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total intravenous anesthesia with midazolam, ketamine, and xylazine or detomidine following induction with tiletamine, zolazepam, and xylazine in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) undergoing surgery.sixteen captive female red deer were successfully anesthetized to surgically implant a telemetry system. the deer were immobilized with (mean±sd) 1.79±0.29 mg/kg xylazine and 1.79±0.29 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam given intramuscularly with a dart gun. anesthesia was maintained for 69±2 min using a total intravenous protocol with a catheter placed in the jugular vein. group x received xylazine (0.5±0.055 mg/kg/hr) and group d, detomidine (2±0.22 μg/kg/hr), both in combination with ketamine (2±0.02 ...201020966270
monitoring for bovine viral diarrhea virus in austrian red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) by using ear-notch samples.during 2007-09, ear-notch samples from free-living (n=527) and farmed (n=237) austrian red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) were tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1) and type 2 (bvdv-2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and single-tube real-time reverse transcription pcr. ear-notch samples were collected by applying modified ear tags from randomly selected hunter-harvested red deer and from individuals originating from deer holdings. all samples tested negative for bvdv-1 and b ...201020966278
effects of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-y-l) propenone (hmp) upon signalling pathways of lipopolysaccharide-induced inos synthesis in raw 264.7 cells.we previously showed that 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-y-l)propenone (hmp), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. in this study, hmp showed a dose-dependent inhibition of no synthesis in the raw 264.7 murine macrophage line. the inhibition of no synthesis was related to inhibition of p38 phosphorylation and kinase activity that led to significant inhibition of phosphorylation of atf-2. this effect in turn caused inhibition of ap-1-dna binding which partially e ...201021035434
effect of storage temperature during transport of ovaries on in vitro embryo production in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).the aim of this work was to study the effect of storage temperature during the transport of ovaries on cleavage and blastocyst rates in iberian red deer, because wild populations of this subspecies are usually far from laboratories. a total of 472 ovaries from 236 iberian hinds were recovered and maintained in saline solution at 5-8 °c or 20-25 °c for 12 h. after storage, aspirated oocytes were matured with fsh/lh or egf and the developed embryos were cultured with oviduct epithelial cells monol ...201021040958
variances and covariances of phenological traits in a wild mammal population.in a seasonal environment, there are multiple aspects of timing, or phenology, that contribute to an individual's fitness. several studies have shown a genetic basis to variation between individuals in breeding time, but we know little about the heritability of other phenological traits in wild populations. furthermore, the presence of genetic correlations between phenological variables could act to constrain or promote any response to selection, but less is known of the multivariate genetic rel ...201021044060
erk/ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) signaling positively regulates death receptor 5 expression through co-activation of chop and elk1.death receptor 5 (dr5) is a death domain-containing transmembrane receptor that triggers apoptosis upon binding to its ligand or when overexpressed. its expression is induced by certain small molecule drugs, including celecoxib, through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. the current study has revealed a novel erk/ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk)-dependent mechanism that regulates dr5 expression primarily using celecoxib as a dr5 inducer. both c/ebp homologous protein (chop) and elk1 are re ...201021044953
morphology and ultrastructure of antler velvet hair and body hair from red deer (cervus elaphus).we provide a detailed description of the ultrastructure of deer hair fibers. guard hairs and underhairs from the winter coat of red deer (cervus elaphus), and antler velvet hairs from the same species were examined. all fibers displayed the typical keratin fiber morphology of overlapping cuticle cells surrounding a core of cortex cells, and often a centrally-located medulla, but there were considerable differences in the diameter, cuticle thickness, and scale pattern, and in the relative amounts ...201021061275
association of thromboxane a2 receptor (tbxa2r) gene polymorphism in patients with aspirin-intolerant acute urticaria.the thromboxane a2 receptor (tbxa2r) is a potent broncho- and vaso-constrictor and is associated with leukotriene synthesis. polymorphisms in the tbxa2r gene have been linked to atopy, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. this study evaluated the association between genetic tbxa2r variants and the development of acetyl salicylic acid (asa)-intolerant acute urticaria (aiau).201021070398
differing contributions of limk and rock to tgfβ-induced transcription, motility and invasion.the ability of transforming growth factor β (tgfβ) to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt) is mediated by smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways such as the activation of rho gtpase signalling. upon activation, gtp-bound rho stimulates the rock kinases, which in turn phosphorylate numerous substrates including the lim kinases (limk). the net result of rock activation is increased actin-myosin contractile force generation, with a contribution from limk-induced actin filament stabi ...201021074289
seroprevalence of neospora caninum in free living and farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in poland.serum samples from 47 free living and 106 farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) from the mazurian lake district in north-east poland were investigated for the presence of antibodies to neospora caninum. a modified neospora iscom-elisa was used for initial screening. all sera with optical density (od) values exceeding 0.400 absorbance units were further investigated by western blot analysis. eighteen sera were positive in both tests. six of these were from free living and 12 from farmed animals giving ...201021077439
relationship between il-6/erk and nf-κb: a study in normal and pathological human prostate gland.there is growing evidence that inflammation is a causal factor in cancer, where pro-inflammatory cytokines such as il-6, il-1 or tnf-α could induce cellular proliferation by activation of nf-κb. this study focuses on the il-6/erk transduction pathway, its relationship with nf-κb, and the consequences of dysregulation in the development of prostate pathologies such as benign prostate hyperplasia (bph), prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostate cancer (pc).201021081304
key roles of endothelin-1 and p38 mapk in the regulation of atrial stretch response.mechanisms regulating stretch response in the left ventricle are investigated in detail but not well understood in atrial myocardium. hypertrophic growth of atrial myocardium contributes to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. in this study, we sought to elucidate mechanisms of stretch-induced activation of key signaling pathways and hypertrophy-associated genes in rat atria. stretching of isolated atria induced a rapid increase in phosphorylation of p38 mapk and erk and induced a p38 mapk-d ...201021084678
