Publications

foot-and-mouth disease virus assembly: processing of recombinant capsid precursor by exogenous protease induces self-assembly of pentamers in vitro in a myristoylation-dependent manner.	the assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles is poorly understood. in addition, there are important differences in the antigenic and receptor binding properties of virus assembly and dissociation intermediates, and these also remain unexplained. we have established an experimental model in which the antigenicity, receptor binding characteristics, and in vitro assembly of capsid precursor can be studied entirely from purified components. recombinant capsid precursor protein (p1 r ...	2009	19710148
identification of rna helicase a as a new host factor in the replication cycle of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), as with other rna viruses, recruits various host cell factors to assist in the translation and replication of the virus genome. in this study, we investigated the role of rna helicase a (rha) in the life cycle of fmdv. immunofluorescent microscopy (ifm) showed a change in the subcellular distribution of rha from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in fmdv-infected cells as infection progressed. unlike nuclear rha, the rha detected in the cytoplasm reacted with an an ...	2009	19710149
options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: knowledge, capability and policy.	foot-and-mouth disease can be controlled by zoo-sanitary measures and vaccination but this is difficult owing to the existence of multiple serotypes of the causative virus, multiple host species including wildlife and extreme contagiousness. although intolerable to modern high-production livestock systems, the disease is not usually fatal and often not a priority for control in many developing countries, which remain reservoirs for viral dissemination. phylogenetic analysis of the viruses circul ...	2009	19687036
extension of flavivirus protein c differentially affects early rna synthesis and growth in mammalian and arthropod host cells.	the translation of flaviviral rna genomes yields a single polyprotein that is processed into the mature proteins by viral and host cell proteases. mature capsid protein c is freed from the polyprotein by the viral ns2b/3 protease, cleaving in the c-terminal region of protein c in front of the signal sequence for prm. protein c has been shown to be involved in viral assembly and rna packaging. to examine further the role of protein c and its production by proteolysis, we replaced the ns2b/3 capsi ...	2009	19692461
simple and rapid lateral-flow assay for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a simple lateral-flow assay (lfa) based on a monoclonal antibody (mab 70-17) was developed for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) under nonlaboratory conditions. the lfa was evaluated with epithelial suspensions (n = 704) prepared from current and historical field samples which had been submitted to the pirbright laboratory (united kingdom) and from negative samples (n = 100) collected from naïve animals in korea. four fmdv serotypes (type o, a, asia 1, and c) were detected in ...	2009	19726619
structure and dynamics of the gh loop of the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid.	the gh loop of vp1 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid is important because it is a major antigenic site and an integrin recognition site. the gh loop is disordered in all x-ray structures of the capsid except for serotype o under reduced conditions in which the loop lies on the capsid surface. although the structure of the capsid-integrin complex has not yet been determined, the gh loop is known to protrude from the capsid surface when the capsid is bound with an antigen-binding fragment ...	2009	19734079
[construction of eukaryotic expression vector containing foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 gene and its expression in dendritic cells].	to construct the eukaryotic expression vectors for the fmdv vp1 gene and transfect dendritic cells(dc) for the expression of vp1.	2009	19737465
investigations into the cause of foot-and-mouth disease virus seropositive small ruminants in cyprus during 2007.	in 2007, serological evidence for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) infection was found as a result of differential diagnostic testing of cypriot sheep suspected to be infected with bluetongue or contagious ecthyma. seropositive sheep and goats were subsequently uncovered on ten geographically clustered flocks, while cattle and pigs in neighbouring herds were all seronegative. these antibodies were specific for serotype-o fmd virus, reacting with both structural and non-structural (ns) fmd viral prot ...	2009	19744234
phenotypic and functional characterization of t-cells and in vitro replication of fmdv serotypes in bovine lymphocytes.	peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from unvaccinated and vaccinated bovine calves were employed to study the alteration of different t-cell subpopulations, functional competence and detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) at different hours post in vitro infection (hpi) with fmdv serotype either o or a or asia1. the alteration in t-lymphocyte subpopulations was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis using t-cell subpopulation specific monoclonal antibodies at various hpi. all the t ...	2009	19751690
multiplex primer prediction software for divergent targets.	we describe a multiplex primer prediction (mpp) algorithm to build multiplex compatible primer sets to amplify all members of large, diverse and unalignable sets of target sequences. the mpp algorithm is scalable to larger target sets than other available software, and it does not require a multiple sequence alignment. we applied it to questions in viral detection, and demonstrated that there are no universally conserved priming sequences among viruses and that it could require an unfeasibly lar ...	2009	19759213
foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using multiserotype-reactive monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibody (mab)-based sandwich direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (msd-elisa) methods that can detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigens, both multiserotype (msd-elisa/ms) (for o, a, c, and asia 1) and single-serotype (msd-elisa/ss) (for o, a, and asia 1, specifically), were developed. mab 1h5 was used as an antigen-trapping antibody that reacted with all seven serotypes of fmdv. the mabs 71f2, 70c4, 16c6, and 7c2 were used as peroxidase-labeled detecting antibodies for ...	2009	19759230
genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses, ethiopia, 1981-2007.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic to sub-saharan africa. to further understand its complex epidemiology, which involves multiple virus serotypes and host species, we characterized the viruses recovered from fmd outbreaks in ethiopia during 1981-2007. we detected 5 of the 7 fmdv serotypes (o, a, c, southern african territories [sat] 1, and sat 2). serotype o predominated, followed by serotype a; type c was not recognized after 1983. phylogenetic analysis of virus protein 1 sequences indicat ...	2009	19788808
rna nuclear export is blocked by poliovirus 2a protease and is concomitant with nucleoporin cleavage.	cytopathic viruses have developed successful strategies to block or, at least, to attenuate host interference with their replication. here, we have analyzed the effects of poliovirus 2a protease on rna nuclear export. 2a protease interferes with trafficking of mrnas, rrnas and u snrnas from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, without any apparent effect on trna transport. traffic of newly produced mrnas is more strongly affected than traffic of other mrnas over-represented in the cytoplasm, such as mr ...	2009	19789179
