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geographical distribution and evaluation of mosquito larvivorous potential of aphanius dispar (rüppell), a native fish of gujarat, india.certain indigenous fish can play potential role in vector control. the study recorded distribution of aphanius dispar (rüppell) in its native habitats in gujarat, india and evaluated its larval propensity for indian mosquito vectors.201122297287
larvicidal activities of knema attenuata (hook. f. & thomson) warb. (myristicaceae) extracts against aedes albopictus skuse and anopheles stephensi liston.in recent years, uses of environment friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides of plant origin have received renewed attention as agents for vector control. the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aril and kernel extracts of knema attenuata (hook. f. & thomson) warb. (myristicaceae) on larvae of aedes albopictus skuse and anopheles stephensi liston under laboratory conditions. the aril was extracted with chloroform and ethanol; the kernel was extracted with ethanol an ...201121559763
mosquito larvicidal activity of some common spices and vegetable waste on culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi.to investigate the larvicidal activities of crude and chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) extracts of some common spices (cuminum cyminum, allium sativum, zingiber offinale, curcuma longa) and vegetable waste (solanum tuberosum germinated tuber) against anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae.201121771472
spatio-temporal distribution of malaria vectors (diptera: culicidae) across different climatic zones of iran.malaria is a main vector-borne public health problem in iran. the last studies on iranian mosquitoes show 31 anopheles species including different sibling species and genotypes, eight of them are reported to play role in malaria transmission. the objective of this study is to provide a reference for malaria vectors of iran and to map their spatial and temporal distribution in different climatic zones. shape files of administrative boundaries and climates of iran were provided by national cartogr ...201121771707
the mosquitocidal activity of methanolic extracts of lantana cramera root and anacardium occidentale leaf: role of glutathione s-transferase in insecticide resistance.larvicidal activity of methanolic plant extracts of lantana cramera (p1) root and anacardium occidentale (p2) leaf was investigated against the larvae of the three mosquito species (culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi, and aedes aegypti reared in the laboratory), and the respective glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity was analyzed as an index of protection against the extracts. the lc50 (extract concentration that shows 50% mortality) values of p1 extract for an. stephensi, ae. aegyp ...201121485364
mosquitocidal properties of nereistoxin against anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).emergence of resistance among mosquitoes is a recent problem. safe and eco-friendly agents from biological origins are the need of the hour. nereistoxin, a naturally occurring substance, was first isolated from the marine annelid lumbriconereis heteropoda and stored in the freezer. in the present study, the toxicity of nereistoxin was evaluated against vector mosquitoes. the larvicidal, ovicidal and adulticidal activities of nereistoxin were assayed for their toxicity against three important vec ...201121472401
effects of extract of soapnut sapindus emarginatus on esterases and phosphatases of the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).our earlier investigations with kernels from the soapnut sapindus emarginatus revealed it as a new source of botanical biocide with potent antimosquito activity, as evident from the proven unique ability of the aqueous kernel extract to kill all the developmental stages of three important vector mosquito species, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. this extract was also found to be safe for two non-target aquatic insects. as a sequel to these findings, we have further ...201121251906
comparative larvicidal potential of different plant parts of withania somnifera against vector mosquitoes in the semi-arid region of rajasthan.larvicidal potential of the extracts from different parts viz. green and red fruits, seeds, fruit without seeds, leaves and roots of withania somnifera in different solvents was evaluated against larvae of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus, the important disease vectors prevalent in the semi-arid region. experiments were carried out on late 3rd or early 4th instar larvae of these mosquitoes using standard who technique. 24 and 48 hr lc50 values along with their 95% co ...201121888235
mosquito larvicidal properties of aqueous and acetone extracts of trianthema portulacastrum linn. (family: aizoaceae) against vector species of mosquitoes.crude aqueous and acetone extracts of leaf of trianthema portulacastrum was evaluated for its mosquito larvicidal properties against the larvae of four vector species of mosquito under laboratory conditions. these extracts showed good larvicidal properties, 100% mortality in the third instar larvae was observed in the larval bioassay test with anopheles culicifacies, anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti at a concentration of 1.0, 0.75, 0.75 and 1.0% respectively. the ld5 ...201123781639
effect of leaf essential oil of coccinia indica on egg hatchability and different larval instars of malarial mosquito anopheles stephensi.to assess the larvicidal and egg hatching inhibition property of the leaf essential oil of coccinia indica (c. indica) against anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi).201122118029
mosquito adulticidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae).to determine the adulticidal and repellent activities of different solvent leaf extracts of eclipta alba (e. alba) and andrographis paniculata (a. paniculata) against malarial vector, anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi).201122118028
salivary gland transcriptome analysis in response to sugar feeding in malaria vector anopheles stephensi.in this study, we analyzed a small scale transcriptome of salivary glands in sugar fed female mosquitoes. thirty five percent of the transcripts could not be assigned a function. some of them may code for salivary gland specific products involved in sugar feeding. we identified and characterized two new putative cdnas encoding a sugar transporter and a camp generating dapit (diabetes-associated proteins in insulin sensitive tissues). down regulation of these two cdnas in response to blood feedin ...201121787783
status of carbohydrate, protein and lipid profile in the mosquito larvae treated with certain phytoextracts.to investigate the impact of the most potent petroleum ether extract of artemisia annua (a. annua) and azadirachta indica (az. indica) on total carbohydrate, lipid and protein level of anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus larvae.201121771474
