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trichomonas vaginalis antigens in vaginal and urine specimens by immunochromatography, compared to culture and microscopy.this study evaluated the immunochromatographic (ic) capillary flow technology for detection of t. vaginalis antigens in vaginal and urine specimens. the ic antigen-detection test and microscopy wet smears were assessed against the inpouch tv culture. vaginal-swabs and first-voided urine specimens were obtained from 348 sexually active symptomatic or asymptomatic, > or =16 years old women. nineteen samples (5%) were positive by culture (95%, ci 0.3-0.8). the ic test (vaginal-specimens) was more s ...200818853629
evaluation of the osom trichomonas rapid test versus wet preparation examination for detection of trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in specimens from women with a low prevalence of infection.the osom trichomonas rapid test (osom trich) was compared to the wet preparation examination (wp) for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in women with a low prevalence of infection. a total of 19/1,009 (2%) women had t. vaginalis infection. osom trich had very good performance, with sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 94.7, 100, 99.9, 100, and 99.9%, respectively. the implementation of osom trich would decrease labor cos ...200818685008
protein import into hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis involves both n-terminal and internal targeting signals: a case study of thioredoxin reductases.the parabasalian flagellate trichomonas vaginalis harbors mitochondrion-related and h(2)-producing organelles of anaerobic atp synthesis, called hydrogenosomes, which harbor oxygen-sensitive enzymes essential to its pyruvate metabolism. in the human urogenital tract, however, t. vaginalis is regularly exposed to low oxygen concentrations and therefore must possess antioxidant systems protecting the organellar environment against the detrimental effects of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen spe ...200818676956
coexistence of urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted infection in women and men living in an area where schistosoma haematobium is endemic.in settings in which adequate laboratory service is lacking, the coexistence of urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted infections (stis) poses a diagnostic challenge for health care providers in the management of patients with urogenital complaints.200818680415
comparative analysis of trichomonad genome sizes and karyotypes.in parasitic protists, the genome sizes range from 2.9mb in encephalitozoon cuniculi to about 160mb in trichomonas vaginalis. the suprisingly large genome size of the former human parasite resulted from the expansion of various repetitive elements, specific gene families, and possibly from large-scale genome duplication. the reason for this phenomenon, as well as whether other trichomonad species have undergone a similar genome expansion, is not known. in this work we studied the genomes of nine ...200818606195
sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted infection prevalence in an outpatient psychiatry clinic.nearly 3% of americans experience severe and persistent mental illness (spmi) and behaviors that place affected individuals at risk for sexually transmitted infections (stis) are common. few data describe the prevalence of risk behaviors or sti among persons with spmi. we aim to quantitate sti/human immunodeficiency virus risk and determine the sti prevalence amongst outpatient psychiatric clinic attendees.200818607313
prevalence of rectal trichomonas vaginalis and mycoplasma genitalium in male patients at the san francisco std clinic, 2005-2006. 200818607317
viability of trichomonas vaginalis in copan universal transport medium and eswab transport medium.we compared the use of universal transport medium and eswab transport medium held at room temperature or 37 degrees c to bedside inoculation and immediate incubation of culture media for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis. there were no significant culturable differences in the sensitivity of either of the transport media to that of bedside inoculation.200818614648
protein ser/thr phosphatases of parasitic protozoa.protein phosphorylation is an important mechanism implicated in physiology of any organism, including parasitic protozoa. enzymes that control protein phosphorylation (kinases and phosphatases) are considered promising targets for drug development. this review attempts to provide the first account of the current understanding of the structure, regulation and biological functions of protein ser/thr phosphatases in unicellular parasites. we have examined the complements of phosphatases ("phosphato ...200818619495
prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted infections among south indians at increased risk of hiv infection.sexually transmitted infections (stis) have been identified as cofactors of hiv transmission. greater understanding of local sti burdens can assist in the development of more effective sti and hiv prevention strategies. the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and incidence of stis among south indian men and women identified to be at increased risk for hiv infection. individuals at increased risk for hiv infection were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study in chennai, india (n ...200818627276
two unusual occurrences of trichomoniasis: rapid species identification by pcr.pcr analysis in two unusual occurrences of trichomoniasis, trichomonal empyema due to trichomonas tenax and trichomonas vaginalis in an infant urine sample, allowed us to obtain rapid and accurate trichomonad species identification. the weak sensitivity of wet preparations and the low viability of the flagellates can be remedied by the pcr method.200818632901
galectin-1 on cervical epithelial cells is a receptor for the sexually transmitted human parasite trichomonas vaginalis.the extracellular protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis causes the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted human infection, yet the pathogenesis of infection is poorly understood, and host cell receptors have not been described. the surface of t. vaginalis is covered with a glycoconjugate called lipophosphoglycan (lpg), which plays a role in the adherence and cytotoxicity of parasites to human cells. t. vaginalis lpg contains high amounts of galactose, making this polysaccharide a candi ...200818637021
