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vibrio vulnificus dna load and mortality.we determined the association between dna load and mortality in patients with vibrio vulnificus infection. real-time pcr performed on sera of 27 culture-positive patients showed a significantly higher median dna load in nonsurvivors than in survivors. hence, real-time pcr can be used as an early prognostic factor in v. vulnificus septicemia.201021068289
conventional and molecular methods to detect bacterial pathogens in mussels.to detect aeromonas spp., salmonella spp., vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in mussels and water samples from a farming area, conventional and molecular methods were applied to enrichment cultures.201021070267
domain organization and evolution of multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxin in vibrio vulnificus.the objective of this study was to analyze multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxin domain organization within the aquatic species vibrio vulnificus as well as to study the evolution of the rtxa1 gene. the species is subdivided into three biotypes that differ in host range and geographical distribution. we have found three different types (i, ii, and iii) of v. vulnificus martx (martx(vv)) toxins with common domains (an autocatalytic cysteine protease domain [cpd], an α/β-hy ...201021075892
a human single-chain variable fragment targeting to vibrio vulnificus rtxa toxin.vibrio vulnificus secretes a multifunctional cytotoxin rtxa (vvrtxa), which plays a major role in the bacterial pathogenesis. the lack of an efficient vvrtxa detection tool has hampered the progress of v. vulnificus pathogenesis research. this study aims to isolate vvrtxa specific single-chain variable fragments (scfv) to serve as a detection agent. the vvrtxa c-terminal gly-asp (gd) repeat-containing region, which has been implicated for calcium binding and target cell recognition, was chosen a ...201021081141
polyphyletic origin of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 as revealed by sequence-based analysis.a sequence-based analysis of seven housekeeping and virulence-related genes shows that the species vibrio vulnificus is subdivided into three phylogenetic lineages that do not correspond with the biotypes and that biotype 2 is polyphyletic. these results support the reclassification of biotype 2 as a pathovar that would group the strains with pathogenic potential to develop vibriosis in fish.201021097581
cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides) ilf2 gene (ecilf2).interleukin-2 enhancer binding factor 2 (ilf2), also named as nuclear factor 45 (nf45), plays important roles in regulating interleukin-2 expression in mammals. in the present study, a novel ilf2 gene (designated ecilf2) was cloned and well characterized from orange-spotted grouper, epinephelus coioides. the full-length ecilf2 cdna is composed of 1544 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 387 amino acids with 98% identity to ilf2 of atlantic salmon. the genomic dna of ecilf2 consists of 14 exons and 1 ...201021109006
gram negative shuttle bac vector for heterologous expression of metagenomic libraries.bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) vectors enable stable cloning of large dna fragments from single genomes or microbial assemblages. a novel shuttle bac vector was constructed that permits replication of bac clones in diverse gram-negative species. the "gram-negative shuttle bac" vector (pgns-bac) uses the f replicon for stable single-copy replication in e. coli and the broad-host-range rk2 mini-replicon for high-copy replication in diverse gram-negative bacteria. as with other bac vectors c ...201021112378
the use of genetic typing methods to discriminate among strains of vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus.this review article summarizes the findings of recent typing studies conducted on vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus. the dna-based methods used to type the vibrio spp. include whole genome approaches, such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge), ribotyping, and repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-pcr, single gene targets, and multiple gene targets (multilocus approaches). the goals of these studies include establishing the relatedness of isolates from disease epidem ...201021140669
multiple antibacterial histone h2b proteins are expressed in tissues of american oyster.we have previously identified a histone h2b isomer (cvh2b-1) from tissue extracts of the bivalve mollusk, the american oyster (crassostrea virginica). in this paper, we isolate an additional three antibacterial proteins from acidified gill extract by preparative acid-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. extraction of these proteins from tissue was best accomplished by briefly boiling the tissues in a weak acetic acid solution. additio ...201021145411