interaction energy analysis of peptide can predict the possibilities of mimetics by its retroinverso isomer.	it has been previously reported that the retroinverso analog of s peptide cannot mimic the s peptide, whereas the retroinverso analog of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen can mimic the foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen. the structures of s peptide, foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen, and their retroinverso analogs are known. here, we have attempted to explain the structural basis of mimetics at the level of atomic interactions by elaborating upon the guptasarma's hypothesis. using intera ...	2009	19811507
foot and mouth disease: a story of resilience.		2009	20509460
the effect of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccination on virus transmission and the significance for the field.	vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) might be one of the control measures used during an fmd epidemic depending on the local epidemiological situation, the status of the country, and the opinion of policy makers. a sound decision on vaccination can be made only if there is sufficient scientific knowledge on the effectiveness of vaccination in eliminating the virus from the population. an important question is whether a single vaccination applied as an emergency vaccine can contribute ...	2009	20046605
5-fluorouracil in lethal mutagenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	5-fluorouracil (fu) is a pyrimidine analogue extensively used in cancer chemotherapy. fu can be metabolized into 5-fluorouridine-triphosphate, which can be used as substrate for viral rna-dependent rna polymerases. this results in the incorporation of mutations into viral rna. accumulation of mutations may lead to loss of virus infectivity, in a process known as lethal mutagenesis. rna virus pathogens are particularly difficult to control because they are highly mutable, and mutants resistant to ...	2009	21426129
sensing picornaviruses using molecular imprinting techniques on a quartz crystal microbalance.	molecular imprinting techniques were adapted to design a sensor for the human rhinovirus (hrv) and the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), which are two representatives of picornaviruses. stamp imprinting procedures lead to patterned polyurethane layers that depict the geometrical features of the template virus, as confirmed by afm for hrv. quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) measurements show that the resulting layers incorporate the template viruses reversibly and lead to mass effects that are ...	2009	19469532
immunosuppression during acute infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine is mediated by il-10.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most contagious animal viruses, causing a devastating disease in cloven-hoofed animals with enormous economic consequences. identification of the different parameters involved in the immune response elicited against fmdv remains unclear, and it is fundamental the understanding of such parameters before effective control measures can be put in place. in the present study, we show that interleukin-10 (il-10) production by dendritic cells (dcs) is d ...	2009	19478852
foot-and-mouth disease virus neutralizing antibodies production induced by pcdna3 and sindbis virus based plasmid encoding fmdv p1-2a3c3d in swine.	dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an attractive and alternative strategy to the use of classical inactivated viral vaccines. the injection of a pcdna3.1-based dna vaccine encoding for fmdv p1-2a3c3d and gm-csf proteins had previously been shown to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against fmdv and partially protect swine against an experimental challenge. based on the induction of fmdv humoral immune responses, the aim of the present study was to see i ...	2009	19501256
a web-based system for near real-time surveillance and space-time cluster analysis of foot-and-mouth disease and other animal diseases.	considerable attention has been given lately to the need for global systems for animal disease surveillance that support real-time assessment of changing temporal-spatial risks. until recently, however, prospects for development of such systems have been limited by the lack of informatics tools and an overarching collaboration framework to enable real-time data capturing, sharing, analysis, and related decision-making. in this paper, we present some of the tools of the fmd bioportal system (www. ...	2009	19505735
calcium phosphate nanoparticle prepared with foot and mouth disease virus p1-3cd gene construct protects mice and guinea pigs against the challenge virus.	calcium phosphate nanoparticles provide safe and easily manufactured vaccine adjuvant and delivery system for dna vaccines. in the present study fmdv "o" p1-3cd dna vaccine was encapsulated in calcium phosphate nanoparticles of size 50-100 nm diameters. the maximum loading and entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles were studied by spectrophotometer, as well as agarose gel electrophoresis. in vitro transfection efficiency of these calcium phosphate nanoparticles was found to be as good as commerc ...	2009	19505774
analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin receptor expression in tissues from naïve and infected cattle.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals principally affecting cattle, pigs and sheep. fmd virus (fmdv) uses the alpha(v)beta(1), alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(v)beta(6), and alpha(v)beta(8) integrins as receptors in vitro via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid amino acid sequence motif located within the betag-betah loop of vp1. immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to study the expression of two major fmdv receptors, alph ...	2009	19515380
modelling spread of foot-and-mouth disease in wild white-tailed deer and feral pig populations using a geographic-automata model and animal distributions.	we investigated how the size and distribution of wild deer and feral pigs - species that might act as potential foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus maintenance hosts - might affect the persistence and spread of fmd. we used a susceptible-latent-infected-recovered geographic-automata model and spatially referenced data from southern texas, usa. within this study area, 100 locations were randomly selected and fmd virus spread was simulated (50 simulations each) at each location. as expected, the pr ...	2009	19515439
full sequencing of viral genomes: practical strategies used for the amplification and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	nucleic acid sequencing is now commonplace in most research and diagnostic virology laboratories. the data generated can be used to compare novel strains with other viruses and allow the genetic basis of important phenotypic characteristics, such as antigenic determinants, to be elucidated. furthermore, virus sequence data can also be used to address more fundamental questions relating to the evolution of viruses. recent advances in laboratory methodologies allow rapid sequencing of virus genome ...	2009	19521878
development and validation of a duplex quantitative real-time rt-pcr assay for simultaneous detection and quantitation of foot-and-mouth disease viral positive-stranded rnas and negative-stranded rnas.	a simplified, cost-effective, two-step duplex quantitative real-time rt-pcr assay was shown to detect and quantify foot-and-mouth disease virus positive-stranded rnas and negative-stranded rnas simultaneously for improved investigation of the state of virus infection and replication. the primers and taqman probes were selected from the coding regions of 2b gene and 3d gene respectively, which have the least variations among serotypes. cells infected acutely, tissue samples and single cell sample ...	2009	19539655
