Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| enhanced intracellular delivery of methotrexate by a receptor-mediated process. | in the present investigation we have described a method of enhancing the uptake of methotrexate by macrophages. this enhanced uptake was mediated by endocytosis through the "scavenger receptor" system which recognized maleylated bovine serum albumin. experimental evidence showed that macrophages internalized methotrexate coupled to maleylated bovine serum albumin through a saturable process at 37 degrees c leading to an eightfold higher concentration of cell-associated methotrexate compared to t ... | 1990 | 2288708 |
| [localization and activity of different lysosomal proteases in rat macrophages infected by leishmania amazonensis]. | leishmania are protozoans of the trypanosomatidae family that cause human infections. the amastigote form of leishmania is an obligate intracellular parasite of mononuclear phagocytes that multiplies within parasitophorous vacuoles (pv) of phagolysosomal origin. to investigate the strategies which allow leishmania to withstand these potentially cytotoxic conditions, the distribution and activities of various lysosomal peptidases in rat macrophages infected or uninfected with leishmania amazonens ... | 1990 | 2290691 |
| protection against leishmania major in balb/c mice by adoptive transfer of a t cell clone recognizing a low molecular weight antigen released by promastigotes. | we have shown previously that balb/c mice can be protected against a fatal infection with leishmania major by adoptive transfer of a t cell line recognizing a protective soluble fraction (fraction 9) of promastigotes. we now describe the isolation and characterization of a t cell clone (9.1-2) that also transfers protective immunity against leishmania. after ag or mitogen stimulation, this clone secrets il-2 and ifn-gamma, but not il-4 or il-5. the clone preferentially recognizes l. major fracti ... | 1990 | 2295814 |
| sequence of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) gene of leishmania amazonensis. | 1990 | 2339068 | |
| the anti-leishmanial activity of dipeptide esters on leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. | l-amino acid esters, such as l-leu-ome, kill leishmania amazonensis amastigotes by a mechanism which appears to involve ester hydrolysis by cysteine proteinases located in the parasite megasomes. we have examined the killing of isolated amastigotes by l-dipeptide esters and derived some structure-activity correlations. toxicity of the compounds for the parasites was measured by a tetrazolium (mtt) reduction assay. the results show that active dipeptide esters contained at least 1 hydrophobic ami ... | 1990 | 2345655 |
| lysosomal depletion in macrophages from spleen and foot lesions of leishmania-infected hamster. | analysis of lysosomes through acid phosphatase cytochemistry at the electron microscopy level has been performed in spleen and foot lesions from leishmania-infected hamsters. the results showed that there is lysosomal depletion in macrophages from leishmania donovani chagasi-infected hamster spleen and similar findings were obtained from foot lesions of leishmania mexicana amazonensis-infected hamsters. the distribution of acid phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase was also examined in the go ... | 1990 | 2373189 |
| structures of the n-linked oligosaccharides of gp63, the major surface glycoprotein, from leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | the extent of protein n-glycosylation in leishmania mexicana amazonensis has been proposed to be a factor in the virulence of the parasite. the n-linked oligosaccharides of gp63, the major surface glycoprotein of l. mexicana amazonensis, were characterized after their release by hydrazinolysis, re-n-acetylation, and reduction with nab3h4. high voltage paper electrophoresis of the reduced oligosaccharides revealed only neutral species. gel-permeation chromatography on bio-gel p-4 yielded four fra ... | 1990 | 2373691 |
| activity of ketoconazole derivatives against leishmania mexicana amazonensis within mouse peritoneal macrophages. | imidazoles such as ketoconazole have proven antileishmanial activity, both in vitro and in vivo. new derivatives of ketoconazole have been synthesized in order to improve the therapeutic index and antileishmanial activity as assessed by mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with leishmania mexicana amazonesis. amino-acid derivatives of ketoconazole are at least 10 times more effective than ketoconazole in vitro, and the best effect is observed using the phenylalanyl-ketoconazole. fatty acid deri ... | 1990 | 2383093 |
| inhibition of leishmanias but not host macrophages by the antitubulin herbicide trifluralin. | the dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-n, n-dipropyl-p-toluidine), at micromolar concentrations, selectively inhibited both proliferation and differentiation of the parasitic protozoan leishmania mexicana amazonensis. in vitro, radioactive trifluralin showed specific binding to leishmania tubulin but not to mammalian tubulin. because herbicides such as trifluralin are economical and are considered safe for man and domesticated animals, they may serve ... | 1990 | 2392684 |
| conserved sequences in the u2 snrna-encoding genes of kinetoplastida do not include the putative branchpoint recognition region. | the u2 small nuclear rna (snrna) of trypanosoma brucei gambiense, a flagellated protozoon of the order kinetoplastida, is 148 nucleotides (nt) long, and thus the smallest u2 snrna identified so far. to examine the evolutionary conservation of this rna among kinetoplastida, we have cloned and sequenced the u2 genes from trypanosoma congolense and leishmania mexicana amazonensis, which are 145 and 141 nt in length, respectively. the sequences of the kinetoplastida u2 snrnas are essentially identic ... | 1990 | 2401409 |
| parasitophorous vacuoles of leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages maintain an acidic ph. | leishmania amastigotes are intracellular protozoan parasites of mononuclear phagocytes which reside within parasitophorous vacuoles of phagolysosomal origin. the ph of these compartments was studied with the aim of elucidating strategies used by these microorganisms to evade the microbicidal mechanisms of their host cells. for this purpose, rat bone marrow-derived macrophages were infected with l. amazonensis amastigotes. intracellular acidic compartments were localized by using the weak base 3- ... | 1990 | 1689700 |
| analyses of surface membrane carbohydrates in parasitic flagellates of the order kinetoplastida using lectins. | crithidia fasciculata, leishmania donovani, leishmania major, leishmania mexicana amazonensis, leishmania tropica, leishmania tarentolae, trypanosoma sp. from formosan bats (tb), trypanosoma lewisi, trypanosoma musculi, and different strains of trypanosoma cruzi (tc) were cultivated at 27 degrees c in a liquid culture medium. flagellates harvested from log phase culture were analyzed for their lectin agglutinating characteristics with concanavalin a (con a), peanut agglutinin, ricinus communis a ... | 1990 | 1696387 |
