Publications

novel oxindole derivatives and their biological activity.	the antifungal activity of fourteen novel derivatives of oxindole with side chain was studied using representatives of toxinogenic, phytopathogenic and dermatophytic filamentous fungi. derivatives with exocyclic c=c bond in position c-3 exhibited a higher antifungal activity compared with derivatives with an exocyclic c-c bond in the same position. the strongest antifungal effects were shown by 3-(-2-thienoylmethylidene)-indol-2(3h)-ones.	2001	11702401
a bowman-birk-type trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor from broad beans.	an isolation procedure comprising affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on sp-toyopearl, and fast protein liquid chromatography on mono s was used to purify a peptide from broad beans which manifested antifungal activity toward mycosphaerella arachidicola, fusarium oxysporum, and botrytis cinerea. the peptide demonstrated a molecular mass of 7.5 kda. n-terminal sequence analysis disclosed the identity of the antifungal peptide to be a trypsin-chymotrypsin inhi ...	2001	11708782
isolation of a novel deoxyribonuclease with antifungal activity from asparagus officinalis seeds.	a deoxyribonuclease distinct from the previously isolated asparagus ribosome-inactivating proteins, possessing a molecular weight of 30 kda and requiring a ph of 7.5 for optimum hydrolytic activity toward herring sperm dna, was isolated from asparagus officinalis seeds. the isolation procedure involved extraction with saline, (nh(4))(2)so(4) precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sepharose, and ...	2001	11708787
partitioning of monomethylmercury between freshwater algae and water.	phytoplankton-water monomethylmercury (mehg) partition constants (kpi) have been determined in the laboratory for two green algae selenastrum capricornutum and cosmarium botrytis, the blue-green algae schizothrix calcicola, and the diatom thallasiosira spp., algal species that are commonly found in natural surface waters. two methods were used to determine kpi, the freundlich isotherm method and the flow-through/dialysis bag method. both methods yielded kpi values of about 10(6.6) for s. caprico ...	2001	11718342
the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, a new sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide efficient against the plant pathogenic fungus botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinerea).	fenhexamid, a recently developed botryticide, is shown here to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. when the fungus botryotinia fuckeliana was grown in the presence of fenhexamid, the ergosterol content was reduced, and three 3-keto compounds, 4 alpha-methylfecosterone, fecosterone and episterone, accumulated, suggesting an inhibition of the 3-keto reductase involved in c-4 demethylation. thus, fenhexamid belongs to a new, promising class of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors not previously used in agricult ...	2001	11721524
characterization of the gdha gene from the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea.	a 3.48-kb dna region containing the gdha gene, which codifies the nadp-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme from botrytis cinerea, has been cloned and characterized. a fragment of 2351 nucleotides was sequenced and found to contain an orf of 1350 bp that encodes a protein of 450 amino acids. the gene, containing two introns that showed polymorphic size between them, was located by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in chromosome x in seven strains, which were isolated from several hosts and ha ...	2001	11728157
naagp4 is an arabinogalactan protein whose expression is suppressed by wounding and fungal infection in nicotiana alata.	arabinogalactan proteins (agps) are proteoglycans secreted by plant cells that have been implicated in plant growth and development. most agps cloned to date possess highly labile glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) lipid anchors. these anchors transiently attach agps to the plasma membrane before they are released into the cell wall following gpi anchor hydrolysis. we have isolated and partially sequenced the protein core of an agp purified from styles of nicotiana alata. the protein sequence da ...	2001	11732052
botrytis cinerea induces the formation of free radicals in fruits of capsicum annuum at positions remote from the site of infection.	free radical adducts of the spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone have been observed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in detached fruits of capsicum annuum investigated 5 days after infection with botrytis cinerea. the spectra of these adducts were at a maximum within the soft rot lesion, but they could also be detected at distances up to 50 mm from the edge of the lesion in samples following main vascular bundles. at distances greater than 40 mm, the spectrum of ...	2001	11732316
isolation of unguilin, a cyclophilin-like protein with anti-mitogenic, antiviral, and antifungal activities, from black-eyed pea.	a protein designated unguilin was isolated from seeds of the black-eyed pea (vigna unguiculata). it possesses a molecular weight of 18 kda and an n-terminal sequence resembling that of cyclophilins and the cyclophilin-like antifungal protein from mung beans, and was adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-sepharose. unguilin exerted an antifungal effect toward fungi including coprinus comatus, mycosphaerella arachidicola, and botrytis cinerea. in addition, unguilin was capable of inhibiting human i ...	2001	11732686
purification and properties of two chitinolytic enzymes of serratia plymuthica hro-c48.	the chitinolytic rhizobacterium serratia plymuthica hro-c48 was previously selected as a biocontrol agent of phytopathogenic fungi. one endochitinase (e.c. 3.2.1.14), chit60, and one n-acetyl-beta-1,4- d-hexosaminidase (e.c. 3.2.1.52), chit100, were purified and characterized. the endochitinase chit60, with an apparent molecular mass of 60.5 kda, had a n-terminal amino acid sequence highly similar to that of chitinases a from serratia liquefaciens and serratia marcescens. the enzyme activity had ...	2001	11734885
biological control of postharvest pear diseases using a bacterium, pantoea agglomerans cpa-2.	epiphytic microorganisms isolated from the fruits and leaf surfaces of apples and pears were screened for antagonistic activity against penicillium expansum on pears. from 247 microorganisms tested for antagonistic properties against p. expansum, a bacterium strain identified as pantoea agglomerans (cpa-2) was selected. this bacterium was very effective against botrytis cinerea, p. expansum and rhizopus stolonifer. complete control at the three tested concentrations (2 x 10(7), 8 x 10(7) and 1 x ...	2001	11759762
the role of g protein alpha subunits in the infection process of the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea.	to identify signal transduction pathways of the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea involved in host infection, we used heterologous hybridization and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based approach to isolate two genes (bcg1 and bcg2) encoding alpha subunits of heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins. both genes have homologues in other fungi: bcg1 is a member of the g alpha(i) class, whereas bcg2 has similarities to the magc gene of magnaporthe grisea and the gna-2 gene of neurospora crassa. revers ...	2001	11763127