association analysis of prnp gene region with chronic wasting disease in rocky mountain elk.abstract:201021087518
detection of specific antibodies anti-neospora caninum in the fallow deer (dama dama).sera from 335 farmed fallow deer (dama dama) at the breeding station in kosewo górne in the mazurian lake district, north-east poland, were investigated for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum. the distribution of age groups was as follow: >4years - 154 animals; 2years - 76 animals; 1year - 105 animals. ten sera with the optical density exceeding 0.159 absorbance units (i.e., cut-off value) in elisa test were also analyzed by western blot. western blot analysis revealed seroreact ...201021087781
acceptance and palatability for domestic and wildlife hosts of baits designed to deliver a tuberculosis vaccine to wild boar piglets.tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is an important health problem worldwide. the control of tb through vaccination of wildlife reservoirs may potentially have advantages over other management strategies. the most practical approach to deliver vaccines to wildlife is using oral baits that are stable under field conditions and effective in reaching the target species. baits were developed in our laboratory to deliver oral vaccines t ...201021093082
hplc-ms/ms shotgun proteomic research of deer antlers with multiparallel protein extraction methods.deer antlers mature rapidly in 60 days, and subsequently shed in 5 days with rapid ossification. during this procedure, the function of deer antlers changes significantly. therefore, the profiling of antler proteome is helpful to discover important growing and shedding regulation proteins, which might be of great significance for studying development and regeneration. in this study, a parallel protein extraction strategy was developed to extract proteins from antlers of red deer with five differ ...201021093389
tec protein tyrosine kinase is involved in the erk signaling pathway induced by hgf.tec, a member of the tec family of non-receptor type protein tyrosine kinases, has recently been suggested to play a role in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. this study aims to investigate the putative mechanisms of tec kinase regulation of hepatocyte differentiation, i.e. to explore which signaling pathway tec is involved in, and how tec is activated in hepatocyte after hepatectomy and hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) stimulation.201021094130
quantitative analysis of erk2 interactions with substrate proteins: roles for kinase docking domains and activity in determining binding affinity.extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (erk1/2) proteins regulate a variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, by interacting with and phosphorylating substrate proteins. two docking sites, common docking (cd/ed) domain and f-site recruitment site (frs), on erk proteins have been identified. specific interactions with the cd/ed domain and the frs occur with substrates containing a docking site for erk and jnk, lxl (dejl) motif (d-domain) and a dockin ...201021098038
alterations in mglur5 expression and signaling in lewy body disease and in transgenic models of alpha-synucleinopathy--implications for excitotoxicity.dementia with lewy bodies (dlb) and parkinson's disease (pd) are neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). previous studies have suggested that excitotoxicity may contribute to neurodegeneration in these disorders, however the underlying mechanisms and their relationship to alpha-syn remain unclear. for this study we proposed that accumulation of alpha-syn might result in alterations in metabotropic glutamate re ...201021103359
the effects of a synthetic curcuminoid analogue, 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone on proinflammatory signaling pathways and clp-induced lethal sepsis in mice.we previously showed that 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone (bhmc), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. in this study we explain the mechanism of action of bhmc in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced u937 monocytes and further show that bhmc prevents lethality of clp-induced sepsis. bhmc showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on p38, jnk and erk 1/2 activity as determined by inhibition of phosphorylation of downstream transcription factors atf-2, c- ...201021114991
increasing contact with hepatitis e virus in red deer, spain.to describe the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) in red deer in mainland spain, we tested red deer for hev rna and antibodies. overall, 10.4% and 13.6% of serum samples were positive by elisa and reverse transcription-pcr, respectively. the increasing prevalence suggests a potential risk for humans.201021122241
management practices and their association with mycobacterium tuberculosis complex prevalence in red deer populations in southwestern spain.intensification of game management may increase the prevalence of tuberculosis (tb) in wildlife despite eradication programs implemented in cattle herds in the same areas. in this cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between wild game management practices and the presence of tuberculosis in red deer populations in southwestern spain. five hundred and fifty-one animals were examined by necropsy to detect tuberculosis-like lesions in the main lymph nodes. prevalence, as determine ...201021131079
a large survey of croatian wild mammals for giardia duodenalis reveals a low prevalence and limited zoonotic potential.abstract wild mammals are considered an important source of potentially zoonotic giardia duodenalis parasites, yet surprisingly little information is available on the actual prevalence and the genetic identity of the species they harbor. a large survey was conducted in croatia by collecting 832 fecal samples from red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 374), roe deer (capreolus capreolus, n = 21), wild boars (sus scrofa, n = 144), foxes (vulpes vulpes, n = 66), bears (ursus arctos, n = 19), wolves (canis ...201021142957
individual differences in reproductive costs examined using multi-state methods.1. trade-offs among life-history traits are common because individuals have to partition limited resources between multiple traits. reproductive costs are generally assumed to be high, resulting in reduced survival and fecundity in the following year. however, it is common to find positive rather than negative correlations between life-history traits. 2. here, we use a data set from the individual-based study of red deer on the isle of rum to examine how these costs vary between individuals and ...201021182522
barbituric acid derivative bas 02104951 inhibits pkcε, pkcη, pkcε/rack2 interaction, elk-1 phosphorylation in hela and pkcε and η translocation in pc3 cells following tpa-induction.protein kinase c (pkc) is a family of at least 10 isozymes involved in the activation of different signal transduction pathways. the exact function of these isozymes is not known at present. isozyme-selective inhibitors would be important to explain the function of the different pkcs and are anticipated to have pharmaceutical potential. here we report that the small organic molecule bas 02104951 [5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylene)-1-(phenylmethyl)-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-pyrimidinetrion], a barbituric ac ...201021186251