engineering infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus in vivo from a full-length genomic cdna clone of the a/akt/58 strain.	two full-length genomic cdna clones, pta/fmdv and pca/fmdv, were constructed that contained three point-mutants [a174g and a308g (not present in pta/fmdv); t1029g] in the genome compared with the wild type a/akt/58 strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus. these two viruses were rescued by co-transfection of pca/fmdv with pct7rnap, which can express t7 rna polymerase in bhk-21 cell-lines, or by transfection of the in vitro transcribed rna. their biological properties were analyzed for their antige ...	2009	19277527
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using glycoprotein and monoclonal antibody for detecting antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus serotype new jersey.	in this study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using glycoprotein and a monoclonal antibody (mab) was developed for the detection of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) serotype new jersey (nj). the glycoprotein to be used as a diagnostic antigen was extracted from partially purified vsv-nj, and a neutralizing mab specific to vsv-nj was incorporated to compete with antibodies in a blocking elisa using glycoprotein (gp elisa). the cutoff of the gp elisa was set at 40% inhi ...	2009	19279165
molecular characterization of a foot-and-mouth disease virus containing a 57-nucleotide insertion in the 3'untranslated region.	a foot-and-mouth disease virus containing a 57-nucleotide (nt) insertion in the 3'untranslated region (3'utr) was generated by transposon (tn)-mediated mutagenesis. characterization of the mutant virus (a24-3'utr8110) revealed no significant differences in virus growth, translation efficiency or virulence in cattle compared to the a24 wild-type virus. rna modeling showed that the structures predicted in the 3'utr were not affected by the tn insertion. these results revealed that the 3'utr can to ...	2009	19288053
the effect of vaccination on undetected persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds and sheep flocks.	the importance of carrier animals (those in whom virus persists after recovery from disease or acute infection) and their potential role in the spread of disease remain open questions within foot-and-mouth disease epidemiology. using simple probabilistic models we attempt to quantify the effect of emergency vaccination--and especially the time of application--on the likely number of such animals, using data from challenge experiments on both cattle and sheep to determine the probability of persi ...	2009	19288960
enhancement of toxin- and virus-neutralizing capacity of single-domain antibody fragments by n-glycosylation.	single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) have several beneficial properties as compared to conventional antibody fragments. however, their small size complicates their toxin- and virus-neutralizing capacity. we isolated 27 vhhs binding escherichia coli heat-labile toxin and expressed these in saccharomyces cerevisiae. the most potent neutralizing vhh (lt109) was n-glycosylated, resulting in a large increase in molecular mass. this suggests that n-glycosylation of lt109 improves its neutralizing c ...	2009	19455325
genetic characterization of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus 3a region in context of the reemergence of vp359-deletion lineage in india.	the 3a region of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been implicated in host range and virulence. here we analyzed the 3a region of serotype a virus in view of the emergence of a variant group in india with an amino acid deletion at an antigenically critical position of capsid protein, vp3. the 3a region exhibited extreme variability with 38% of the amino acid positions showing substitutions and the c-terminal third (127-151) region was most flexible. genotype inclusive grouping of type a foot-and- ...	2009	19460313
foot and mouth disease virus transmission during the incubation period of the disease in piglets, lambs, calves, and dairy cows.	transmission of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus by infected animals may already occur before clinical signs are evident. quantitative data for fmd transmission rates during this so-called high-risk period are currently lacking and would provide useful information to develop surveillance systems in which the number of new outbreaks is an outcome variable. in order to address this, we used experimental data to quantify transmission in cattle, swine and sheep during the non-clinical phase of the ...	2009	18929417
quantification of foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission rates using published data.	foot-and-mouth disease is an extremely infectious and devastating disease affecting all species of cloven-hoofed animals. to understand the epidemiology of the causative virus and predict viral transmission dynamics, quantified transmission parameters are essential to decision makers and modellers alike. however, such quantified parameters are scarcely available, and recently a series of animal experiments was set up to obtain such data experimentally. in this communication, however, we report o ...	2009	19326033
pynttttgt prototype oligonucleotide imt504, a novel effective adjuvant of the fmdv dna vaccine.	synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) such as cpg can stimulate b and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vertebrate immune systems. several studies showed that non-cpg odns could also induce strong stimulation of b and t cells. pynttttgt odns, non-cpg odns, can activate and cause immunoglobulin secretion by b cells and proliferation of t cells in vivo. by using pynttttgt odns as an adjuvant for a fmdv dna vaccine, we found that levels of antibody production, t-cell proliferation, and ctl activity ...	2009	19327000
analytical epidemiology of genomic variation among pan asia strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	genetic data from field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been used to trace the source of recent outbreaks of fmd, to design better vaccines and diagnostic tests for fmdv, and to make conclusions regarding the general variability in the fmdv genome. though epidemiologic data associated with fmdv isolates are available, these data have been used rarely to explore possible associations of epidemiologic factors with evolution or variation of the fmdv genome. in this study, facto ...	2009	19341389
construction of a recombinant bhv-1 expressing the vp1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus and its immunogenicity in a rabbit model.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) are two important infectious diseases of cattle. using bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) as a gene delivery vector for development of live-viral vaccines has gained widespread interest. in this study, a recombinant bhv-1 was constructed by inserting the synthetic fmdv (o/china/99) vp1 gene in the the ge locus of bhv-1 genome under the control of immediately early gene promoter of human cytomegalovirus (phie cmv) and bovine ...	2009	19343503
expression and purification of an anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus single chain variable antibody fragment in tobacco plants.	low-cost recombinant antibodies could provide a new strategy to control foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outbreaks by passive immunization of susceptible animals. in this study, a single chain variable antibody fragment (scfv) recognizing fmdv coat protein vp1 was expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. to enhance the accumulation of scfv protein, the codon-usage of a murine hybridoma-derived scfv gene was adjusted to mimic highly expressed tobacco genes and fused to an elastin-like polypepti ...	2009	19343526