stilbene content of mature vitis vinifera berries in response to uv-c elicitation.	a method using hplc analysis has been used to compare the level of resveratrol and its derivatives, piceid, pterostilbene and epsilon-viniferin, in grapevine berries of three vitis vinifera varieties. the concentration of these compounds has been evaluated in healthy and botrytis cinerea infected grape clusters, both in natural vineyard conditions and in response to uv elicitation.	2000	11312782
isolation and bioactivities of epidioxysterol from the tunicate cynthia savignyi.	from a hexane extract of the tunicate cynthia savignyi, collected in morocco, epidioxysterol or 5,8-alpha-epidioxy-5alpha-cholest-6-en-3beta-ol has been isolated. this is the first example of epidioxysterol found in the tunicate c. savignyi. the structure of epidioxysterol has been characterised by nmr data (1h, 13c and 2d). epidioxysterol possesses antifungal activity against three tomato pathogenic fungi: botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum and verticillium albo atrum and antibacterial activi ...	2000	11204751
humus bacteria of norway spruce stands: plant growth promoting properties and birch, red fescue and alder colonizing capacity.	we studied the potential of the humus layer of the norway spruce stands to supply beneficial rhizobacteria to birch (betula pendula), alder (alnus incana) and fescue grass (festuca rubra), representatives of pioneer vegetation after clear-cutting of the coniferous forest. axenically grown seedlings of these species were inoculated with the acid spruce humus, ph 3.7-5.3. actinorhizal propagules, capable of nodulating alder, were present in high density (10(3) g(-1)) in humus of long-term limed pl ...	2000	10640667
dimerization of resveratrol by the grapevine pathogen botrytis cinerea.	resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is produced by grapes (vitis spp.) in response to microbial attack by the fungal grapevine pathogen botrytis cinerea. several reports indicate that pathogenic b.cinerea strains are capable of biotransforming resveratrol into an assortment of unidentified oxidized metabolites as a means of reducing the antifungal effects of resveratrol and facilitating botrytis invasion into host-plant tissues. studies utilizing growing incubations of botrytis cinerea ...	2000	10650073
biotransformation of (4e,8r)-caryophyll-4(5)-en-8-ol by botrytis cinerea.	biotransformation of (4e,8r)-caryophyll-4(5)-en-8-ol (1) with botrytis cinerea afforded 14 products (3-16). thirteen of these (4-16) are described here for the first time. the main reaction paths involved the isomerization of the double bond at c-4/c-5 and hydroxylation of methyl groups.	2000	10650077
pythium contiguanum nomen novum (syn. pythium dreschleri paul), its antagonism to botrytis cinerea, its1 region of its nuclear ribosomal dna, and its comparison with related species.	pythium drechsleri paul was described as a new species from soil samples taken in a salt-marsh of arzew, algeria [paul, b. (1988) une nouvelle espèce de pythium isolée d'une saline de l'ouest algérien. cryptogam. mycol. 9, 325-333]. the name of the fungus, p. drechsleri, is a nomen invalidum, as it is a later homonym of p. drechsleri rajgopalan and ramakrishnan [rajagopalan, s. and ramakrishnan, k. (1971) phycomycetes in agricultural soils with special reference to the pythiaceae. madras univ. j ...	2000	10650210
lipid composition of the extracellular matrix of botrytis cinerea germlings.	six simple lipid classes (mono-, di- and tri-acylglycerols, free fatty acids, free fatty alcohols and wax esters) were identified by tlc in the extracellular matrix of botrytis cinerea germlings and the molecular components of each class were characterized using gc-ms. the relative amounts of fatty acids and fatty alcohols within each lipid class were determined by gc-fid. over all the lipid classes, the most abundant saturated fatty acids were palmitic (ca. 30%) and stearic acid (ca. 22%). palm ...	2000	10680186
carbon catabolite repression in plant pathogenic fungi: isolation and characterization of the gibberella fujikuroi and botrytis cinerea crea genes.	the crea genes of two plant pathogenic fungi, the gibberellin-producing rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi and the gray mold botrytis cinerea, were isolated and characterized. the deduced amino acid sequences of both glucose repressors are 64% identical to each other and 59% (g. fujikuroi) and 61% (b. cinerea) identical to the crea protein of aspergillus nidulans. the zinc finger regions of the gibberella and botrytis crea proteins shared 98% identity with the corresponding zinc finger region of ...	2000	10689158
secobotrytriendiol and related sesquiterpenoids: new phytotoxic metabolites from botrytis cinerea.	six new sesquiterpenoid metabolites (1, 3-7) have been isolated from botrytis cinerea. their structures were elucidated by means of ms and extensive nmr studies. the phytotoxic activities of these new products have been evaluated.	2000	10691704
isolation and characterization of antagonists for the biocontrol of the postharvest wound pathogen botrytis cinerea on strawberry fruits.	antagonistic bacteria and yeasts were isolated from the epiphytic flora of stored strawberry fruits and evaluated for their ability to protect strawberry fruit wounds after harvest against botrytis cinerea. among selected potential antagonists, three strains of candida reukaufii (5l3, 10cl4, 10l2) and one strain of candida pulcherima (10l8) still protected fruit wounds when applied at 10(3) cfu/wound, reducing lesion or conidiophore development. in the same conditions, two enterobacteriaceae (10 ...	2000	10716570
regulation of endopolygalacturonase gene expression in botrytis cinerea by galacturonic acid, ambient ph and carbon catabolite repression.	the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea produces a set of endopolygalacturonases (endopgs) which are involved in the enzymatic degradation of pectin in plant cell walls. the endopg-encoding genes of b. cinerea are differentially expressed when the fungus is grown in liquid culture on different carbon sources. a basic constitutive expression level was observed for two genes, bcpg1 and bcpg2, which encode basic isozymes. galacturonic acid was shown to induce the expression of bcpg4 and bcpg6. ...	2000	10743572
extrinsic allergic alveolitis in domestic environments (domestic allergic alveolitis) caused by mouldy tapestry	extrinsic allergic alveolitis often occures as bird fancier's lung or is caused by occupational treatment with antigenic materials. in housing environments antigens of allergic alveolitis are also found, especially mould fungi. lf a source of antigens is absent in the anamnesis and the clinical picture as well as the clinical findings are ambiguous, the diagnosis of extrinsic allergic alveolits is delayed or unobtained. the following example shows that in spite of a detailed allergic anamnesis t ...	2000	10756168
enhancement of in vitro growth and resistance to gray mould of vitis vinifera co-cultured with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.	the potential of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, pseudomonas sp. (strain psjn), to stimulate the growth and enhancement of the resistance of grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) transplants to gray mould caused by botrytis cinerea has been investigated. in vitro inoculation of grapevine plantlets induced a significant plant growth promotion which made them more hardy and vigorous when compared to non-inoculated plantlets. this ability increased upon transplanting. when grown together with b. c ...	2000	10779718