gene expression of axon growth promoting factors in the deer antler.the annual regeneration cycle of deer (cervidae, artiodactyla) antlers represents a unique model of epimorphic regeneration and rapid growth in adult mammals. regenerating antlers are innervated by trigeminal sensory axons growing through the velvet, the modified form of skin that envelopes the antler, at elongation velocities that reach one centimetre per day in the common deer (cervus elaphus). several axon growth promoters like nt-3, ngf or igf-1 have been described in the antler. to increase ...201021187928
a regional inventory and monitoring setup to evaluate bark peeling damage by red deer (cervus elaphus) in coniferous plantations in southern belgium.bark peeling by red deer (cervus elaphus l.) has become a serious issue for productive forests in western europe. the damage is particularly severe on species such as spruce, as these become vulnerable to fungus attacks that result in considerably depreciated timber. this article presents a monitoring setup for recent bark peeling damage in spruce plantings in wallonia (southern part of belgium). this setup implies to collect data annually from a survey involving cluster sampling. it has been em ...201021188508
effect of melatonin implants on the incidence and timing of puberty in female red deer (cervus elaphus).a study was conducted to test the hypotheses that exogenous melatonin treatment of 11-13 month-old red deer hinds: (1) advances the timing of first ovulation, (2) increases the proportion of individuals attaining puberty at ∼16 months of age, and (3) reduces the live-weight threshold for attainment of first pregnancy. a total of 3901 rising-2-year-old (r₂) hinds within two herds (a and b) across two years either received single melatonin implants on two occasions in summer (n=1399) or were untre ...201021190800
no difference between the sexes in fine-scale spatial genetic structure of roe deer.data on spatial genetic patterns may provide information about the ecological and behavioural mechanisms underlying population structure. indeed, social organization and dispersal patterns of species may be reflected by the pattern of genetic structure within a population.201021203388
evidence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dutch farmed red deer.paratuberculosis is a chronic disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). most economic losses due to map occur in the dairy industry. however, the infection is not restricted to cattle, but also occurs in other ruminants, such as sheep, goat, and deer. although deer are of minimal economic importance in the netherlands, they may constitute a source of infection for the dairy industry. this pilot study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of johne's dise ...201021207913
lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008.to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ...201021302758
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in belgian foxes and cervidae?sera from cervidae were tested for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum using elisa; and against toxoplasma gondii using sag1-elisa and a commercially available agglutination test. the t. gondii seroprevalence was 52% (38/73) in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 0% in bred fallow deer (0/4) (dama dama) and red deer (0/7) (cervus elaphus). we found 2.7% of the roe deer samples and none of the bred deer samples positive for n. caninum. brain samples from wild roe deer, red deer and re ...201021236577
selected beetle assemblages captured in pitfall traps baited with deer dung or meat in balsam fir and sugar maple forests of central quebec.vertebrate dung and carrion are rich and strongly attractive resources for numerous beetles that are often closely linked to them. the presence and abundance of beetles exploiting such resources are influenced by various ecological factors including climate and forest cover vegetation. we studied selected assemblages of coprophilous and necrophagous beetles in quebec along a 115-km north-south transect in three balsam fir (abies balsamea (l.) miller) forest sites and in a fourth forest site dom ...201022127165
a new way to integrate selection when both demography and selection gradients vary over time.when both selection and demography vary over time, how can the long-run expected strength of selection on quantitative traits be measured? there are two basic steps in the proposed new analysis: one relates trait values to fitness components and the other relates fitness components to total fitness. we used one population projection matrix for each state of the environment together with a model of environmental dynamics, defining total fitness as the stochastic growth rate. we multiplied environ ...201025089083
[establishment of allele-specific diagnostic pcr method for identification of antlers].to establish a convenient, quick and accurate molecular method for the identification of crude drugs of antlers due to the difficult discrimination between the genuine antler and its adulterants.200920222413
characterization of dictyocaulus species (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) from three species of wild ruminants in northwestern spain.specimens of dictyocaulus spp. were extracted from the respiratory tracts of 3 ruminant hosts including roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) from wild populations in the province of le6n, northwestern spain. the near-complete nuclear small-subunit ribosomal rna gene, and 2 regions of the large-subunit ribosomal rna gene, were amplified by pcr and sequenced. the ssu rdna gene sequences indicated a high level of similarity between the isolate ...200920050000
climate alters response of an endemic island plant to removal of invasive herbivores.islands experience higher rates of species extinction than mainland ecosystems, with biological invasions among the leading causes; they also serve as important model systems for testing ideas in basic and applied ecology. invasive removal programs on islands are conservation efforts that can also be viewed as powerful manipulative experiments, but few data are available to evaluate their effects. we collected demographic and herbivore damage data for castilleja mollis pennell, an endangered pla ...200919769104
wolf presence and increased willow consumption by yellowstone elk: implications for trophic cascades.recent increases in the height and growth ring width of willow (salix spp.) and other woody plants in the greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye) have been attributed to a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade from wolves (canis lupus) to elk (cervus elaphus) to willows. this hypothesis predicts that individual elk consume less willow in response to the presence of wolves, but this prediction has not been directly tested with data from elk. we collected 727 fecal samples from elk in the gallatin can ...200919769124
predatory senescence in ageing wolves.it is well established that ageing handicaps the ability of prey to escape predators, yet surprisingly little is known about how ageing affects the ability of predators to catch prey. research into long-lived predators has assumed that adults have uniform impacts on prey regardless of age. here we use longitudinal data from repeated observations of individually-known wolves (canis lupus) hunting elk (cervus elaphus) in yellowstone national park to demonstrate that adult predatory performance dec ...200919780789