enhancement of the immune responses to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease in mice by oral administration of an extract made from rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae (ram).	this study was designed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of a water extract made from the rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae (ram) on the immune responses in mice immunized with fmdv type o vaccine. thirty-five icr mice were randomly divided into five groups with seven animals in each group, and orally administered daily for 4 days at a dose equivalent to 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 g of dried ram, respectively. after that, the animals were subcutaneously immunized twice with fmd ...	2009	19356611
a dominant-negative mutant of rab5 inhibits infection of cells by foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for virus entry.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can use a number of different integrins (alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, and alphavbeta8) as receptors to initiate infection. infection mediated by alphavbeta6 is known to occur by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is dependent on the acidic ph within endosomes. on internalization, virus is detected rapidly in early endosomes (ee) and subsequently in perinuclear recycling endosomes (pnre), but not in late endosomal compartments. due to the extreme sensi ...	2009	19357169
passive immunization with llama single-domain antibody fragments reduces foot-and-mouth disease transmission between pigs.	we aim to develop a method that confers rapid protection against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) by passive immunization with recombinant llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs). previously constructed genetic fusions of two vhhs (vhh2s) that either neutralizes fmdv or binds to porcine immunoglobulin to increase the serum half-life, conferred only limited protection to pigs. we therefore now generated vhh3s containing an additional fmdv binding vhh. two vhh3s neutralized fmdv more potently th ...	2009	19368770
in vivo retargeting of adenovirus type 5 to alphavbeta6 integrin results in reduced hepatotoxicity and improved tumor uptake following systemic delivery.	a key impediment to successful cancer therapy with adenoviral vectors is the inefficient transduction of malignant tissue in vivo. compounding this problem is the lack of cancer-specific targets, coupled with a shortage of corresponding high-efficiency ligands, permitting selective retargeting. the epithelial cell-specific integrin alphavbeta6 represents an attractive target for directed therapy since it is generally not expressed on normal epithelium but is upregulated in numerous carcinomas, w ...	2009	19369326
identification of cellular genes affecting the infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) produces one of the most infectious of all livestock diseases, causing extensive economic loss in areas of breakout. like other viral pathogens, fmdv recruits proteins encoded by host cell genes to accomplish the entry, replication, and release of infectious viral particles. to identify such host-encoded proteins, we employed an antisense rna strategy and a lentivirus-based library containing approximately 40,000 human expressed sequence tags (ests) to randoml ...	2009	19369337
accessory-cell-mediated activation of porcine nk cells by toll-like receptor 7 (tlr7) and tlr8 agonists.	the induction of innate immune responses by toll-like receptor (tlr) agonists is the subject of intense investigation. in large part, this reflects the potential of such compounds to be effective vaccine adjuvants. for that reason, we analyzed the activation of innate cells in swine by tlr7 and tlr8 agonists. these agonists activated porcine nk cells by increasing gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) expression and perforin storage. the activation of porcine nk cells was mediated by accessory cells, sin ...	2009	19369481
production of multicistronic hiv-1 based lentiviral vectors.	in the last decade lentiviral gene transfer vectors have gained significant place both in basic science and gene therapy applications. a number of gene transfer applications would benefit from vectors capable of expressing multiple genes. this chapter focuses on production of bicistronic and tricistronic lentiviral vectors based on the internal ribosomal entry site (ires) sequence of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and/or foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) cleavage factor 2a. multigene vector ...	2009	19378113
rescue of internal initiation of translation by rna complementation provides evidence for a distribution of functions between individual ires domains.	picornavirus rnas initiate translation using an internal ribosome entry site (ires)-dependent mechanism. the ires element of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is organized in domains, being different from each other in rna structure and rna-protein interaction. wild-type transcripts provided in trans rescue defective fmdv ires mutants. complementation, however, was partial since translation efficiency of the mutant rnas was up to 10% of the wild type ires. we report here that mutations diminis ...	2009	19383564
biological effect of muller's ratchet: distant capsid site can affect picornavirus protein processing.	repeated bottleneck passages of rna viruses result in accumulation of mutations and fitness decrease. here, we show that clones of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) subjected to bottleneck passages, in the form of plaque-to-plaque transfers in bhk-21 cells, increased the thermosensitivity of the viral clones. by constructing infectious fmdv clones, we have identified the amino acid substitution m54i in capsid protein vp1 as one of the lesions associated with thermosensitivity. m54i affects pro ...	2009	19403672
performance of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus during field outbreaks in the united kingdom in 2007.	rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). the present report describes the practical steps undertaken to deploy a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) to process the samples received during the outbreaks of fmd in the united kingdom in 2007. two independent real-time rt-pcr assays targeting different regions (5'utr and 3d) of the fmd virus (fmdv) genome were used to confirm the presence of fmdv in clin ...	2009	19407083
genome analysis and development of infectious cdna clone of a virulence-attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia 1 from china.	the rna genome sequence of the rabbit passage-attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) asia 1, zb/cha/58(att), was determined to be 8165 nt in length excluding the poly(c) tract in the 5' utr and the poly(a) tail at the 3' end. zb/cha/58(att) was most similar to the vaccine strain asia 1/ynbs/58 in genome sequence and there were no deletions or insertions within the deduced polyprotein between zb/cha/58(att) and ynbs/58, but there were a total of 25 substitutions at the amino aci ...	2009	19410387
fluorescence-based multiplex real-time rt-pcr arrays for the detection and serotype determination of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	this study reports the development of distinct fluorescence-based multiplex rrt-pcr arrays, which are comprised of unique primer pairs that are statistically modeled from publicly available sequences, for overall foot-and-mouth disease virus and serotype-specific detection. performance of the multiplex pan fmdv (mpfmdv) array was compared to the 5' utr and two 3d(pol) assays, following tests on the miniopticon (biorad) and 7900ht sds (abi) platforms. the mpfmdv array and a recently developed alt ...	2009	19427333