fungicidal activity of natural and synthetic sesquiterpene lactone analogs.	fungicidal activity of 36 natural and synthetic sesquiterpene lactones with guaianolide, trans, trans-germacranolide, cis, cis-germacranolide, melampolide, and eudesmanolide carbon skeletons was evaluated against the phytopathogenic fungi colletotrichum acutatum, c. fragariae, c. gloeosporioides, fusarium oxysporum, botrytis cinerea, and phomopsis sp. dose-response data for the active compounds dehydrozaluzanin c, dehydrocostuslactone, 5alpha-hydroxydehydrocostuslacone, costunolide, and zaluzani ...	2000	10783981
biotransformation of testosterone and pregnenolone catalyzed by the fungus botrytis cinerea.	testosterone (1), a male sex hormone, and pregnenolone (2), a precursor of many steroidal hormones, were oxidized by fermentation with the fungus botrytis cinerea. the fermentation of 1 yielded 7beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrostan-3-one (3) (73%) in a yield comparable to chemical transformations. fermentation of 2 by the same fungus afforded a major metabolite 3beta,11alpha, 16beta-trihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (4) (39%) along with a minor metabolite 11alpha,16beta-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (5) ( ...	2000	10785420
molecular characterization and identification of biocontrol isolates of trichoderma spp.	the most common biological control agents (bcas) of the genus trichoderma have been reported to be strains of trichoderma virens, t. harzianum, and t. viride. since trichoderma bcas use different mechanisms of biocontrol, it is very important to explore the synergistic effects expressed by different genotypes for their practical use in agriculture. characterization of 16 biocontrol strains, previously identified as "trichoderma harzianum" rifai and one biocontrol strain recognized as t. viride, ...	2000	10788356
redox chemistry in laccase-catalyzed oxidation of n-hydroxy compounds.	1-hydroxybenzotriazole, violuric acid, and n-hydroxyacetanilide are three n-oh compounds capable of mediating a range of laccase-catalyzed biotransformations, such as paper pulp delignification and degradation of polycyclic hydrocarbons. the mechanism of their enzymatic oxidation was studied with seven fungal laccases. the oxidation had a bell-shaped ph-activity profile with an optimal ph ranging from 4 to 7. the oxidation rate was found to be dependent on the redox potential difference between ...	2000	10788380
isolation and identification of antifungal n-butylbenzenesulphonamide produced by pseudomonas sp. ab2.	an antifungal bacterial strain, isolated from a greenhouse soil sample, inhibits growth of microflora nearby. it was selected for further studies of bacterial antifungal properties. this isolate was identified as a pseudomonas sp. based on carbohydrate utilization, and other biochemical and physiological tests. petri plate assay revealed that the pseudomonas sp. exhibited antifungal activity against the plant pathogens, pythium ultimum, rhizoctonia solani, phytophthora capsici, botrytis cinerea ...	2000	10805572
cloning, characterization and chromosomal location of three genes encoding host-cell-wall-degrading enzymes in leptosphaeria maculans, a fungal pathogen of brassica spp.	the ascomycete, leptosphaeria maculans, causes blackleg disease of oilseed brassica spp. such as canola (brassica napus). we have cloned a gene encoding endopolygalacturonase, pg1, and two genes encoding cellulases, cel1 and cel2, in l. maculans. these genes are not clustered in the genome, as they are located on different chromosomes. the deduced amino acid sequences of all three genes predict an n-terminal signal sequence, as is common for secreted fungal enzymes that degrade plant cell walls. ...	2000	10806354
chaetoatrosin a, a novel chitin synthase ii inhibitor produced by chaetomium atrobrunneum f449.	chaetoatrosin a, a novel chitin synthase ii inhibitor, was isolated from the culture broth of fungus f449, which was identified as chaetomium atrobrunneum f449. chaetoatrosin a was purified by solvent partition, silica gel, ods, preparative tlc, and sephadex lh-20 column chromatographies, consecutively. the structure of chaetoatrosin a was assigned as 1,8-dihydroxy-3(2-hydroxypropionyl)-6-methoxynaphthalene on the basis of various spectroscopic analyses including uv, ir, mass spectral, and nmr. ...	2000	10819295
variation and selection at the cauliflower floral homeotic gene accompanying the evolution of domesticated brassica oleracea.	the evolution of plant morphologies during domestication events provides clues to the origin of crop species and the evolutionary genetics of structural diversification. the cauliflower gene, a floral regulatory locus, has been implicated in the cauliflower phenotype in both arabidopsis thaliana and brassica oleracea. molecular population genetic analysis indicates that alleles carrying a nonsense mutation in exon 5 of the b. oleracea cauliflower (bocal) gene are segregating in both wild and dom ...	2000	10835404
confocal microscopy of fm4-64 as a tool for analysing endocytosis and vesicle trafficking in living fungal hyphae.	confocal microscopy of amphiphilic styryl dyes has been used to investigate endocytosis and vesicle trafficking in living fungal hyphae. hyphae were treated with fm4-64, fm1-43 or tma-dph, three of the most commonly used membrane-selective dyes reported as markers of endocytosis. all three dyes were rapidly internalized within hyphae. fm4-64 was found best for imaging the dynamic changes in size, morphology and position of the apical vesicle cluster within growing hyphal tips because of its stai ...	2000	10849201
the bmp1 gene is essential for pathogenicity in the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea.	in magnaporthe grisea, a well-conserved mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase gene, pmk1, is essential for fungal pathogenesis. in this study, we tested whether the same map kinase is essential for plant infection in the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogen that employs infection mechanisms different from those of m. grisea. we used a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to isolate map kinase homologues from b. cinerea. the botrytis map kinase required for pathogenesis ...	2000	10875333
a new method to monitor airborne inoculum of the fungal plant pathogens mycosphaerella brassicicola and botrytis cinerea.	we describe a new microtiter immunospore trapping device (mtist device) that uses a suction system to directly trap air particulates by impaction in microtiter wells. this device can be used for rapid detection and immunoquantification of ascospores of mycosphaerella brassicicola and conidia of botrytis cinerea by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) under controlled environmental conditions. for ascospores of m. brassicicola correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.943 and 0.9514 were obser ...	2000	10877797
mungin, a novel cyclophilin-like antifungal protein from the mung bean.	a protein designated mungin, isolated from mung bean (phaseolus mungo) seeds, possessed activity against the fungi rhizoctonia solani, coprinus comatus, mycosphaerella arachidicola, botrytis cinerea, and fusarium oxysporum. the 18-kda protein also possessed a novel n-terminal sequence with similarity to cyclophilins. it exerts an inhibitory action against alpha- and beta-glucosidases suppresses [(3)h]thymidine in corporation by mouse splenocytes.	2000	10891380
the hypersensitive response facilitates plant infection by the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea.	plants have evolved efficient mechanisms to combat pathogen attack. one of the earliest responses to attempted pathogen attack is the generation of oxidative burst that can trigger hypersensitive cell death. this is called the hypersensitive response (hr) and is considered to be a major element of plant disease resistance. the hr is thought to deprive the pathogens of a supply of food and confine them to initial infection site. necrotrophic pathogens, such as the fungi botrytis cinerea and scler ...	2000	10898976
