Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| rabies virus clearance from the central nervous system. | rabies, a neurological disease associated with replication in central nervous system (cns) tissues of any of a number of rabies viruses endemic in nature, is generally fatal. prophylactic medical intervention is immune mediated and directed at preventing the spread of the virus from a peripheral site of exposure to the cns. while individuals rarely develop immune responses capable of clearing the virus from cns tissues, a variety of laboratory-attenuated rabies viruses are readily cleared from t ... | 2011 | 21601042 |
| role of chemokines in rabies pathogenesis and protection. | chemokines are a family of structurally related proteins that are expressed by almost all types of nucleated cells and mediate leukocyte activation and/or chemotactic activities. the role of chemokines in rabies pathogenesis and protection has only recently been investigated. expression of chemokines is induced by infection with laboratory-adapted, but not street, rabies viruses (rabvs), and it has been hypothesized that expression of chemokines is one of the mechanisms by which rabv is attenuat ... | 2011 | 21601043 |
| interferon in rabies virus infection. | rabies is among the longest known and most dangerous and feared infectious diseases for humans and animals and still is responsible for tenth of thousands of human deaths per year. the rabies virus (rabv) is a rather atypical member of the rhabdoviridae family as it has completely adapted during evolution to warm-blooded hosts and is directly transmitted between them, whereas most other rhabdoviruses are transmitted by insect vectors. the virus is also unique with respect to its extremely broad ... | 2011 | 21601044 |
| the role of toll-like receptors in the induction of immune responses during rabies virus infection. | the host response to infection generally begins with interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns common to a variety of infectious agents and reciprocal pattern-recognition receptors (prrs) expressed by cells of the innate immune system. the innate responses triggered by these interactions contribute to the early, innate control of infection as well as the induction of pathogen-specific adaptive immunity. the outcome of infection with wild-type rabies virus is particularly depend ... | 2011 | 21601045 |
| role of oxidative stress in rabies virus infection. | recent studies in an experimental model of rabies indicated that there are major structural changes in the brain involving neuronal processes that are associated with severe clinical disease. cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons are a good in vitro model for studying the mechanisms involved in rabies virus-induced degeneration of neurites (axons) because, unlike other neuronal cell types, these neurons are fairly permissive to rabies virus infection. drg neurons infected with ... | 2011 | 21601046 |
| rabies virus as a research tool and viral vaccine vector. | until recently, single-stranded negative sense rna viruses (ssnsvs) were one of only a few important human viral pathogens, which could not be created from cdna. the inability to manipulate their genomes hindered their detailed genetic analysis. a key paper from conzelmann's laboratory in 1994 changed this with the publication of a method to recover rabies virus (rabv) from cdna. this discovery not only dramatically changed the broader field of ssnsv biology but also opened a whole new avenue fo ... | 2011 | 21601047 |
| rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer of neuronal connections. | powerful transneuronal tracing technologies exploit the ability of some neurotropic viruses to travel across neuronal pathways and to function as self-amplifying markers. rabies virus is the only viral tracer that is entirely specific, as it propagates exclusively between connected neurons by strictly unidirectional (retrograde) transneuronal transfer, allowing for the stepwise identification of neuronal connections of progressively higher order. transneuronal tracing studies in primates and rod ... | 2011 | 21601048 |
| bats and lyssaviruses. | numerous bat species have been identified as important reservoirs of zoonotic viral pathogens. rabies and rabies-related viruses constitute one of the most important viral zoonoses and pose a significant threat to public health across the globe. whereas rabies virus (rabv) appears to be restricted to bats of the new world, related lyssavirus species have not been detected in the americas and have only been detected in bat populations across africa, eurasia, and australia. currently, 11 distinct ... | 2011 | 21601050 |
| neuroimaging in rabies. | rabies remains a virtually incurable disease once symptoms develop. neuroimaging studies demonstrate lesions in the different parts of the neuroaxis, even before brain symptoms are evident. these abnormalities have been detailed in both rabies virus-infected humans and dogs with magnetic resonance imaging (mri). mri disturbances were similar in both forms (furious or paralytic) in human rabies; however, they were more pronounced in paralytic than in furious rabies virus-infected dogs in which ex ... | 2011 | 21601052 |
| rabies virus infection and micrornas. | endogenous rna-silencing mechanisms have been shown to play a role in regulating viral and host processes during the course of infection. such interactive processes may involve host cellular and/or viral-encoded micrornas (mirnas). rabies is unique not only in terms of its invariably fatal course once disease signs develop, but it also has a variable incubation period (eclipse phase). it has been recently shown that cells or tissues of different origin have their own specific mirnas that, in the ... | 2011 | 21601053 |
| design of future rabies biologics and antiviral drugs. | in recent years, no major paradigm shifts have occurred in the utilization of new products for the prevention and control of rabies. development of new cost-effective rabies biologics and antiviral drugs is critical in continuing to prevent and reduce disease. current rabies vaccines are highly effective but have developed largely based on technical improvements in the vaccine industry. in the future, alternative approaches for improved vaccines, including novel avirulent rabies virus (rabv) vec ... | 2011 | 21601054 |
| mathematical models for rabies. | rabies virus and its associated host-pathogen population dynamics have proven a remarkable model system for developing mathematical models of infectious disease emergence and spread. beginning with simple susceptible-infectious-removed (sir) compartment models of fox rabies emergence and spread across western europe, mathematical models have now been developed to incorporate dynamics across heterogeneous landscapes, host demographic variation, and environmental stochasticity. model structures ra ... | 2011 | 21601056 |