t-705 (favipiravir) and related compounds: novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of rna viral infections.	a series of pyrazinecarboxamide derivatives t-705 (favipiravir), t-1105 and t-1106 were discovered to be candidate antiviral drugs. these compounds have demonstrated good activity in treating viral infections in laboratory animals caused by various rna viruses, including influenza virus, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, west nile virus (wnv), yellow fever virus (yfv), and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). treatment has in some cases been effective when initiated up to 5-7 days after virus infectio ...	2009	19428599
construction of an infectious cdna clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o 1 bfs 1860 and its use in the preparation of candidate vaccine.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o is the most predominant among the endemic serotypes in india. a stable,full-length cdna clone of fmdv type o 1 bfs 1860 preceded by a bacteriophage t7 polymerase promoter was assembled in a plasmid vector pgem r- - 7zf(-). an 8.2 kb pcr product was amplified from the cdna clone and a full-length rna was generated from it by in vitro transcription.transfection of bhk-21 cells with the in vitro transcripts resulted in the production of infectious reco ...	2009	19430118
genetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a of indian origin and detection of positive selection and recombination in leader protease-and capsid-coding regions.	the leader protease (l pro) and capsid-coding sequences (p1) constitute approximately 3 kb of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). we studied the phylogenetic relationship of 46 fmdv serotype a isolates of indian origin collected during the period 1968-2005 and also eight vaccine strains using the neighbour-joining tree and bayesian tree methods. the viruses were categorized under three major groups -asian, euro-south american and european. the indian isolates formed a distinct genetic group ...	2009	19430121
recent spread of a new strain (a-iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a in the middle east.	this report describes the characterization of a new genotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a responsible for recent fmd outbreaks in the middle east. initially identified in samples collected in 2003 from iran, during 2005 and 2006 this fmdv lineage (proposed to be named a-iran-05) spread into saudi arabia and jordan and then further west into turkey reaching european thrace in january 2007. most recently a-iran-05 has been found in bahrain. to the east of iran, it has been recogni ...	2009	19432637
pathology and viral distributions of the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus strain (o/taiwan/97) in experimentally infected pigs.	twenty-four specific pathogen free pigs were inoculated intradermally at the front-right heel bulb with 0.5 ml of viral suspension containing 10(6.0)tissue culture infectious dose (tcid(50)) with the porcinophillic strain (o/taiwan/97) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolated from the epizootic of fmd in taiwan in 1997. two pigs were euthanatized at 8 h, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 21, 26 and 63 days post-inoculation (dpi), and two pigs remained for long-term observation and terminated at 400 ...	2009	19432640
counteracting quasispecies adaptability: extinction of a ribavirin-resistant virus mutant by an alternative mutagenic treatment.	lethal mutagenesis, or virus extinction promoted by mutagen-induced elevation of mutation rates of viruses, may meet with the problem of selection of mutagen-resistant variants, as extensively documented for standard, non-mutagenic antiviral inhibitors. previously, we characterized a mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus that included in its rna-dependent rna polymerase replacement m296i that decreased the sensitivity of the virus to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue ribavirin.	2009	19436746
[construction and identification of infectious molecular clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain o/china/99].	nine primers were designed for the full-length genome of o/china/99 and each sequence fragment was obtained by rt-pcr, and cloned into pok12 vecter, the full-length genome cdna clone of o/china/99 was identified by restriction enzymes digestion, pcr, and the whole genome sequencing. the results showed that the o/china/99 whole genome was formed with the length of 8200 nt. the nucleotide sequence of the full-length cdna shared 99.1% homology with its prototype. rna synthesized in vitro by means o ...	2009	19437888
[prokaryotic expression and bioreactivity analysis of a major epitope region of 2c with 3ab within non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus].	in recent years, the potential value of nonstructural protein (nsp) 2c was well documented for distinguishing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in infected animals and vaccinated animals. in order to develop a more sensitive approach to detect natural infected fmdv while there is no interact with vaccinated fmdv, we incorporated a major epitope region of 2c with whole 3ab coding region within nsp and expressed in escherichia coli. we got a 47.6 kd fusion protein named 2c'3ab. the product showe ...	2009	19441220
a recombinant protein-based elisa for detecting antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1.	a recombinant protein-based elisa was evaluated for detecting antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1. the recombinant protein (rp13c) was derived from the p1 precursor and 3c protease genes that were cloned into a single expression vector and expressed in insect cells. this protein elicited a low titer of fmdv neutralizing antibodies in pigs. its utility as a diagnostic antigen was explored in a blocking elisa using monoclonal antibodies. the rp13c elisa yielded higher ...	2009	19442854
bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta6 as fmdv receptors: molecular cloning, sequence analysis and comparison with other species.	integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors that participate in a variety of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein interactions. many integrins recognize rgd sequences displayed on extracellular matrix proteins and the exposed loops of viral capsid proteins. four members of the alphav integrin family of cellular receptors, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro, and integrins are belie ...	2009	19443046
comparative analysis of the large fragment of the 5' untranslated region (lf-5' utr) of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus field isolates from india.	india is endemic for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and in recent years a unique group within serotype a, carrying a codon deletion at an antigenically critical site in capsid protein vp3 has emerged (vp3(59)-deletion group). this tempted us to analyze the noncoding region, which is an under represented area, though critically associated with virus biology and pathogenesis. analysis of the large fragment of 5' untranslated region (lf-5' utr) of type a fmd virus revealed discrepancy in the overall ...	2009	19444600
validation of two real-time rt-pcr methods for foot-and-mouth disease diagnosis: rna-extraction, matrix effect, uncertainty of measurement and precision.	real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) assays are being used routinely for diagnosing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). although most laboratories determine analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, a thorough validation in terms of establishing optimal rna-extraction conditions, matrix effect, uncertainty of measurement and precision is not performed or reported generally. in this study, different rna-extraction procedures were compared for two fmdv ...	2009	19447138