statistical analysis of elicitation strategies for thiarubrine a production in hairy root cultures of ambrosia artemisiifolia.	elicitation strategies were studied for yield enhancement of thiarubrine a, a secondary metabolite and a potential pharmaceutical, produced by hairy root cultures of ambrosia artemisiifolia. abiotic elicitation was performed using vanadyl sulfate solution and biotic elicitation using autoclaved cell wall filtrates of the fungi protomyces gravidus, a pathogen of a. artemisiifolia and botrytis cinereae. the factors considered were age of the culture, concentration of the elicitor used and the time ...	2000	10908796
its1 region of the nuclear ribosomal dna of the mycoparasite pythium periplocum, its taxonomy, and its comparison with related species.	pythium periplocum drechsler was isolated from some soil samples taken in the botanical garden of tenerife, canary islands. this fungus has been found to be an aggressive mycoparasite of botrytis cinerea. it is unique amongst the members of the genus pythium because of the character combination of inflated filamentous type of sporangia and ornamented oogonia. the taxonomic description of this fungus and its comparison with related species, together with the polymerase chain reaction of the inter ...	2000	10913866
oxidative metabolism of ambrox and sclareolide by botrytis cinerea.	ambrox (1), a perfumery diterpene, was oxidatively metabolised by a plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea in a xenobiotic fashion to afford a major product, i.e., 1beta-hydroxy-8-epiambrox (13) (60%) along with three minor metabolites 3beta-hydroxyambrox (2), sclareolide (5) and 3beta-hydroxysclareolide (7). sclareolide (5), a cytotoxic diterpenoidal lactone was fermented with the same fungus to yield 3beta-hydroxysclareolide (7) (59%) as a major metabolite together with two minor metabolites ...	2000	10928544
can the grey mould disease of the grape-vine be controlled by yeast?	botrytis cinerea has been found to be highly pathogenic to 'chardonnay' and 'pinot noir' cultivars of the grape-vine producing the characteristic grey mould symptoms within 7 days of inoculation to the vitro-plants. the yeast pichia anomala (strain fy-102), isolated from apple skin, was found to be antagonistic to b. cinerea as it completely inhibited the appearance of the grey mould symptoms when grown together. the yeast was responsible for morphological changes such as coagulation and leakage ...	2000	10930744
identification and characterization of a hexapeptide with activity against phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits.	a hexapeptide of amino acid sequence ac-arg-lys-thr-trp-phe-trp-nh2 was demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits. the peptide synthesized with either all d- or all l-amino acids inhibited the in vitro growth of strains of penicilium italicum, p. digitatum, and botrytis cinerea, with mics of 60 to 80 microm and 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of 30 to 40 microm. the inhibitory activity of the peptide was both seq ...	2000	10939255
biosynthesis of abscisic acid by the non-mevalonate pathway in plants, and by the mevalonate pathway in fungi.	the biosynthetic pathways to abscisic acid (aba) were investigated by feeding [1-(13)c]-d-glucose to cuttings from young tulip tree shoots and to two aba-producing phytopathogenic fungi. 13c-nmr spectra of the aba samples isolated showed that the carbons at 1, 5, 6, 4', 7' and 9' of aba from the tulip tree were labeled with 13c, while the carbons at 2, 4, 6, 1', 3', 5', 7', 8' and 9' of aba from the fungi were labeled with 13c. the former corresponds to c-1 and -5 of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a ...	2000	10945263
role of carbonyl compounds in so(2) binding phenomena in musts and wines from botrytized grapes.	carbonyl compounds play an important role in musts from botrytized grapes. some of them, such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal, may explain a considerable part of bindable so(2). others, such as 2- and 5-oxogluconic acids, produced by gluconic acid oxidation in proportions respectively from 2.5 per 1 play an interesting role as so(2) binding indicator. finally, the levels of some compounds such as dihydroxyacetone, 5-oxofructose, and delta-gluconolactone in balance with gluconic acid are well correl ...	2000	10956126
transgenic expression of pear pgip in tomato limits fungal colonization.	transgenic tomato plants expressing the pear fruit polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (ppgip) were used to demonstrate that this inhibitor of fungal pathogen endopolygalacturonases (endo-pgs) influences disease development. transgenic expression of ppgip resulted in abundant accumulation of the heterologous protein in all tissues and did not alter the expression of an endogenous tomato fruit pgip (tpgip). the ppgip protein was detected, as expected, in the cell wall protein fraction in all tran ...	2000	10975651
biological characterization of fusapyrone and deoxyfusapyrone, two bioactive secondary metabolites of fusarium semitectum.	fusapyrone (1) and deoxyfusapyrone (2), two alpha-pyrones originally isolated from rice cultures of fusarium semitectum, were tested in several biological assays. compounds 1 and 2 showed considerable antifungal activity against several plant pathogenic and/or mycotoxigenic filamentous fungi, although they were inactive toward yeasts isolated from plants and the gram-positive bacterium bacillus megaterium in disk diffusion assays. compound 1 was consistently more active than 2. among the tested ...	2000	10978211
the response of the grape berry moth (lobesia botrana) to a dietary phytopathogenic fungus (botrytis cinerea): the significance of fungus sterols.	a tortricidae (lobesia botrana) has a mutualistic relationship with the fungus (botrytis cinerea). in this study, we investigated the growth, survival, fecundity and amount of sterols and steroids in larvae of this vineyard pest reared on artificial diets containing mycelium (3%) or purified sterols (0.01%) of the phytopathogenic fungus. two principal questions related to the physiological and biochemical basis of this mutualistic relationship were addressed: (1) how the fungus influences growth ...	2000	10980301
enzymes of botrytis cinerea capable of breaking down hydrogen peroxide.	the amounts of intra- and extracellular guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbic peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, laccase, and catalase present in botrytis cinerea, cultured in three different media: kovac synthetic medium, sabouraud fluid medium, and a medium containing malt extract, were determined. the activity of two enzymes, ascorbic peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase, has not been previously described in b. cinerea. the detected amount of the enzymes showed considerable va ...	2000	10981701
antimicrobial effect of rosemary extracts.	a rosemary extract commercially exploited (oxy'less) as an antioxidant of lipids in foods was dissolved in ethanol (100 mg/ml), and the solution was tested against foodborne microorganisms. for gram-positive bacteria, the mic of the ethanolic solution was 1% for leuconostoc mesenteroides, 0.5% for listeria monocytogenes, 0.5% for staphylococcus aureus, 0.13% for streptococcus mutans, and 0.06% for bacillus cereus. it slowed the growth of penicillium roquefortii and botrytis cinerea. up to 1% of ...	2000	11041135