vaginal wet mounts on asymptomatic adolescent females; are they beneficial?wet mounts are commonly performed at the time of pelvic exam in some settings; however, there is a paucity of data on their usefulness in asymptomatic teen patients.200818656077
partnership concurrency status and condom use among women diagnosed with trichomonas vaginalis.partner concurrency increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (stis) such as trichomonas vaginalis. women diagnosed with t. vaginalis have a 2- to 3-fold higher risk of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus and developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.200818657997
spliceosomal snrnas in the unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis are structurally conserved but lack a 5'-cap structure.few genes in the divergent eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis have introns, despite the unusually large gene repertoire of this human-infective parasite. these introns are characterized by extended conserved regulatory motifs at the 5' and 3' boundaries, a feature shared with another divergent eukaryote, giardia lamblia, but not with metazoan introns. this unusual characteristic of t. vaginalis introns led us to examine spliceosomal small nuclear rnas (snrnas) predicted to mediate splicing reaction ...200818596255
protozoan protein tyrosine phosphatases.the aim of this review is to provide a synthesis of the published experimental data on protein tyrosine phosphatases from parasitic protozoa, in silico analysis based on the availability of completed genomes and to place available data for individual phosphatases from different unicellular parasites into the comparative and evolutionary context. we analysed the complement of protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptp) in several species of unicellular parasites that belong to apicomplexa (plasmodium; cr ...200818547579
the effect of body mass index on therapeutic response to bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.our objective was to determine the effect of body mass index (bmi) on response to bacterial vaginosis (bv) treatment. a secondary analysis was conducted of two multicenter trials of therapy for bv and trichomonas vaginalis. gravida were screened for bv between 8 and 22 weeks and randomized between 16 and 23 weeks to metronidazole or placebo. of 1497 gravida with asymptomatic bv and preconceptional bmi, 738 were randomized to metronidazole; bmi was divided into categories: < 25, 25 to 29.9, and > ...200818548397
dolichyl-phosphate-glucose is used to make o-glycans on glycoproteins of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis, the protist that causes vaginal itching, has a huge genome with numerous gene duplications. recently we found that trichomonas has numerous genes encoding putative dolichyl-phosphate-glucose (dol-p-glc) synthases (encoded by alg5 genes) despite the fact that trichomonas lacks the glycosyltransferases (encoded by alg6, alg8, and alg10 genes) that use dol-p-glc to glucosylate dolichyl-pp-linked glycans. in addition, trichomonas does not have a canonical dpm1 gene, encoding a ...200818552282
polyamine depletion down-regulates expression of the trichomonas vaginalis cytotoxic cp65, a 65-kda cysteine proteinase involved in cellular damage.recently, we found that inhibition of putrescine synthesis by ornithine decarboxylase (odc) significantly increased trichomonas vaginalis adherence mediated by protein adhesins. surprisingly and unexpectedly, trichomonal contact-dependent cytotoxicity was absent. therefore, a role for polyamine depletion on regulation of t. vaginalis cytotoxicity mediated by the cysteine proteinase (cp) of 65-kda, cp65, was investigated. we performed cytotoxicity and cell-binding assays followed by zymograms, as ...200818586550
when good transcripts go bad: artifactual rt-pcr 'splicing' and genome analysis.gene and intron prediction are essential for accurate inferences about genome evolution. recently, two genome-wide studies searched for recent intron gains in humans, reaching very different conclusions: either of a complete absence of intron gain since early mammalian evolution, or of creation of numerous introns by genomic duplication in repetitive regions. we discuss one possible explanation: the underappreciated phenomenon of "template switching", by which reverse transcriptase may create ar ...200818478540
oncotic colpocytology stained with harris-shorr in the observation of vaginal microorganisms.the purpose of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of oncotic colpocytology stained with harris-shorr in the identification of the cervicovaginal microflora and infectious agents. results of microbiologic evaluation carried out in colpocytology exams, bacterioscopy (gram), and direct exams of 2,017 women aged from 13 to 80 years were compared. of these, 83.1% agreed between cytology and gram, 3.6% partially agreed, and 12.8% disagreed. the predominant microflora was of lactobacilli (63.3%), f ...200818478612
bond-based linear indices in qsar: computational discovery of novel anti-trichomonal compounds.trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is the causative agent of the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted disease in women and men worldwide. since 1959, metronidazole (mtz) has been the drug of choice in the systemic treatment of trichomoniasis. however, resistance to mtz in some patients and the great cost associated with the development of new trichomonacidals make necessary the development of computational methods that shorten the drug discovery pipeline. toward this end, bond-based linear indic ...200818483767
design, synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of benzimidazole-pentamidine hybrids.a series of ten novel hybrids from benzimidazole and pentamidine were prepared using a short synthetic route. each compound was tested in vitro against the protozoa trichomonas vaginalis, giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica, leishmania mexicana, and plasmodium berghei, in comparison with pentamidine and metronidazole. some analogues showed high bioactivity in the low micromolar range (ic(50)<1 microm) against the first four protozoa, which make them significantly more potent than either stand ...200818486471