targeted in vivo imaging of integrin alphavbeta6 with an improved radiotracer and its relevance in a pancreatic tumor model.	the cell surface receptor alpha(v)beta(6) is epithelial specific, and its expression is tightly regulated; it is low or undetectable in adult tissues but has been shown to be increased in many different cancers, including pancreatic, cervical, lung, and colon cancers. studies have described alpha(v)beta(6) as a prognostic biomarker linked to poor survival. we have recently shown the feasibility of imaging alpha(v)beta(6) in vivo by positron emission tomography (pet) using the peptide [(18)f]fba- ...	2009	19549907
discriminating foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals by use of beta-galactosidase allosteric biosensors.	recombinant beta-galactosidases accommodating one or two different peptides from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural protein 3b per enzyme monomer showed a drastic enzymatic activity reduction, which mainly affected proteins with double insertions. recombinant beta-galactosidases were enzymatically reactivated by 3b-specific murine monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies. interestingly, these recombinant beta-galactosidases, particularly those including one copy of each of ...	2009	19553549
innate immune defenses induced by cpg do not promote vaccine-induced protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs.	emergency vaccination as part of the control strategies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has the potential to limit virus spread and reduce large-scale culling. to reduce the time between vaccination and the onset of immunity, immunostimulatory cpg was tested for its capacity to promote early protection against fmdv challenge in pigs. to this end, cpg 2142, an efficient inducer of alpha interferon, was injected intramuscularly. increased transcription of mx1, oas, and irf-7 was identi ...	2009	19553550
sheep (ovis aries) integrins alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta6 related to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection: molecular cloning, sequence analysis and comparison with homologues.	four members of the alphav integrin family of cellular receptors, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro, and integrins are believed to be the receptors used to target epithelial cells in the infected animals. to analyse roles of the alphav integrins from a susceptible species as viral receptors, we have cloned sheep alphav, beta1, and beta6 integrin cdnas and compared them to those of other speci ...	2009	19555755
cellular receptors for foot and mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the prototype member of the aphthovirus genus, is a single-stranded, positive-sense rna genome virus, which affects many domestic livestock cloven-hoofed animals, causing substantial lost of milk in dairy cattle, reduction in the growth rate of meat animals, among others. it has been shown that the virus can enter to the cells using different pathways; the main one binding integrins via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway, trafficking throughout the aci ...	2009	19556802
neutralizing monoclonal antibody sandwich liquid-phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o antibodies.	liquid-phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (lpbe) using the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) sandwich method (m-lpbe) for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o antibodies was developed. two neutralizing mabs, 72c1 and 65h6, were raised against the fmdv o/jpn/2000 strain, and used as trapping and peroxidase-labeled detecting antibodies, respectively. sera from animals experimentally infected with fmdv showed specific positive results by m-lpbe, which were corr ...	2009	19564498
use of infrared thermography to detect thermographic changes in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease.	infrared thermography (irt) measures the heat emitted from a surface, displays that information as a pictorial representation called a thermogram, and is capable of being a remote, noninvasive technology that provides information on the health of an animal. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) caused by fmd virus (fmdv) is a severe, highly communicable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including both domestic and wild ruminants. early detection of the disease may reduce economic loss and loss of s ...	2009	19569476
development of a chromatographic strip assay for detection of porcine antibodies to 3abc non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o.	a chromatographic strip assay was developed for rapid detection of serum antibodies to non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. the assay was based on escherichia coli-expressed 3abc non-structural protein and an immunochromatographic technique, which shortened the detection time to about one hour. the sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 96.8% for infected pigs; its specificity was 100% for naïve pigs and 98.8% for vaccinated pigs. in the experimentally infected pigs, an ...	2009	19578276
hydrolytic properties and substrate specificity of the foot-and-mouth disease leader protease.	foot-and-mouth disease virus, a global animal pathogen, possesses a single-stranded rna genome that, on release into the infected cell, is immediately translated into a single polyprotein. this polyprotein product is cleaved during synthesis by proteinases contained within it into the mature viral proteins. the first cleavage is performed by the leader protease (lb(pro)) between its own c-terminus and the n-terminus of vp4. lb(pro) also specifically cleaves the two homologues of cellular eukaryo ...	2009	19580333
a long-range rna-rna interaction between the 5' and 3' ends of the hcv genome.	the rna genome of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) contains multiple conserved structural cis domains that direct protein synthesis, replication, and infectivity. the untranslatable regions (utrs) play essential roles in the hcv cycle. uncapped viral rnas are translated via an internal ribosome entry site (ires) located at the 5' utr, which acts as a scaffold for recruiting multiple protein factors. replication of the viral genome is initiated at the 3' utr. bioinformatics methods have identified oth ...	2009	19605533
expression of exogenous ifn-alpha by bypassing the translation block protects cells against fmdv infection.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the most contagious pathogen of cloven-hoofed animals. previous studies have demonstrated that type i interferons [alpha/beta interferons (ifn-alpha/betas)] can suppress fmdv replication and spread. conversely, fmdv can also inhibit ifn-alpha expression in infected cells by blocking cap-dependent translation. to overcome the blockade on ifn-alpha mrna translation during fmdv infection, we generated an ires-ifn construct that carries fmdv's internal ribosome ...	2009	19607862
multiple origins of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1 outbreaks, 2003-2007.	we investigated the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1, which caused outbreaks of disease in asia during 2003-2007. since 2004, the region affected by outbreaks of this serotype has increased from disease-endemic countries in southern asia (afghanistan, india, iran, nepal, pakistan) northward to encompass kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, uzbekistan, several regions of the people's republic of china, mongolia, eastern russia, and north korea. phylogenetic analysi ...	2009	19624919