| understanding effects of barriers on the spread and control of rabies. | this chapter reviews the evidence for the impact of natural and anthropogenic barriers on the spread of rabies using evidence mainly drawn from the epidemics of fox and raccoon variant rabies virus over the past 60 years in north america. those barriers have both directed and inhibited the spread of rabies and, at a regional scale, have been integrated with rabies control efforts in north america. few studies have been done, however, to examine how the texture (grain) and configuration of the ha ... | 2011 | 21601058 |
| rabies research in resource-poor countries. | many cost-benefit/effective rabies research projects need to be carried out in less-developed canine-endemic regions. among these are educational approaches directed at the public and governments. they would address effective primary wound care, availability, and proper use of vaccines and immunoglobulins, better reporting of rabies, final elimination of dangerous nerve tissue-derived vaccines, and the recognition that rabies is still expanding its geographic range. such efforts could also reduc ... | 2011 | 21601059 |
| rabbit anti-rabies immunoglobulins production and evaluation. | due to the disadvantages of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin, it is necessary to develop a substitute for hrig and erig, especially for those people living in the developing countries. because of higher affinity and lower immunogenicity of rabbit's immunoglobulins, anti-rabies immunoglobulins specific to rabies virus were produced in rabbits as a bioreactor, and had been characterized by elisa, affinity assay, immunofluorescence assay (ifa), immunocytochemistry, rapid fluorescent focus inh ... | 2011 | 21602780 |
| monosynaptic inputs to erbb4 expressing inhibitory neurons in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. | 2011 | 21618237 | |
| serum microrna expression profiling in mice infected with rabies virus. | serum or plasma micrornas (mirnas) are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis for cancer and prenatal diseases. this study was conducted to investigate whether rabies virus causes a change in serum mirna expression. | 2011 | 24159471 |
| investigation of an imported case of rabies in a juvenile dog with atypical presentation. | movement of dogs between rabies-endemic and rabies-free countries carries the inherent risk of introducing the disease. in april of 2008, a juvenile dog was imported to the uk from sri lanka. it died shortly after transfer to a quarantine facility in the south-east of england following a short history of diarrhoea and convulsions but no overt signs of aggression. subsequent investigation confirmed that rabies was the cause of death. rabies virus was isolated from brain samples taken from the dog ... | 2011 | 26486624 |
| characterization and potential diagnostic application of monoclonal antibodies specific to rabies virus. | rabies is invariably a fatal encephalomyelitis that is considered to be a serious public health problem. it is necessary to develop standard rabies virus diagnostic tools, especially for diagnosing the strains prevalent in china. | 2010 | 23554655 |
| development in immunoprophylaxis against rabies for animals and humans. | rabies is a fatal neurological disease and a persistent global problem. it is spread primarily by domestic dogs but other canid, viverrid (skunks and raccoons) and chiropteran species are considered as the most efficient vectors of the disease. since dogs are the main perpetuator of rabies, special attention has to be given to bring all the dogs including unauthorized stray dogs under immunization umbrella in order to control rabies. vaccination is the only way to combat the disease before and a ... | 2010 | 23407587 |
| rabies in the eastern cape province of south africa--where are we going wrong? | rabies is a growing problem in the eastern cape province of south africa. this study investigated dog ecology, vaccination coverage and rabies neutralising antibody levels in 203 randomly selected dogs within a local municipality in the former transkei area. responses to vaccination were also evaluated in 80 of these dogs. the population was remarkably uniform in size, breed and condition. slightly over 1/5th of the population was between 6 weeks and 1 year of age, while very few dogs reached 10 ... | 2010 | 21526734 |
| use of latex agglutination test to determine rabies antibodies in production of rabies antisera in horses. | a therapeutic anti-rabies immunoglobulin for human use has been produced mainly in horses. the presently available seroneutralization test, the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit), is laborious and rather difficult to carry out in horse farms. this study was undertaken to develop a simple latex agglutination test (lat) for determining rabies antibodies in horse sera. lat was validated by testing a total of 468 horse serum samples characterized by rffit. of these, 253 of 260 samples w ... | 2010 | 21329315 |
| molecular docking studies with rabies virus glycoprotein to design viral therapeutics. | the genome of rabies virus encodes five proteins; the nucleoprotein, the phosphoprotein, the matrix protein, the glycoprotein, and the rna-dependent rna polymerase. among these, the glycoprotein is the most important as it is the major contributor to pathogenicity and virus neutralizing antibody response. keeping in mind that glycoprotein is the only protein exposed on the surface of virus and is thought to be responsible for the interaction with the cell membrane, it was attempted to target gly ... | 2010 | 21218060 |
| analysis of chinese rabies virus isolates from 2003-2007 based on p and m protein genes. | phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences or deduced amino acid sequences of phosphoprotein (p protein), matrix (m) protein, and glycoprotein (g protein) genes of 18 chinese isolates of rabies virus (rabv) from 2003-2007 showed that these isolates formed a separate monophyletic lineage consisting of sub-lineages a and b. compared with laboratory-fixed strains, recent chinese isolates of sub-lineage b contained val or ala instead of met69 in p protein, which is involved in generating truncate ... | 2010 | 20545436 |
| contrasting landscape epidemiology of two sympatric rabies virus strains. | viral strain evolution and disease emergence are influenced by anthropogenic change to the environment. we investigated viral characteristics, host ecology, and landscape features in the rabies-striped skunk disease system of the central great plains to determine how these factors interact to influence disease emergence. we amplified portions of the n and g genes of rabies viral rna from 269 samples extracted from striped skunk brains throughout the distribution of two different rabies strains f ... | 2010 | 20546130 |
| immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species. | immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (procyon lotor), 1 bat (myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes). all cases had previously been diagnose ... | 2010 | 20484176 |