in vitro larvicidal potential against anopheles stephensi and antioxidative enzyme activities of ginkgo biloba, stevia rebaudiana and parthenium hysterophorous.to investigate in vitro larvicidal and antioxidant enzymes potential of the medicinal plants ginkgo biloba (g. biloba), stevia rebaudiana (s. rebaudiana) and parthenium hysterophorous (p. hysterophorous) against anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi) 4th instars larvae.201121771447
breeding propensity of anopheles stephensi in chlorinated and rainwater containers in kolkata city, india. 201121406739
wash resistance and efficacy of olyset net and permanet 2.0 against anopheles stephensi in india.long-lasting insecticidal nets (llin) have been developed for wash resistance and long-lasting effects against mosquito vectors. in this study we evaluated 2 llin products, olyset net and permanet 2.0, washed for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 times, against anopheles stephensi, an urban malaria vector in india. we assessed the wash resistance and efficacy of these nets in relation to bloodfeeding inhibition and percent mortality in cone and tunnel test bioassays. both olyset and permanet showed >80% mort ...201122329276
larvicidal activity of marine algae, sargassum swartzii and chondria dasyphylla, against malaria vector anopheles stephensi.the objective of this study was to evaluate larvicidal activity of native marine algae against main malaria vector anopheles stephensi.201122297288
evaluation of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi (liston) (diptera: culicidae).since ancient times, plant and microbial products were used in various aspects. however, their use against insects decreased when chemical products became developed. recently, concerns increased with respect to public health and environmental security requiring detection of natural products that may be used against insects. in this study, mosquito larvicidal and ovicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of the leaf of three plants, eclipta alba, ...201121181188
in vitro isolation and characterization of biolarvicidal compounds from micropropagated plants of spilanthes acmella.spilanthes acmella (family: asteraceae) commonly known as "toothache plant" is known to possess strong insecticidal and larvicidal properties. experiments have been conducted to isolate and characterise the biolarvicidal compounds from the flower head extract of micropropagated s. acmella plants employing various tools like ft-ir, tlc, cc, nmr. ft-ir spectroscopy of the crude hexane extract sample revealed the presence of amide (secondary metabolite) as functional group in s. acmella flower head ...201120859747
larvicidal efficacy of latex and extract of calotropis procera (gentianales: asclepiadaceae) against culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). 201020834091
chemical composition and larvicidal activity of the essential oil of plectranthus amboinicus (lour.) spreng against anopheles stephensi: a malarial vector mosquito.essential oil of plectranthus amboinicus was studied for its chemical composition and larvicidal potential against the malarial vector mosquito anopheles stephensi. totally 26 compounds were identified by gc and gc-ms. the major chemical compounds were carvacrol (28.65%) followed by thymol (21.66%), α-humulene (9.67%), undecanal (8.29%), γ-terpinene (7.76%), ρ-cymene (6.46%), caryophyllene oxide (5.85%), α-terpineol (3.28%) and β-selinene (2.01%). the larvicidal assay was conducted to record the ...201020668876
effects of andrographis paniculata nees on growth, development and reproduction of malarial vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae).the use of environment friendly and easily biodegradable natural insecticides of plant origin has received progressively more attention as insecticide alternatives for the control of medically important mosquito vectors. the ethanol and methanol extracts of andrographis paniculata nees were evaluated for its effects on growth, development and reproduction of malarial vector anopheles stephensi liston. after 8 days of treatment, 88.60 and 85.25% of the larvae treated at 35p.p.m. failed to emerge ...201021399593
induced chromosomal aberrations and linkage group-chromosome correlation in anopheles stephensi.genetic and cytogenetic investigations of 14 strains of anopheles stephensi with induced chromosomal aberrations have resulted in the assignment of the three linkage groups to their respective chromosomes. in addition, the correlation between the ovarian polytene chromosomes and the mitotic chromosomes was demonstrated. indirect evidence for the presence of heterochromatic segments in the chromosomal complement was found.20106886374
linkage group iii in the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi.the linkage relationships among four loci in linkage group iii of anopheles stephensi liston have been investigated. the data indicate that the sequence is sp-dp-bl-dl, and the observed recombination frequencies are as follows: sp-dp = 35.88 percent, dp-bl = 19.48 percent, bl-dl = 21.77 percent, and sp-dl = 77.13 percent.20107153498
larvicidal efficacy of ficus benghalensis l. plant leaf extracts against culex quinquefasciatus say, aedes aegypti l. and anopheles stephensi l. (diptera: culicidae).to investigate the larvicidal efficacy of different extracts of ficus benghalensis l. against culex quinquefasciatus say, aedes aegypti l. and anopheles stephensi l. (diptera: culicidae).201020329569
larvicidal activities of six plants extracts against two mosquito species, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi.larvicidal activity of crude chloroform, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the leaves and roots of six indian plants, aegle marmelos l., balanites aegyptica l., calotropis gigantica l., murraya koenigii l., nyctanthes arbor-tristis l. and plumbago zeylanica l., were tested against the early fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti l. and anopheles stephensi. the larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. all extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects. however, the highest larval ...201021399575
resurrection of two species from synonymy of anopheles (nyssorhynchus) strodei root, and characterization of a distinct morphological form from the strodei complex (diptera: culicidae).anopheles albertoi unti and anopheles arthuri unti are revived from the synonymy with anopheles strodei root, and a distinct morphological form (designated in this study as anopheles cp form) from the strodei complex of anopheles (nyssorhynchus) is characterized. the male genitalia of an. arthuri and an. albertoi are described and illustrated for the first time. an. strodei, an. arthuri, and an. albertoi were first distinguished based on scanning electron microphotos of the eggs, and then each e ...201020695266
residual effects of deltamethrin wg 25% as a new formulation on different surfaces against anopheles stephensi, in southeastern iran.indoor residual spraying (irs) is functioned as national interventions against malaria in southeastern foci of iran and deltamethrin wp one of the insecticides have been used since past decade. in this study, the residual activity of the wettable granule (wg) was studied on different surfaces in hut scale trial against anopheles stephensi in iranshahr district, southeastern iran.201022808390