stagonospora avenae secretes multiple enzymes that hydrolyze oat leaf saponins.	the phytopathogenic fungus stagonospora avenae is able to infect oat leaves despite the presence of avenacoside saponins in the leaf tissue. in response to pathogen attack, avenacosides are converted into 26-desglucoavenacosides (26-dgas), which possess antifungal activity. these molecules are comprised of a steroidal backbone linked to a branched sugar chain consisting of one alpha-l-rhamnose and two (avenacoside a) or three (avenacoside b) beta-d-glucose residues. isolates of the fungus that a ...	2000	11043466
affinity purification and characterization of a cutinase from the fungal plant pathogen monilinia fructicola (wint.) honey.	trifluoromethyl ketones (tfk) are potent inhibitors of a variety of serine hydrolases. the tfk inhibitor, 3-(4-mercaptobutylthio)-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone (mbtfp), was found to competitively inhibit cutinase activity (i50 = 9.4 x 10(-3)) from the fungal plant pathogen monilinia fructicola and to serve as an effective affinity ligand for the purification of cutinases from culture filtrates. the tfk inhibitors, 3-n-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone (otfp) and 3-n-pentylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro- ...	2000	11051094
biotransformation of two cytotoxic terpenes, alpha-santonin and sclareol by botrytis cinerea.	two cytotoxic terpenes, alpha-santonin (1) and sclareol (3) were biotransformed by a plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea to produce oxidized metabolites in high yields. alpha-santonin (1) on fermentation with the fungus for ten days afforded a hydroxylated metabolite identified as 11beta-hydroxy-alpha-santonin (2) in a high yield (83%), while sclareol (3) was metabolized to epoxysclareol (4) (64%) and a new compound 8-deoxy-14,15-dihydro-15-chloro-14-hydroxy-8,9-dehydrosclareol (5) (7%), re ...	2000	11098821
a robust cysteine-deficient chitinase-like antifungal protein from inner shoots of the edible chive allium tuberosum.	from the inner shoots of the chive allium tuberosum, a single-chained protein with a molecular weight of 36 kda and an n-terminal sequence manifesting resemblance to chitinases but lacking in cysteine residues characteristic of a cysteine-rich domain present in chitinases of other allium species, was purified. the isolation procedure entailed affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose and mono s, and gel filtration on superdex 75. the protein was ...	2000	11112420
ginkbilobin, a novel antifungal protein from ginkgo biloba seeds with sequence similarity to embryo-abundant protein.	a novel single-chained antifungal protein with a molecular weight of 13 kda displaying an n-terminal sequence with marked similarity to embryo-abundant protein from the white spruce was isolated from the seeds of ginkgo biloba using ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on sp-sepharose, and then gel filtration on superdex 75. the protein, designated ginkbilobin, exerted potent antifungal activity against a variety ...	2000	11118300
[genetic analysis and relationship to pathogenicity in botrytis cinerea].	botrytis cinerea is a plant-pathogenic fungus that produces the disease known as grey mould in a wide variety of agriculturally important hosts in many countries. ten strains from different locations collected on different years have been isolated and characterized by several methods (morphological, biochemical, genetical and molecular). results showed that clear morphological differences exist between strains, and showing a relationship between the presence of sclerotia and pathogenicity. the c ...	2000	15762780
[pathogenicity factors in botrytis cinerea].	botrytis cinereais an important plant pathogenic fungi with a wide host range, which can make use of different infection mechanisms. although genetic variation for resistance to b. cinereahas been observed within some species, no gene-for-gene relationship has been found. the development of resistant genotypes is, therefore, complicated. any attempt to develop control strategies makes it necessary a detailed knowledge of both the fungal infection mechanisms and the plant defence mechanisms. the ...	2000	15762781
some biological properties of new quinoline-4-carboxylic acid and quinoline-4-carboxamide derivatives.	the antimicrobial and morphogenetic effects of fourteen newly synthesized 2-substituted derivatives of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid and quinoline-4-carboxamide were studied using g+ and g- bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi. the highest antimicrobial effects were found with substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives. quinoline-4-carboxamides only weakly influenced the growth of the tested microorganisms. some derivatives of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid elicited profound changes in the ...	2000	11347250
synthesis and antifungal activity of some new quinazoline and benzoxazinone derivatives.	the hitherto unknown 2-isopropyl-6,8-dibromo-4h-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one (2) was subjected to condensation with either primary or secondary amines affording the benzamide derivatives (3-7), while with alcohols in presence of the base, corresponding esters were obtained (8 and 9). acylation of the hydrazide (12) or its cyclized form (13) gave (14-17). the quinazolinone derivative (18) was obtained either when (12) was reacted with nitrous acid or via fusion of (2) with ammonium acetate. the thione (2 ...	2000	11129978
modeling infection of strawberry flowers by botrytis cinerea using field data.	abstract the incidence of strawberry flower infection by botrytis cinerea was monitored in unsprayed field plots in three successive years together with meteorological data and numbers of conidia in the air. there were large differences in conidia numbers and weather conditions in the 3 years. three sets of models were derived to relate inoculum and weather conditions to the incidence of flower infection; by inoculum only, by weather variables only, and by both inoculum and weather variables. al ...	2000	18943378
fitness of botrytis cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance.	abstract fitness costs in botrytis cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance were studied. spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated between resistance to iprodione and survival ability both outside and inside the greenhouse, measured on isolates randomly chosen from a collection done in a survey of commercial greenhouses in southeastern spain in 1992. survival was measured at 47, 83, and 110 days as percentage of surviving mycelia in a sample of artificially inoculated tomat ...	2000	18944427
variability of three isolates of botrytis cinerea affects the inhibitory effects of calcium on this fungus.	abstract botrytis cinerea is an economically important pathogen. epidemiological studies are difficult because of the genetic variability within this species. the objectives of this work were to study the variability and to compare the inhibitory effects of ca on three isolates of b. cinerea from decayed apple (b) and grape (c and c77:4). among these isolates, b had the least radial growth but had a sporulation rate 40% higher than that of both c77:4 and c. in situ, isolate c incited the largest ...	2000	18944497
genetic analysis of isolates of botrytis cinerea sensitive and resistant to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides.	abstract a total of 56 isolates of b. cinerea collected from ornamental crops from commercial greenhouses were examined by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprint analyses. isolates were examined as two independent sets of 35 and 36 isolates, with 15 isolates common to both sets. the isolates had four phenotypes: 17 were sensitive to two commonly used fungicides, thiophanate-methyl (a benzimidazole) and vinclozolin (a dicarboximide) (s(t)s(v)); 18 were resistant to both fungicides (r ...	2000	18944506