| a new outbreak of rabies in rare ethiopian wolves (canis simensis). | between october 2008 and may 2009, five brain samples from the carcasses of the rare ethiopian wolf (canis simenensis) were submitted for rabies virus testing. rabies virus was detected in all five samples, and this confirmed that a further outbreak of rabies had occurred within the wolf population in the bale mountains of ethiopia. sequence comparison of a partial fragment of the nucleoprotein-coding gene demonstrated that all viruses showed 100% sequence identity, suggesting a single introduct ... | 2010 | 20490607 |
| comparison of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, conventional pcr and real-time pcr assays for japanese encephalitis virus. | we developed and evaluated a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detecting japanese encephalitis virus (jev). the sensitivity of the jev rt-lamp assay was in concordance with that of real-time rt-pcr and 10-fold more sensitive than that of conventional rt-pcr, which the detection limit was 24 copies/μl. the jev rt-lamp was highly specific, which no cross-reactivity was found with dengue-2 virus, rabies virus, norovirus, astrovirus and human enteroviru ... | 2010 | 21116858 |
| rabies virus rna in naturally infected vampire bats, northeastern brazil. | 2010 | 21122246 | |
| canine adenoviruses elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against rabies following immunisation of sheep. | safe and efficient vaccination is important for rabies prevention in domestic animals. replicative vectors expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein, derived from canine adenovirus have been reported to be promising vaccines in various animal models. in this paper we compare the potential of a replicative and a non-replicative vector, both based on canine adenovirus type 2 and expressing the rabies glycoprotein. upon inoculation in sheep, immune responses against the rabies virus protein elicited ... | 2010 | 21134446 |
| emerging tropical diseases in australia. part 3. australian bat lyssavirus. | since its discovery in a juvenile black flying fox (pteropus alecto) in 1996, australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) has become the cause of a potentially important emerging disease for health authorities in australia, with two human deaths (one in 1996 and one in 1998) attributed to the virus in the north-eastern state of queensland. in australia, the virus has been isolated from all four species of flying fox found on the mainland (i.e. p. alecto, p. scapulatus, p. poliocephalus and p. conspicillatu ... | 2010 | 21144181 |
| transgenic targeting of recombinant rabies virus reveals monosynaptic connectivity of specific neurons. | understanding how neural circuits work requires a detailed knowledge of cellular-level connectivity. our current understanding of neural circuitry is limited by the constraints of existing tools for transsynaptic tracing. some of the most intractable problems are a lack of cellular specificity of uptake, transport across multiple synaptic steps conflating direct and indirect inputs, and poor labeling of minor inputs. we used a novel combination of transgenic mouse technology and a recently devel ... | 2010 | 21147990 |
| more accurate insight into the incidence of human rabies in developing countries through validated laboratory techniques. | 2010 | 21152054 | |
| behavior of wild-type and transfected s2 cells cultured in two different media. | an animal protein-free medium composed of ipl-41 containing 6 g l(-1) yeastolate ultrafiltrate, 10 g l(-1) glucose, 2 g l(-1) lactose, 5 g l(-1) glutamine, 1% lipid emulsion, and 0.1% pluronic f-68 was used for producing recombinant proteins in batch mode employing two cell lines, s2acrvgp2k expressing the g glycoprotein from rabies virus (rvgp) and s2achbsaghy-9c expressing the surface antigen of hepatitis b virus (hbsag), both obtained from drosophila melanogaster s2 cells. growth of wild-type ... | 2010 | 21161610 |
| [study on the status of infection and distribution of rabies virus in china.] | objective: to investigate the status of infection and distribution of rabies virus (rv) in different epidemic areas in china. methods: brain specimens from animals and suspected patients were collected at the districts of high-, medium- and low incidence rates of human rabies and detected by both direct immunofluorescence assay (dfa) and rt-pcr. results: 254 of 3007 specimens of dog brains showed rv positive by dfa (positive rate of 8.4%). among these 254 samples, 78 showed positive (positive ra ... | 2010 | 21163029 |
| spatially asymmetric reorganization of inhibition establishes a motion-sensitive circuit. | spatial asymmetries in neural connectivity have an important role in creating basic building blocks of neuronal processing. a key circuit module of directionally selective (ds) retinal ganglion cells is a spatially asymmetric inhibitory input from starburst amacrine cells. it is not known how and when this circuit asymmetry is established during development. here we photostimulate mouse starburst cells targeted with channelrhodopsin-2 (refs 6-8) while recording from a single genetically labelled ... | 2010 | 21170022 |
| a recombinant rabies virus expressing luciferase. | a recombinant rabies virus (rv) expressing firefly luciferase (rrv-luc) was generated by an improved reverse genetics system. its biological properties were compared with those of the parental rv. the rrv-luc grew in bhk-21 cells similarly to rv, but its virulence for mice was weaker as shown by the lower infectious titers in brain. rising infectious titers of rrv-luc during its passaging in bhk-21 cells indicated a virus adaptation, while the luciferase (luc) expression was stable. these result ... | 2010 | 21175249 |
| cortical representations of olfactory input by trans-synaptic tracing. | in the mouse, each class of olfactory receptor neurons expressing a given odorant receptor has convergent axonal projections to two specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, thereby creating an odour map. however, it is unclear how this map is represented in the olfactory cortex. here we combine rabies-virus-dependent retrograde mono-trans-synaptic labelling with genetics to control the location, number and type of 'starter' cortical neurons, from which we trace their presynaptic neurons. we fin ... | 2010 | 21179085 |
| evolutionary dynamics of rabies viruses highlights the importance of china rabies transmission in asia. | rabies in asia is emerging as a serious public health issue. to explore the possible origin, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary dynamics of asian rabies viruses (rabv), we examined 200 complete nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences from rabv isolates in the region. phylogeny supported the classification of asian rabvs into five distinct clusters in lyssavirus genotype 1. our geospatial and temporal analyses demonstrated that china appears to be the prime source of asian rabvs. understanding ... | 2010 | 21195445 |