[epidemiology of reproductive tract infections in a symptomatic population of north-east of italy].reproductive tract infections (rtis) are one of the main causes of morbidity in the world and sexually transmitted infections (stis) can give rise to severe sequels (inflammatory pelvic disease, etc.). the epidemiology of these infections is changeable and depends on geographical and economical factors, migratory flows and social and sexual habits. this variability, along with the lack of sufficient data in literature, is a serious problem in the development of screening, prevention and therapy ...200818487964
adolescents' sexually transmitted disease protective attitudes predict sexually transmitted disease acquisition in early adulthood.estimates suggest that about 48% of nearly 19 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) occurring annually in the united states are acquired by persons aged 15-24 years. the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that adolescents' attitudes about protecting themselves from stds predict their laboratory-confirmed prevalence of stds in early adulthood.200818489463
mycoplasma genitalium detected by transcription-mediated amplification is associated with chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent women.the clinical significance of mycoplasma genitalium (mg) infection in adolescent women is poorly understood. we compared the prevalence of mg with that of other sexually transmitted organisms such as chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng), and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and assessed the associations of mg with sexual behaviors, genitourinary symptoms, physical and laboratory findings.200818490867
trichomonas vaginalis-induced neutrophil apoptosis causes anti-inflammatory cytokine production by human monocyte-derived macrophages.neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in the vaginal discharge of patients with a trichomonas vaginalis infection. neutrophils have a shorter life span than other leucocytes. our previous study indicated that live t. vaginalis alters mcl-1 expression and caspase-3 activation, thereby inducing apoptosis of human neutrophils. however, it was previously unknown that the apoptotic neutrophils brought about by t. vaginalis can influence vaginal inflammation. thus, human monocyte-de ...200818492033
comparative genomics supports a deep evolutionary origin for the large, four-module transcriptional mediator complex.the multisubunit mediator (med) complex bridges dna-bound transcriptional regulators to the rna polymerase ii (polii) initiation machinery. in yeast, the 25 med subunits are distributed within three core subcomplexes and a separable kinase module composed of med12, med13 and the cdk8-cycc pair thought to control the reversible interaction between med and polii by phosphorylating repeated heptapeptides within the rpb1 carboxyl-terminal domain (ctd). here, med conservation has been investigated ac ...200818515835
exposure to alcohol problems and its association with sexual behaviour and biologically confirmed trichomonas vaginalis among women living with hiv.only a small number of studies have examined the association between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviour among women living with hiv, particularly african-american women. the present study examined the association between alcohol problems, sexual behaviour and biologically confirmed sexually transmitted infections (sti) among a sample of predominantly african-american women living with hiv.200818524841
differential soluble protein expression between trichomonas vaginalis isolates exhibiting low and high virulence phenotypes.a comparative analysis of proteomic maps of long-term grown and fresh clinical trichomonas vaginalis isolates exhibiting low and high virulence phenotypes, respectively, was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. of 29 protein spots differentially expressed between the isolates, 19 were over-expressed in the isolate exhibiting high virulence phenotype: proteins associated with cytoskeletal dynamics, such as coronin and several isoforms of actin, as well as pro ...200818541479
anti-trichomonas activity of sapindus saponins, a candidate for development as microbicidal contraceptive.trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease and is caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis. in view of increased resistance of the parasite to classical drugs of the metronidazole family, the need for new unrelated agents is increasing. this study evaluates anti-trichomonas activity of sapindus saponins, a component of a herbal local contraceptive consap recently marketed in india.200818544604
inhibitory effects of thai plants beta-glycosides on trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis is now an important health problem in developing countries. although metronidazole has so far been widely used to treat this disease, the prevalence of metronidazole-resistant protozoa and unpleasant adverse effects have been found. in this study, natural products purified from thai plants were, therefore, investigated for their effectiveness against trichomonas vaginalis. the minimal inhibitory concentrations for all beta-glycosides against trichomonas vaginalis at 24 h were in a ...200818463895
the polymicrobial hypothesis of bacterial vaginosis causation: a reassessment.the cause of bacterial vaginosis remains controversial. the two leading hypotheses are that gardnerella vaginalis is the specific aetiologic agent versus the polymicrobial hypothesis that g. vaginalis acts in concert with other bacteria, principally anaerobes, to produce the disease. here we reassess the prevailing polymicrobial hypothesis, finding it conceptually problematical. no host initiating factors as postulated have been identified, nor is there conclusive evidence that g. vaginalis lack ...200818397551
laboratory diagnostics for non-viral sexually transmitted infections in st. petersburg, russia: current situation and hallmarks for improvements.the numbers and performance characteristics of laboratories providing sexually transmitted infection (sti) diagnostic services, as well as the rates of morbidity due to stis in st. petersburg, russia, remain largely unknown.200818410333