towards malaria risk prediction in afghanistan using remote sensing.malaria is a significant public health concern in afghanistan. currently, approximately 60% of the population, or nearly 14 million people, live in a malaria-endemic area. afghanistan's diverse landscape and terrain contributes to the heterogeneous malaria prevalence across the country. understanding the role of environmental variables on malaria transmission can further the effort for malaria control programme.201020465824
mosquito vector biting and community protection in a malarious area, siahoo district, hormozgan, iran.use of bed-net continues to offer potential strategy for malaria prevention in endemic areas. local communities are indispensable during design and implementation stages.201022808398
malaria situation analysis and stratification in bandar abbas county, southern iran, 2004-2008.the aim of this study was that the past five years data were collected to analyze the situation of malaria and health facilities in this area for better understanding malaria problem and to find solutions.201022808386
the vector population monitoring tool (vpmt): high-throughput dna-based diagnostics for the monitoring of mosquito vector populations.regular monitoring of mosquito vector populations is an integral component of most vector control programmes. contemporary data on mosquito species composition, infection status, and resistance to insecticides are a prerequisite for effective intervention. for this purpose we, with funding from the innovative vector control consortium (ivcc), have developed a suite of high-throughput assays based on a single "closed-tube" platform that collectively comprise the "vector population monitoring tool ...201022347668
investigating the evolution of apoptosis in malaria parasites: the importance of ecology.apoptosis is a precisely regulated process of cell death which occurs widely in multicellular organisms and is essential for normal development and immune defences. in recent years, interest has grown in the occurrence of apoptosis in unicellular organisms. in particular, as apoptosis has been reported in a wide range of species, including protozoan malaria parasites and trypanosomes, it may provide a novel target for intervention. however, it is important to understand when and why parasites em ...201021080937
the kinin receptor is expressed in the malpighian tubule stellate cells in the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.): a new model needed to explain ion transport?it is known that insect kinins increase diuresis and fluid secretion in the aedes aegypti malpighian tubule, causing a rapid drop of the transepithelial resistance and increasing chloride conductance from the hemolymph towards the tubule lumen. the tubule is composed of both principal and stellate cells. the main route for increased chloride influx upon kinin treatment is proposed to be paracellular, with septate junctions acquiring increased chloride selectivity and conductance. therefore, kini ...201021056665
a quantitative analysis of transmission efficiency versus intensity for malaria.the relationship between malaria transmission intensity and efficiency is important for malaria epidemiology, for the design of randomized control trials that measure transmission or incidence as end points, and for measuring and modelling malaria transmission and control. five kinds of studies published over the past century were assembled and reanalysed to quantify malaria transmission efficiency and describe its relation to transmission intensity, to understand the causes of inefficient trans ...201021045826
two insulin-like peptide family members from the mosquito aedes aegypti exhibit differential biological and receptor binding activities.insects encode multiple ilps but only one homolog of the vertebrate ir that activates the insulin-signaling pathway. however, it remains unclear whether all insect ilps are high affinity ligands for the ir or have similar biological functions. the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, encodes eight ilps with prior studies strongly implicating ilps from the brain in regulating metabolism and the maturation of eggs following blood feeding. here we addressed whether two ilp family members expressed ...201020643184
malaria: prevention in travellers.malaria transmission occurs most frequently in environments with humidity greater than 60% and ambient temperature of 25 °c to 30 °c. risks increase with longer visits and depend on activity. infection can follow a single mosquito bite. incubation is usually 10 to 14 days but can be up to 18 months depending on the strain of parasite.201021418669
differential responses of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) to skin emanations of a man, a cow, and a guinea pig in the olfactometer.biting habit of mosquitoes plays an important role in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. mosquitoes use a set of elaborate sensory modalities to find their preferred hosts by exploiting cues emanating from a nearby host. it has been suggested that the chemical profile of skin can provide further support for anthropophilic mosquito species to find their suitable hosts. this study aimed at revealing the value of skin emanation for a zoophilic species like anopheles stephensi as a model.201022808383
molecular monitoring of plasmodium vivax infection after radical treatment in southeastern iran.the aim was to evaluate the relapse risk of vivax malaria in patients who received radical treatment in hormozgan province, a malarious area located on southeast of iran.201022808385
duplication, concerted evolution and purifying selection drive the evolution of mosquito vitellogenin genes.mosquito vitellogenin (vtg) genes belong to a small multiple gene family that encodes the major yolk protein precursors required for egg production. multiple vtg genes have been cloned and characterized from several mosquito species, but their origin and molecular evolution are poorly understood.201020465817
mosquito larvicidal potential of potash alum against malaria vector anopheles stephensi (liston).mosquito larviciding may prove to be an effective tool for incorporating into integrated vector management strategies for reducing malaria transmission. here, we report the potential of potash alum, a traditionally known salt in indian ayurveda and chinese medicine system, in malaria vector control by evaluating its aqueous suspension as larvicide and growth disruptor of anopheles stephensi, under laboratory conditions. immature stages of the mosquito were tested using who guidelines. 50 and 90% ...201021966124
the importance of age dependent mortality and the extrinsic incubation period in models of mosquito-borne disease transmission and control.nearly all mathematical models of vector-borne diseases have assumed that vectors die at constant rates. however, recent empirical research suggests that mosquito mortality rates are frequently age dependent. this work develops a simple mathematical model to assess how relaxing the classical assumption of constant mortality affects the predicted effectiveness of anti-vectorial interventions. the effectiveness of mosquito control when mosquitoes die at age dependent rates was also compared across ...201020405010