| loop 2 of ophiophagus hannah toxin b binds with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and enhances intracranial drug delivery. | three-finger snake neurotoxins have been widely investigated for their high binding affinities with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs), which are widely expressed in the central nervous system including the blood-brain barrier and thus mediate intracranial drug delivery. the loop 2 segments of three-finger snake neurotoxins are considered as the binding domain with nachrs, and thus, they may have the potential to enhance drug or drug delivery system intracranial transport. in the present ... | 2010 | 20964364 |
| detection of rabies virus antibodies in brazilian free-ranging wild carnivores. | rabies virus is a pathogen of major concern in free-ranging wild carnivores in several regions of the world, but little is known about its circulation in brazilian wild carnivores. sera from 211 free-ranging wild carnivores, captured from 2000 to 2006 in four locations of two brazilian biomes (pantanal and cerrado), were tested for rabies antibodies. twenty-six individuals (12.3%) had neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.10 iu/ml. the four sampled locations had antibody-positive animals, suggesting t ... | 2010 | 20966286 |
| a comparative study of rabies virus isolates from hematophagous bats in brazil. | the brazilian chiropteran fauna consists of 167 species; of which, three are hematophagous: the common vampire bat (desmodus rotundus), the white-winged vampire bat (diaemus youngi), and the hairy-legged vampire bat (diphylla ecaudata). the aim of this study was to describe the isolation of rabies virus from common and hairy-legged vampire bats and to report the first comparative antigenic and genetic studies of isolates from these bats. antigenic and genetic typing of both isolates identified t ... | 2010 | 20966291 |
| molecular characterization of rabies virus isolated from dogs in tunisia: evidence of two phylogenetic variants. | in an attempt to explain temporal and geographical rabies incidence fluctuations in tunisia, a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus (rv) was carried out. a panel of rv isolates from dogs, collected between 1992 and 2003, from different regions in tunisia have been analysed by direct sequencing of pcr-amplified products coding for the nucleoprotein gene. new sequences have been compared to prototype sequences of lyssavirus species and nine lineages of species 1. all tunisian isolates b ... | 2010 | 20970468 |
| epidemiology of human rabies in south africa, 1983-2007. | rabies remains a global public health problem but increasingly so in the developing world. given a lack of awareness, priority and diagnostic capability, very few developing countries, especially in africa, report on laboratory confirmed human rabies cases. here we present a retrospective study on the epidemiology of human rabies in republic of south africa for a 25-year period, 1983-2007, based on laboratory confirmed cases. the study highlights the role of the domestic dog as a reservoir and v ... | 2010 | 21036195 |
| monosynaptic rabies virus reveals premotor network organization and synaptic specificity of cholinergic partition cells. | movement is the behavioral output of neuronal activity in the spinal cord. motor neurons are grouped into motor neuron pools, the functional units innervating individual muscles. here we establish an anatomical rabies virus-based connectivity assay in early postnatal mice. we employ it to study the connectivity scheme of premotor neurons, the neuronal cohorts monosynaptically connected to motor neurons, unveiling three aspects of organization. first, motor neuron pools are connected to segmental ... | 2010 | 21040847 |
| [construction and rescue of rabies virus mutant strain srv9]. | to construct a rabies virus mutant, the psi region was replaced by the coding region of human cytochrome c gene, and the coding region for cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein g was deleted in the full-length of genomic cdna of rabies virus strain srv9. the mutant plasmid and the plasmids with n, p, l and g structural proteins of wild type srv9 were co-transfected into bhk-21 cells. it was shown by ifa that there were many specific fluorescence in the bhk-21 cells, and typical rabies virus virions ... | 2010 | 21043132 |
| [expression and characterization of rabies virus nucleoprotein in baculovirus]. | to construct a recombinant expression plasmid bacmid-n containing the n gene of rabies virus, the n gene of rv cvs-11 strain was cloned into the baculovirus shuttle vector (bacmid). recombinant baculovirus acmnpv-n (p1 viral stock) was obtained by transfecting the bacmid-n into the insect cell line of sf9. the expressed nucleoprotein was identified and analysised by elisa, fa, sds-page and western blot assays. the results showed that the np protein was expressed intracellularly and had a good an ... | 2010 | 21043133 |
| isolation and characterization of novel human monoclonal antibodies possessing neutralizing ability against rabies virus. | rabies is a fatal viral encephalitis which is transmitted by exposure to the bite of rabid animals. human and equine rabies immunoglobulins are indispensable pharmacological agents for severe bite exposure, as is vaccine. however, several disadvantages, including limited supply, adverse reactions, and high cost, hamper their wide application in developing countries. in the present study, two novel humabs which neutralize rabies virus were established from vaccinated hyperimmune volunteers using ... | 2010 | 21044141 |
| pathogenicity of different rabies virus isolates and protection test in vaccinated mice. | this study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pathogenicity of rabies virus isolated from bats and dogs, and to verify the efficacy of a commercial rabies vaccine against these isolates. for evaluation of pathogenicity, mice were inoculated by the intramuscular route (im) with 500micld₅₀/0.03 ml of the viruses. the cross-protection test was performed by vaccinating groups of mice by the subcutaneous route and challenged through the intracerebral (ic) route. isolates were fully pathogenic when ... | 2010 | 21049225 |
| epidemiology of vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus in goiás, central brazil: re-evaluation based on g-l intergenic region. | abstract: | 2010 | 21059233 |
| phylodynamics and human-mediated dispersal of a zoonotic virus. | understanding the role of humans in the dispersal of predominantly animal pathogens is essential for their control. we used newly developed bayesian phylogeographic methods to unravel the dynamics and determinants of the spread of dog rabies virus (rabv) in north africa. each of the countries studied exhibited largely disconnected spatial dynamics with major geopolitical boundaries acting as barriers to gene flow. road distances proved to be better predictors of the movement of dog rabv than acc ... | 2010 | 21060816 |
| rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein expression levels are not critical for pathogenicity of rv. | previous comparisons of different rabies virus (rv) strains suggested an inverse relationship between pathogenicity and the amount of glycoprotein produced in infected cells. in order to provide more insight into this relationship, we pursued an experimental approach that allowed us to alter the glycoprotein expression level without altering the glycoprotein sequence, thereby eliminating the contribution of amino acid changes to differences in viral virulence. to this end, we constructed an infe ... | 2010 | 21068252 |
| origins of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia to rostrocaudally distinct sectors of the dorsal premotor area in macaques. | we examined the organization of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia (bg) to the dorsal premotor area in macaques. after injection of the rabies virus into the rostral sector of the caudal aspect of the dorsal premotor area (f2r) and the caudal sector of the caudal aspect of the dorsal premotor area (f2c), second-order neuron labeling occurred in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (gpi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (snr). labeled gpi neurons were found in the cau ... | 2010 | 21070393 |
| emerging topics and new perspectives on hla-g. | following the fifth international conference on non-classical hla-g antigens (hla-g), held in paris in july 2009, we selected some topics which focus on emerging aspects in the setting of hla-g functions. in particular, hla-g molecules could play a role in: (1) various inflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, gastrointestinal, skin and rheumatic diseases, and asthma, where they may act as immunoregulatory factors; (2) the mechanisms to escape immune surveilla ... | 2010 | 21080027 |
| genetic dissection of interferon-antagonistic functions of rabies virus phosphoprotein: inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 3 activation is important for pathogenicity. | the rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein (p) is a type i interferon (ifn) antagonist preventing both transcriptional induction of ifn and ifn-mediated jak/stat signaling. in addition, p is an essential cofactor of the viral polymerase and is required for encapsidation of viral rna into nucleoprotein during replication. by site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified a domain of p required for efficient inhibition of ifn induction. phosphoproteins lacking amino acids (aa) 176 to 181, 182 to 186, or ... | 2010 | 21084487 |
| a reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus in the blood of infected cattle. | a novel reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for the detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was developed and evaluated in this study. the rt-lamp assay exhibited higher sensitivity when compared with conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and virus isolation methods. the specificity of the assay was determined by digestion of the rt-lamp products with restriction enzyme and detection of befv serogroup rabies virus ... | 2010 | 21093487 |
| rabies virus expressing dendritic cell-activating molecules enhances the innate and adaptive immune response to vaccination. | our previous studies indicated that recruitment and/or activation of dendritic cells (dcs) is important in enhancing the protective immune responses against rabies virus (rabv) (l. zhao, h. toriumi, h. wang, y. kuang, x. guo, k. morimoto, and z. f. fu, j. virol. 84:9642-9648). to address the importance of dc activation for rabv vaccine efficacy, the genes for several dc recruitment and/or activation molecules, e.g., granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf), macrophage-derived ch ... | 2010 | 21106736 |
| rabies virus strains circulating in bhutan: implications for control. | summarywe report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus (rabv) strains circulating in animal populations in bhutan, and investigate potential origins of these viruses. twenty-three rabv isolates originating from dogs and other domestic animals were characterized by sequencing the partial nucleoprotein (n) gene (395 bp). phylogenetic analysis was conducted and the bhutanese isolates were compared with rabies viruses originating from other parts of the world. phylogenetic analysis showe ... | 2010 | 21108870 |
| [molecular epidemiology investigation of rabies virus nucleoprotein genes in china]. | to study the relationship between the distribution of rabies virus and genetic variation, the genetic characterization and variation of rabies virus strains in china were analyzed. | 2010 | 21110419 |
| [virus detection and viral location in brain tissue of sulking mice infected recombinant rabies virus by frozen section]. | to observe the existence and location of the recombinant rabies virus in the hippocampus of the sulking mice infected recombinant rabies virus. | 2010 | 21110420 |
| [analysis of human rabies high-occurrence factors in guangxi from 2004 to 2008]. | analysis the epidemiological characteristics on rabies cases occurred in guangxi from 2004 to 2008 and summarize the result of healthy-dog infection rabies virus investigation from 2006 to 2008. exploring the high-occurrence and correlated factors on rabies in guangxi. | 2010 | 21110421 |
| [the comparison of the who standard rabies immunoglobulin and the national standard human rabies immunoglobulin used in the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit)]. | compare the difference of the results referred to the who standard rabies immunoglobulin and the national standard human rabies immunoglobulin used in the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). | 2010 | 21110422 |
| monosynaptic circuit tracing in vivo through cre-dependent targeting and complementation of modified rabies virus. | we describe a powerful system for revealing the direct monosynaptic inputs to specific cell types in cre-expressing transgenic mice through the use of cre-dependent helper virus and a modified rabies virus. we generated helper viruses that target gene expression to cre-expressing cells, allowing us to control initial rabies virus infection and subsequent monosynaptic retrograde spread. investigators can use this system to elucidate the connections onto a desired cell type in a high-throughput ma ... | 2010 | 21115815 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in mongolia, 2005-2008. | the objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of rabies virus (rabv) in mongolia based on the nucleotide sequences of viral n gene. a total of 24 rabies-positive samples from seven different domestic and wild animal species collected in western and central mongolia between 2005 and 2008 were examined for their n gene sequences. the results showed that the endemic mongolian rabvs could be divided into two different groups closely related to the steppe-type and arctic-like vir ... | 2010 | 20859006 |
