gonadotropin in the female mosquito, aedes aegypti. whole-mount immunocytochemistry using oeh i antisera revealed an extensive distribution of immunostained cells in larvae and adults of this mosquito comparable to that observed in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. medial neurosecretory cells were stained in brains of larvae and adult ae. aegypti. in an gambiae the lateral neurosecretory cells were stained more often. in both species, ...	2001	15455063
chromosomal inversion polymorphism of anopheles funestus from forest villages of south cameroon.	the polymorphism of paracentric inversions of anopheles funestus polytene chromosomes was studied in three villages (nkoteng, obala, and simbock) located in a forest area of south cameroon in order to analyse the genetic structure of these populations. a total of 146-210 chromatids could be scored from specimens collected over about two years. a low degree of chromosomal polymorphism was observed with two floating inversions on chromosomal arm 2 (2h and 2d), and three fixed arrangements on arms ...	2000	11686083
dry season refugia of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in a dry savannah zone of east africa.	dry season survival of anopheles funestus, anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis in the kilombero valley a dry savannah zone of east africa, was investigated with over 400 collections from 23 areas, covering 300 sq km of the valley. anopheles gambiae was found only in association with humans, in forested areas of high annual rainfall, while an. funestus occurred at high densities at the valley edge where large non-moving bodies of water remained. a large population of an. arabiensis was pre ...	2000	11304064
a simplified model for predicting malaria entomologic inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control.	malaria transmission intensity is modeled from the starting perspective of individual vector mosquitoes and is expressed directly as the entomologic inoculation rate (eir). the potential of individual mosquitoes to transmit malaria during their lifetime is presented graphically as a function of their feeding cycle length and survival, human biting preferences, and the parasite sporogonic incubation period. the eir is then calculated as the product of 1) the potential of individual vectors to tra ...	2000	11289661
isolation of polymorphic microsatellite loci from the malaria vector anopheles funestus.		2000	10736053
population structure and recent evolution of plasmodium falciparum.	plasmodium falciparum is the agent of malignant malaria, one of mankind's most severe maladies. the parasite exhibits antigenic polymorphisms that have been postulated to be ancient. we have proposed that the extant world populations of p. falciparum have derived from one single parasite, a cenancestor, within the last 5, 000-50,000 years. this inference derives from the virtual or complete absence of synonymous nucleotide polymorphisms at genes not involved in immune or drug responses. seeking ...	2000	10860962
[insecticide sensitivity in malaria vectors in high altitude madagascar after five years of vector control].	in 1991, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus, the main malaria vectors in the highlands of madagascar, were reported to be fully susceptible to ddt; nevertheless a slight decrease in the susceptibility levels was recorded when compared with previous assays carried out in 1962. from 1993 to 1997, five cycles of indoor residual spraying have been carried out in the highlands: a total of 1,482,000 kg of 70% wp ddt have been used for the treatment of houses and animal shelters. from 1996 to 199 ...	2000	12463031
anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in matola coastal suburb of maputo, southern mozambique.	transmission characteristics of malaria were studied in matola, a coastal suburb of maputo, the capital city, in southern mozambique, from november 1994 to april 1996. the local climate alternates between cool dry season (may-october) and hot rainy season (november-april) with mean annual rainfall 650-850 mm. saltmarsh and freshwater pools provide mosquito breeding sites in matola. malaria prevalence reached approximately 60% among people living nearest to the main breeding sites of the vectors. ...	2000	10872861
anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in south africa.	northern kwazulu/natal (kzn) province of south africa borders on southern mozambique, between swaziland and the indian ocean. to control malaria vectors in kzn, houses were sprayed annually with residual ddt 2 g/ m2 until 1996 when the treatment changed to deltamethrin 20-25 mg/m2. at ndumu (27 degrees 02's, 32 degrees 19'e) the recorded malaria incidence increased more than six-fold between 1995 and 1999. entomological surveys during late 1999 found mosquitoes of the anopheles funestus group (d ...	2000	10872862
annual plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (eir) across africa: literature survey, internet access and review.	this paper presents the results of an extensive search of the formal and informal literature on annual plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (eir) across africa from 1980 onwards. it first describes how the annual eir data were collated, summarized, geo-referenced and staged for public access on the internet. problems of data standardization, reporting accuracy and the subsequent publishing of information on the internet follow. the review was conducted primarily to investigate t ...	2000	10897348