aedes aegypti: an emerging model for vector mosquito development.blood-feeding mosquitoes, including the dengue and yellow fever vector aedes aegypti, transmit many of the world's deadliest diseases. such diseases have resurged in developing countries and pose clear threats for epidemic outbreaks in developed countries. recent mosquito genome projects have stimulated interest in the potential for arthropod-borne disease control by genetic manipulation of vector insects. targets of particular interest include genes that regulate development. however, although ...201020889691
an insight into the sialome of blood-feeding nematocera.within the diptera and outside the suborder brachycera, the blood-feeding habit occurred at least twice, producing the present day sand flies, and the culicomorpha, including the mosquitoes (culicidae), black flies (simulidae), biting midges (ceratopogonidae) and frog feeding flies (corethrellidae). alternatives to this scenario are also discussed. successful blood-feeding requires adaptations to antagonize the vertebrate's mechanisms of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, pa ...201020728537
isolation, expression analysis, and functional characterization of the first antidiuretic hormone receptor in insects.diuresis following blood-gorging in rhodnius prolixus is the major process leading to the transmission of chagas' disease. we have cloned the cdna of the first receptor known to be involved in an antidiuretic strategy in insects, a strategy that prevents diuresis. this receptor belongs to the insect capa receptor family known in other insects to be activated by peptides encoded within the capability gene. we characterize the expression profile in fifth-instars and find expression is localized to ...201020479227
structural cuticular proteins from arthropods: annotation, nomenclature, and sequence characteristics in the genomics era.the availability of whole genome sequences of several arthropods has provided new insights into structural cuticular proteins (cps), in particular the distribution of different families, the recognition that these proteins may comprise almost 2% of the protein coding genes of some species, and the identification of features that should aid in the annotation of new genomes and est libraries as they become available. twelve cp families are described: cpr (named after the rebers and riddiford conse ...201020171281
interaction between short-term heat pretreatment and fipronil on 2 instar larvae of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (linn).based on the cooperative virulence index (c.f.) and lc(50) of fipronil, the interaction effect between short-term heat pretreatment and fipronil on 2(nd) instar larvae of diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella (linnaeus), was assessed. the results suggested that pretreatment of the tested insects at 30 °c for 2, 4 and 8h could somewhat decrease the toxicity of fipronil at all set concentrations. the lc(50) values of fipronil increased after heat pretreatment and c.f. values in all these tre ...201020877489
comparative fitness assessment of anopheles stephensi transgenic lines receptive to site-specific integration.genetically modified mosquitoes that are unable to transmit pathogens offer opportunities for controlling vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. site-specific gene recombination technologies are advantageous in the development of these insects because antipathogen effector genes can be inserted at integration sites in the genome that cause the least alteration in mosquito fitness. here we describe anopheles stephensi transgenic lines containing phi c31 attp'docking' sites linked to a ...201020113372
deep sequencing of small rna libraries reveals dynamic regulation of conserved and novel micrornas and microrna-stars during silkworm development.in eukaryotes, micrornas (mirnas) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression. the silkworm (bombyx mori l.) is one of the most suitable lepidopteran insects for studying the molecular aspects of metamorphosis because of its large size, availability of mutants and genome sequence. besides, this insect also has been amply studied from a physiological and biochemical perspective. deep sequencing of small rnas isolated from different stages of silkworm is a powerful tool not only for mea ...201020089182
leveraging skewed transcript abundance by rna-seq to increase the genomic depth of the tree of life.assembling the tree of life is a major goal of biology, but progress has been hindered by the difficulty and expense of obtaining the orthologous dna required for accurate and fully resolved phylogenies. next-generation dna sequencing technologies promise to accelerate progress, but sequencing the genomes of hundreds of thousands of eukaryotic species remains impractical. eukaryotic transcriptomes, which are smaller than genomes and biased toward highly expressed genes that tend to be conserved, ...201020080632
seasonal abundance and host-feeding patterns of anopheline vectors in malaria endemic area of iran.seasonal abundance and tendency to feed on humans are important parameters to measure for effective control of malaria vectors. the objective of this study was to describe relation between feeding pattern, abundance, and resting behavior of four malaria vectors in southern iran. this study was conducted in ten indicator villages (based on malaria incidence and entomological indices) in mountainous/hilly and plain regions situated south and southeastern iran. mosquito vectors were collected from ...201021559055
malaria imc1 membrane skeleton proteins operate autonomously and participate in motility independently of cell shape.plasmodium imc1 (inner membrane complex 1) proteins comprise components of the subpellicular network, a lattice of intermediate filaments that form a structural part of the pellicle in the zoite stages of malaria parasites. family members imc1a and imc1b are differentially expressed in sporozoites and ookinetes, respectively, but have functionally equivalent roles affecting cell morphology, strength, motility, and infectivity. because of the coincident effects of previous imc1 gene disruptions o ...201021098480
efficacy of an insecticide paint against insecticide-susceptible and resistant mosquitoes - part 1: laboratory evaluation.the main malaria vector anopheles gambiae and the urban pest nuisance culex quinquefasciatus are increasingly resistant to pyrethroids in many african countries. there is a need for new products and strategies. insecticide paint inesfly 5a igr™, containing two organophosphates (ops), chlorpyrifos and diazinon, and insect growth regulator (igr), pyriproxyfen, was tested under laboratory conditions for 12 months following whopes phase i procedures.201021108819