trichomonas vaginalis infection: risk indicators among women attending for routine gynecologic examination.trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common agents of sexually transmitted disease, but trichomoniasis is still considered as an infection of minor importance. the aim of this study was to investigate the risk indicators for trichomoniasis in women attending for routine gynecologic examination.200818412787
aza-peptidyl michael acceptors. a new class of potent and selective inhibitors of asparaginyl endopeptidases (legumains) from evolutionarily diverse pathogens.aza-peptide michael acceptors with the general structure of cbz-ala-ala-aasn- trans-ch=chcor are a new class of inhibitors specific for the asparaginyl endopeptidases (ae) (legumains). structure-activity relationships (sars) were characterized for a set of 31 aza-peptide michael acceptors with aes derived from three medically important parasites: the protist trichomonas vaginalis, the hard tick ixodes ricinus, and the flatworm schistosoma mansoni. despite arising from phylogenetically disparate ...200818416543
antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery.preterm birth is birth before 37 weeks' gestation. genital tract infection is one of the causes of preterm birth. infection screening during pregnancy has been used to reduce preterm birth. however, infection screening may have some adverse effects, e.g. increased antibiotic drug resistance, increased costs of treatment.200818425940
ancestral roles of eukaryotic frataxin: mitochondrial frataxin function and heterologous expression of hydrogenosomal trichomonas homologues in trypanosomes.frataxin is a small conserved mitochondrial protein; in humans, mutations affecting frataxin expression or function result in friedreich's ataxia. much of the current understanding of frataxin function comes from informative studies with yeast models, but considerable debates remain with regard to the primary functions of this ubiquitous protein. we exploit the tractable reverse genetics of trypanosoma brucei in order to specifically consider the importance of frataxin in an early branching line ...200818433447
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among sexually active jordanian females.to determine the prevalence of the most important sexually transmitted infections among women of child bearing age in jordan.200818434942
antitrichomonas igg, igm, iga, and igg subclass responses in human intravaginal trichomoniasis.trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis, is a major nonviral sexually transmitted disease. clinical spectrum varies from an asymptomatic state to mild, moderate, or severe symptoms. however, the exact factors leading to the variations in symptoms have not been well elucidated. host's immune response to the parasite may be playing a role in varied symptomatology. the present study reports antitrichomonas igm, iga, igg and its subclasses in doubling dilutions of seru ...200818437425
early repeated infections with trichomonas vaginalis among hiv-positive and hiv-negative women.the purpose of the study was to examine whether early repeated infections due to trichomonas vaginalis among human immunuodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive and hiv-negative women are reinfections, new infections, or cases of treatment failure.200818444815
moving upstream: ecosocial and psychosocial correlates of sexually transmitted infections among young adults in the united states.we determined the associations of ecosocial factors and psychosocial factors with having a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (sti), recent sti diagnoses, and sexual risk behaviors.200818445794
prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis among young women of reproductive age in mysore, india.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge among women of childbearing age and is associated with sti/hiv and adverse birth outcomes. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of bv among young women of reproductive age in mysore, india.200818445948
identification of weak points prone for mutation in ferredoxin of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent for human trichomoniasis, is a problematic sexually transmitted disease mainly in women. at present, metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis is an infrequent but challenging problem with no universally successful treatment. genetic mutation is believed to be an important factor leading to increasing drug resistance. understanding the mutation status will help to design accurate strategies of therapy against mutant strains of t. vaginalis. the author perf ...200818445954
frequency of infectious agents for vaginitis in patients with a cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.to evaluate the presence of infectious agents for vaginitis in patients with ascus.200818459549
nongonococcal urethritis: new views through the prism of modern molecular microbiology.the rapidly advancing technology of modern molecular microbiology has greatly improved our understanding of the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections and the etiology and pathogenesis of the diseases they cause. it is now clear that mycoplasma genitalium accounts for a significant proportion of nonchlamydial nongonococcal urethritis (ngu) cases. dna sequencing of ureaplasma spp has revealed a new species, ureaplasma parvum. this organism may account for much of the colonization observe ...200818462587
trichomonas vaginalis: reactive oxygen species mediates caspase-3 dependent apoptosis of human neutrophils.there are many neutrophils in the vaginal discharge from women infected with trichomonas vaginalis. the aim of our study was to determine whether human neutrophil apoptosis may be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ros) in response to trichomonads infection. incubation of human neutrophils with live trichomonads caused marked receptor shedding of cd16, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (mmp) and caspase-3 activation in human neutrophils. these proapoptotic effects of t. vaginalis o ...200817709105
entry and intracellular location of mycoplasma hominis in trichomonas vaginalis.the parasite trichomonas vaginalis causes one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections in humans. the coexistence of different sexually transmitted diseases in the same individual is very common, such as vaginal infections by t. vaginalis in association with mycoplasma fermentans or mycoplasma hominis. however, the consequences and behavior of mycoplasma during trichomonad infections are virtually unknown. this study was undertaken to elucidate whether mycoplasmas enter and l ...200817710384