| the surface free energy of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | surface charge of leishmania mexicana amazonensis was investigated by direct zeta-potential determination and ultrastructural cytochemistry, and its surface tension was studied by measurements of the advancing contact angle formed by the parasite monolayers with drops of liquids of different polarities. both virulent and avirulent promastigotes exhibited negatively charged surfaces with a zeta-potential of about -15 mv. treatment of these cells with trypsin, alkaline phosphatase, or phospholipas ... | 1990 | 1705480 |
| [sensitivity of the culture of circulating leukocytes in the detection of leishmania in the peripheral blood of patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis]. | the possible presence of leishmania in the peripheral blood of 60 patients with american cutaneous leishmaniasis was investigated by the culture of circulating leucocytes. patients were selected with a variety of clinical forms of the disease and in different evolutionary stages of infection. biopsies of skin and/or mucosal lesions were made in order to isolate the parasites, which were identified using monoclonal antibodies. 40 isolations were obtained, including 5 of leishmania (viannia) brazi ... | 1989 | 2486526 |
| in situ identification of leishmania amazonensis associated with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in bahia, brazil. | 1989 | 2487456 | |
| biochemistry of pentostam resistant leishmania. | promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis wr 669 clone 4 were made resistant to antimony in the form of pentostam (sodium stibogluconate) by exposure to media containing increasing concentrations of sb. the dose of sb expected to kill 50% of promastigotes and amastigotes of the parent sensitive clone (wr 669) and the resistant clone (wr 669r) was determined by exposure of suspensions in physiologic salt solution for 3 hr. the approximate ed50s in microgram sb/ml were: 10,000 for wr 669r p ... | 1989 | 2537584 |
| the effect of pentostam and cimetidine on the development of leishmaniasis (leishmania mexicana amazonensis) and concomitant malaria (plasmodium yoelii). | balb/c mice were infected with leishmania mexicana amazonensis and/or plasmodium yoelii in order to determine the impact of multiple parasitic infection on the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. uninfected, p. yoelii-infected, l.m. amazonensis-infected, and l.m. amazonensis and p. yoelii-infected mice were inoculated with cimetidine (80 mg kg-1 day-1) or pentostam (200 mg kg-1 day-1) once a day for an initial 20-day period, and once a week thereafter. leishmania mexicana amazonensis lesion dev ... | 1989 | 2557804 |
| anionic site behavior in leishmania and its role in the parasite-macrophage interaction. | the behavior of cationized ferritin (cf) binding sites on the surface of leishmania mexicana amazonensis (amastigotes, infective and non-infective promastigotes) and their participation in the interaction with macrophages were evaluated. glutaral-dehyde-fixed parasites treated with cf present a uniform labelling over the whole cell surface. however, living parasites displayed cf patches and caps. capping was usually seen towards the anterior (flagellated) portion of the cells, where shedding phe ... | 1989 | 2606939 |
| antileishmanial effects of clofazimine and other antimycobacterial agents. | in the search for more effective alternatives to the presently-used antileishmanial drugs, the activity of the major groups of antimycobacterial compounds has been examined, both in vitro and in animal models of infection. in vitro, clofazimine was the most active compound tested, with a mean ed50 of 2.3 mg l-1 against leishmania mexicana amazonensis, 1.4 mg l-1 against l. donovani and 0.5 mg l-1 against l. major. other active compounds were the thiosemicarbazone, thiambutosine, and salinazid, a ... | 1989 | 2619361 |
| studies on trypanosomatid actin. i. immunochemical and biochemical identification. | in this study, the presence of actin in cultured trypanosomatids was investigated using polyclonal antibodies to heterologous actin. polyclonal antisera to rabbit muscle actin and a monospecific anti-actin antibody react with a 43-kda polypeptide in extracts of trypanosoma cruzi, herpetomonas samuelpessoai and leishmania mexicana amazonensis on protein immunoblots. the 43-kda polypeptide co-migrates with skeletal muscle actin and is retained within trypanosomatid cytoskeletons. attempts to isola ... | 1989 | 2651660 |
| immunotherapy of localized, intermediate, and diffuse forms of american cutaneous leishmaniasis. | the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for localized american cutaneous leishmaniasis with a combination of heat-killed leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes and viable bcg (bacille calmette guérin) has been compared with meglumine antimoniate chemotherapy and with bcg alone in a controlled clinical study in 217 patients. the results in the first two groups were comparable, with greater than 90% clinical cures with an average time of 16-18 w required for healing. the cure rate was consid ... | 1989 | 2659679 |
| amastigote stage-specific monoclonal antibodies against leishmania major. | monoclonal antibodies were produced against gamma-irradiated amastigotes of leishmania major. five antibodies (t16 through t20) were selected which reacted in enzyme-linked immunoassays with the intracellular stage of the parasite. these antibodies did not react with promastigotes of l. major or leishmania donovani. one of the monoclonal antibodies (t16) reacted with amastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis and l. donovani. western blotting (immunoblotting) and immunoprecipitation of [35s] ... | 1989 | 2680982 |
| heat-shock protein 83 of leishmania mexicana amazonensis is an abundant cytoplasmic protein with a tandemly repeated genomic arrangement. | the 83-kda heat-shock protein hsp83 is a highly abundant protein in leishmania amastigotes and promastigotes exposed to elevated temperature. antibodies against this protein were obtained by immunization with a synthetic peptide derived from a conserved region. these antibodies recognized both the denatured and the native form of the molecule and were used for immunofluorescence analysis. these experiments, together with analysis by cell fractionation, show that hsp83 is distributed in the cytop ... | 1989 | 2684665 |
| receptor-mediated drug delivery to macrophages in chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. | methotrexate coupled to maleylated bovine serum albumin was taken up efficiently through the "scavenger" receptors present on macrophages and led to selective killing of intracellular leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes in cultured hamster peritoneal macrophages. the drug conjugate was nearly 100 times as effective as free methotrexate in eliminating the intracellular parasites. furthermore, in a model of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in hamsters, the drug conjugate brought about ... | 1989 | 2717947 |