molecular cloning and characterization of two novel hepcidins from orange-spotted grouper, epinephelus coioides.orange-spotted grouper, epinephelus coioides is one of the most important economic species of marine-cultured fish in china and southeast asia countries. however, very little information of the innate immune mechanisms against microbial pathogens is available in grouper, epinephelus sp. hepcidin, as an antimicrobial peptide (amp), is a very important component in the innate immune system and widespread in fish. in this study, two novel types of hepcidin gene (designated ec-hepcidin1 and ec-hepci ...201021145974
development of a single base extension-tag microarray for the detection of pathogenic vibrio species in seafood.in this study, a single base extension-tag array on glass slides (sbe-tags) microarray was established to detect the seven leading seafood-borne pathogens, including vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio mimicus, vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio anguillarum, and vibrio harveyi. three multiplex pcr assays were developed to specifically target the following species with individual gene markers, which are aads, tdh, and trh for v. parahaemolyticus; col, toxr, and vvh for v ...201021161212
putative virulence factors identified in vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from oysters and seawater in mexico.the presence of vibrio vulnificus was analyzed in oyster and estuarine water samples from mexico by pcr amplification of the vvha gene and some putative virulence factors were tested. samples were collected from 12 different sampling points over a one-year period; 31% samples were positive for v. vulnificus and all isolates were identified as biotype 1. all strains were cytotoxic and proteolytic, 98% showed adherence to epithelial cells, 91.4% were dnase-positive, 77.6% were mucinase-positive, 9 ...201021161801
a comprehensive review of vibrio vulnificus: an important cause of severe sepsis and skin and soft-tissue infection.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic gram-negative bacillus found worldwide in warm coastal waters. the pathogen has the ability to cause primary sepsis in certain high-risk populations, including patients with chronic liver disease, immunodeficiency, iron storage disorders, end-stage renal disease, and diabetes mellitus. most reported cases of primary sepsis in the usa are associated with the ingestion of raw or undercooked oysters harvested from the gulf coast. the mortality rate for patients wit ...201021177133
resveratrol modulates rtx toxin-induced cytotoxicity through interference in adhesion and toxin production.host-parasite contact is a prerequisite for the acute cytotoxicity of vibrio vulnificus, which is mediated primarily by rtxa1, a repeat in toxin (rtx) toxin. we found that resveratrol (at 10 or 30 microm), a natural polyphenol, protected hela cells from v. vulnificus cytotoxicity. to further characterize the underlying mechanism, the effect of resveratrol was investigated at the level of the host-microbe interactions. we studied the effects of resveratrol on adhesion, motility, cytotoxicity, and ...201020553907
quantitative detection of vibrio vulnificus in raw oysters by real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification.vibrio vulnificus is a significant cause of seafood-related morbidity and mortality in the united states. rapid and sensitive detection assays are needed to facilitate better control of potential v. vulnificus infections from seafood consumption. recently, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) has been applied to detect v. vulnificus. in this study, the lamp assay was coupled with either fluorescence- or turbidity-based real-time platforms for the quantitative detection of v. vulnificus ...201020584557
multiplex pcr assays for simultaneous detection and characterization of vibrio vulnificus strains.vibrio vulnificus is a major cause of seafood-related deaths in the united states. several biomarkers, e.g. the virulence-correlated gene (vcg), 16s rrna, and the capsular polysaccharide operon (cps) have been used to differentiate virulent- from nonvirulent-type v. vulnificus strains. in this study, we combined the use of these biomarkers with a species-specific v. vulnificus cytolysin/haemolysin gene (vvha) to develop two pairs of multiplex pcr assays that simultaneously detect and characteriz ...201020586937