effects of plasmodium gallinaceum on hemolymph physiology of aedes aegypti during parasite development.insect disease vectors show diminished fecundity when infected with plasmodium. this phenomenon has already been demonstrated in laboratory models such as aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and anopheles stephensi. this study demonstrates several changes in physiological processes of a. aegypti occurring upon infection with plasmodium gallinaceum, such as reduced ecdysteroid levels in hemolymph as well as altered expression patterns for genes involved in vitellogenesis, lipid transport and immune ...201021112329
microrna mir-275 is indispensable for blood digestion and egg development in the mosquito aedes aegypti.the mosquito aedes aegypti is the major vector of arboviral diseases, particularly of dengue fever, of which there are more than 100 million cases annually. mosquitoes, such as a. aegypti, serve as vectors for disease pathogens because they require vertebrate blood for their egg production. pathogen transmission is tightly linked to repeated cycles of obligatory blood feeding and egg maturation. thus, the understanding of mechanisms governing egg production is necessary to develop approaches tha ...201021115818
plasmodium yoelii-infected a. stephensi inefficiently transmit malaria compared to intravenous route.it was recently reported that when mosquitoes infected with p. berghei sporozoites feed on mice, they deposit approximately 100-300 sporozoites in the dermis. when we inoculate p. yoelii (py) sporozoites intravenously (iv) into balb/c mice, the 50% infectious dose (id(50)) is often less than 3 sporozoites, indicating that essentially all py sporozoites in salivary glands are infectious. thus, it should only take the bite of one infected mosquito to infect 100% of mice. in human subjects, it take ...201020126610
life cycle studies of the hexose transporter of plasmodium species and genetic validation of their essentiality.a plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter (pfht) has previously been shown to be a facilitative glucose and fructose transporter. its expression in xenopus laevis oocytes and the use of a glucose analogue inhibitor permitted chemical validation of pfht as a novel drug target. following recent re-annotations of the p. falciparum genome, other putative sugar transporters have been identified. to investigate further if pfht is the key supplier of hexose to p. falciparum and to extend studies to di ...201020132450
high complexity of plasmodium vivax infections in symptomatic patients from a rural community in central vietnam detected by microsatellite genotyping.fourteen published and three newly identified polymorphic microsatellites were used to genotype 69 plasmodium vivax samples obtained from 39 patients detected over a period of two years who lived in a rural community of central vietnam. all samples were polyclonal with an average expected heterozygosity of 0.86. among the 39 patients, 16 experienced 1-5 recurrent episodes of p. vivax malaria, most of them (83%) with a different genotype profile compared with previous infections. the minimal set ...201020133996
a plasmodium falciparum strain expressing gfp throughout the parasite's life-cycle.the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths. tools allowing the study of the basic biology of p. falciparum throughout the life cycle are critical to the development of new strategies to target the parasite within both human and mosquito hosts. we here present 3d7ht-gfp, a strain of p. falciparum constitutively expressing the green fluorescent protein (gfp) throughout the life cycle, which has retained its capacity to complete sporog ...201020161781
identification of micrornas expressed in two mosquito vectors, aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus.micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in a variety of organisms, including insects, vertebrates, and plants. mirnas play important roles in cell development and differentiation as well as in the cellular response to stress and infection. to date, there are limited reports of mirna identification in mosquitoes, insects that act as essential vectors for the transmission of many human pathogens, including flaviviruses. west nile virus (wnv ...201020167119
minimal role for the circumsporozoite protein in the induction of sterile immunity by vaccination with live rodent malaria sporozoites.immunization with live plasmodium sporozoites under chloroquine prophylaxis (spz plus cq) induces sterile immunity against sporozoite challenge in rodents and, more importantly, in humans. full protection is obtained with substantially fewer parasites than with the classic immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites. the sterile protection observed comprised a massive reduction in the hepatic parasite load and an additional effect at the blood stage level. differences in the immune respon ...201020194600
transmission blocking activity of a standardized neem (azadirachta indica) seed extract on the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei in its vector anopheles stephensi.the wide use of gametocytocidal artemisinin-based combination therapy (act) lead to a reduction of plasmodium falciparum transmission in several african endemic settings. an increased impact on malaria burden may be achieved through the development of improved transmission-blocking formulations, including molecules complementing the gametocytocidal effects of artemisinin derivatives and/or acting on plasmodium stages developing in the vector. azadirachtin, a limonoid (tetranortriterpenoid) abund ...201020196858
the infectivity of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana to insecticide-resistant and susceptible anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes at two different temperatures.control of the major african malaria vector species continues to rely extensively on the application of residual insecticides through indoor house spraying or bed net impregnation. insecticide resistance is undermining the sustainability of these control strategies. alternatives to the currently available conventional chemical insecticides are, therefore, urgently needed. use of fungal pathogens as biopesticides is one such possibility. however, one of the challenges to the approach is the poten ...201020210990
geometric constrains for detecting short actin filaments by cryogenic electron tomography.abstract: polymerization of actin into filaments can push membranes forming extensions like filopodia or lamellipodia, which are important during processes such as cell motility and phagocytosis. similarly, small organelles or pathogens can be moved by actin polymerization. such actin filaments can be arranged in different patterns and are usually hundreds of nanometers in length as revealed by various electron microscopy approaches. much shorter actin filaments are involved in the motility of a ...201020214767
suppressive effect of azithromycin on plasmodium berghei mosquito stage development and apicoplast replication.azithromycin (azm) is a macrolide antibiotic that displays an excellent safety profile even in children and pregnant women and has been shown to have anti-malarial activity against blood stage plasmodium falciparum. this study evaluated the transmission-blocking effect of azm using a rodent malaria model.201020219090