susceptibilities of nonhuman primates to chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, or prion disease, that affects deer, elk, and moose. human susceptibility to cwd remains unproven despite likely exposure to cwd-infected cervids. we used 2 nonhuman primate species, cynomolgus macaques and squirrel monkeys, as human models for cwd susceptibility. cwd was inoculated into these 2 species by intracerebral and oral routes. after intracerebral inoculation of squirrel monkeys, 7 of 8 cwd isolates induced a cl ...200919788803
overlapping promoter targeting by elk-1 and other divergent ets-domain transcription factor family members.ets-domain transcription factors play important roles in controlling gene expression in a variety of different contexts; however, these proteins bind to very similar sites and it is unclear how in vivo specificity is achieved. in silico analysis is unlikely to reveal specific targets for individual family members and direct experimental approaches are therefore required. here, we take advantage of an inducible dominant-negative expression system to identify a group of novel target genes for the ...200919789270
sensitive diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in a farmed cervid herd with use of an mpb70 protein fluorescence polarization assay.after histopathological examination of a lesion found in a herd member returned a diagnosis of mycobacteriosis, a farmed herd (n = 47) of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and red deer (c. elaphus elaphus) was investigated for bovine tuberculosis with a battery of antemortem and postmortem diagnostic tests. every animal was tested with the mid-cervical tuberculin skin test; all 47 had negative results. all of the 16 adult animals and 15 of the 31 calves (approximately 2-years-old) were blood-tested w ...200919794887
downstream of fgf during mesoderm formation in xenopus: the roles of elk-1 and egr-1.signalling by members of the fgf family is required for induction and maintenance of the mesoderm during amphibian development. one of the downstream effectors of fgf is the srf-interacting ets family member elk-1, which, after phosphorylation by map kinase, activates the expression of immediate-early genes. here, we show that xenopus elk-1 is phosphorylated in response to fgf signalling in a dynamic pattern throughout the embryo. loss of xelk-1 function causes reduced expression of xbra at neur ...200919799892
triptolide is an inhibitor of rna polymerase i and ii-dependent transcription leading predominantly to down-regulation of short-lived mrna.triptolide, a natural product extracted from the chinese plant tripterygium wilfordii, possesses antitumor properties. despite numerous reports showing the proapoptotic capacity and the inhibition of nf-kappab-mediated transcription by triptolide, the identity of its cellular target is still unknown. to clarify its mechanism of action, we further investigated the effect of triptolide on rna synthesis in the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line a549. triptolide inhibited both total rna and ...200919808979
prionet canada: a network of centres of excellence for research into prions and prion diseases.prionet canada's strength in basic, applied, and social research is helping to solve the food, health safety, and socioeconomic problems associated with prion diseases. prion diseases are transmissible, fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals. examples of prion diseases include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse, commonly known as "mad cow" disease), creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans, and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk. as of march 31, 2008, prionet's interdisc ...200919697232
chronic wasting disease (cwd) potential economic impact on cervid farming in alberta.chronic wasting disease (cwd) was found in wild deer populations in the province of alberta, canada, in 2005, and there is concern that this finding could create significant costs related to the farmed elk and deer industry. these potential costs or "values at risk" can be used to assess the economic returns from cwd containment and eradication programs. cost estimates of cwd to cervid farms range from $12 million for additional farm fencing to hundreds of millions of dollars in payments by gove ...200919697234
epidermal-growth-factor-induced proliferation of astrocytes requires egr transcription factors.stimulation of astrocytes with epidermal growth factor (egf) induced proliferation and triggered the biosynthesis of the transcription factor egr-1, involving the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) signaling pathway. no differences in the proliferation rate of astrocytes prepared from wild-type or egr-1-deficient mice were detected. however, expression of a dominant-negative mutant of egr-1 that interfered with dna-binding of all egr proteins prevented egf-indu ...200919706684
influence of prion strain on prion protein adsorption to soil in a competitive matrix.it is likely that the soil environment serves as a stable reservoir of infectious chronic wasting disease (cwd) and scrapie prions, as well as a potential reservoir of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse, or "mad cow" disease). prion adsorption to soil may play an important role in prion mobility, proteolysis, and infectivity. differences in prp environmental fate are possible due to the strain- and species-dependent structure of prp(sc). kinetic and isothermal studies of prp adsorption to san ...200919708348
brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects cementoblasts from serum starvation-induced cell death.our previous studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) enhances bone/cementum-related protein gene expression through the trkb-c-raf-erk1/2-elk-1 signaling pathway in cementoblasts, which play a critical role in the establishment of a functional periodontal ligament. to clarify how bdnf regulates survival in cementoblasts, we examined its effects on cell death induced by serum starvation in immortalized human cementoblast-like (hcem) cells. bdnf inhibited the death of hcem ...200919711359
egr-1 is necessary for fibroblast growth factor-2-induced transcriptional activation of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in murine astrocytes.glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf) promotes neurite outgrowth and survival of neuronal cells, but its transcriptional regulation is poorly understood. here, we sought to investigate the mechanism underlying fibroblast growth factor-2 (fgf2) induction of gdnf expression in astrocytes. we found that fgf2 stimulation of rat astrocytes induced expression of egr-1 at a high level. sequence analysis of the rat gdnf gene identified three overlapping egr-1-binding sites between positions ...200919721135
washing increases the susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress in red deer spermatozoa.the effects of routine sperm work are often overlooked. we assessed the effect of washing cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa from red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus, helzheimer 1909). after thawing, epididymal samples (four stags) were diluted in talp-hepes. a split was left untouched, another was centrifuged (300 x g, 5 min) and resuspended, and a third was centrifuged and the supernatant substituted by fresh talp-hepes (washing). each split was supplemented either with nothing, 1mm of the a ...200919733389