among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis, the hydrolytic enzymes sialidase and prolidase are positively associated with interleukin-1beta.the objective of the study was to explore the mechanisms of local innate immunity induction and modulation in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis (bv).200817714681
first molecular characterisation of hydrogenosomes in the protozoan parasite histomonas meleagridis.histomonas meleagridis is a trichomonad species that undergoes a flagellate-to-amoeba transformation during tissue invasion and causes a serious disease in gallinaceous birds (blackhead disease or histomoniasis). living in the avian cecum, the flagellated form can be grown in vitro in the presence of an ill-defined bacterial flora. its cytoplasm harbours numerous spherical bodies which structurally resemble hydrogenosomes. to test whether these organelles may be involved in anaerobic metabolism, ...200817697679
trichomonas vaginalis: in vitro survival in swimming pool water samples.in this work it is shown that trichomonas vaginalis remains viable and infective in swimming pool water samples for several hours. after survival, trichomonad cytotoxicity was tested on primary cultures of epithelial cells. it demonstrates that the some trichomonad strains are able to survive in water pools and survival time is dependent on the degree of strain infectivity and also if it is a long term cultured or fresh isolate.200817949719
comparative genomics of transcription factors and chromatin proteins in parasitic protists and other eukaryotes.comparative genomics of parasitic protists and their free-living relatives are profoundly impacting our understanding of the regulatory systems involved in transcription and chromatin dynamics. while some parts of these systems are highly conserved, other parts are rapidly evolving, thereby providing the molecular basis for the variety in the regulatory adaptations of eukaryotes. the gross number of specific transcription factors and chromatin proteins are positively correlated with proteome siz ...200817949725
counteraction during movement of spermatozoa by trichomonas vaginalis observed by visual image analysis: a possible cause of female infertility.to use new medical imaging technology to predict the motility pattern of trichomonas vaginalis within the vagina.200817953953
induction of human host cell apoptosis by trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteases is modulated by parasite exposure to iron.trichomonas vaginalis is an understudied parasitic organism whose mechanisms of pathogenesis remain unclear. the adherence to host cells, the induction of host cell cytotoxicity and protease activity are all, however, thought to be contributing factors towards the development of the disease. t. vaginalis cp30 is an extracellular fraction containing four cysteine proteases, cp2, cp3, cp4 and cpt that induce apoptosis in primary human vaginal epithelial cells (hvecs) [sommer u, costello ce, hayes ...200818024074
acetate:succinate coa-transferase in the hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis: identification and characterization.acetate:succinate coa-transferases (asct) are acetate-producing enzymes in hydrogenosomes, anaerobically functioning mitochondria and in the aerobically functioning mitochondria of trypanosomatids. although acetate is produced in the hydrogenosomes of a number of anaerobic microbial eukaryotes such as trichomonas vaginalis, no acetate producing enzyme has ever been identified in these organelles. acetate production is the last unidentified enzymatic reaction of hydrogenosomal carbohydrate metabo ...200818024431
comparative study of epitopes recognized by two monoclonal antibodies that protects mice against trichomonas vaginalis challenge.trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan which infects the urogenital tract of humans. previous studies have demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against a 62 kda proteinase (4d8 and 1a8) decreased cytoadherence of the parasite to epithelial cells in vitro and passive inoculation of mice with two mabs 24 h before the intraperitoneal challenge resulted in different grade of protections to t. vaginalis infection. in the present paper we describe the characterization of the epitop ...200818031741
trichomonas vaginalis harboring mycoplasma hominis increases cytopathogenicity in vitro.the parasite trichomonas vaginalis causes one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections in humans. mycoplasmas are frequently found with trichomonads but the consequences of this association are not yet known. in the present study, the effects of t. vaginalis harboring m. hominis on human vaginal epithelial cells and on mdck cells are described. the results were analyzed by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as using cell viability assays. there was ...200818040730
trichomonas adhere and phagocytose sperm cells: adhesion seems to be a prominent stage during interaction.tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis are extracellular parasites of the urogenital tract of cattle and humans, respectively. they cause infertility and abortion, but there is no documented information on the susceptibility of bovine sperm cells to this cattle parasite. the aim of this present work was to study the effects provoked by t. foetus and t. vaginalis when in interaction with bovine and human sperm cells. the bovine and human spermatozoa were obtained from uninfected bulls an ...200818043945
a universal combination treatment for vaginitis.we compared a novel vaginal tablet consisting of 100 mg of clotrimazole and 100 mg of metronidazole ('clo-met') to a 100-mg clotrimazole tablet in the treatment of vaginitis.200818057912
the presence of mycoplasma hominis in isolates of trichomonas vaginalis impacts significantly on dna fingerprinting results.the genetic characterization of trichomonas vaginalis (protista: trichomonadidae), the causative agent of trichomoniasis in humans, is central to understanding the epidemiology, treatment, drug resistance, and virulence as well as the diagnosis and control of this parasite. various molecular approaches, including dna fingerprinting, have been employed for this purpose, and random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) continues to be utilized. however, little attention has been paid to the fact ...200818058131