a putative kinase-related protein (pkrp) from plasmodium berghei mediates infection in the midgut and salivary glands of the mosquito.the completion of the plasmodium (malaria) life cycle in the mosquito requires the parasite to traverse first the midgut and later the salivary gland epithelium. we have identified a putative kinase-related protein (pkrp) that is predicted to be an atypical protein kinase, which is conserved across many species of plasmodium. the pkrp gene encodes a rna of about 5300 nucleotides that is expressed as a 90kda protein in sporozoites. targeted disruption of the pkrp gene in plasmodium berghei, a rod ...201020227415
functional identification of the plasmodium centromere and generation of a plasmodium artificial chromosome.the artificial chromosome represents a useful tool for gene transfer, both as cloning vectors and in chromosome biology research. to generate a plasmodium artificial chromosome (pac), we had to first functionally identify and characterize the parasite's centromere. a putative centromere (pbcen5) was cloned from chromosome 5 of the rodent parasite p. berghei based on a plasmodium gene-synteny map. plasmids containing pbcen5 were stably maintained in parasites during a blood-stage infection with h ...201020227667
plasmodium falciparum pf10_0164 (etramp10.3) is an essential parasitophorous vacuole and exported protein in blood stages.upregulated in infectious sporozoites gene 4 (uis4) encodes a parasitophorous vacuole membrane protein expressed in the sporozoite and liver stages of rodent malaria parasites. parasites that lack uis4 arrest in early liver-stage development, and vaccination of mice with uis4(-) sporozoites confers sterile protection against challenge with infectious sporozoites. currently, it remains unclear whether an ortholog of uis4 is carried in the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, although the ...201020228203
molecular evidence for multiple infections as revealed by typing of asaia bacterial symbionts of four mosquito species.the recent increased detection of acetic acid bacteria (aab) of the genus asaia as symbionts of mosquitoes, such as anopheles spp. and aedes spp., prompted us to investigate the diversity of these symbionts and their relationships in different mosquito species and populations. following cultivation-dependent and -independent techniques, we investigated the microbiota associated with four mosquito species, anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, aedes aegypti, and aedes albopictus, which are impo ...201020851960
molecular genetics evidence for the in vivo roles of the two major nadph-dependent disulfide reductases in the malaria parasite.malaria-associated pathology is caused by the continuous expansion of plasmodium parasites inside host erythrocytes. to maintain a reducing intracellular milieu in an oxygen-rich environment, malaria parasites have evolved a complex antioxidative network based on two central electron donors, glutathione and thioredoxin. here, we dissected the in vivo roles of both redox pathways by gene targeting of the respective nadph-dependent disulfide reductases. we show that plasmodium berghei glutathione ...201020852334
2-hexadecynoic acid inhibits plasmodial fas-ii enzymes and arrests erythrocytic and liver stage plasmodium infections.acetylenic fatty acids are known to display several biological activities, but their antimalarial activity has remained unexplored. in this study, we synthesized the 2-, 5-, 6-, and 9-hexadecynoic acids (hdas) and evaluated their in vitro activity against erythrocytic (blood) stages of plasmodium falciparum and liver stages of plasmodium yoelii infections. since the type ii fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (pffas-ii) has recently been shown to be indispensable for liver stage malaria parasites, t ...201020855214
constitutive activation of the midgut response to bacillus thuringiensis in bt-resistant spodoptera exigua.bacillus thuringiensis is the most effective microbial control agent for controlling numerous species from different insect orders. the main threat for the long term use of b. thuringiensis in pest control is the ability of insects to develop resistance. thus, the identification of insect genes involved in conferring resistance is of paramount importance. a colony of spodoptera exigua (lepidoptera: noctuidae) was selected for 15 years in the laboratory for resistance to xentari™, a b. thuringien ...201020862260
infection of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with entomopathogenic fungi: effect of host age and blood-feeding status.physiological characteristics of insects can influence their susceptibility to fungal infection of which age and nutritional status are among the most important. an understanding of host-pathogen interaction with respect to these physiological characteristics of the host is essential if we are to develop fungal formulations capable of reducing malaria transmission under field conditions. here, two independent bioassays were conducted to study the effect of age and blood-feeding status on fungal ...201020872014
development of the malaria parasite in the skin of the mammalian host.the first step of plasmodium development in vertebrates is the transformation of the sporozoite, the parasite stage injected by the mosquito in the skin, into merozoites, the stage that invades erythrocytes and initiates the disease. the current view is that, in mammals, this stage conversion occurs only inside hepatocytes. here, we document the transformation of sporozoites of rodent-infecting plasmodium into merozoites in the skin of mice. after mosquito bite, ∼50% of the parasites remain in t ...201020921402
larvicidal activity of metabolites from the endophytic podospora sp. against the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.in a screening for natural products with mosquito larvicidal activities, the endophytic fungus podospora sp. isolated from the plant laggera alata (asteraceae) was conspicuous. two xanthones, sterigmatocystin (1) and secosterigmatocystin (2), and an anthraquinone derivative (3) 13-hydroxyversicolorin b were isolated after fermentation on m(2) medium. these compounds were characterised using spectroscopic and x-ray analysis and examined against third instar larvae of anopheles gambiae. the result ...201020922412
past, present and future research directions with pichia anomala.the first international pichia anomala symposium provided a survey of past, recent and ongoing research on this yeast. the research community working with this yeast has focussed on several areas. based on molecular data, a revision of the taxonomy is required: the name p. anomala is no longer applicable, as the genus pichia is polyphyletic. the current debate centres on whether the yeast should be designated as wickerhamomyces anomalus or if the previous name, hansenula anomala, should be re-in ...201020924674