| leishmania amazonensis: involvement of cysteine proteinases in the killing of isolated amastigotes by l-leucine methyl ester. | l-leucine-methyl ester (leu-ome) kills leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes by a mechanism which requires proteolytic cleavage of the ester. n-benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-alanyl diazomethane (z-phe-alachn2), a specific and irreversible inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, was used to characterize the enzymes involved in parasite destruction. it was shown that (1) amastigotes preincubated with micromolar concentrations of z-phe-alachn2 survived challenge with leu-ome concentrations lethal ... | 1989 | 2721634 |
| development of metacyclic leishmania promastigotes is associated with the increasing expression of gp65, the major surface antigen. | using immunofluorescence techniques and flow microfluorometry analysis, we have demonstrated that the binding of a monoclonal antibody (vd5/25) produced against gp65, the major surface antigen of leishmania braziliensis, increased on the surface of stationary-phase promastigotes from all the new world leishmania species causing mucocutaneous or cutaneous disease as compared with the log-phase parasites. in addition, a sequential development of leishmania amazonensis promastigotes from a non-infe ... | 1989 | 2771426 |
| in vitro and in vivo effects of interleukin 2 on the protozoan parasite leishmania. | t cells can have either resistance-promoting or disease-promoting effects in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. it is known that the adoptive transfer of parasite-specific helper t cells led to an exacerbation of leishmania-induced lesions. this work presents evidence that lymphokines produced by activated t cells could be involved in this exacerbating process by directly stimulating the parasite growth. in the presence of activated t cell supernatants, the in vitro growth of leishmania mexicana am ... | 1989 | 2785043 |
| megasomes as the targets of leucine methyl ester in leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. | certain l-amino acid esters, such as l-leucine methyl ester (leu-ome), can kill intracellular and isolated leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. killing appears to involve ester trapping and hydrolysis within an acidified parasite compartment (m. rabinovitch and s. c. alfieri, 1987, brazilian journal of medical and biological research 20, 665-74). we show here by acid phosphatase light microscopic cytochemistry and by ultrastructural morphometry that megasomes, lysosome-like amastigote organelles, ... | 1989 | 2797865 |
| dna amplification in arsenite-resistant leishmania. | arsenite-resistant variants of a trypanosomatid protozoan, leishmania mexicana amazonensis, were selected in vitro by stepwise increases of sodium arsenite concentrations up to 30 microm in the culture medium. these variants were found to contain amplified dna as extrachromosomal supercoiled molecules of about 69 kb. they originate from a single chromosome in the wild-type cells. there is evidence of chromosomal changes in these cells associated with the selection for arsenite resistance. the ap ... | 1989 | 2909386 |
| identification, using isoenzyme electrophoresis and monoclonal antibodies, of leishmania isolated from humans and wild animals of ecuador. | six strains of leishmania isolated from wild mammals and humans on the pacific coast of ecuador were identified by isoenzyme electrophoresis and by their reactivity patterns to a cross-panel of specific monoclonal antibodies using a radioimmune binding assay. single isolates from sciurus vulgaris, potos flavus, and tamandua tetradactyla were identified as leishmania amazonensis. three other strains, isolated from cutaneous lesions of humans, were identified as leishmania panamensis. | 1989 | 2919726 |
| leishmania amazonensis: uptake and hydrolysis of 3h-amino acid methyl esters by isolated amastigotes. | intracellular and isolated amastigotes of leishmania amazonensis can be destroyed by l-amino acid methyl esters known to disrupt mammalian lysosomes. to evaluate the mechanism(s) involved in the leishmanicidal activity, we examined the uptake and hydrolysis of tritiated esters by isolated amastigotes. after incubation with the labeled compounds, parasites were recovered, were washed on filters, and their radioactivity was determined. alternatively, amastigotes were separated from the medium by c ... | 1989 | 2924877 |
| n-glycosylation as a biochemical basis for virulence in leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis grown in vitro under different conditions showed variable degrees of virulence, as determined quantitatively by the size of the lesions and the number of intracellular parasites produced in mice and in cultured macrophages, respectively. promastigotes newly transformed from amastigotes gave the highest degree of virulence, which decreased progressively with periods of their continuous in vitro cultivation. this loss of virulence was prevented by m ... | 1988 | 2830512 |
| inhibition of leishmanial protein kinase by antileishmanial drugs. | protein kinase was isolated from both amastigotes and promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. unlike the previously described enzyme from l. donovani promastigotes, activity of the l. mexicana kinases was 2-3 times higher at low ionic strength than at high ionic strength, and was 3-10-fold augmented by removal of endogenous low molecular weight inhibitors. the km of the l. mexicana kinases was 123-223 microm, compared to the value of 70 microm for the beef heart kinase. purine nucleosi ... | 1988 | 2833126 |
| leishmania mexicana amazonensis: heterogeneity in 5'-nucleotidase and peroxidase activities of mononuclear phagocytes during in vivo and in vitro infection. | the degree of maturation of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (mps), during in vivo and in vitro infection by leishmania mexicana amazonensis, was evaluated in this study. the macrophages' differentiation was assayed by cytochemical characterization at the ultrastructural level, using two well-established markers: 5'-nucleotidase enzyme activity, for revealing the mature cells; and the peroxidase activity present in the cell granules to demonstrate immature mononuclear phagocytes. only a ... | 1988 | 2854875 |
| monoclonal antibodies specific for the amastigote stage of leishmania pifanoi. i. characterization of antigens associated with stage- and species-specific determinants. | eight mab were produced against membrane-enriched preparations of leishmania pifanoi amastigotes either grown in axenic culture (p-1 through p-6) or isolated from macrophage cell culture (p-7 and p-8). two mab produced against promastigote membranes (p-9 and p-10) were found to be specific against this stage. antibodies p-1 through p-8 on analysis by radioimmune binding only reacted with determinants present on amastigotes. mab p-2, p-4, and p-8 also reacted with leishmania amazonensis amastigot ... | 1988 | 2450920 |