| immunogenicity, safety and tolerance of a purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev, vaxirab) for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis: results of a multicentric study in india. | rabies continues to be a major public health problem in india. nearly 17 million people are getting exposed to this disease every year. therefore the need for effective post-exposure prophylaxis with safe and potent modern rabies vaccines continues to exist. purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev) was introduced in this country to meet the ever increasing need for modern rabies vaccines. in this study we have assessed the safety, imunogenicity and tolerance of an indigenously manufactured pdev in pe ... | 2010 | 20861692 |
| amino acids at positions 273 and 394 in rabies virus nucleoprotein are important for both evasion of host rig-i-mediated antiviral response and pathogenicity. | we previously reported that nucleoprotein (n) is related to the different pathogenicities of the virulent rabies virus strain nishigahara (ni) and avirulent strain ni-ce and also that ni n, but not ni-ce n, functions to evade retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-mediated innate immunity. there are three amino acid differences between ni and ni-ce n (at positions 273, 394 and 395), indicating that one of these mutations or a combination of mutations is important for the pathogenicity and evasio ... | 2010 | 20875468 |
| human rabies---virginia, 2009. | on october 28, 2009, cdc notified the virginia department of health (vdh) of suspected rabies in a virginia man aged 42 years. earlier that day, an infectious disease physician in virginia had contacted cdc requesting confirmatory diagnostic testing and reported initiating treatment with the milwaukee protocol after consultation with staff at the medical college of wisconsin. this report summarizes the patient's exposure history, clinical course, and treatment, and describes efforts to identify ... | 2010 | 20881935 |
| [production and evaluation of an antiserum for immunohistochemical detection of rabies virus in aldehyde fixed brain tissues]. | the standard procedure for rabies diagnosis requires fresh samples of infected brain to be analyzed by two techniques, direct immunofluorescence and inoculation in mice. rabies-infected, aldehyde-fixed brain tissues can be examined by immunohistochemistry, but the required commercial antibodies are scarce and expensive. | 2010 | 20890559 |
| experimental rabies vaccines for humans. | rabies remains a global public health threat that kills more than 55,000 people per year. rabies disproportionately affects children and, therefore, is ranked the seventh most important infectious disease due to years lost. prevention of human rabies is accomplished by controlling rabies in domestic and wild animals, including the use of vaccination programs. the usefulness of human rabies vaccines is hampered by high cost, complicated vaccination regimens and lack of compliance, especially in a ... | 2010 | 20923268 |
| mhc class ii drb diversity in raccoons (procyon lotor) reveals associations with raccoon rabies virus (lyssavirus). | in north america, the raccoon rabies virus (rrv) is an endemic wildlife disease which causes acute encephalopathies and is a strong selective force on raccoons (procyon lotor), with estimates of ∼85% of the population succumbing to the disease when epizootic. rrv is regarded as a lethal disease if untreated; therefore, no evolutionary response would be expected of raccoon populations. however, variable immune responses to rrv have been observed in raccoons indicating a potential for evolutionary ... | 2010 | 20924575 |
| molecular studies of influenza b virus in the reverse genetics era. | recovery of an infectious virus of defined genetic structure entirely from cdna and the deduction of information about the virus resulting from phenotypic characterization of the mutant is the process of reverse genetics. this approach has been possible for a number of negative-strand rna viruses since the recovery of rabies virus in 1994. however, the recovery of recombinant orthomyxoviruses posed a greater challenge due to the segmented nature of the genome. it was not until 1999 that such a s ... | 2010 | 20926635 |
| evolutionary history of dog rabies in brazil. | although dogs are considered to be the principal transmitter of rabies in brazil, dog rabies had never been recorded in south america before european colonization. in order to investigate the evolutionary history of dog rabies virus (rabv) in brazil, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of carnivore rabv isolates from around the world and estimated the divergence times for dog rabv in brazil. our estimate for the time of introduction of dog rabv into brazil was the late-19th to early-20th centur ... | 2010 | 20926638 |
| targeted delivery of large fusion protein into hippocampal neurons by systemic administration. | targeted delivery of proteins into the hippocampus has not yet been achieved. here, we show that systemic administration of the β-galactosidase, fused to a 43-amino-acid peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg), results in targeted delivery of the fusion protein into the hippocampal neurons. this approach may enable the development of protein therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, such as alzheimer's disease. this result may open new possibilities in using neurotropic virus glycopro ... | 2010 | 20932231 |
| utility of human embryonic kidney cell line hek-293 for rapid isolation of fixed and street rabies viruses: comparison with neuro-2a and bhk-21 cell lines. | a confirmatory rabies diagnosis can be achieved by rapid virus isolation in cell culture using brain tissue from the suspect animal. several cell lines have been used for this purpose and the murine neuroblastoma cell line neuro-2a has been found to be the most sensitive. the human embryonic kidney cell line hek-293 is known to express several neuronal proteins and is believed to be of neuronal origin. we hypothesized that this cell line could be susceptible to rabies virus, which is highly neur ... | 2010 | 20947403 |
| [the use of passive rabies immunotherapy: from the past to the future]. | rabies is a fatal disease transmitted by infected animals by bite, scratch, licking on broken skin or contamination of mucosis by saliva. the regimen of post-exposure prophylaxis for people not previously vaccinated, that is currently recommended by who, consists of a combination of wound cleaning, active immunization and passive immunization when the exposure is of category 3. most of the products available on the market, in particular human rabies immunoglobulins, highly purified equine rabies ... | 2010 | 20950578 |
| virus neutralising activity of african fruit bat (eidolon helvum) sera against emerging lyssaviruses. | it is likely that phylogroup 2 lyssaviruses circulate within bat reservoirs. we adapted a pseudotype (pt) neutralisation assay (pna) to a multiplex format enabling serosurveillance for lagos bat virus (lbv), mokola virus (mokv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv) in a potential reservoir, the african straw-coloured fruit bat, eidolon helvum. highly correlated titres were observed between single and multiplex pnas using ptlbv and ptmokv (r=0.97, p<0.0001), validating its use for bat serosurveilla ... | 2010 | 20951400 |