a probability model of vector behavior: effects of ddt repellency, irritancy, and toxicity in malaria control.	a probability model of how ddt residues may function within a malaria control program is described. a step-wise organization of endophagic behaviors culminates in a vector acquiring a human blood meal inside the house. different vector behaviors are described, epidemiologically defined, temporally sequenced, and quantified with field data. components of vector behavior and the repellent, irritant, and toxic actions of insecticide residues are then assembled into a probability model. the sequence ...	2000	10925797
ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer (its2) sequences differentiate anopheles funestus and an. rivulorum, and uncover a cryptic taxon.	differentiation among the closely related afrotropical species comprising the funestus group is difficult by traditional taxonomic measures. anopheles rivulorum is the second most abundant and widespread species in the funestus group, and is occasionally collected indoors along with the dominant member and major malaria vector, an. funestus. the prospect of misidentification of an. rivulorum as an. funestus prompted the development of a rapid, polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based method for ide ...	2000	10971714
earth observation, geographic information systems and plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa.	this review highlights the progress and current status of remote sensing (rs) and geographical information systems (gis) as currently applied to the problem of plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa (ssa). the burden of p. falciparum malaria in ssa is first summarized and then contrasted with the paucity of accurate and recent information on the nature and extent of the disease. this provides perspective on both the global importance of the pathogen and the potential for contributio ...	2000	10997207
[malaria and schistosomiasis: 2 examples using systems of geographical information and teledetection in madagascar].	schistosomiasis and malaria constitute major health problems in madagascar. the main objectives of the national schistosomiasis control programme--launched in 1998--are to improve knowledge about the modes of transmission of the disease and conduct mass treatment in hyperendemic areas, so as to lower incidence rates. a geographic information system (gis) was established aiming to conduct a series of remote sensing studies based on digital image processing and analysis from landsat tm and panchro ...	2000	11030060
spatial and temporal variations of the chromosomal inversion polymorphism of anopheles funestus in senegal.	the polymorphism of paracentric inversions of an. funestus polytene chromosomes was studied along a transect in senegal in order to assess their variations at the spatial and temporal level. there was an increase in the degree of chromosomal polymorphism from the west to south-east. at the geographical level the variations in inversion frequencies were highly significant whatever the chromosomal arm considered. however, the variations in the chromosomal inversion frequencies did not change signi ...	2000	11031753
identification of eukaryotic peptide deformylases reveals universality of n-terminal protein processing mechanisms.	the n-terminal protein processing pathway is an essential mechanism found in all organisms. however, it is widely believed that deformylase, a key enzyme involved in this process in bacteria, does not exist in eukaryotes, thus making it a target for antibacterial agents such as actinonin. in an attempt to define this process in higher eukaryotes we have used arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism. two deformylase cdnas, the first identified in any eukaryotic system, and six distinct methionine ...	2000	11060042
odor-mediated behavior of afrotropical malaria mosquitoes.	the african mosquito species anopheles gambiae sensu lato s.l. and anopheles funestus rank among the world's most efficient vectors of human malaria. their unique bionomics, particularly their anthropophilic, endophagic and endophilic characters, guarantee a strong mosquito-host interaction, favorable to malaria transmission. olfactory cues govern the various behaviors of female mosquitoes and here we review the role of semiochemicals in the life history of african malaria vectors. recent eviden ...	1999	9990718
mitochondrial and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its2) diversity of the african malaria vector anopheles funestus.	the pattern of sequence variation in the mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene (cyt-b) and ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) was examined in anopheles funestus from senegal and burkina faso in west africa and kenya in east africa. from both west african countries, samples included individuals hypothesized to represent reproductively isolated taxa based upon different karyotypes and behaviours. analysis of the cyt-b data revealed high haplotypic diversity (86%) and an average pairw ...	1999	10065543