a description and illustration of a necrotizing fasciitis by john bell in 1801, hypothetically caused by vibrio vulnificus.we present an overlooked and noteworthy historical case and illustration of a necrotizing fasciitis, observed and written by john bell (1763-1820), first published in 1801. considering the setting and the clinical presentation, we hypothesize that the pathogen responsible was the species vibrio vulnificus. the typical clinical course of a rapidly progressive illness preceded by saltwater exposure shortly followed by the development of a hemorrhagic skin lesion, with a fatal outcome, should stron ...201020594887
immunomagnetic separation of vibrio vulnificus with antiflagellar monoclonal antibody.raw oysters are primary vectors for vibrio vulnificus infections, and a rapid detection method for v. vulnificus in raw oysters before distribution would be an indispensable tool for the seafood industry. one approach to improving the recovery and detection of v. vulnificus without sacrificing assay time is through the use of immunomagnetic separation (ims). the aim of this study was to develop and optimize an ims protocol using anti-h (antiflagellar) antibody for determining the level of v. vul ...201020615341
regulation of the vibrio vulnificus vvpe expression by cyclic amp-receptor protein and quorum-sensing regulator smcr.in vibrio vulnificus, camp-receptor protein (crp) and the quorum-sensing regulator smcr are simultaneously and cooperatively required for the metalloprotease vvpe gene expression, rather than sequentially in a regulatory cascade. however, this study shows a new temporal and functional sequence between the two factors in regulating vvpe expression. a crp mutation inhibited vvpe expression with growth impairment from early stage. in contrast, a smcr mutation inhibited vvpe expression only at the l ...201020638468
clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for patients with vibrio vulnificus infections requiring intensive care: a 10-yr retrospective study.vibrio vulnificus infection is uncommon but potentially life-threatening. the aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for patients with v. vulnificus infections admitted to an intensive care unit.201020657269
an unusual case of sepsis with both vibrio vulnificus and enterococcus casseliflavus.an 87-year-old man with metastatic prostate cancer on prior dexamethasone and chemotherapy presented to the emergency department with fever, hypotension and diarrhea. blood cultures at the time of admission revealed both vibrio vulnificus and enterococcus casseliflavus. raw oysters harvested from a louisiana marsh were consumed 12 and 13 days pre-admission. v. vulnificus sepsis typically manifests within one to three days of exposure, though prior reports have indicated infections as late as sev ...201020666168
a highly sensitive and specific multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.to develop an effective multiplex pcr for simultaneous and rapid detection of vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus, the three most important vibrio species that can cause devastating health hazards among human.201020666989
outer membrane vesicles of vibrio vulnificus deliver cytolysin-hemolysin vvha into epithelial cells to induce cytotoxicity.the gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus produces cytotoxins that induce the acute death of host cells. however, the secretory mechanisms of such cytotoxins have not been extensively studied. previously, we reported that substantial amounts of v. vulnificus cytolysin-hemolysin (vvha) are produced in vivo during the bacterial infection in mice and that this cytotoxin, in conjunction with rtxa1, mediates cytotoxicity. in this study, we investigated whether v. vulnificus cells release outer me ...201020682286
detection and differentiation of vibrio spp. in seafood and fish samples with cultural and molecular methods.vibrio spp. as natural inhabitants of sea- and brackwater of both tropical and temperate regions of the world are commonly found in different kinds of seafood. even among the three main human pathogenic species vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus most of the isolates from seafood do not carry the different virulence factors responsible for foodborne infections. therefore, the risk assessment of vibrio spp. in seafood is currently based mainly on the knowledge of the ge ...201020688407
[a case of vibrio vulnificus infection presenting with invagination].a 73-year-old man with advanced lung cancer ate raw fish the day before being admitted to our hospital with severe abdominal pain, fever and vomiting. soon afterward he fell into shock and disseminated intravenous coagulation. a ct scan revealed invagination and emergency surgery was performed. on the first day after surgery, vibrio vulnificus was cultured from his ascites and blood. the infection was controlled by antibiotic treatment and he was discharged 23 days after the surgery. vibrio vuln ...201020715528