carbodithioic acid esters of fluoxetine, a novel class of dual-function spermicides.carbodithioic acid esters of fluoxetine have been prepared by replacing the methylamino function in aminopropane chain with carbodithioic acid ester group and by adding various s-2-hydroxypropyl ester of dialkyl carbodithioic acid at 3-methylamino group. some of these compounds showed spermicidal, antifungal and anti-trichomonas activities. the study revealed that incorporation of carbodithioic acid residue directly into fluoxetine structure leads to compounds with better antifungal and anti-tri ...200818061311
immunogenic and plasminogen-binding surface-associated alpha-enolase of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a protist that causes the most common human sexually transmitted infection. a t. vaginalis cdna expression library was screened with pooled sera from patients with trichomoniasis. a highly reactive cdna clone of 1,428 bp encoded a trichomonad protein of 472 amino acids with sequence identity to alpha-enolase (tv-eno1). the sequence alignment confirmed the highly conserved nature of the enzyme with 65% to 84% identity among organisms. the expression of tv-eno1 was up-regu ...200818070902
prevalence and predictors of sexually transmitted infection among newly incarcerated females.to examine demographic and behavioral characteristics in incarcerated women to determine which characteristics are associated with prevalent sexually transmitted infections (stis).200818090178
reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections: a population-based study of women of reproductive age in a rural district of vietnam.to investigate the prevalences of reproductive tract infections (rti)/sexually transmitted infections (sti) among married women in a rural district of vietnam, and analyse the influence of socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and other determinants possibly related to rti/sti.200818003708
significance of a diagnosis of microorganisms on pap smear.the pap smear has been in use for more than half a century as the primary screening test for preinvasive and invasive lesions of the uterine cervix. although not the primary use and an imperfect test, it can be extremely useful in the diagnosis of some microorganisms. this review focuses on the use of the pap smear in the diagnosis of several microorganisms including actinomyces, chlamydia trachomatis, candida, trichomonas vaginalis, leptothrix vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, the causative agen ...200818162813
a molecular analysis of prokaryotic and viral dna sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer indicates the presence of multiple and diverse microorganisms.inflammation, both acute and chronic, is a common feature of prostate histology. while inflammation has been proposed to play an important role in both benign and malignant growth of the prostate, the stimuli for this inflammation remain poorly characterized. infectious pathogens are potential stimuli for prostatic inflammation.200818163428
prevalence, correlates, and efficacy of selective avoidance as a sexually transmitted disease prevention strategy among african american adolescent females.to identify the prevalence and correlates of selective avoidance (sa) of sexual intercourse among african american adolescent females at risk for sexually transmitted disease (std) acquisition and transmission.200818180414
trichomonas vaginalis in vanuatu.to assess the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in two island populations of vanuatu using the pap smear as the screening technique.200818186718
neonatal respiratory tract involvement by trichomonas vaginalis: a case report and review of the literature.only occasional cases of trichomonas spp. infection have been reported in neonates, and these usually represent vaginal infections with trichomonas vaginalis acquired during passage down the birth canal. we report the case of a 2-week-old girl who was brought by her mother to the children's emergency clinic at our institution for symptoms of lethargy and poor appetite. the neonate was subsequently diagnosed with herpetic encephalitis and developed increasing respiratory difficulty, requiring int ...200818187779
the detection of urethritis pathogens among patients with the male urethritis syndrome, genital ulcer syndrome and hiv voluntary counselling and testing clients: should south africa's syndromic management approach be revised?to determine the prevalence of urethritis pathogens amongst male symptomatic urethritis (mus) patients, genital ulcer (gus) patients without urethritis symptoms and men requesting hiv testing at a voluntary counselling and testing (vct) clinic.200818192290
global epidemiology and control of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection. despite a number of serious health consequences including facilitation of hiv transmission, pelvic inflammatory disease and adverse outcomes of pregnancy it remains an under-recognized condition. this review aims to update the reader on the global epidemiology and control of t. vaginalis.200818192787
recalcitrant trichomonas vaginalis infections successfully treated with vaginal acidification.recalcitrant vaginal trichomoniasis is extremely distressing for patients and frustrating for physicians because there are no current guidelines for treatment. numerous studies have shown that an increase in vaginal ph creates a better environment for the growth of trichomonas vaginalis. we describe two patients with recalcitrant trichomoniasis who were successfully treated using vaginal acidification.200818198069
kinetic characterization of methionine gamma-lyases from the enteric protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica against physiological substrates and trifluoromethionine, a promising lead compound against amoebiasis.methionine gamma-lyase (mgl) (ec 4.4.1.11), which is present in certain lineages of bacteria, plants, and protozoa but missing in mammals, catalyzes the single-step degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids (saas) to alpha-keto acids, ammonia, and thiol compounds. in contrast to other organisms possessing mgl, anaerobic parasitic protists, namely entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis, harbor a pair of mgl isozymes. the enteric protozoon en. histolytica shows various unique aspects i ...200818199285