bypass suppression of small-plaque phenotypes by a mutation in poliovirus 2a that enhances apoptosis.	the rate of protein secretion in host cells is inhibited during infection with several different picornaviruses, with consequences likely to have significant effects on viral growth, spread, and pathogenesis. this sin(+) (secretion inhibition) phenotype has been documented for poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and coxsackievirus b3 and can lead to reduced cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class i and tumor necrosis factor receptor as well as reduced extracellula ...	2009	19625405
systematic study of the genetic response of a variable virus to the introduction of deleterious mutations in a functional capsid region.	we have targeted the intersubunit interfaces in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus to investigate the genetic response of a variable virus when individual deleterious mutations are systematically introduced along a functionally defined region of its genome. we had previously found that the individual truncation (by mutation to alanine) of 28 of the 42 amino acid side chains per protomer involved in interactions between capsid pentameric subunits severely impaired infectivity. we have now ...	2009	19625409
[construction and identification of recombinant bhv-1 expressing foot and mouth disease virus vp1 gene].	in order to construct the recombinant bovine hepervirus-1 (bhv-1) which expressed foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 gene, we constructed a bhv-1 ge gene transfer vector by inserting the synthetic vp1 gene of fmdv (o/china/99) under the immediate-early promoter of cytomegalovirus.	2009	19637579
[construction and immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus co-expressing the gp5 and m protein of porcine reproduction and respriratory syndrome virus in mice].	fmdv 2a peptide was introduced as a linker between gp5 and m protein of porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) to allow automatic self-cleavage the polyproteins. this strategy simultaneously displayed the neutralizing action of gp5 protein and cell-mediated immunity of m protein. we put them into the expression cassette of adenovirus vector. the results of rt-pcr, ifa and western blotting showed that gp5 and m protein were not only expressed correctly, but also self-cleavage ...	2009	19637620
[molecular design and immunogenicity of a multiple-epitope foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen, adjuvants, and dna vaccination].	we designed and constructed a fuse expression gene oaat and staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea) on the basis of the oaat designed and constructed which consists of the structural protein vp1 genes from serotypes a and o fmdv, 5 major vp1 immunodominant epitopes from two genotypes of asia1 serotype, and 3 th2 epitopes originating from the non-structural protein, 3abc gene and structural protein vp4 gene. the recombinant plasmids pea was constructed using sea as a genetic adjuvant. expressions of t ...	2009	19637624
[fusion expression of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit gene and foot-and-mouth disease virus type o vp1 gene and immunogenicity analysis].	ltb gene fragment was amplified by pcr from plasmid pmdtlt, and a recombinant plasmid petltbvp1 was constructed by inserting ltb gene fragment into vp1 gene expression plasmid petvp1 constructed previously. the recombinant plasmids were transformed into e. coli bl21(de3) and induced to express by iptg. the recombinant protein existed in the inclusion body and its molecular weight was about 39 kd proved by sds-page analysis. western blotting showed that the fusion protein could be reacted with bo ...	2009	19637632
highly sensitive fetal goat tongue cell line for detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a fetal goat cell line (zz-r 127) supplied by the collection of cell lines in veterinary medicine of the friedrich loeffler institute was examined for susceptibility to infection by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) and by two other viruses causing clinically indistinguishable vesicular conditions, namely, the viruses of swine vesicular disease and vesicular stomatitis. primary bovine thyroid (bty) cells are generally the most sensitive cell culture system for fmdv detection but are prob ...	2009	19656987
a multicistronic dna vaccine induces significant protection against tuberculosis in mice and offers flexibility in the expressed antigen repertoire.	concerns about the safety and efficacy of mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) emphasize the need for alternative tuberculosis (tb) vaccines. dna vaccines are interesting candidates but are limited by the restricted antigen repertoire that they express. traditional polycistronic vectors are large and have imbalanced expression. recent advances in molecular genetics and cellular immunology have paved the way toward the rational design of an efficacious vaccine. we exploited self-cle ...	2009	19656992
[establishment of colloidal gold-immunochromatography assay strip for detection of type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus].	to establish a sensitive, rapid and simple gold immunochromatography assay (gica) for detecting asia1 type of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from the field samples. the purified anti-fmdv type asia1 monoclonal antibody labeled with colloidal gold and the goat anti-guinea pig igg were wrapped onto nitrocellulose membrane as the test line (t line) and the control line (c line), respectively. the strip was then further optimized. a total of 87 field samples were detected. the results indicated ...	2009	19670648
production of fmdv virus-like particles by a sumo fusion protein approach in escherichia coli.	virus-like particles (vlps) are formed by the self-assembly of envelope and/or capsid proteins from many viruses. some vlps have been proven successful as vaccines, and others have recently found applications as carriers for foreign antigens or as scaffolds in nanoparticle biotechnology. however, production of vlp was usually impeded due to low water-solubility of recombinant virus capsid proteins. previous studies revealed that virus capsid and envelope proteins were often posttranslationally m ...	2009	19671144
[establishment of rt- lamp for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus].	a rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was established by using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method, meanwhile its specificity and sensitivity were assessed. the results showed that the fmdv rna could be amplified by incubation at 65degrees c for only 1h using six primers designed based on fmdv polyprotein gene and the amplification products could be detected easily by naked-eye. there is no cross reaction with other virus such as svdv, ...	2009	19678569
journal club. a crystallographer takes a jaunt into immunology.		2009	19129809
analysis of the leader proteinase (l(pro)) region of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus with due emphasis on phylogeny and evolution of the emerging vp3(59)-deletion lineage from india.	genotype inclusive grouping of indian type a isolates as observed in 1d region based phylogeny was distorted at complete l(pro) region, where the vp3(59)-deletion group lineages of genotype vii clustered away from both genotypes vii and vi, confirming its uniqueness and independent evolution of l(pro) and 1d region. akin to the 1d region, this deletion group is gradually diverging genetically even at l region forming more number of lineages and inter-lineage distance at l region is considerably ...	2009	19167441