the jnks differentially regulate rna polymerase iii transcription by coordinately modulating the expression of all tfiiib subunits.rna polymerase (pol) iii-dependent transcription is subject to stringent regulation by tumor suppressors and oncogenic proteins and enhanced rna pol iii transcription is essential for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. since the c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) display both oncogenic and tumor suppressor properties, the roles of these proteins in regulating rna pol iii transcription were examined. in both mouse and human cells, loss or reduction in jnk1 expression represses rna pol iii tr ...200919620725
immunohistochemical and biochemical characteristics of bse and cwd in experimentally infected european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).the cause of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic in the united kingdom (uk) was the inclusion of contaminated meat and bone meal in the protein rations fed to cattle. those rations were not restricted to cattle but were also fed to other livestock including farmed and free living deer. although there are no reported cases to date of natural bse in european deer, bse has been shown to be naturally or experimentally transmissible to a wide range of different ungulate species. moreo ...200919635142
extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields activate the erk cascade, increase hsp70 protein levels and promote regeneration in planaria.to use regenerating planaria dugesia dorotocethala as a model to determine whether an intermittent modulated extremely low frequency electro-magnetic field (elf-emf) produces elevated levels of the heat shock protein hsp70 and stimulates intracellular pathways known to be involved in injury and repair. we focused on serum response element (sre) binding through the extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) cascade.200919639507
community structure and seasonal dynamics of dactylogyrus spp. (monogenea) on the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas ) from the salt valley watershed, lancaster county, nebraska.the gill monogene communities of pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) in 3 distinct sites on converging streams were investigated from 2004 to 2006 in 3 different seasons. thirty collections of p. promelas were made in southeastern nebraska along 3 converging tributaries: elk creek (40.88534°n, 96.83366°w), west oak creek (40.9082°n, 96.81432°w), and oak creek (40.91402°n, 96.770583°w), lancaster county, nebraska. in all, 103 p. promelas were collected from elk creek, 115 from west oak creek, an ...200919642810
to what extent might deep venous thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency share a common etiology?according to the valve cusp hypoxia hypothesis (vchh), deep venous thrombosis is caused by sustained non-pulsatile (streamline) venous blood flow. this leads to hypoxemia in the valve pockets; hypoxic injury to the inner (parietalis) endothelium of the cusp leaflets activates the elk-1/egr-1 pathway, leading to leukocyte and platelet swarming at the site of injury and, potentially, blood coagulation. here, we propose an extension of the vchh to account for chronic venous insufficiency. first, sh ...200919648868
abomasal parasite syndrome in north american elk (cervus elaphus canadensis).an 18-month clinical course of chronic ill-thrift, weight loss and emaciation, and eventual death occurred in a group of 520 translocated elk of mixed age and sex. translocation was carried out without regard to animal welfare or health risks associated with the translocation. mortality was approximately 84% (436/520) despite supportive nutritional and medical treatment. pathological findings: general clinical and postmortem examinations indicated only se and cu imbalances and nutritional inadeq ...200919649019
congenital nutritional myodegeneration (white muscle disease) in a red deer (cervus elaphus) calf.a 5-day-old red deer calf was submitted with tachypnoea and dyspnoea, and was reluctant to move.200919649021
utilizing ras signaling pathway to direct selective replication of herpes simplex virus-1.re-engineering the tropism of viruses is an attractive translational strategy for targeting cancer cells. the ras signal transduction pathway is a central hub for a variety of pro-oncogenic events with a fundamental role in normal and neoplastic physiology. in this work we were interested in linking ras activation to hsv-1 replication in a direct manner in order to generate a novel oncolytic herpes virus which can target cancer cells. to establish such link, we developed a mutant hsv-1 in which ...200919652721
inter- and intrasexual variation in aging patterns across reproductive traits in a wild red deer population.in polygynous species, adult mortality is generally higher in males than in females, and theory predicts that this should result in the evolution of faster rates of senescence in males. detailed investigations of sex differences in patterns of aging across the many and varied phenotypic characteristics associated with successful reproduction in wild populations of polygynous vertebrates are currently lacking. here, we use longitudinal data collected from a wild red deer population to compare agi ...200919653847
effect of milk minerals on calf gains and sex differences in mineral composition of milk from iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).milk mineral content has received little attention in studies focusing on milk nutrient effects on offspring growth. this study examines calf growth in iberian deer and compares the influence of milk minerals, other nutrients, and lactation variables relevant for growth to discern the relative weight of each factor. in addition, because iberian deer hinds are the first mammal found to produce different milk for sons and daughters, the present study examines whether there are also sex differences ...200919656958
evaluation of the cervidtb stat-pak for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in wild deer in great britain.deer are acknowledged as hosts of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb), and determining the prevalence of infection in deer species is one of the key steps in understanding the epidemiological role played by cervids in the transmission and maintenance of btb in the united kingdom. this study evaluated a rapid lateral-flow test for the detection of btb in samples from wild deer species in the united kingdom. fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), ...200919656989
impact of major histocompatibility complex class ii polymorphisms on iberian red deer parasitism and life history traits.host genetic diversity plays an important role in buffering populations against pathogens. we characterized the allelic diversity at the second exon of the b (drb-2) chain of the major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc-ii) locus in a population of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and its impact on parasitism by macroparasites, on a microparasite causing tuberculosis, and on relevant life history traits (spleen size and body condition). no drb-2 haplotype conferred general resi ...200919664721
elucidation of the elk1 target gene network reveals a role in the coordinate regulation of core components of the gene regulation machinery.transcription factors play an important role in orchestrating the activation of specific networks of genes through targeting their proximal promoter and distal enhancer regions. however, it is unclear how the specificity of downstream responses is maintained by individual members of transcription-factor families and, in most cases, what their target repertoire is. we have used chip-chip analysis to identify the target genes of the ets-domain transcription factor elk1. two distinct modes of elk1 ...200919687146