single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for identification of four members of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group.	members of the anopheles funestus giles group are difficult to identify because of the morphological overlap that exists within the group. this inability to distinguish species, as well as the fact that the species vary in their behavior and biting preferences, complicate the successful planning and maintaining of malaria control programs. in this article we discuss the use of a single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) assay to distinguish 4 members of the an. funestus group collected at 1 ...	1999	10083746
chromosomal and bionomic heterogeneities suggest incipient speciation in anopheles funestus from burkina faso.	sampling of day-resting anopheles funestus was carried out in september-november 1991, october-december 1992, and november 1994 at two sites near ouagadougou, burkina faso: the small village of noungou where humans outnumber cattle, and the nearby fulani settlement of loumbila where cattle outnumber humans. collections made inside human dwellings were supplemented in 1992 by outdoor-resting samples from artificial pit-shelters. indoor-resting an. funestus were also collected in november 1992 and ...	1999	10870569
malaria transmission in a region of savanna-forest mosaic, haut-ogooué, gabon.	during the 2 years 1993 to 1995, an entomological survey was carried out in the savanna-forest area of franceville, gabon, investigating malaria transmission in one suburban district of franceville (akou) and in one rural village (benguia). the biting rates of the anopheles vectors were 10 times higher in the rural zone compared to the suburban zone. anopheles funestus giles was the predominant species in both zones followed by anopheles gambiae s.l. giles. the densities of anopheles nili theoba ...	1999	10342264
[anopheles mascarensis (de meillon, 1947): main vector of malaria in the region of fort-dauphin (south-east of madagascar)].	anopheles funestus and anopheles gambiae s.l. have been considered until now the major vectors of malaria everywhere in madagascar. anopheles mascarensis, a mosquito native to madagascar, has been identified in sainte-marie island as a secondary vector only. in 1997, an entomological study was carried out to identify the malaria vectors in the area of fort-dauphin, south-east of madagascar. every month, mosquitoes were collected from landing catches on human volunteers (from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm i ...	1999	10399606
spatial distribution and habitat characterization of anopheline mosquito larvae in western kenya.	studies were conducted to characterize larval habitats of anopheline mosquitoes and to analyze spatial heterogeneity of mosquito species in the suba district of western kenya. a total of 128 aquatic habitats containing mosquito larvae were sampled, and 2,209 anopheline and 10,538 culicine larvae were collected. the habitats were characterized based on size, ph, distance to the nearest house and to the shore of lake victoria, coverage of canopy, surface debris, algae and emergent plants, turbidit ...	1999	10674687
bionomical and cytogenetic heterogeneities of anopheles funestus in senegal.	malaria transmission by anopheles funestus was investigated from may 1994 to september 1997 in different locations from western to eastern senegal along the northern border of the gambia. 10515 a. funestus were captured on human volunteers or by indoor pyrethrum spraying. circumsporozoite protein rates showed that a. funestus had a high infection rate, 2-7%, in the whole of the study area. analysis of feeding behaviour showed great variation of anthropophilic rates from western senegal, where po ...	1998	10326101
malaria's eve: evidence of a recent population bottleneck throughout the world populations of plasmodium falciparum.	we have analyzed dna sequences from world-wide geographic strains of plasmodium falciparum and found a complete absence of synonymous dna polymorphism at 10 gene loci. we hypothesize that all extant world populations of the parasite have recently derived (within several thousand years) from a single ancestral strain. the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the time when this most recent common ancestor lived is between 24,500 and 57,500 years ago (depending on different estimates of t ...	1998	9539753
[origin of malaria epidemics on the plateaus of madagascar and the mountains of east and south africa].	the highlands of madagascar were malaria free until 1878, when a severe epidemic occurred, following the development of irrigated rice farming. then, the disease became endemic. between 1949 and 1962, malaria was "eradicated" on the highlands by joint house spraying and chemoprophylaxis measures. the main vector an. funestus disappeared. in 1986-1988, a very severe epidemic with high lethality rate devastated the highlands. it is now under control. thanks to the data of a religious dispensary, w ...	1998	9559166
midgut bacteria in anopheles gambiae and an. funestus (diptera: culicidae) from kenya and mali.	field studies in kenya and mali investigated the prevalence of bacteria in the midguts of malaria vectors, and the potential relationship between gram-negative bacteria species and plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. midguts were dissected from 2,430 mosquitoes: 863 anopheles funestus giles and 1,037 an. gambiae s.l. giles from kenya, and 530 an. gambiae s.l. from mali. an. funestus had a higher prevalence of gram-negative bacteria (28.5%) compared with an. gambiae collected in kenya and mali (15 ...	1998	9615538