plasmodium ovale infection in malaysia: first imported case.plasmodium ovale infection is rarely reported in malaysia. this is the first imported case of p. ovale infection in malaysia which was initially misdiagnosed as plasmodium vivax.201020929588
reproduction-longevity trade-off in anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae).reduced survival and future reproduction due to of current reproduction is a trade-off known as the cost of reproduction. surprisingly, only a few studies have assessed the cost of reproduction in arthropod disease vectors, despite its effect on longevity, and thus on vectorial capacity. we evaluated the cost of reproduction on survival of anopheles gambiae giles by comparing mosquitoes that were denied exposure to the other sex, hereafter named virgins, and those that were allowed exposure to t ...201020939369
the systematic functional analysis of plasmodium protein kinases identifies essential regulators of mosquito transmission.although eukaryotic protein kinases (epks) contribute to many cellular processes, only three plasmodium falciparum epks have thus far been identified as essential for parasite asexual blood stage development. to identify pathways essential for parasite transmission between their mammalian host and mosquito vector, we undertook a systematic functional analysis of epks in the genetically tractable rodent parasite plasmodium berghei. modeling domain signatures of conventional epks identified 66 put ...201020951971
a kunitz protease inhibitor from dermacentor variabilis, a vector for spotted fever group rickettsiae, limits rickettsia montanensis invasion.a defining facet of tick-rickettsia symbioses is the molecular strategy employed by each partner to ensure its own survival. ticks must control rickettsial colonization to avoid immediate death. in the current study, we show that rickettsial abundance in the tick midgut increases once the expression of a kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from the american dog tick (dermacentor variabilis) (dvkpi) is suppressed by small interfering rna (sirna). a series of in vitro invasion assays suggested t ...201020956566
larvicidal efficacy of medicinal plant extracts against anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. natural products of plant origin with insecticidal properties have been used in recent years for control of a variety of pest insects and vectors. the present study was based on assessments of the larvicidal activity to determine the efficacies of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of ten medicinal plants tested against fourth instar larvae of malaria vector, anopheles stephensi listo ...201020962718
evaluation of selected south african ethnomedicinal plants as mosquito repellents against the anopheles arabiensis mosquito in a rodent model.this study was initiated to establish whether any south african ethnomedicinal plants (indigenous or exotic), that have been reported to be used traditionally to repel or kill mosquitoes, exhibit effective mosquito repellent properties.201021029442
the small gtpase rheb is a key component linking amino acid signaling and tor in the nutritional pathway that controls mosquito egg development.mosquitoes transmit numerous devastating human diseases because they require blood feeding for egg development. previously, we have shown that the nutritional target-of-rapamycin (tor) pathway mediates blood-meal activation of mosquito reproductive cycles. blood-derived amino acid (aa) signaling through the nutrient-sensitive tor kinase is critical for the transcriptional activation of the major yolk protein precursor (ypp) gene, vitellogenin (vg), initiation of vitellogenesis and egg developmen ...201021035549
ranking of elimination feasibility between malaria-endemic countries.experience gained from the global malaria eradication program (1955-72) identified a set of shared technical and operational factors that enabled some countries to successfully eliminate malaria. spatial data for these factors were assembled for all malaria-endemic countries and combined to provide an objective, relative ranking of countries by technical, operational, and combined elimination feasibility. the analysis was done separately for plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax, and the li ...201021035838
a physical map for an asian malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi.physical mapping is a useful approach for studying genome organization and evolution as well as for genome sequence assembly. the availability of polytene chromosomes in malaria mosquitoes provides a unique opportunity to develop high-resolution physical maps. we report a 0.6-mb-resolution physical map consisting of 422 dna markers hybridized to 379 chromosomal sites of the anopheles stephensi polytene chromosomes. this makes an. stephensi second only to anopheles gambiae in density of a physica ...201021036831
plasmodium falciparum malaria challenge by the bite of aseptic anopheles stephensi mosquitoes: results of a randomized infectivity trial.experimental infection of malaria-naïve volunteers by the bite of plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes is a preferred means to test the protective effect of malaria vaccines and drugs. the standard model relies on the bite of five infected mosquitoes to induce malaria. we examined the efficacy of malaria transmission using mosquitoes raised aseptically in compliance with current good manufacturing practices (cgmps).201021042404
odorant-binding proteins of the malaria mosquito anopheles funestus sensu stricto.the mosquito anopheles funestus is one of the major malaria vector species in sub-saharan africa. olfaction is essential in guiding mosquito behaviors. odorant-binding proteins (obps) are highly expressed in insect olfactory tissues and involved in the first step of odorant reception. an improved understanding of the function of malaria mosquito obps may contribute to identifying new attractants/repellents and assist in the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly mosquito cont ...201021042539
pseudoxanthomonas icgebensis sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of anopheles stephensi field-collected larvae.a gram-negative, aerobic, golden yellow, rod-shaped bacterium, a strain designated icgeb-l15(t), was isolated from the larval midgut of anopheles stephensi captured in district jhajjar, haryana, india. the strain icgeb-l15(t) grows at 30-50°c (optimum 30-37°c), ph 6.5-8.5 (optimum 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 2% nacl. the major fatty acids were iso-c(15:0) (22.5% of total fatty acid), anteiso-c(15:0) (16.5%), iso-c(17:1) 9c (10.3%), iso-c(16:0) (7.3%), c(16:0) (6.1%), and iso-c(11:0) (5.3%). ...201021046337
identification and characterization of a liver stage-specific promoter region of the malaria parasite plasmodium.during the blood meal of a plasmodium-infected mosquito, 10 to 100 parasites are inoculated into the skin and a proportion of these migrate via the bloodstream to the liver where they infect hepatocytes. the plasmodium liver stage, despite its clinical silence, represents a highly promising target for antimalarial drug and vaccine approaches. successfully invaded parasites undergo a massive proliferation in hepatocytes, producing thousands of merozoites that are transported into a blood vessel t ...201021048918