fecal chlorophyll describes the link between primary production and consumption in a terrestrial herbivore.spatiotemporal variation in primary productivity is known to have strong and far-reaching effects on herbivore ecology, but this relationship is often studied indirectly at broad scales, in part due to the difficulty in measuring selection for green biomass by individual animals. in aquatic systems, the concentration of chlorophyll in herbivore feces has been used as a direct measure of the consumption of photosynthetic primary production, but this method has not been applied to terrestrial syst ...200919688938
chorionic gonadotropin regulates prostaglandin e synthase via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-extracellular regulatory kinase pathway in a human endometrial epithelial cell line: implications for endometrial responses for embryo implantation.successful implantation necessitates modulation of the uterine environment by the embryo for a specific period of time during the menstrual cycle. infusion of chorionic gonadotropin (cg) into the oviducts of baboons to mimic embryo transit induces a myriad of morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes in the endometrium. endometrial epithelial cells from both baboons and humans when stimulated by cg in vitro, activates a camp-independent mapk pathway leading to prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) ...200919556419
identification and characterization of a novel 5 bp deletion in a putative insulin response element in the lipoprotein lipase gene.our aim was to identify an insulin response element (ire) in the lipoprotein lipase (lpl) gene. we identified a 19 bp sequence as a putative ire in lpl non-coding exon 10 using bioinformatics. upon sequencing the ire region, a novel 5 bp deletion was identified in hispanics (n=406) with a carrier frequency of 4.2% but not in non-hispanic whites (n=604) or africans. electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed binding sites for regulatory factor(s) in muscle cell nuclear extracts with putative i ...200919563912
mir-145 and mir-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity.micrornas (mirnas) are regulators of myriad cellular events, but evidence for a single mirna that can efficiently differentiate multipotent stem cells into a specific lineage or regulate direct reprogramming of cells into an alternative cell fate has been elusive. here we show that mir-145 and mir-143 are co-transcribed in multipotent murine cardiac progenitors before becoming localized to smooth muscle cells, including neural crest stem-cell-derived vascular smooth muscle cells. mir-145 and mir ...200919578358
heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein r enhances transcription from the naturally configured c-fos promoter in vitro.transcription of a proto-oncogene c-fos is induced rapidly to high levels by various extracellular stimuli. to explore the molecular mechanism of c-fos gene induction, we established a defined in vitro transcription system for the c-fos promoter that consists of purified activators (srf, elk-1, camp-responsive element-binding protein, and atf1), general transcription factors, and rna polymerase ii. in this reconstituted transcription system, activation of c-fos transcription was highly dependent ...200919581295
papillomavirus-associated fibropapillomas of red deer ( cervus elaphus ).oval, firm, cutaneous tumours with a rough, hairless, pigmented surface, exhibiting a moderately pronounced papillary structure were detected on the abdominal skin of two young red deer ( cervus elaphus ). one animal was shot in lower austria in 2004, the other at a deer farm in hungary in 2007. histological examination of both samples classified the tumours as fibropapillomas, showing marked proliferation of fibroblasts and connective tissue, accompanied by hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and aca ...200919584046
radiocarbon and stable isotope investigations at the central rhineland sites of gönnersdorf and andernach-martinsberg, germany.the late glacial open-air sites of gönnersdorf and andernach-martinsberg in the german central rhineland are well known for their magdalenian occupation and activities. the latter site also produced evidence for a younger, final palaeolithic occupation of the locality by people of the federmessergruppen. both sites are particularly well preserved, largely due to their burial beneath volcanic deposits of the late glacial laacher see eruption. we conducted a program of ams radiocarbon dating and s ...200919589558
density dependence and climate effects in rocky mountain elk: an application of regression with instrumental variables for population time series with sampling error.1. sampling error in annual estimates of population size creates two widely recognized problems for the analysis of population growth. first, if sampling error is mistakenly treated as process error, one obtains inflated estimates of the variation in true population trajectories (staples, taper & dennis 2004). second, treating sampling error as process error is thought to overestimate the importance of density dependence in population growth (viljugrein et al. 2005; dennis et al. 2006). 2. in ec ...200919549144
serologic and virologic investigations into pestivirus infection in wild and domestic ruminants in the pyrenees (ne spain).an outbreak of disease associated to a border disease virus was described in the southern chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in spain in 2002. sera and/or spleen samples from 57 mouflon, 15 red deer, 21 roe deer, 3 fallow deer, 55 sheep, 32 cattle, and 68 goats sharing the chamois habitat were studied. an antibody elisa test yielded an inconclusive result in 2 mouflon and positive results in 5 goat sera. comparative virus neutralization tests were performed on the 2 inconclusive mouflons, 3 of the 5 ...200919084245
the kinase defective ephb6 receptor tyrosine kinase activates map kinase signaling in lung adenocarcinoma.decreased expression levels of ephb6, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks), are associated with an increased risk of metastasis development in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc). however, the signaling properties of the kinase-defective ephb6 receptor are not well-understood. here, we show that expression of ephb6 in a549 lung adenocarcinoma cells led to phosphorylation of the map kinase erk. conversely, sirna based knockdown of ephb6 reversed erk phosphorylation. intrigu ...200919513565
comparison of concentrations of copper in plasma and serum from farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).to determine the relationship between the concentrations of cu in plasma and serum in red deer, and to compare this relationship with those previously reported in cattle and sheep.200919521466
stable isotope ratio analysis to differentiate temporal diets of a free-ranging herbivore.stable isotope ratio analysis (sira) of carbon (delta13c) and nitrogen (delta15n) in tissue samples of herbivores can identify photosynthetic pathways (c3 vs. c4) of plants consumed. we present results from free-ranging rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) that highlight the ability to differentiate diets using tissue delta13c and delta15n. the signatures of delta13c and delta15n differed in tissues of varying metabolic activity: muscle, a short-term dietary indicator (i.e., 1-2 months) and hoof, ...200919530151