cloning of the american cockroach cr-pii allergens: evidence for the existence of cross-reactive allergens between species.	previously, we have identified the 28 and 32 kd proteins as additional important allergens from the american cockroach (periplaneta americana) cr-pii allergenic fraction.	1998	9648712
hpall endonuclease distinguishes between two species in the anopheles funestus group.	the anopheles funestus group consists of at least eight species that are currently identified mainly on morphological criteria. until recently, only an. funestus s.s. was implicated in the transmission of malaria in africa, but recent work in tanzania has shown that an. rivulorum is also involved, albeit to a lesser degree than an. funestus. the constraints in the identification of the species and the need to clarify better their epidemiological role have led to the development of a pcr-rflp met ...	1998	9662477
evolution of malaria in africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors.	different malarial situations in africa within the past 40 years are discussed in order to evaluate the impact of climatic and human factors on the disease. north of the equator, more droughts and lower rainfall have been recorded since 1972; and in eastern and southern africa, there have been alternating dry and wet periods in relation to el niño. since 1955, the increase in human population from 125 to 450 million has resulted in both expansion of land cultivation and urbanization. in stable m ...	1998	9673911
seasonal density, sporozoite rates and entomological inoculation rates of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in a high-altitude sugarcane growing zone in western kenya.	an entomological study was conducted on vectors of malaria and their relative contribution to plasmodium falciparum transmission in mumias, a high-altitude site and large-scale sugarcane growing zone in kakamega district, western kenya. anopheles gambiae s.l., the predominant vector species, represented 84% (n=2667) of the total anopheles mosquitoes collected with an. funestus comprising only 16%. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) identified all 600 specimens of the an. gambiae complex tested as a ...	1998	9754665
the role of four anopheline species (diptera: culicidae) in malaria transmission in coastal tanzania.	malaria is holoendemic in coastal tanzania with anopheles funestus and members of the a. gambiae complex being mainly responsible for transmission. over a 4 months' sampling period 2222 anopheline mosquitoes were collected using light-traps and indoor resting catches, of which 58.6% were a. gambiae, 7.6% a. arabiensis, 6.9% a. merus and 26.9% a. funestus. plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen (csa) rates were: a. funestus 6.05% (n = 479), a. gambiae 8.4% (n = 1042), a. arabiensis 7.3% ( ...	1998	9764318
high annual and seasonal variations in malaria transmission by anophelines and vector species composition in dielmo, a holoendemic area in senegal.	we conducted a three-year entomologic study in dielmo, a village of 250 inhabitants in a holoendemic area for malaria in senegal. anophelines were captured on human bait and by pyrethrum spray collections. the mosquitoes belonging to the anopheles gambiae complex were identified using the polymerase chain reaction. malaria vectors captured were an. funestus, an. arabiensis, and an. gambiae. anopheles funestus was the most abundant mosquito captured the first year, an. arabiensis in the following ...	1997	9129525
[the impact of curtains impregnated with deltamethrin on the vectors and morbidity of malaria: results in ankazobe, on the plateaus of madagascar].	to evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin impregnated curtains on malaria morbidity in a low transmission area, we studied volunteer families in the village of ankazobe in the madagascar highlands from february 1993 to june 1994. after randomization, we provided 46 houses having 244 inhabitants with impregnated curtains (i) and 45 others having 257 inhabitants with nonimpregnated curtains (ni) as controls. we first estimated the number of mosquito bites in the protected versus nonprotected househ ...	1997	9172875
dynamics of malaria transmission near two permanent breeding sites in baringo district, kenya.	entomological and malario-metric measurements were made near two permanent breeding sites in baringo district, kenya in order to determine the prevalence and seasonality of malaria and the relative importance of two local anopheline mosquitoes as malaria vectors. the breeding sites studied were the perkerra irrigation scheme and the loboi swamp, whereas the mosquito species involved were anopheles gambiae giles (sensu lato) and anopheles funestus giles. malaria accounted for 54 per cent of annua ...	1997	9183076
mosquito vectors of bancroftian filariasis in kwale district, kenya.	a total of 2,906 female mosquitoes were collected over a period of one year using pyrethrum spray-sheet and human bait methods, and dissected for filaria larvae in three hinterland villages of coastal kenya. the dominant species, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus were also found to be the main vectors. from the spray catch collections 0,9 and 1 cx. quinquefasciatus, an. gambiae and an. funestus out of 491, 708 and 403 respectively were infective. in the same order, 4, 2 and 2 out of 512, ...	1997	9337005
the bionomics of anopheles funestus and its role in malaria transmission in a forested area of southern cameroon.		1997	9373627