genetic characterization of vibrio vulnificus strains from tilapia aquaculture in bangladesh.outbreaks of vibrio vulnificus wound infections in israel were previously attributed to tilapia aquaculture. in this study, v. vulnificus was frequently isolated from coastal but not freshwater aquaculture in bangladesh. phylogenetic analyses showed that strains from bangladesh differed remarkably from isolates commonly recovered elsewhere from fish or oysters and were more closely related to strains of clinical origin.201020495047
genistein inhibits vibrio vulnificus adhesion and cytotoxicity to hela cells.vibrio vulnificus (v. vulnificus) is a useful model for bacterial septicemia as the bacterial infection generates a wide pathogenic spectrum in addition to a high mortality rate. this study was aimed at investigating the effects of genistein on the growth, cytotoxicity, adhesion, and the mouse mortality caused by v. vulnificus. the results of our study indicated that genistein (50 or 100 mg/l) effectively minimized the morphologic damages and inhibited acute death of hela cells by v. vulnificus. ...201020512479
molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a c-type lectin (ec-ctl) in orange-spotted grouper, epinephelus coioides.c-type lectins play crucial roles in pathogen recognition, innate immunity, and cell-cell interactions. in this study, a new c-type lectin (ec-ctl) gene was cloned from grouper, epinephelus coioides by expressed sequence tag (est) and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) pcr. the full-length cdna of ec-ctl was composed of 840 bp with a 651 bp open reading frame (orf) that encodes a 216-residue protein. the deduced amino acid sequence of ec-ctl possessed all conserved features crucial for the ...201019879363
role of tlr4 in the host response to vibrio vulnificus, an emerging pathogen.the incidence of infection with vibrio vulnificus is increasing due to changing ecologic and demographic factors. most fatal cases are caused by septic shock that results from dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha), presumably due to interaction of v. vulnificus components with toll-like receptors (tlrs). the goal of this study was to investigate the role of tlr4 in the host response to v. vulnificus. results obtained using v. vulnificus type st ...201020059544
identification of a c-di-gmp-regulated polysaccharide locus governing stress resistance and biofilm and rugose colony formation in vibrio vulnificus.as an etiological agent of bacterial sepsis and wound infections, vibrio vulnificus is unique among the vibrionaceae. its continued environmental persistence and transmission are bolstered by its ability to colonize shellfish, form biofilms on various marine biotic surfaces, and generate a morphologically and physiologically distinct rugose (r) variant that yields profuse biofilms. here, we identify a c-di-gmp-regulated locus (brp, for biofilm and rugose polysaccharide) and two transcription fac ...201020065022
cefazolin plus minocycline against a clinical isolate of vibrio vulnificus: in vitro and animal studies.cefotaxime plus minocycline has been shown to have synergistic activity against vibrio vulnificus; however, the clinical role of cefazolin in combination with minocycline in immunocompromised hosts has not been established. therefore, antimicrobial susceptibility of the v. vulnificus clinical isolate vv05191 was studied by the agar dilution method. antibacterial activity of cefazolin, minocycline, and a combination of the two drugs was investigated by time-kill studies in vitro and further exami ...201020093756
high intragenomic heterogeneity of 16s rrna genes in a subset of vibrio vulnificus strains from the western mediterranean coast.heterogeneity among ribosomal operons in vibrio vulnificus is purported as a probabilistic indicator of strain virulence and classifies v. vulnificus strains as 16s rrna genes type a and b. in this study, 16s rrna genes typing of v. vulnificus strains isolated from the valencia city coast, in the western mediterranean, showed that 24 out of 30 isolates were type a, one was type b and five could not be typed. single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of this gene region revealed com ...201021404212
antibacterial activity of thai medicinal plants pikutbenjakul.bacterial infections caused by resistant strains have been increased dramatically. pikutbenjakul, a thai medicinal plant formula containing piper longum, piper sarmentosum, piper interruptum, plumbago indica and zingiber officinale have been widely used in thai traditional medicine.201021298838
crystal structure of toll-like receptor 2-activating lipoprotein iipa from vibrio vulnificus. 201021287630