melanin-concentrating hormone induces neurite outgrowth in human neuroblastoma sh-sy5y cells through p53 and mapkinase signaling pathways.melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) peptide plays a major role in energy homeostasis regulation. little is known about cellular functions engaged by endogenous mch receptor (mch-r1). here, mch-r1 mrna and cognate protein were found expressed in human neuroblastoma sh-sy5y cells. electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that mch modulated k(+) currents, an effect depending upon the time of cellular growth. mch treatments induced a transient phosphorylation of mapkinases, abolished by pd98059 ...200919540893
transdisciplinary habitat models for elk and cattle as a proxy for bovine tuberculosis transmission risk.zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis (tb) that infect wildlife and livestock are particularly difficult to eradicate where wild animals make extensive use of agricultural landscapes. transmission of tb between cattle (bos taurus) and wild elk (cervus elaphus) in southwestern manitoba, canada remains poorly understood but there is a risk when commingling occurs on summer pasture. elk use of cattle summer pastures was assessed using ecological data (187 vhf and 25 gps collared elk monitor ...200919541377
what does testosterone do for red deer males?testosterone has been proposed to have a dual effect, enhancing sexual traits while depressing parasite resistance in males. here, we test this hypothesis in red deer, examining males from captive populations during the whole annual cycle and males from natural populations during the breeding season. we first explored the effects of body size, age and sampling date on testosterone to avoid confounding effects. our results show that in captive populations seasonal changes in testosterone levels w ...200919129132
fixed-time artificial insemination in red deer (cervus elaphus) in argentina.synchronization of estrous and fixed-time artificial insemination (ftai) was conducted during the reproductive season of 2008 (march-april) in a local red deer breeding farm in argentina. multiparous suckling hinds (n=38) were artificially inseminated following hormonal treatment (intravaginal sponge containing 100mg of medroxiprogesterone acetate). at the time of sponge removal (day 12) 250 iu of ecg and 500 microg of pgf2alpha were given to each hind. the ftai was performed at 48-55 h after de ...200919131191
stress-induced overexpression of the heme-regulated eif-2alpha kinase is regulated by elk-1 activated through erk pathway.the heme-regulated eif-2alpha kinase, also called the heme-regulated inhibitor (hri), is activated under various cytoplasmic stresses in reticulocytes leading to inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis. our previous studies indicated that the promoter activity and expression of the human hri (hhri) increase in human k562 cells during heat shock and lead exposure. contrary to this, hemin chloride which inactivates the kinase, downregulates hri expression. here, we attempted to understand th ...200919133234
fatty acid transduction of nitric oxide signaling: nitrolinoleic acid mediates protective effects through regulation of the erk pathway.in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that nitroalkenes serve as protective mediators in the lung by inducing the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1). nitrolinoleic acid (lno2) increased ho-1 mrna, protein, and activity in cultured pulmonary epithelial cells treated with 5 to 50 microm lno2 and in lungs of rats injected intraperitoneally with 2.6 mg/kg lno2 twice daily for 20 days. western blotting revealed that ho-1 protein increased significantly within 4 h of in vitro lno2 addition ...200919133325
c-jun n-terminal kinase binding domain-dependent phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 and balancing cross-talk between c-jun n-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in cortical neurons.the c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activated by stress-signals and involved in many different diseases. previous results proved the powerful effect of the cell permeable peptide inhibitor d-jnki1 (d-retro-inverso form of c-jun n-terminal kinase-inhibitor) against neuronal death in cns diseases, but the precise features of this neuroprotection remain unclear. we here performed cell-free and in vitro experiments for a deeper characterization of d-jnki1 f ...200919135136
[a case of wegener's granulomatosis with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor].an 80-year-old woman, who had been received steroid therapy to treat diffuse alveolar hemorrhage from july, 2007, was admitted because of fever, eye pain and exophthalmos on 23 july, 2008. myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (mpo-anca) was positive, but pulmonary involvement did not recur. 67ga scintigraphy revealed intense uptake in bilateral orbital walls and gd-enhanced mri indicated orbital inflammatory pseudotumor and hypertrophic pachymeningitis. although proteinase 3 (pr3) ...200919455961
cgrp stimulation of inos and no release from trigeminal ganglion glial cells involves mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.clinical and basic science data support an integral role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) in the pathophysiology of temporomandibular joint disorders. recently, we have shown that cgrp can stimulate the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (no) from trigeminal ganglion glial cells. the goal of this study was to determine the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathways in cgrp regulation of inos expression and no release from cultured trigeminal ganglion glial cel ...200919457095
mediator med23 links insulin signaling to the adipogenesis transcription cascade.adipocyte differentiation is orchestrated by multiple signaling pathways and a temporally regulated transcriptional cascade. however, the mechanisms by which insulin signaling is linked to this cascade remain unclear. here we show that the med23 subunit of the mediator complex and its interacting transcription factor elk1 are critical regulators of adipogenesis. med23(-/-) embryonic fibroblast cells were refractory to hormone-induced adipogenesis. knockdown of either med23 or elk1, or overexpres ...200919460352
genetic variability of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild ruminants from italy and scotland.the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) play a crucial role in determining the relative susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in several mammalian species. to determine the prnp gene variability in european red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), the prnp open reading frame from 715 samples was analysed to reveal a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). in red deer, snps were found in codons 15, ...200919461206
histological studies of growing and mature antlers of red deer stags (cervus elaphus).this study aims at presenting histology of growing and mature antlers in red deer stag (cervus elaphus). growing antlers constitute a model organ for examining regeneration processes of tissues because they are the only mammalian appendages capable of regeneration. histological study revealed that the tip of a growing antler consists of hairy skin, perichondrium, mesenchyme and chondroprogenitors area. by performing immunochistochemistry, we found that cell expressing ki-67 and pcna antigens wer ...200919469766