| leishmania mexicana amazonensis: adp-ribosyltransferase antagonists specifically inhibit amastigote to promastigote differentiation. | leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes were induced to differentiate by incubation at 27 c. morphological transformation was studied both in untreated cultures and in cultures where dna synthesis, and consequently the final stage in the production of promastigotes, was inhibited by hydroxyurea. 3-methoxybenzamide and other antagonists of adp-ribosyltransferase (adprt) specifically inhibited differentiation at a very early stage in both experimental systems. cell proliferation (in the absenc ... | 1988 | 3135201 |
| effects of temperature elevation on mrna and protein synthesis in leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | the transition from the promastigote stage to the amastigote stage in leishmania appears to involve a sequence of steps which enable the parasite to adapt to its new environment. in this study, transformation from the promastigote to an amastigote-like stage was induced by temperature elevation and the effects on protein synthesis and the mrna population were analyzed. whereas significant changes in the polypeptide complement of the cell were observed, few, if any, changes were seen at the level ... | 1988 | 3173431 |
| effects of phorbol ester on leishmania mexicana amazonensis: an ultrastructural and cytochemical study. | promastigotes and amastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis, incubated in the presence of 20 ng/ml of 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (tpa), an exogenous protein kinase c activator, developed several membrane and cytoplasmic alterations. increased exocytic activity was observed especially in the amastigotes which had an enlarged flagellar pocket. treatment with tpa induced protrusions of the plasma membrane where cytoplasmic elements (ribosomes and sub-pellicular microtubules) were no ... | 1988 | 3179996 |
| temperature effects on molecular processes which lead to stage differentiation in leishmania. | we have studied the effects of growth phase and temperature on the morphological and molecular processes that occur during stage differentiation of leishmania. parasites which differ in their ability to transform axenically were compared. a typical heat shock response is observed in strains that transform axenically. heat shock proteins (hsps) of 70 and 83 kd are transcribed and synthesized along with a decrease in cellular protein synthesis, including tubulin. changes in the transcription of th ... | 1988 | 3181145 |
| membrane glycoprotein m-2 protects against leishmania amazonensis infection. | previous passive antibody transfer experiments have indicated that immunity to a 46-kilodalton membrane glycoprotein (m-2) of leishmania amazonensis may protect against infection with this parasite. in the studies described in this paper, we investigated the ability of the purified m-2 molecule to elicit a protective immune response in conjunction with freund incomplete and complete adjuvants, saponin, and corynebacterium parvum. both relatively susceptible (balb/c and cba) and resistant (c57bl/ ... | 1988 | 3182080 |
| beta tubulin gene of the parasitic protozoan leishmania mexicana. | a genomic dna library was generated with sau3a cut dna derived from promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis and the lambda vector embl3. the library was screened for beta tubulin clones using 32p-labeled heterologous probe of chicken beta tubulin cdna. from the various genomic clones the one designated 23.1, which gave the simplest hybridization banding pattern, was further characterized. the leishmanial insert dna was subcloned into plasmid vectors and the resulting clones were designa ... | 1988 | 3185616 |
| interactions between malaria (plasmodium yoelii) and leishmaniasis (leishmania mexicana amazonensis): effect of concomitant infection on host activity, host body temperature, and vector engorgement success. | 1988 | 3204626 | |
| interactions between plasmodium yoelii and leishmania mexicana amazonensis in leishmania resistant c57b1/6 mice. | we examined the effect of concurrent infection with plasmodium yoelii and leishmania mexicana amazonensis on the course of each disease in leishmania resistant c57bl/6 mice. p. yoelii parasitemia was greatly enhanced when l. m. amazonensis was inoculated 2 days, 3 weeks, or 12 weeks prior to the malaria. lesions due to l. m. amazonensis were enhanced in mice concomitantly infected with p. yoelii compared to mice infected with l. m. amazonensis only. metastatic l. m. amazonensis lesions developed ... | 1988 | 3207174 |
| novel 17-kilodalton leishmania antigen revealed by immunochemical studies of a purified glycoprotein fraction recognized by murine t lymphocytes. | recently, a glycoprotein fraction, designated gp10/20, purified from leishmania mexicana amazonensis was shown to induce a cellular immune response mediated by murine l3t4+ t lymphocytes. this fact led us to pursue further the characterization of this fraction. the present study demonstrated that gp10/20 is a degradation product of a 17-kilodalton antigen present in promastigotes and amastigotes of l. mexicana amazonensis. this antigen was easily detected in promastigotes of l. mexicana mexicana ... | 1988 | 3260220 |
| acid protease activity of a major surface membrane glycoprotein (gp63) from leishmania mexicana promastigotes. | a unique protease with activity optimal at ph 4.0 and trailing toward the alkaline ph spectrum was detected with intact glutaraldehyde-fixed promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis, indicating surface localisation of the enzyme. that this surface protease may be a virulence factor is suggested by its apparent roles in multiple steps during leishmanial infections of macrophages. indeed, its specific activity was 2-2.5 fold higher on virulent cells than on avirulent cells. several lines o ... | 1988 | 3278222 |
| [cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis in panama]. | 1988 | 3347765 | |
| vaccination of mice against leishmania mexicana amazonensis with microsomal fraction associated with bcg. | attempts to develop a satisfactory vaccine against new world cutaneous leishmaniasis have been made with varying success. we found that in mice, pretreated subcutaneously with 2 x 10(6) bcg organisms 2 weeks prior to immunization at the same site with as low as 10 micrograms of a microsomal preparation (pol-f) of leishmania mexicana amazonensis, a profound alteration was observed in the course of infection produced by inoculation of virulent amastigotes of the same strain. the bcg-pol-f vaccine ... | 1988 | 3370128 |
| freeze-fracture and cytochemistry study of the interaction between leishmania mexicana amazonensis and macrophages. | the process of interaction between macrophages and promastigote and amastigote forms of leishmania mexicana amazonensis was analyzed using freeze fracture and cytochemistry. the promastigotes inside endocytic vacuoles of macrophages presented an altered distribution of intramembranous particles and a wavy aspect of the plasma membrane. however, amastigotes did not show such alterations. the membrane alterations are probably caused by intracellular cell lysis of the promastigotes by the macrophag ... | 1988 | 3370624 |