systemic and local responses associated with uv- and pathogen-induced resistance to botrytis cinerea in stored carrot.	abstract the induction of resistance to botrytis cinerea in carrot roots by uv radiation, a possible means for controlling storage diseases, was compared with systemic resistance induced by inoculation with the pathogen. uv radiation did not have any systemic effect, and disease resistance was induced only in tissues directly exposed to the radiation. although uv radiation induced a local accumulation of 6-methoxymellein (6-mm), inoculation with b. cinerea caused 6-mm to accumulate systemically, ...	2000	18944523
early brown rot infections in sweet cherry fruit are detected by monilinia-specific dna primers.	abstract visible and nonvisible quiescent infections of immature and mature fruit are an integral component of the disease cycle of brown rot of sweet cherry in california. detection of these infections is critical for developing efficient and efficacious fungicide management programs. the previously published dna amplification primers mfs3 and ns5 for the identification of monilinia fructicola were very specific in amplifying dna of m. fructicola only and not m. laxa. this primer set, however, ...	2000	18944605
phytotoxicity of cobalt, chromium and copper in cauliflower.	cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis cv. maghi) was grown in refined sand with complete nutrition (control) and at 0.5 mm each of co, cr and cu. in cauliflower, compared to that of excess cu or cr, the visible effects of excess co appeared first and were most pronounced. excess of each heavy metal restricted the biomass of cauliflower, concentrations of fe, chlorophylls a and b, protein and activity of catalase in leaves in the order co>cu>cr. the translocation of cr from roots to top ...	2000	15092914
cloning and characterization of a glutathione s-transferase homologue from the plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinereadouble dagger.	abstract a gene was cloned from botrytis cinerea that encodes a protein homologous to glutathione s-transferase (gst). the gene, denominated bcgst1, is present in a single copy and represents the first example of such a gene from a filamentous fungus. the biochemical function of gsts is to conjugate toxic compounds to glutathione, thereby detoxifying the compound. in many other organisms, gst plays a role in chemical stress tolerance. we anticipated that gst functions for b. cinerea as a potenti ...	2000	20572963
quantification of mycelium of botrytis spp. and the antagonist ulocladium atrum in necrotic leaf tissue of cyclamen and lily by fluorescence microscopy and image analysis.	abstract a technique was developed to localize and quantify the internal mycelial colonization of necrotic leaf tissue of cyclamen (cyclamen persicum) or lily (lilium) by pathogenic botrytis spp. and the antagonist ulocladium atrum. this technique allows investigation of competitive substrate colonization by both fungi, which is a key process for biological control of botrytis spp. by u. atrum. a combination of differential fluorescent labeling and image analysis was applied on cryostat sections ...	1999	18944729
two sibling species of the botrytis cinerea complex, transposa and vacuma, are found in sympatry on numerous host plants.	abstract strains of botrytis cinerea (the anamorph of botryotinia fuckeliana) were collected from 21 different plant species around vineyards in the champagne region (france). strains were analyzed using three new polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers that were found by swapp (sequencing with arbitrary primer pairs), in addition to 15 other markers (pcr-rflp, transposable elements, and resistance to fungicides). the markers revealed a high degree ...	1999	18944743
differential induction of grapevine defenses by two strains of botrytis cinerea.	abstract even though botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, is a highly variable fungus with strains displaying very different degrees of virulence toward one given host plant species, no study has yet shown any correlation between the lack of aggressiveness of one given strain and its ability to stimulate a defense response from its host. strains of b. cinerea collected from different host plant species were screened for their pathogenicity on grapevine to select two strains with simi ...	1999	18944759
characterization of a pterostilbene dehydrodimer produced by laccase of botrytis cinerea.	abstract in the interaction between grapevines and botrytis cinerea, one of the main aspects of pathogenicity is fungal ability to degrade phytoalexins synthesized by the plant in response to infection. laccase-like stilbene oxidase activity in liquid cultures of b. cinerea has been shown to be related to the decrease of phytoalexin concentrations. recent research and results presented in this paper determined the chemical structure of a pterostilbene metabolite produced by b. cinerea. study of ...	1999	18944774
[effect of inoculation time on the survival of spores of gliocladium roseum on geranium leaves.].	gliocladium roseumis a successful antagonist of botrytis cinerea and is considered to have the major potential for biocontrol of the pathogen in cropping systems. in order to elucidate the optimal moment of the day to apply the biological control agent, geranium plants were inoculated until run off with a suspension containing 10 e7 conidia of g. roseum + tritón 100x. the inoculation times were 9 am, 12 am, 3 pm and 6 pm. the number cfu per cm(2) of leaves at inoculation time (time 0) and at 3, ...	1999	18473563
snakin-1, a peptide from potato that is active against plant pathogens.	a new type of antimicrobial peptide, snakin-1 (sn1), has been isolated from potato tubers and found to be active, at concentrations < 10 microm, against bacterial and fungal pathogens from potato and other plant species. the action of sn1 and potato defensin pth1 was synergistic against the bacterium clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and additive against the fungus botrytis cinerea. snakin-1 causes aggregation of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the peptide has 63 amino ...	1999	9885189
biotransformation of caryophyllene oxide by botrytis cinerea	biotransformation of caryophyllene oxide (1) with b. cinerea afforded 15 products (2-16). ten of these (3-5, 7, 9-11, and 14-16) are reported here for the first time. the main reaction paths involved stereoselective epoxidation at c-8/c-13 and hydroxylation at c-7. a rearranged compound was found, which was a cyclization product 16 possessing the caryolane skeleton.	1999	9917279
occurrence of a lipase in spores of alternaria brassicicola with a crucial role in the infection of cauliflower leaves.	alternaria brassicicola is a pathogen that penetrates directly through the host cuticle thanks to several serine esterases, according to our findings. among these, an 80-kda lipase (e.c 3.1.1. 3) was detected by sds-page and immunoblotting in the water washings of ungerminated spores. the purified lipase cross-reacted with botrytis cinerea anti-lipase antibodies, which were reported to inhibit the in vitro lipase activity. anti-lipase antibodies were added to a conidial suspension of a. brassici ...	1999	10556710