[microbiological diagnosis of sexually-transmitted infection (2007)].sexually transmitted infections (stis) constitute an important world-wide public health problem. the use of sensitive and specific laboratory methods for diagnosing this condition is crucial to reduce the transmission and sequelae of sti. the present review describes current microbiological methods for the diagnosis of stis. neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis are the pathogens most frequently involved in urethral and cervical infection. culture continues to be the gold standard for ...200818208764
management of trichomonas vaginalis in women with suspected metronidazole hypersensitivity.standard treatment for trichomonas vaginalis is metronidazole or tinidazole. hypersensitivity to these drugs has been documented but is poorly understood. desensitization is an option described in limited reports of women with hypersensitivity to nitroimidazoles. the purpose of this analysis is to improve documentation of management for trichomonas infections among women with metronidazole hypersensitivity.200818221927
perinatal transmission of trichomonas vaginalis: a case report.trichomonas vaginalis infection is associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcome. perinatal transmission of t vaginalis from an infected, untreated, pregnant woman to her female neonate can occur.200818251366
trichomonas vaginalis infection: can we afford to do nothing? 200818275270
factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of trichomonas vaginalis infection among african american women in new york city who use drugs.trichomoniasis vaginalis, the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, is associated with negative reproductive outcomes and increased hiv transmission and may be overrepresented among african americans.200818275272
trichomonas vaginalis infection and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in african women.trichomoniasis vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (sti) worldwide, with a particularly high prevalence in regions of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) endemicity. however, its impact as a cofactor for hiv acquisition is poorly understood.200818275275
methyl jasmonate induces cell cycle block and cell death in the amitochondriate parasite trichomonas vaginalis.jasmonates are a group of small lipids produced in plants and function as stress hormones. they are selectively cytotoxic against cancer cells. methyl jasmonate (mj), one of the naturally occurring jasmonates, has direct mitochondriotoxic effects, strongly suggesting that mitochondria are target organelles of jasmonates. we have previously shown that jasmonates are cytotoxic to two human parasites -schistosoma mansoni and plasmodium falciparum. both the cancer cells and the parasites mentioned a ...200818294640
placental histological inflammation and reproductive tract infections in a low risk pregnant population in latvia.to investigate the correlation of reproductive tract infections (rti) and endogenous vaginal flora at first antenatal consultation with placental histological inflammation.200818307078
the prevalence of cervical hpv and cytological abnormalities in association with reproductive factors of rural nigerian women.to estimate the prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) and cytological abnormalities while addressing demographic and reproductive variables in a sample of rural nigerian patients.200818321179
syndromic approach to sexually transmitted infections in tunisian women: bacteriological validation.the world health organization emphasizes an integrated primary care approach using syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections. the objective of our study was to evaluate the quality of care of the syndromic management of sexually transmitted disease in women in rabta hospital in tunisia. algorithms have been developed for: cervicitis due to neisseria gonorrhoeae or chlamydia (algorithm 3a), vaginitis due to trichomonas vaginalis or chlamydia trachomatis (algorithm 3b) and vaginitis ...200818334064
sexually transmitted infections: impact on male fertility.the impact of sexually transmitted diseases (std) on male fertility is strongly dependent on the local prevalence of the stds. in western countries std-infections are of minor relevance. in other regions, i.e. africa or south east asia, the situation appears to be different. acute urethritis could not be associated with male infertility. chronic infections (gonorrhoea) can cause urethral strictures and epididymo-orchitis. chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoea can be transmitted to the f ...200818336453
stability of trichomonas vaginalis dna in urine specimens.trichomonas vaginalis is an important pathogen in both men and women. culture is considered the diagnostic gold standard, although studies have shown that pcr is more sensitive than either culture or wet mount for the diagnosis of t. vaginalis infections. we sought to identify a simple method for stabilizing t. vaginalis dna in urine samples that could be easily applied to molecular testing. the stability of t. vaginalis dna in 40 urine samples was assessed by storage for various times at either ...200818337391
temporal associations with declining trichomonas vaginalis diagnosis rates among women in the state of victoria, australia, 1947 to 2005.to investigate the temporal associations between trichomonas vaginalis (tv) diagnoses in women at a large urban sexual health clinic and a major papanicolaou (pap) smear screening laboratory in victoria, australia with pap smear screening rates and the introduction of nitroimidazole treatments.200818354342
hiv and stis in clients and female sex workers in mining regions of gejiu city, china.to investigate hiv/sexually transmitted infections (stis) among female sex workers (fsws) and clients in a mining region of china.200818354344
genital ulcers and concomitant complaints in men attending a sexually transmitted infections clinic: implications for sexually transmitted infections management.although genital herpes has emerged as the most common cause of genital ulcers in southern africa, treatment for herpes is not available routinely in the region. this study was performed to determine the etiology of genital ulcers in men in durban and assess other sexually transmitted infections-related symptoms, presentation, and treatment patterns in this group.200818356769