| destruction of intracellular and isolated leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes by amino acid amides. | l-amino acid esters such as leucine methyl ester (leu-ome) destroy leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes by a mechanism which may involve hydrolysis of the compounds by parasite enzymes. moreover, several esters (e.g. ile-ome) prevent the killing of parasites by leu-ome, perhaps by inhibition of the hydrolytic enzymes. we show here that certain amino acid amides are also leishmanicidal. killing of leishmania within macrophages was assessed microscopically, and that of isolated amastigotes ... | 1988 | 3374965 |
| heme binding to leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | leishmania mexicana amazonensis is a pathogenic parasite whose growth, due to a biosynthetic deficiency, is dependent on a supply of exogenous heme. utilizing [55fe]hemin, we have demonstrated that heme binding to non-dividing cultured promastigotes of l. m. amazonensis at 4 degrees c reaches equilibrium within 6 h, is 95% dissociable by 28 h and is elevated approximately 5-fold by decreasing the ph of the binding buffer to 5.4. metalloporphyrins substituted either at the central metal atom or i ... | 1988 | 3386686 |
| generation of sequence diversity in the kinetoplast dna minicircles of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | in order to understand the mechanisms which generate minicircle sequence diversity, we sequenced three minicircles belonging to the same or closely related sequence classes from the kinetoplast dna of leishmania mexicana amazonensis strains, ph8, raimundo, and josefa. closely related minicircles from ph8 and raimundo were unexpectedly found to differ at 11% of positions within the evolutionarily conserved region, but at only 3.9% of positions in the variable region. it thus appears that accumula ... | 1988 | 3398889 |
| feeding-site selection of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) on mice infected with leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | 1988 | 3404541 | |
| proteinase inhibitors protect leishmania amazonensis amastigotes from destruction by amino acid esters. | lysosomotropic amino acid esters and amides kill leishmania amazonensis amastigotes by a mechanism which probably involves enzymatic hydrolysis of the compounds and rapid accumulation of less permeant amino acid within the parasites. we show here that, in agreement with this model, the proteinase inhibitors antipain and chymostatin prevented the killing of intracellular and isolated parasites by l-leucine methyl ester (leu-ome). survival of leishmania within macrophages was assessed microscopica ... | 1988 | 3412375 |
| pathophysiology of experimental leishmaniasis: the role of parasite physiology in the development of metastatic disease. | this paper addresses the issue of how physiological properties of leishmania determine the pattern of development of disseminated leishmaniasis in the mammalian host. it presents direct experimental evidence from in vivo studies that species of leishmania differ in their capacity to multiply in cutaneous and visceral sites which results in differences in the pattern and rate of development of leishmaniasis. it was found that leishmania mexicana amazonensis begins to multiply in the cutaneous sit ... | 1988 | 2972218 |
| leishmania amazonensis: acidic organelles in amastigotes. | leishmania amastigotes are intracellular protozoan parasites which exclusively invade cells of the macrophage series and multiply within phagolysosomes. recent studies showed that intracellular and isolated amastigotes of l. amazonesis are killed by amino acid esters which appear to be trapped within as yet unidentified, possibly acidified, "lysosome-like" parasite compartments and cleaved by hydrolytic enzyme(s) (m. rabinovitch, v. zilberfarb, and c. ramazeilles, 1986, journal of experimental m ... | 1988 | 3056736 |
| the role of hematopoietic growth factors in the fate of an infection with leishmania mexicana amazonensis: an attempt at a unifying hypothesis. | 1988 | 3075684 | |
| kinetoplast dna minicircles: regions of extensive sequence divergence. | previous work has shown that the kinetoplast minicircle dna of leishmania species exhibits species-specific sequence divergence and this observation has led to the development of a dna probe-based diagnostic test for leishmaniasis. in the work reported here, we demonstrate that the minicircle is composed of three types of dna sequences with differing specificities reflecting different rates of dna sequence change. a library of cloned fragments of kinetoplast dna (kdna) from leishmania mexicana a ... | 1987 | 3025880 |
| biological and biochemical characterization of tunicamycin-resistant leishmania mexicana: mechanism of drug resistance and virulence. | a parasitic protozoan, leishmania mexicana amazonensis, was previously made resistant to tunicamycin (j.a. kink and k.-p. chang, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 84:1253-1257, 1987). in the present study, six different tunicamycin-resistant variants were biologically and biochemically compared with their parental wild type to further delineate the mechanism of tunicamycin resistance and that of their virulence observed. in contrast to their parental wild type, all tunicamycin-resistant variants were f ... | 1987 | 3036710 |
| structural and antigenic characterization of a species- and promastigote-specific leishmania mexicana amazonensis membrane protein. | a leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigote membrane glycoprotein (mr 46,000) expressing the species-specific and promastigote-specific epitope of monoclonal antibody ix 2h7-e10(m-2) has been purified to homogeneity, and studies have been made to determine the minimum peptide fragment that retained antigenic activity. peptide mapping experiments performed with the metabolically labeled or surface radioiodinated protein illustrated its highly folded nature and marked resistance to proteolytic ... | 1987 | 3543130 |
| identification of specific and cross-reactive antigens of leishmania donovani chagasi by human infection sera. | cloned leishmania donovani chagasi (ldc) promastigotes were analyzed by sds-page separation and immunoblotting with human infection sera. the patterns of antigen reactivity were compared by using sera from individuals with ldc, leishmania mexicana amazonensis (lma), trypanosoma cruzi, mycobacterium tuberculosis, or mycobacterium leprae infections. sera from individuals with these infections recognized ldc antigens in several m.w. ranges. reactivity was due to recognition of ldc molecules and not ... | 1987 | 3543131 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis. the defect in t cell influx in balb/c mice. | local cellular responses to cutaneous infection with leishmania mexicana amazonensis were examined in susceptible (balb/c) and resistant (c57bl/6) mouse strains by immunocytochemical and electron microscopic studies. infection during the first 8 wk in both animal strains was characterized by progressively enlarging lesions, epidermal thickening and ulceration, and accumulation of eosinophils and ia+ infected macrophages. healing of c57bl/6 mouse lesions began after 12 wk of infection and was ass ... | 1987 | 3546576 |