synthesis and antifungal activities of n-aryl-4-phenyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)butanamides.	various n-aryl-4-phenyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)butanamides (2 and 3) were tested for fungicidal activities against pyricularia oryzae, rhizoctonia solani, botrytis cinerea, phytophthora infestans, puccinia recondita, and erysiphe graminis in vivo. butanamides (2 and 3a) that have an electron withdrawing group (cl, f) attached to the meta position of the phenyl ring showed good to excellent activities against pyricularia oryzae, puccinia recondita, and erysiphe graminis in high concentration while th ...	1999	10575364
pythium periplocum, an aggressive mycoparasite of botrytis cinerea causing the gray mould disease of grape-vine.	pythium periplocum dreschler has been found to be an aggressive mycoparasite of botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of the gray mould disease of the grape-vine. when grown together, the former enters the latter's mycelium, branches freely within, coagulates its cytoplasm and finally tears its hyphae apart, bringing about widespread destruction of the grape-vine pathogen. extensive coiling around the host, as reported in the case of other mycoparasites belonging to the genus pythium, has not been ...	1999	10585549
requirement of functional ethylene-insensitive 2 gene for efficient resistance of arabidopsis to infection by botrytis cinerea.	inoculation of wild-type arabidopsis plants with the fungus alternaria brassicicola results in systemic induction of genes encoding a plant defensin (pdf1.2), a basic chitinase (pr-3), and an acidic hevein-like protein (pr-4). pathogen-induced induction of these three genes is almost completely abolished in the ethylene-insensitive arabidopsis mutant ein2-1. this indicates that a functional ethylene signal transduction component (ein2) is required in this response. the ein2-1 mutants were found ...	1999	10594097
lipid peroxidation and the oxidative burst associated with infection of capsicum annuum by botrytis cinerea	a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopy and analytical chemistry has been used to study the changes in free radical content, transition metal ion status and lipid peroxidation following inoculation of fruits of sweet pepper (capsicum annuum) with botrytis cinerea. epr detected a high concentration of an unidentified free radical associated with the spreading lesion that extends into the surrounding, healthy tissues. in addition, the epr-detectable iron(iii) was highes ...	1999	10607300
investigation of bioactivity of extracts from moroccan solitary tunicate cynthia savignyi.	extracts of the tunicate cynthia savignyi from the moroccan atlantic sea have been investigated in five bioassays. the first is an antibacterial test against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and agrobacterium tumefaciens; the second is an antifungal test against three tomato pathogenic fungi, botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum and verticillium albo-atrum; the third is a test based to the ability to reduce dna peak size in procedures using an hplc system for detec ...	1999	10624861
composition and enzymatic activity of the extracellular matrix secreted by germlings of botrytis cinerea.	germlings of botrytis cinerea, an important fungal pathogen of plants, produce an extracellular matrix (ecm), or ensheathing film, that serves, in part, in their attachment (r. p. doss, et al., appl. environ. microbiol. 61:260-265, 1995). the composition of this film has been ascertained by using samples obtained by growing germlings on a glass surface, removing the fungal mycelium by vigorous washing, and collecting the tightly attached film by scraping the substratum with a razor blade. slight ...	1999	9925560
pathogen-induced elicitin production in transgenic tobacco generates a hypersensitive response and nonspecific disease resistance.	the rapid and effective activation of disease resistance responses is essential for plant defense against pathogen attack. these responses are initiated when pathogen-derived molecules (elicitors) are recognized by the host. we have developed a strategy for creating novel disease resistance traits whereby transgenic plants respond to infection by a virulent pathogen with the production of an elicitor. to this end, we generated transgenic tobacco plants harboring a fusion between the pathogen-ind ...	1999	9927640
the origin and evolution of green algal and plant actins.	the viridiplantae are subdivided into two groups: the chlorophyta, which includes the chlorophyceae, trebouxiophyceae, ulvophyceae, and prasinophyceae; and the streptophyta, which includes the charophyceae and all land plants. within the streptophyta, the actin genes of the angiosperms diverge nearly simultaneously from each other before the separation of monocots and dicots. previous evolutionary analyses have provided limited insights into the gene duplications that have produced these complex ...	1999	10028293
plants ectopically expressing the iron-binding protein, ferritin, are tolerant to oxidative damage and pathogens.	transgenic tobacco plants that synthesize alfalfa ferritin in vegetative tissues--either in its processed form in chloroplasts or in the cytoplasmic nonprocessed form--retained photosynthetic function upon free radical toxicity generated by iron excess or paraquat treatment. progeny of transgenic plants accumulating ferritin in their leaves exhibited tolerance to necrotic damage caused by viral (tobacco necrosis virus) and fungal (alternaria alternata, botrytis cinerea) infections. these transfo ...	1999	10052358
purification and characterization of a 40.8-kda cutinase in ungerminated conidia of botrytis cinerea pers.: fr.	cytoplasmic soluble proteins from ungerminated conidia of botrytis cinerea exhibited cutinase activity. a 40.8-kda cutinase was purified to homogeneity from this crude conidial protein extract. this cutinase does not correspond either to constitutive or to induced lytic cutin enzymes already described by other authors. the possible role of this constitutive cutinase in the induction of other cutinolytic proteins in the early stages of infection of plants by b. cinerea is discussed.	1999	10077849
characterization of a pine multigene family containing elicitor-responsive stilbene synthase genes.	young pine seedlings respond to environmental stress by induced synthesis of pinosylvin, a stilbene phytoalexin. heartwood of pine trees is characterized by a high content of pinosylvin. the formation of pinosylvin from cinnamoyl-coa and three molecules malonyl-coa catalysed by pinosylvin synthase is typical of the genus pinus. its enzyme activity not detectable in unstressed seedlings is substantially increased upon application of stimuli like uv-light or infection with the phytopathogenic fung ...	1999	10080690
purification of active cysteine proteases by affinity chromatography with attached e-64 inhibitor.	cysteine proteases are implicated in many regulatory and degradative processes in animal and plant cells. many of the proteases are strongly inhibited by an irreversible inhibitor, trans-(epoxysuccinyl)-l-leucylamino-4-guanidinobutane (e-64) from aspergillus japonicus. here we report a method for purification of cysteine proteases by affinity chromatography on e-64. attachment of the inhibitor to thiopropyl sepharose through its epoxy group resulted in the loss of its irreversible activity but d ...	1999	10092483
biotransformation of the fungistatic sesquiterpenoid patchoulol by botrytis cinerea	biotransformation of the fungistatic sesquiterpenoid patchoulol (1) by the fungus botrytis cinerea affords the 5-, 7- and (8r)-hydroxy (2, 3, and 5) derivatives as the major metabolites, together with a number of minor metabolites (4, 6-9) arising from hydroxylation at c-2, c-3, c-5, c-9, c-13, and c-14.	1999	10096853