| resistance to rabies virus infection conferred by the pmliv isoform. | various reports implicate pml and pml nuclear bodies (nbs) in an intrinsic antiviral response targeting diverse cytoplasmic replicating rna viruses. pml conjugation to the small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) is required for its localization within nbs. pml displays antiviral effects in vivo, as pml deficiency renders mice more susceptible to infection with the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). cells derived from these mice are also more sensitive to infection with rabies virus, anot ... | 2010 | 20702643 |
| characterization of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) drb exon 2 and dra exon 3 fragments in a primary terrestrial rabies vector (procyon lotor). | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) presents a unique system to explore links between genetic diversity and pathogens, as diversity within mhc is maintained in part by pathogen driven selection. while the majority of wildlife mhc studies have investigated species that are of conservation concern, here we characterize mhc variation in a common and broadly distributed species, the north american raccoon (procyon lotor). raccoons host an array of broadly distributed wildlife diseases (e.g., ... | 2010 | 20706587 |
| intracerebral vaccination suppresses the spread of rabies virus in the mouse brain. | to investigate the efficacy of intracerebral (ic) immunization in preventing viral spread in the brain, we immunized mice with inactivated rabies virus via the subcutaneous (sc) or ic route, followed by administration of a lethal dose of rabies virus (challenge virus standard strain), directly into the brains of immunized mice. progressive paralytic neurological signs were observed in control and 75% of sc immunized mice, whereas only 20% of ic immunized mice exhibited symptoms. neutralizing ant ... | 2010 | 20713172 |
| validation of a less invasive blood sampling technique in rabies serology using reduviid bugs (triatominae, hemiptera). | during serologic rabies surveys, bleeding is often difficult or almost impossible in small or endangered mammals such as bats. therefore, the usefulness of an alternative, less invasive technique--that is, the use of blood-sucking reduviid bugs (dipetalogaster maximus and rhodnius prolixus)--was investigated. bugs were used in combination with a conventional method (retro-orbitale bleeding) to obtain blood samples from the same individual nmri-mice (mus musculus) vaccinated against rabies. rabie ... | 2010 | 20722255 |
| response to vaccination with a commercial inactivated rabies vaccine in a captive colony of brazilian free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis). | a captive colony of brazilian free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis) was vaccinated with a commercial monovalent inactivated rabies virus (rabv) vaccine (rabvac 1). baseline rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (vna) and the response to vaccination were measured in 50 bats. rabies vna was detected in the plasma of 64% (27/42) of bats that had been vaccinated 1 yr prior, but only 19% (8/42) had levels considered adequate. rabies vna was detected in the plasma of 63% (5/8) of bats with no record ... | 2010 | 20722268 |
| [optimization of method of titration rabies virus with fluorescence focus units assay]. | a new fluorescence focus units (ffu) developed for rabies virus titration replace current reference method (ld50) so as to reduce the cost. | 2010 | 20726271 |
| dendritic cells infected by recombinant rabies virus vaccine vector expressing hiv-1 gag are immunogenic even in the presence of vector-specific immunity. | dendritic cells (dc) are the most potent antigen presenting cells whose ability to interact with t cells, b cells and nk cells has led to their extensive use in vaccine design. here, we designed a dc-based hiv-1 vaccine using an attenuated rabies virus vector expressing hiv-1 gag (ridc-gag). to test this, balb/c mice were immunized with ridc-gag, and the primary, secondary as well as humoral immune responses were monitored. our results indicate that ridc-gag stimulated hiv-1 gag-specific immune ... | 2010 | 20728525 |
| [the primary closure approach of dog bite injuries of the nose]. | biting of humans by domestic animals, especially by dogs, is common injury which causes suffering and pain, might be a cause of disability or even death. it is associated with high risk of bacterial infection of the wounds or even transfection of rabies virus. bites are usually to the upper and lower limbs, while the face is third in a raw localization of bites. within the face, the nose and lips are injured the most often. the goal of this paper is presentation selected methods and obtained res ... | 2010 | 20731205 |
| improved safety for molecular diagnosis of classical rabies viruses by use of a taqman real-time reverse transcription-pcr "double check" strategy. | to improve the diagnosis of classical rabies virus with molecular methods, a validated, ready-to-use, real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay was developed. in a first step, primers and 6-carboxyfluorescien-labeled taqman probes specific for rabies virus were selected from the consensus sequence of the nucleoprotein gene of 203 different rabies virus sequences derived from genbank. the selected primer-probe combination was highly specific and sensitive. during validation using a sampl ... | 2010 | 20739489 |
| targeting single neuronal networks for gene expression and cell labeling in vivo. | to understand fine-scale structure and function of single mammalian neuronal networks, we developed and validated a strategy to genetically target and trace monosynaptic inputs to a single neuron in vitro and in vivo. the strategy independently targets a neuron and its presynaptic network for specific gene expression and fine-scale labeling, using single-cell electroporation of dna to target infection and monosynaptic retrograde spread of a genetically modifiable rabies virus. the technique is h ... | 2010 | 20797534 |
| rabies and african bat lyssavirus encephalitis and its prevention. | unlike any other human infection, encephalitis caused by dog rabies virus is always fatal. rabies and other lyssaviruses have been found in unexpected places, and human disease, especially paralytic rabies, has gone unrecognised. evidence is emerging that rabies-related bat lyssaviruses are enzootic across europe, africa, asia and australia, but none has been detected in the americas. the epidemiology and origins of african lyssaviruses are discussed. ideal rabies prophylaxis (pre-exposure immun ... | 2010 | 20801003 |