| leishmania mexicana: distribution of intramembranous particles and filipin sterol complexes in amastigotes and promastigotes. | the density and distribution of intramembranous particles was analyzed in freeze fracture replicas of the plasma membrane of amastigotes, and infective as well as noninfective promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. the density of intramembranous particles on both protoplasmic and extracellular faces was higher in infective than in noninfective promastigotes and it was lower in amastigotes than in promastigotes. amastigotes purified immediately after tissue homogenization were surround ... | 1987 | 3569471 |
| destruction of leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes by normal human serum. | fresh normal human serum was observed to have a lethal effect on leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes obtained from laboratory-bred lutzomyia longipalpis or on promastigotes grown in liquid culture medium, inoculated with the same isolates. heat inactivation abolished the leishmania lytic activity from the sera. resistance of culture promastigotes to lysis by normal human serum was investigated in three isolates of l. m. amazonensis. development of resistance (up to 7%) was found in onl ... | 1987 | 3605505 |
| observations on the parasite leishmania mexicana amazonensis and its natural infection of the sand fly lutzomyia olmeca nociva. | 1987 | 3607352 | |
| fine structure and cytochemistry of the interaction between leishmania mexicana amazonensis and rat neutrophils and eosinophils. | the fine structure of the in vivo and in vitro interaction process between promastigote and amastigote forms of leishmania mexicana amazonensis with rat peritoneal neutrophils and eosinophils was studied. for in vivo experiments the parasites were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity and samples were collected after different times. both neutrophils and eosinophils readily ingested and digested the parasites within endocytic vacuoles. attachment of the parasites to the eosinophils induced their ... | 1987 | 3612880 |
| identification of a major 72 kilodalton surface antigen in twelve isolates of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. | the study of the surface antigens of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis revealed a great homogeneity among ten strains isolated from bolivia and two reference strains from brazil and belize. a 72 kda major protein, present in all l. b. braziliensis strains, was recognized by both cutaneous and mucocutaneous human sera, but was not recognized by kala-azar and chagasic sera. no cross-reactive antigens were found among strains of leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, leishmania braziliensis panamen ... | 1987 | 3627165 |
| destruction of leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes by leucine methyl ester: protection by other amino acid esters. | l-amino acid esters, such as leucine methyl ester (leu-ome) can destroy intracellular as well as isolated amastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis by a mechanism which may involve ester hydrolysis by parasite enzymes. we show here that several other esters prevented the killing of the amastigotes by leu-ome. destruction of leishmania within macrophages in culture was assessed microscopically and viability of isolated parasites was monitored by reduction of the tetrazolium mtt. the main fea ... | 1987 | 3670898 |
| leishmaniasis in brazil. xxiv. natural flagellate infections of sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in pará state, with particular reference to the rôle of psychodopygus wellcomei as the vector of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in the serra dos carajás. | between july 1983 and december 1984 natural flagellate infections were found in 114 (1%) of 11,586 female phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) of 21 species. a further 1084 females of 17 other species were not infected. identification of the organisms on a number of occasions confirms the exclusive parasite/vector relationship of leishmania mexicana amazonensis/lutzomyia flaviscutellata and le. braziliensis braziliensis/psychodopygus "wellcomei". undescribed or unidentified leishmania s ... | 1987 | 3686628 |
| detection and enumeration of leishmania in sand flies using agar-based media. | an agar plating technique was used to determine the number of amastigotes ingested by lutzomyia longipalpis fed on papules on mesocricetus auratus caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis and on lesions on mystromys albicaudatus caused by leishmania braziliensis panamensis. the technique involved homogenizing sand flies after bloodfeeding on the infected animals and spreading the homogenate over the surface of agar plates. a great variation in the number of amastigotes ingested by individual sa ... | 1987 | 3688307 |
| effect of temperature on leishmania mexicana amazonensis induced lesions in hamsters. | 1987 | 3692556 | |
| leishmania mexicana: destruction of isolated amastigotes by amino acid esters. | amino acid esters can destroy intracellular as well as isolated amastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. in the present study we examined, using a tetrazolium reduction assay, the toxicity of the esters for amastigotes isolated from mouse lesions. parasite killing by the "prototype" compound l-leucine methyl ester at 1 mm concentration and at ph 7.3 took place within 15-30 min. time-lapse cinematographic observations showed that the amastigotes rounded up and became less phase-dense befor ... | 1987 | 3826487 |
| histopathologic changes induced by vaccination in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of balb/c mice. | highly susceptible balb/c mice became partially resistant to leishmania mexicana amazonensis infection after intravenous immunization with solubilized homologous promastigote antigen. immunized balb/c mice exhibited mixed mononuclear cell reactions, with granulomatous inflammation, collagen deposition, and fibrinoid necrosis at the site of infection. in contrast, naive animals displayed a monomorphic picture composed of largely vacuolated and parasitized macrophages with areas of coagulative nec ... | 1987 | 3495185 |
| infective stages of leishmania in the sandfly vector and some observations on the mechanism of transmission. | infective stages of leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, capable of producing amastigote infections in hamster skin, were shown to be present in the experimentally infected sandfly vector lutzomyia flaviscutellata 15, 25, 40, 49, 70, 96 and 120 hours after the flies had received their infective blood-meal. similarly, infective stages of leishmania (l.) chagasi were demonstrated in the experimentally infected vector lu. longipalpis examined 38, 50, 63, 87, 110, 135, 171 and 221 hours following th ... | 1987 | 3507574 |
| [cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis in panama]. | 1987 | 3423320 | |