population biology of malaria within the mosquito: density-dependent processes and potential implications for transmission-blocking interventions.the combined effects of multiple density-dependent, regulatory processes may have an important impact on the growth and stability of a population. in a malaria model system, it has been shown that the progression of plasmodium berghei through anopheles stephensi and the survival of the mosquito both depend non-linearly on parasite density. these processes regulating the development of the malaria parasite within the mosquito may influence the success of transmission-blocking interventions (tbis) ...201021050427
detection of 1014f kdr mutation in four major anopheline malaria vectors in indonesia.malaria is a serious public health problem in indonesia, particularly in areas outside java and bali. the spread of resistance to the currently available anti-malarial drugs or insecticides used for mosquito control would cause an increase in malaria transmission. to better understand patterns of transmission and resistance in indonesia, an integrated mosquito survey was conducted in three areas with different malaria endemicities, purworejo in central java, south lampung district in sumatera an ...201021054903
cytogenetic map for anopheles nili: application for population genetics and comparative physical mapping.anopheles nili is one of the major malaria vectors in africa with a wide geographic distribution. however, the taxonomic and population genetic studies on this species are scarce. new research tools are urgently needed to genetically characterize this important malaria vector. in this study, a high-resolution cytogenetic map was developed for an. nili polytene chromosomes. chromosomes were straightened and subdivided into 46 numbered divisions according to the banding pattern. population analysi ...201020603229
high-resolution cytogenetic map for the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae.cytogenetic and physical maps are indispensible for precise assembly of genome sequences, functional characterization of chromosomal regions, and population genetic and taxonomic studies. we have created a new cytogenetic map for anopheles gambiae by using a high-pressure squash technique that increases overall band clarity. to link chromosomal regions to the genome sequence, we attached genome coordinates, based on 302 markers of bacterial artificial chromosome, cdna clones, and pcr-amplified g ...201020609021
invasion of mosquito salivary glands by malaria parasites: prerequisites and defense strategies.the interplay between vector and pathogen is essential for vector-borne disease transmission. dissecting the molecular basis of refractoriness of some vectors may pave the way to novel disease control mechanisms. a pathogen often needs to overcome several physical barriers, such as the peritrophic matrix, midgut epithelium and salivary glands. additionally, the arthropod vector elicites immune responses that can severely limit transmission success. one important step in the transmission of most ...201020621627
activity of a trisubstituted pyrrole in inhibiting sporozoite invasion and blocking malaria infection.malaria infection is initiated by plasmodium sporozoites infecting the liver. preventing sporozoite infection would block the obligatory first step of the infection and perhaps reduce disease severity. in addition, such an approach would decrease plasmodium vivax hypnozoite formation and therefore disease relapses. here we describe the activity of a trisubstituted pyrrole, 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1h-pyrrol-3-yl] pyridine, in inhibiting motility, invasion, and consequent ...201020643897
extreme cd8 t cell requirements for anti-malarial liver-stage immunity following immunization with radiation attenuated sporozoites.radiation-attenuated plasmodium sporozoites (ras) are the only vaccine shown to induce sterilizing protection against malaria in both humans and rodents. importantly, these "whole-parasite" vaccines are currently under evaluation in human clinical trials. studies with inbred mice reveal that ras-induced cd8 t cells targeting liver-stage parasites are critical for protection. however, the paucity of defined t cell epitopes for these parasites has precluded precise understanding of the specific ch ...201020657824
aedes aegypti saliva alters leukocyte recruitment and cytokine signaling by antigen-presenting cells during west nile virus infection.west nile virus (wnv) is transmitted during mosquito bloodfeeding. consequently, the first vertebrate cells to contact wnv are cells in the skin, followed by those in the draining lymph node. macrophages and dendritic cells are critical early responders in host defense against wnv infection, not just because of their role in orchestrating the immune response, but also because of their importance as sites of early peripheral viral replication. antigen-presenting cell (apc) signals have a profound ...201020661470
activation of akt signaling reduces the prevalence and intensity of malaria parasite infection and lifespan in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.malaria (plasmodium spp.) kills nearly one million people annually and this number will likely increase as drug and insecticide resistance reduces the effectiveness of current control strategies. the most important human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, undergoes a complex developmental cycle in the mosquito that takes approximately two weeks and begins with the invasion of the mosquito midgut. here, we demonstrate that increased akt signaling in the mosquito midgut disrupts parasite dev ...201020664791
development of larval thermotolerance and its impact on adult susceptibility to malathion insecticide and plasmodium vivax infection in anopheles stephensi.the effect of the range of temperature on the thermal adaptation in anopheles stephensi liston 1901 was evaluated in the laboratory. late third instar larvae of an. stephensi were exposed to variable temperatures viz. 37°c, 39°c, 41°c, 43°c and 45°c, and their lethal time to cause 50% mortality (ltm(50)) values were calculated. all larvae survived up to 39°c of exposure. however, at 45°c, they died within 30 min of exposure. pre-exposure to variable temperatures and re-exposure to higher tempera ...201020676682
salivary polytene chromosome map of anopheles darlingi, the main vector of neotropical malaria.new photomap of anopheles (nyssorhynchus) darlingi root, 1926, is described for a population from guajará-mirim, state of rondonia, brazil. the number of sections in the previous a. darlingi reference map was maintained and new subsections were added to the five chromosome arms. breakage points of paracentric inversions had been previously incorporated into the photomap of this species. an additional inversion is reported, called 3lc, totaling 14 inversions in the a. darlingi chromosome arms. th ...201020682862
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