| selective viral vector transduction of erbb4 expressing cortical interneurons in vivo with a viral receptor-ligand bridge protein. | both treatment of disease and basic studies of complex tissues can benefit from directing viral vector infection to specific cell types. we have used a unique cell targeting method to direct viral vector transduction to cerebral cortical neurons expressing the neuregulin (nrg) receptor erbb4; both nrg and erbb4 have been implicated in schizophrenia, and erbb4 expression in cerebral cortex is known to be restricted to inhibitory neurons. we find that a bridge protein composed of the avian viral r ... | 2010 | 20823240 |
| [the development of neutralizing human antibodies against rabies virus]. | a combinatorial human fab library to the rabies virus was constructed using antibody genes derived from the blood of vaccinated donors. the library were panned and selected on purified rabies virus particles of ag or ctn strain with phage display. eleven unique human fab antibodies specific for the rabies virus glycoprotein were obtained by elisa, ifa and dna sequences analysis of these antibodies. among these fab antibodies, five human fab antibodies were converted to full-length human igg anti ... | 2010 | 20836379 |
| a rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detecting rabies virus antibody. | an immunochromatographic test strip (icts) for detecting antibodies to rabies virus was developed, using colloidal gold particles labeled with rabies virus glycoprotein as the tracer. the assay was evaluated using sera from dogs immunized with various commercial rabies vaccines, or from dogs in the clinics and sera from dogs immunized with vaccines against pathogens other than rabies virus, and negative sera from a wide variety of animal sources, including dogs, mice, and cats which had never be ... | 2010 | 20837065 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2009. | during 2009, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,690 rabid animals and 4 human rabies cases to the cdc, representing a 2.2% decrease from the 6,841 rabid animals and 2 human cases reported in 2008. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,327 (34.8%) raccoons, 1,625 (24.3%) bats, 1,603 (24.0%) skunks, 504 (75%) foxes, 300 (4.5%) cats, 81 (1.2%) dogs, and 74 (1.1%) cattle. compared with 2008, numbers of rabid ... | 2010 | 20839985 |
| bat rabies in massachusetts, usa, 1985-2009. | to investigate rabies in massachusetts, we analyzed bat rabies test results before and after introduction of raccoon variant rabies and after release of revised 1999 us advisory committee on immunization practices recommendations for rabies postexposure prophylaxis. bat submissions were associated with level of rabies awareness and specific postexposure recommendations. | 2010 | 20678326 |
| imported human rabies, the philippines and finland, 2007. | 2010 | 20678336 | |
| nk cells as effectors of acquired immune responses: effector cd4+ t cell-dependent activation of nk cells following vaccination. | we characterized vaccine-induced cellular responses to rabies virus in naive adult volunteers. contrary to current paradigms, we observed potent and prolonged in vitro nk cell cytokine production and degranulation responses after restimulation of pbmcs with inactivated rabies virus in vaccinated, but not in unvaccinated, individuals. this "recall" nk cell response was absolutely dependent on ag-specific il-2 from cd45ro(+) cd4(+) t cells as well as il-12 and il-18 from accessory cells. important ... | 2010 | 20679529 |
| coexpression of double or triple copies of the rabies virus glycoprotein gene using a 'self-cleaving' 2a peptide-based replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 vector. | rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a major structural protein and antigen of rabies virus that induces a highly immunogenic response. in the present study, we have used 2a self-cleaving sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to express double or triple copies of the rvg from a single open reading frame derived from human adenovirus 5 (adhu5). the recombinant adenoviruses produce similar virus titers, indicating that the insertion of double or triple copies of the rvg gene linked wit ... | 2010 | 20682459 |
| fatal canine distemper infection in a pack of african wild dogs in the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania. | in 2007, disease related mortality occurred in one african wild dog (lycaon pictus) pack close to the north-eastern boundary of the serengeti national park, tanzania. histopathological examination of tissues from six animals revealed that the main pathologic changes comprised interstitial pneumonia and suppurative to necrotizing bronchopneumonia. respiratory epithelial cells contained numerous eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and multiple syncytial cells were found throughout the p ... | 2010 | 20684868 |
| adenovirus-based vaccines: comparison of vectors from three species of adenoviridae. | in order to better understand the broad applicability of adenovirus (ad) as a vector for human vaccine studies, we compared four adenovirus (ad) vectors from families c (ad human serotype 5 [hadv-5; here referred to as adhu5]), d (hadv-26; here referred to as adhu26), and e (simian serotypes sadv-23 and sadv-24; here referred to as chimpanzee serotypes 6 and 7 [adc6 and adc7, respectively]) of the adenoviridae. seroprevalence rates and titers of neutralizing antibodies to the two human-origin ad ... | 2010 | 20686035 |
| field evaluation of an inactivated vaccine to control raccoon rabies in ontario, canada. | since raccoon rabies first appeared in ontario in 1999, >90,000 raccoons (procyon lotor) have received imrab3 inactivated rabies vaccine via intramuscular (im) injection and were released at the point of capture as part of a multiyear rabies control program, trap-vaccinate-release (tvr). of the 132 confirmed cases infected with raccoon-variant rabies virus in ontario between 1999 and 2005, two were from that vaccinated group, as indicated by the presence of identifying ear tags. during ongoing r ... | 2010 | 20688688 |
| host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats. | for rna viruses, rapid viral evolution and the biological similarity of closely related host species have been proposed as key determinants of the occurrence and long-term outcome of cross-species transmission. using a data set of hundreds of rabies viruses sampled from 23 north american bat species, we present a general framework to quantify per capita rates of cross-species transmission and reconstruct historical patterns of viral establishment in new host species using molecular sequence data ... | 2010 | 20689015 |
| ferret badger rabies origin and its revisited importance as potential source of rabies transmission in southeast china. | the frequent occurrence of ferret badger-associated human rabies cases in southeast china highlights the lack of laboratory-based surveillance and urges revisiting the potential importance of this animal in rabies transmission. to determine if the ferret badgers actually contribute to human and dog rabies cases, and the possible origin of the ferret badger-associated rabies in the region, an active rabies survey was conducted to determine the frequency of rabies infection and seroprevalence in d ... | 2010 | 20691095 |