synthesis of empty capsid-like particles of asia i foot-and-mouth disease virus in insect cells and their immunogenicity in guinea pigs.	the assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) requires the cleavage of the p12a polyprotein into individual structural proteins by protease 3c. in this study, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus that simultaneously expressed the genes for the p12a and 3c proteins of asia i fmdv from individual promoters. the capsid proteins expressed in high five insect cells were processed by viral 3c protease, as shown by western blotting, and were antigenic, as revealed by their reactivity in an in ...	2009	19167843
foot-and-mouth disease virus can induce a specific and rapid cd4+ t-cell-independent neutralizing and isotype class-switched antibody response in naïve cattle.	the role of t-lymphocyte subsets in recovery from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in calves was investigated by administering subset-specific monoclonal antibodies. the depletion of circulating cd4(+) or wc1(+) gammadelta t cells was achieved for a period extending from before challenge to after resolution of viremia and peak clinical signs, whereas cd8(+) cell depletion was only partial. the depletion of cd4(+) cells was also confirmed by analysis of lymph node biopsy specimens 5 ...	2009	19176618
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from south east asia 1998-2006: the lao perspective.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causes sporadic disease outbreaks in the lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) and appears to be endemic within a livestock population largely susceptible to infection. as lao pdr is a major thoroughfare for transboundary animal movement, regular fmd outbreaks occur causing economic hardship for farmers and their families. the dominant serotype causing outbreaks between 1998 and 2006 was type o. using phylogenetic analysis, type o isolated viruses were divided i ...	2009	19181459
thermostable foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate for endemic countries: a perspective.		2009	19189856
activation of porcine natural killer cells and lysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected cells.	natural killer (nk) cells play a vital role in innate response against viral infections and cellular transformation. in vivo modulation of their response may enhance their antiviral function. here we describe the phenotype of porcine nk cells, test potential proinflammatory cytokines for activation of these cells and assess the capability of porcine nk cells to kill virus-infected or tumor cells in vitro. the cd2+/cd8+/cd3(-) cell compartment contained porcine nk cells, which at the resting stag ...	2009	19196070
longitudinal study to investigate the role of impala (aepyceros melampus) in foot-and-mouth disease maintenance in the kruger national park, south africa.	a longitudinal study was performed in the kruger national park, south africa to investigate the role of impala (aepyceros melampus) in maintaining sat serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. three sampling sites with different histories of fmd outbreaks in impala and also of varying ecology were chosen. at three monthly intervals approximately 40 impala were bled and examined for clinical fmd at each of these sites for a period of 6 years, followed by 4 years of less frequent sampling. ...	2009	19200295
immune response in goats to two commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccines and the assessment of maternal immunity in their kids.	in this investigation, the immune response of goats to two commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccines (fmdv) was compared. highest mean antibody titre was observed on days 60 and 21 in goats vaccinated with two doses of algel (group 1) and oil adjuvant (group 2) quadrivalent vaccines, respectively. there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in mean antibody titre between the two vaccine groups. however, the antibody titres for type o fell below the protective titres by day 180 and 270 for gr ...	2009	19200298
identification of major histocompatibility complex restriction and anchor residues of foot-and-mouth disease virus-derived bovine t-cell epitopes.	despite intensive research on the identification of t-cell epitopes in cattle after foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection during the last 20 years, knowledge of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) restriction and anchor residues of such epitopes is still sparse. therefore, as a first step, we tested lymphocytes from two experimentally fmdv serotype a24-vaccinated and -challenged cattle for recognition of fmdv-derived pentadecapeptides in proliferation assays. two epitopes were identif ...	2009	19211750
attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus rna carrying a deletion in the 3' noncoding region can elicit immunity in swine.	we constructed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) mutants bearing independent deletions of the two stem-loop structures predicted in the 3' noncoding region of viral rna, sl1 and sl2, respectively. deletion of sl2 was lethal for viral infectivity in cultured cells, while deletion of sl1 resulted in viruses with slower growth kinetics and downregulated replication associated with impaired negative-strand rna synthesis. with the aim of exploring the potential of an rna-based vaccine against foot- ...	2009	19211755
influence of exposure intensity on the efficiency and speed of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be spread by direct animal-to-animal contact, indirect contact facilitated by contaminated materials or by airborne spread. the rate of spread and the incubation period, as well as the severity of disease, depends on many variables including the dose received, the route of introduction, the virus strain, the animal species and the conditions under which the animals are kept. quantitative data related to these variables are needed if model predictions are t ...	2009	19215941
internalization of swine vesicular disease virus into cultured cells: a comparative study with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	we performed a comparative analysis of the internalization mechanisms used by three viruses causing important vesicular diseases in animals. swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) internalization was inhibited by treatments that affected clathrin-mediated endocytosis and required traffic through an endosomal compartment. svdv particles were found in clathrin-coated pits by electron microscopy and colocalized with markers of early endosomes by confocal microscopy. svdv infectivity was significantly ...	2009	19225001
endosperm-specific expression of tyramine n-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and tyrosine decarboxylase from a single self-processing polypeptide produces high levels of tyramine derivatives in rice seeds.	the plant-specific tyramine derivatives, feruloyltyramine (ft) and 4-coumaroyltyramine (ct), represent bioactive compounds found at low levels in many plant species. we generated transgenic rice seeds that produce high levels of ct (14 microg g(-1) seeds) and ft (2.7 microg g(-1) seeds) through the dual expression of tyramine n-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and tyrosine decarboxylase, using the self-processing foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a sequence and the endosperm-specific prolamin promoter.	2009	19229478
vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness.	although present conventional foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines can prevent clinical disease, protection is short lived ( approximately 6 months), often requiring frequent revaccination for prophylactic control, and vaccination does not induce rapid protection against challenge or prevent the development of the carrier state. furthermore, it is clear that the clinical protection depends upon the length of immunization and the duration of exposure/challenge methods. this review summarizes the ...	2009	19249976