| macrophage function in patients with american cutaneous leishmaniasis: in vitro cytotoxicity and interleukin-1 production. | monocyte-derived blood macrophages of untreated patients with leishmania braziliensis or leishmania mexicana amazonensis infections show anomalies in their nonspecific immune functions. their ability to kill hela cells or to produce interleukin-1 in vitro in response to lipopolysaccharide plus candida albicans is lower than controls indicating that acquired or innate macrophage deficiencies may be involved in the course of the disease. | 1987 | 3305852 |
| from lysosomes to cells, from cells to leishmania: amino acid esters as potential chemotherapeutic agents. | amino acid esters can disrupt lysosomes and damage monocytes and certain lymphocyte populations. lysosomal disruption involves ph trapping of the esters, followed by their hydrolysis by as yet unidentified enzymes. accumulation of the more polar amino acids is assumed to cause osmotic lysis of the organelles. we have discovered that certain amino acid esters and amides destroy leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes lodged within macrophages in culture, as well as parasites isolated from mou ... | 1987 | 3331952 |
| the transmission of suprapylarian leishmania by the bite of experimentally infected sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | lutzomyia furcata transmitted leishmania chagasi to a hamster 10 days after being experimentally fed on an infected spleen. an individual female psychodopygus carrerai carrerai that had fed on a hamster lesion caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis transmitted this parasite 6 days later to another hamster. transmission electron microscopy of this fly's head revealed a small number of degenerate promastigotes in the foregut, but only a few were attached. | 1987 | 3333811 |
| different patterns of disease in two inbred mouse strains infected with a clone of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | we have infected balb/c and c57bl/6 mice with a cloned leishmania mexicana amazonensis population, obtained from the "maria" strain. progression of infection and histopathological examination confirmed the extreme susceptibility of balb/c mice and the resistant pattern of the c57 bl/6. anti-leishmania antibody titers were higher in balb/c than in c57bl/6 mice through the period of infection. tests of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction with leishmania antigens were positive in both strains in ... | 1987 | 2884839 |
| immune serum from both susceptible and resistant strains of mice increases phagocytosis of leishmania mexicana amazonensis by macrophages. | immune sera obtained from either balb/c mice (susceptible) at 7 weeks, or c57bl/6 mice (resistant), at 7 weeks after infection with l. m. amazonensis, were effective in increasing internalization of homologous promastigotes into starch-induced peritoneal macrophages (from both mouse strains). both the internalization enhancing effect and the levels of anti-leishmanial antibody (elisa) were removed from sera by absorption with heat-killed promastigotes. sera at 1/200 dilution obtained from either ... | 1987 | 2892370 |
| inhibition of growth of leishmania mexicana mexicana by leishmania mexicana amazonensis during "in vitro" co-cultivation. | inhibition of one leishmania subspecies by exometabolites of another subspecies, a phenomenon not previously reported, is suggested by our recent observations in cell cloning experiments with leishmania mexicana mexicana and leishmania mexicana amazonensis. clones were identified using the technique of schizodeme analysis. the phenomenon observed is clearly relevant to studies of parasite isolation, leishmanial metabolism, cross-immunity and chemotherapy. | 1987 | 2853814 |
| tunicamycin-resistant leishmania mexicana amazonensis: expression of virulence associated with an increased activity of n-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and amplification of its presumptive gene. | tunicamycin at 10 micrograms/ml inhibits the growth and infectivity of the parasitic protozoan leishmania mexicana amazonensis. tunicamycin-resistant variants of this parasite were produced by gradual acclimatization of cells to increasing concentrations of the drug up to 80 micrograms/ml and a single-step selection of ethyl methanesulfonate-pretreated or differentiating leishmanias with the drug at 10 micrograms/ml. prolonged exposure to the drug increases stability of drug resistance of those ... | 1987 | 2950522 |
| involvement of the macrophage mannose-6-phosphate receptor in the recognition of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | significant differences were found in the ability of resident mouse peritoneal macrophages to ingest amastigote and promastigote forms of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. differences in the association index of the parasites to the macrophages were also found between infective and non-infective promastigotes. evidence was obtained suggesting that the macrophage receptor, which recognizes mannose-6-phosphate-containing units found in lysosomal enzymes, is involved in the association with the macr ... | 1987 | 2958844 |
| leishmania mexicana: a cytochemical and quantitative study of lysosomal enzymes in infected rat bone marrow-derived macrophages. | the cellular localization and activity of the lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase, trimetaphosphatase, and arylsulfatase were studied in rat bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes. the specific activity of acid phosphatase normalized for protein content was similar in normal macrophages and in isolated amastigotes, whereas the latter were markedly deficient in trimetaphosphatase and arylsulfatase activities. it is thus likely that trimetaphosphat ... | 1987 | 2824235 |
| specific immunization of mice against leishmania mexicana amazonensis using solubilized promastigotes. | successful immunization of highly susceptible balb/c mice against progressive infection by leishmania mexicana amazonensis, using whole solubilized promastigotes was achieved. the best immunization schedule consisted of three weekly injections of 5 x 10(7) parasite equivalents. intravenous was superior to intraperitoneal or subcutaneous immunization. protection persisted for up to 2 months after immunization, and beneficial effects could be observed in long-term follow-up (24 weeks after infecti ... | 1987 | 2441913 |
| interleukin-2 production during murine infection by leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | highly susceptible balb/c mice, resistant c57b1/6 and their f1 progeny (bdf1) were infected subcutaneously in the foot pad with leishmania mexicana amazonensis. at various times after infection, spleen or draining popliteal lymph node cells were assayed for their capacity to generate interleukin-2 (i1-2) by concanavalin a (cona) stimulation. in both balb/c and c57b1/6 strains there was a transient increase in their capacity to produce i1-2, from the 3rd to the 10th week post-infection. return to ... | 1986 | 3491949 |