risk factors for prevalent and incident trichomonas vaginalis among women attending three sexually transmitted disease clinics.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the united states and may be associated with adverse birth outcomes and may also increase susceptibility to or transmissibility of human immunodeficiency virus. the purpose of this analysis is to describe the epidemiology of t. vaginalis in sexually transmitted disease clinics and characterize the risk factors associated with prevalent and incident t. vaginalis within the same population.200818360314
sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers: an international review with an emphasis on hard-to-access populations.women who work commercially in sex work (female sex workers [fsw]) are considered a high-risk group for sexually transmissible infections (sti), yet the level of reported pathogens varies in studies around the world. this study reviewed sti rates reported in 42 studies of fsw around the world published between 1995 and 2006 and analysed the trends and types of populations surveyed, emphasising difficult to access fsw populations.200818361849
[the frequency of some infections in patients with coronary artery disease].the paper is dedicated to associations between infective agents and coronary artery disease (cad). the study design included examination of a random sample of non-organized population (389 adults aged 25 to 64 years). using immune-enzyme assay, igm and igg antibodies to seven infective and parasite agents (chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, opisthorchis felineus, and giardia lamblia), as well as the level of ige were measur ...200818368789
in vitro haemolytic and cytotoxic activity of soluble extract antigen of t. vaginalis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic women.human trichomonas vaginalis infection ranges from asymptomatic to mild, moderate or severe clinical manifestations. the reasons for diverse symptomatology have been found to vary in several attributes and both parasite and host factors appear to play a role in the pathogenesis. the present study reports the in vitro haemolytic and cytotoxic activity of crude soluble extract (cse) antigen of t. vaginalis isolates from 15 symptomatic and 15 asymptomatic women. the haemolytic activity following the ...200818369662
a retrospective analysis of isolates from patients with vaginitis in a private greek obstetric/gynecological hospital (2003-2006).vaginitis is a common cause of complaints in women in various parts of the world. through our literature search, we identified noteworthy differences in the etiology of vaginitis based on the geographic location. this study was conducted to describe microbial etiology in a population of symptomatic women with vaginitis in greece.200818376352
antibody isotypes in urethral swabs of symptomatic and asymptomatic men infected with trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis may be asymptomatic or symptomatic in both sexes. the outcome of infection depends on the virulence factors of t. vaginalis, but these factors remain unclear. genetic variability of the isolates and the host's immune response are likely to be key factors in that respect. symptomatic and asymptomatic males infected with t. vaginalis were compared regarding the differences in antibody subclasses response in the urethral samples. in symptomatic cases there was a significant elevation ...200718383797
heavy episodic drinking among kenyan female sex workers is associated with unsafe sex, sexual violence and sexually transmitted infections.this study examined patterns of alcohol use and its association with unsafe sex and related sequelae among female sex workers in mombasa, kenya. a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using snowball sampling. binge drinkers (> or =5 alcoholic drinks on > or =1 occasion in the previous month) were compared with non-binge drinkers. of 719 participants, 22.4% were lifetime-alcohol abstainers, 44.7% non-binge and 33.0% binge drinkers. compared with non-binge drinkers, binge drinkers w ...200718005511
prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection is associated with altered vaginal flora and an increased susceptibility to multiple sexually transmitted infections.prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection increases human immunodeficiency virus acquisition. we hypothesized that hsv-2 infection might also predispose individuals to acquire other common sexually transmitted infections (stis).200718008255
negative iron regulation of the cp65 cysteine proteinase cytotoxicity in trichomonas vaginalis.several cysteine proteinases (cps) participate in the virulence of trichomonas vaginalis. one of them is a 65kda cp, cp65, involved in cytotoxicity. the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of iron on the trichomonal cp65-dependent cytotoxicity using parasites grown under distinct iron concentrations. cytotoxicity and cell-binding assays, and zymograms were performed. at the highest iron concentration (250 microm), parasites exhibited the lowest levels of cytotoxicity and less cp65 pro ...200718023389
characterization of the trichomonas vaginalis surface-associated ap65 and binding domain interacting with trichomonads and host cells.ap65 is a prominent adhesin of trichomonas vaginalis that mediates binding of parasites to host vaginal epithelial cells (vecs). ap65 with no secretion signal sequence, membrane targeting peptide, and anchoring motif was recently found to be secreted.200718158858
findings associated with recurrence of bacterial vaginosis among adolescents attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common infection and has been associated with adverse health outcomes, including preterm birth, pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), and acquisition of hiv. there are limited data on recurrent bv in adolescents. a relationship between the frequency of bv recurrence and specific risk factors might shed light on the pathophysiology of bv and lead to targeted interventions.200717673134
prolonged vaginal and oral metronidazole for refractory trichomonas vaginalis: a case report.resistant trichomonas vaginalis infection is typically treated with increased doses of oral metronidazole. because of side effects that limit compliance, such treatment may be ineffective.200718161407
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