identification of gene co-regulatory modules and associated cis-elements involved in degenerative heart disease.cardiomyopathies, degenerative diseases of cardiac muscle, are among the leading causes of death in the developed world. microarray studies of cardiomyopathies have identified up to several hundred genes that significantly alter their expression patterns as the disease progresses. however, the regulatory mechanisms driving these changes, in particular the networks of transcription factors involved, remain poorly understood. our goals are (a) to identify modules of co-regulated genes that undergo ...200919476647
increased pea3/e1af and decreased net/elk-3, both ets proteins, characterize human nsclc progression and regulate caveolin-1 transcription in calu-1 and nci-h23 nsclc cell lines.caveolin-1 protein has been called a 'conditional tumor suppressor' because it can either suppress or enhance tumor progression depending on cellular context. caveolin-1 levels are dynamic in non-small-cell lung cancer, with increased levels in metastatic tumor cells. we have shown previously that transactivation of an erythroblastosis virus-transforming sequence (ets) cis-element enhances caveolin-1 expression in a murine lung epithelial cell line. based on high sequence homology between the mu ...200919483189
population density of north american elk: effects on plant diversity.large, herbivorous mammals have profound effects on ecosystem structure and function and often act as keystone species in ecosystems they inhabit. density-dependent processes associated with population structure of large mammals may interact with ecosystem functioning to increase or decrease biodiversity, depending on the relationship of herbivore populations relative to the carrying capacity (k) of the ecosystem. we tested for indirect effects of population density of large herbivores on plant ...200919484268
high prevalence of antibodies against chlamydiaceae and chlamydophila abortus in wild ungulates using two "in house" blocking-elisa tests.few data are available on the prevalence and relevance of chlamydiae in wild mammals, and even fewer studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of chlamydophila abortus in wildlife hosts, most probably due to the absence of suitable species-specific serological assays for testing sera from wild animals. in light of this, we have developed two in-house blocking-elisa tests for detection of antibodies against chlamydiaceae and c. abortus in wild ungulates, and analyzed the relationshi ...200919010612
elk-1 interacts with neuronal microtubules and relocalizes to the nucleus upon phosphorylation.ets domain transcription factor elk-1 has been primarily studied in the regulation of genes in response to mitogenic stimuli, however the presence of elk-1 in axonal projections of largely post-mitotic adult hippocampal sections has been reported. this finding has initially led us to a basic question: how is elk-1 anchored to neuronal projections? to that end, we have investigated the intracellular localization of elk-1 and its biochemical interactions with neuronal microtubules in model systems ...200919013529
exploring individual quality in a wild population of red deer.1. a wide range of measures are used to quantify 'individual quality', with the term often used but not defined. 2. here we use detailed data from a population of red deer (cervus elaphus) to assess whether frequently used measures of individual quality are well correlated, and therefore likely to lead to comparable ecological and evolutionary insight in analyses. 3. correlations between measures were usually small, indicating that individuals may be considered high quality for one trait, but lo ...200919021783
pdgf-dd, a novel mediator of smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation, is upregulated in endothelial cells exposed to atherosclerosis-prone flow patterns.platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf)-bb is a well-known smooth muscle (sm) cell (smc) phenotypic modulator that signals by binding to pdgf alphaalpha-, alphabeta-, and betabeta-membrane receptors. pdgf-dd is a recently identified pdgf family member, and its role in smc phenotypic modulation is unknown. here we demonstrate that pdgf-dd inhibited expression of multiple smc genes, including sm alpha-actin and sm myosin heavy chain, and upregulated expression of the potent smc differentiation repre ...200919028801
reactive oxygen species generators affect quality parameters and apoptosis markers differently in red deer spermatozoa.fe(2)(+)/ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)), and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase (xod) are commonly used for inducing oxidative stress on spermatozoa. a comparative study of these agents was carried out on thawed spermatozoa from red deer. first, we tested a high, medium, and low concentration of each agent: 100, 10, and 1 microm fe(2)(+) (hydroxyl radical generator); 1 mm, 100, and 10 microm h(2)o(2); and 100, 10, and 1 mu/ml xod (superoxide and h(2)o(2) generator), incubated at 37 degrees c ...200919028926
physical characteristics of rumen contents in four large ruminants of different feeding type, the addax (addax nasomaculatus), bison (bison bison), red deer (cervus elaphus) and moose (alces alces).based on morphological and physiological observations, it has been suggested that differences exist in the degree that reticuloruminal (rr) contents are stratified between various ruminant species. however, the occurrence of stratification has hardly been measured in non-domestic species. forestomach contents of free-ranging moose (n=22) and red deer (24) shot during regular hunting procedures, and of captive (but 100% forage fed) addax (6) and bison (10) culled for commercial or management purp ...200919049897
disease-specific motifs can be identified in circulating nucleic acids from live elk and cattle infected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.to gain insight into the disease progression of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), we searched for disease-specific patterns in circulating nucleic acids (cna) in elk and cattle. in a 25-month time-course experiment, cnas were isolated from blood samples of 24 elk (cervus elaphus) orally challenged with chronic wasting disease (cwd) infectious material. in a separate experiment, blood-sample cnas from 29 experimental cattle (bos taurus) 40 months post-inoculation with clinical bovi ...200919059996
the yersinia pestis ail protein mediates binding and yop delivery to host cells required for plague virulence.although adhesion to host cells is a critical step in the delivery of cytotoxic yop proteins by yersinia pestis, the mechanism has not been defined. to identify adhesins critical for yop delivery, we initiated two transposon mutagenesis screens using the mariner transposon. to avoid redundant cell binding activities, we initiated the screen with a strain deleted for two known adhesins, ph 6 antigen and the autotransporter, yapc, as well as the caf1 capsule, which is known to obscure some adhesin ...200919064637
identifying novel genes involved in both deer physiological and human pathological osteoporosis.osteoporosis attacks 10% of the population worldwide. humans or even the model animals of the disease cannot recover from porous bone. regeneration in skeletal elements is the unique feature of our newly investigated osteoporosis model, the red deer (cervus elaphus) stag. cyclic physiological osteoporosis is a consequence of the annual antler cycle. this phenomenon raises the possibility to identify genes involved in the regulation of bone mineral density on the basis of comparative genomics bet ...200919107525
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