| expression and size heterogeneity of a 63 kilodalton membrane glycoprotein during growth and transformation of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | our previous work by immunoprecipitation with a specific monoclonal antibody showed multiple, closely apposed electrophoretic bands of a major surface antigen specific to the promastigote stage of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. here, we analyzed the antigen during growth and transformation of this parasite with particular emphasis on the origin of the multiple bands. immunobinding assays revealed the presence of the antigen throughout all phases of growth of cloned and uncloned promastigotes i ... | 1986 | 3515177 |
| destruction of leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes within macrophages by lysosomotropic amino acid esters. | leishmania amastigotes parasitize almost exclusively the mononuclear phagocytes of mammals. the organisms survive and multiply within acidified vacuoles (parasitophorous vacuoles; p.v.) akin to phagolysosomes. certain amino acid esters are known to accumulate in and disrupt lysosomes. we postulated that, since leishmania possess lysosome-like organelles, they may be susceptible to the potentially high ester concentrations attained in the p.v. we report here that l-amino acid esters can rapidly d ... | 1986 | 3950542 |
| cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase in leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | acid phosphatase was cytochemically detected at the ultrastructural level in infective and non-infective promastigotes and in amastigotes of the parasitic protozoan leishmania mexicana amazonensis. cerium chloride was used as the capture agent of the phosphate liberated during the hydrolysis of the substrate (na-beta-glycerophosphate). reaction product, indicative of enzyme activity, was seen in the outer face of the plasma membrane of many, but not all, infective and noninfective promastigote f ... | 1986 | 3959150 |
| cell surface carbohydrate of leishmania mexicana amazonensis: differences between infective and non-infective forms. | the cell surface carbohydrates of leishmania mexicana amazonensis (amastigotes and promastigotes, both infective and non-infective forms) were comparatively analyzed by agglutination assay employing 28 highly purified lectins, and by binding assay using 125i-labeled lectins. among the d-galnac binding lectins, bandeiraea simplicifolia-i, dolichos biflorus, phaseolus vulgaris and glycine max were highly specific for the amastigotes, while that from maclura aurantiaca selectively agglutinated prom ... | 1986 | 3709546 |
| the experimental transmission of leishmania mexicana amazonensis lainson & shaw, between hamsters by the bite of lutzomyia furcata (mangabeira) | 1986 | 3726982 | |
| isolation of leishmania mexicana amazonensis from the bone marrow in a case of american visceral leishmaniasis. | the first documented human case of visceral leishmaniasis caused by l. mexicana amazonensis is reported. leishmania were isolated from bone marrow aspirate material from a typical visceral leishmaniasis patient. further characterization by isoenzyme electrophoresis and by a panel of species- and subspecies-specific monoclonal antibodies established its classification as l. m. amazonensis. | 1986 | 3728794 |
| leishmania mexicana amazonensis infections in 'resistant' inbred mice following removal of the draining lymph node. | highly resistant (c57bl/10) and intermediately resistant (dba/2) mice were infected subcutaneously with leishmania mexicana amazonensis in a hind footpad subsequent to removal of the draining popliteal node. these mice developed greatly exacerbated leishmania infections as compared to sham-operated controls or to mice infected in the contralateral footpad. the majority of mice in which the draining lymph nodes were removed prior to infection developed metastases, lost their delayed hypersensitiv ... | 1986 | 3731529 |
| experimental infection of lutzomyia longipalpis fed on a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | 1986 | 3796279 | |
| [note on the relations between vectors of leishmaniasis and forest trees in french guiana]. | the study of relationships between phlebotomine sandflies and different species of trees, 0 to 1.5 m above ground, was carried out in the french guiana forest. we found that certain forest trees are more propitious than others to the development or maintenance of certain leishmaniasis vectors. lu. umbratilis, vector of leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, represents between 28 and 88% of samples collected on trunks. the association of lu. umbratilis and lu. rorotaensis represents between 58 and 9 ... | 1986 | 3813430 |
| [epidemiological characteristics of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic region of the state of bahia. iii. phlebotomine fauna]. | the phlebotomine fauna is highly varied in três braços, an endemic area of american cutaneous leishmaniasis, situated in the cacao growing region in the southeast of bahia state, brazil. thirty spécies of the lutzomyia genus were identified in 13,535 specimens collected between 1976 and 1984. lutzomyia whitmani was the dominant species accounting for 99% of flies in the peridomicile and 97.5% of those caught in homes. in the forest the predominant species were lu. ayrozai and lu. yuilli. lu. whi ... | 1986 | 3574127 |
| structural observations on the attachment of promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis to the surface of macrophages. | 1986 | 3587059 | |
| monoclonal antibody affinity purification of a leishmania membrane glycoprotein and its inhibition of leishmania-macrophage binding. | specific monoclonal antibody coupled to affi-gel 10 was used to purify a major membrane glycoprotein of leishmania mexicana amazonensis, one of a group of parasitic protozoa that specifically infect mammalian macrophages. immobilized antigen was eluted at a 34% efficiency with buffers at either ph 2.5 or 11 or with mgcl2, but only the antigen eluted under basic conditions could be readsorbed to the immunobeads. sephacryl s-300 gel filtration of the purified antigen gave a single peak of protein ... | 1986 | 3079902 |
| [the 2 first cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania mexicana amazonensis in french guiana]. | the authors report the two first proven cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania mexicana amazonensis in french guiana. they present some observations on the situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis epidemiology in this country. | 1985 | 3986952 |
| depletion of secondary lysosomes in mouse macrophages infected with leishmania mexicana amazonensis: a cytochemical study. | leishmania amastigotes lodge and multiply within parasitophorous vacuoles, which can fuse with secondary lysosomes of the host macrophages. this study examines the effect of infection with amastigotes of l. mexicana amazonensis on the secondary lysosomes of mouse macrophage cultures. the cultures were stained for the activities of two lysosomal enzyme markers, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase, and the light microscopic observations were supplemented by electron microscopy. nearly all noninfect ... | 1985 | 3993184 |
| [immunization of balb/c mice with cultured amastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis: protection by gamma-irradiated parasites]. | 1985 | 4012583 |