cloning and partial characterization of endopolygalacturonase genes from botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a plant-pathogenic fungus infecting over 200 different plant species. we use a molecular genetic approach to study the process of pectin degradation by the fungus. recently, we described the cloning and characterization of an endopolygalacturonase (endopg) gene from b. cinerea (bcpg1) which is required for full virulence. here we describe the cloning and characterization of five additional endopg-encoding genes from b. cinerea sas56. the identity at the amino acid level betwe ...	1999	10103256
genetic variation in beauveria bassiana populations associated with the darkling beetle, alphitobius diaperinus.	a study was conducted to assess genetic variation within and among populations of beauveria bassiana (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes) associated with the darkling beetle, alphitobius diaperinus (coleoptera: tenebrionidae), using rapd markers. a hierarchical collection of samples (strains from the same insect specimen, from insects from the same location, and from insects from different locations) was obtained from infected beetles from north carolina (nc) and west virginia (wv), usa. ten primers ...	1999	10222180
expression of two major chitinase genes of trichoderma atroviride (t. harzianum p1) is triggered by different regulatory signals.	regulation of the expression of the two major chitinase genes, ech42 (encoding the chit42 endochitinase) and nag1 (encoding the chit73 n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase), of the chitinolytic system of the mycoparasitic biocontrol fungus trichoderma atroviride (= trichoderma harzianum p1) was investigated by using a reporter system based on the aspergillus niger glucose oxidase. strains harboring fusions of the ech42 or nag1 5' upstream noncoding sequences with the a. niger goxa gene displayed a gl ...	1999	10223970
synthesis and antifungal activity of new n-isoxazolyl-2-iodobenzamides.	n-isoxazolyl-2-iodobenzamides 3 and 9, with a benodanil-like structure, were synthesized by refluxing in acetic acid the corresponding benzotriazinones 2 and 8 with potassium iodide for 1 h with the aim to ascertain if they were active as fungicides against phytophthora citricola saw., botrytis cinerea pers., rhizoctonia sp. and alternaria sp. among the tested iodo derivatives, compounds 3b and 9a possess interesting activities against the aforesaid fungal strains in several cases similar to tha ...	1999	10321034
structural characteristics and possible horizontal transfer of group i introns between closely related plant pathogenic fungi.	we have characterized structural features and the distribution pattern of nuclear group i introns found in ribosomal dna (rdna) of closely related plant pathogenic fungi of the family sclerotiniaceae. sixteen introns, at two distinct positions in the small-subunit (ssu) and large-subunit (lsu) rdna, were sequenced and analyzed among the 29 taxa included in the initial screening. genera found to contain introns were botrytis, dumontinia, encoelia, grovesinia, myriosclerotinia, and sclerotinia. se ...	1999	10331256
comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound.	several fungal laccases have been compared for the oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin dimer, 1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-1,3-diol (i), and a phenolic lignin model compound, phenol red, in the presence of the redox mediators 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-hbt) or violuric acid. the oxidation rates of dimer i by the laccases were in the following order: trametes villosa laccase (tvl) > pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase (pcl) > botrytis cinerea laccase (bcl) > myceliophthora thermop ...	1999	10347057
a new double-stranded rna mycovirus from botrytis cinerea.	a simple double-stranded rna mycovirus was detected in a wild-type botrytis cinerea 55k strain. the virus was located in the fungus cytoplasm as free particles of approximately 28 nm in diameter. the mycovirus possesses a single double-stranded genome segment of 1.8 kilobase pairs (kbp) encapsidated within an isometric protein coat whose main structural component is a polypeptide of 68 kda. cells infected with this virus showed an important degree of cellular degeneration.	1999	10361713
processing, targeting, and antifungal activity of stinging nettle agglutinin in transgenic tobacco.	the gene encoding the precursor to stinging nettle (urtica dioica l. ) isolectin i was introduced into tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). in transgenic plants this precursor was processed to mature-sized lectin. the mature isolectin is deposited intracellularly, most likely in the vacuoles. a gene construct lacking the c-terminal 25 amino acids was also introduced in tobacco to study the role of the c terminus in subcellular trafficking. in tobacco plants that expressed this construct, the mutant prec ...	1999	10364393
stilbene compounds: from the grapevine to wine.	stilbenes are natural compounds occurring in a number of plant families, including vitaceae and (within this family) vitis vinifera l., which is the most important species grown worldwide for grape and wine production. stilbenes (resveratrol and viniferins) are present in grapevine as constitutive compounds of the woody organs (roots, canes, stems) and as induced substances (in leaves and fruit) acting as phytoalexins in the mechanisms of grape resistance against certain pathogens. resveratrol ( ...	1999	10370866
gene encoding polygalacturonase inhibitor in apple fruit is developmentally regulated and activated by wounding and fungal infection.	a cdna encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip) from mature apple fruit has been cloned and characterized. the open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 330 amino acids, in which 24 amino acids at the n-terminus comprise the signal peptide. apple pgip contains 10 imperfect leucine-rich repeat sequence motifs averaging 24 amino acids in length. in addition to the 1.3 kb pgip transcript, the cloned cdna also hybridized to rna molecules with sizes of 3.2 and 5.0 kb. genomic dna analys ...	1999	10380809
antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of calamintha nepeta and its constituent pulegone against bacteria and fungi.	the chemical composition of the essential oil of calamintha nepeta and its antimicrobial activity against listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus, salmonella veneziana, s. paratyphi b. s. typhimurium, fusarium moniliforme, botrytis cinerea, aspergillus niger and pyricularia oryzae have been studied. moreover the main constituents of the oil (limonene, menthone, pulegone, menthol) have been tested against the same microorganisms. only pulegone showed antimicrobial activity, particularly against a ...	1999	10404547
histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of vacuoles and spherosomes as components of the lytic system in hyphae of the fungus botrytis cinerea.	an integrated approach to acid phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.2) histochemistry by the azo-dye and lead-capture ('gomori') methods in phosphate-starved hyphae of the fungus botrytis cinerea revealed strikingly different patterns of localization of activity staining. reaction product formed with the azo-dye method was found in numerous small organelles (<0.5 microm diameter), which also accumulated the lipophilic dye nile red and mislocalized the formazan indicating mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase a ...	1999	10461864