occurrence of vibrio vulnificus in mussel farms from the varano lagoon environment.monitoring the occurrence of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus in a mussel farm located in the lagoon of varano (italy).201020807335
current status and future prospects in a pathogenic study of vibrio vulnificus. 201020808058
role of gaca in virulence of vibrio vulnificus.the gacs/gaca two-component signal transduction system regulates virulence, biofilm formation and symbiosis in vibrio species. the present study investigated this regulatory pathway in vibrio vulnificus, a human pathogen that causes life-threatening disease associated with the consumption of raw oysters and wound infections. small non-coding rnas (csrb1, csrb2, csrb3 and csrc) commonly regulated by the gacs/gaca pathway were decreased (p<0.0003) in a v. vulnificus cmcp6 δgaca : : aph mutant comp ...201020817642
relationships between environmental factors and pathogenic vibrios in the northern gulf of mexico.although autochthonous vibrio densities are known to be influenced by water temperature and salinity, little is understood about other environmental factors associated with their abundance and distribution. densities of culturable vibrio vulnificus containing vvh (v. vulnificus hemolysin gene) and v. parahaemolyticus containing tlh (thermolabile hemolysin gene, ubiquitous in v. parahaemolyticus), tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin gene, v. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity factor), and trh (tdh-rel ...201020817802
booster biocides and microfouling.antifouling (af) paints are used to prevent the attachment of living organisms to the submerged surfaces of ships, boats and aquatic structures, usually by the release of biocides. apart from copper, organic booster biocides are the main active components in af paints, but their use can have a negative impact on the marine environment. the direct effects of biocides on marine bacteria are poorly known. this work investigates the impact of two biocides, viz. diuron and tolylfluanid, on the growth ...201020824571
ibuprofen augments pro-inflammatory cytokine release in a mouse model of vibrio vulnificus infection.we evaluated the effects of ibuprofen on cytokine production and mortality in a mouse model of septic shock induced by vibrio vulnificus, strain chi mei vv05191. ibuprofen (50 mg/kg) or saline (control) was given to female balb/cbyj mice for three consecutive days before exposure to the pathogen. for cytokine production, serum and peritoneal fluid were assayed for il-1β, il-6, tnf-α, and mip-2 by elisa at 3, 6, and 9 hr after intraperitoneal infection of the organism. at 6 hr after infection, se ...201020840153
solid sequencing of four vibrio vulnificus genomes enables comparative genomic analysis and identification of candidate clade-specific virulence genes.vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of reported death from consumption of seafood in the united states. despite several decades of research on molecular pathogenesis, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms of virulence of this opportunistic bacterial pathogen. the two complete and annotated genomic dna sequences of v. vulnificus belong to strains of clade 2, which is the predominant clade among clinical strains. clade 2 strains generally possess higher virulence potential in animal m ...201020863407
co-culture supernatants from vibrio vulnificus-infected int-407 cells induce il-8 production in intestinal epithelial cells: crucial role of v. vulnificus rtxe.in a previous study, we reported that a gene mutation of repeat in toxin e (rtxe), a transporter of cytotoxic factors, resulted in a significant impairment of epithelial cell cytotoxicity in vibrio vulnificus, and that the expression of the rtxe gene was induced by the exposure to the host cells. in this study, we evaluated and compared the effects of co-culture supernatants from v. vulnificus-infected int-407 cells and either the v. vulnificus wild-type or rtxe mutant on the production of inter ...201020878086
correlation of mannitol fermentation with virulence-associated genotypic characteristics in vibrio vulnificus isolates from oysters and water samples in the gulf of mexico.vibrio vulnificus strains (n = 469) isolated from the gulf of mexico oysters and waters over a period of 2 years were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterizations. of the strains that could be definitively genotyped (n = 465), 58% were classified as genotype a, 29% as genotype b, and 13% as genotype a/b by 16s rrna genotyping. when the same strain bank was characterized by virulence-correlated gene (vcg) typing, 65% were genotype e while 35% were genotype c. further analysis focusing ...201019785540
simultaneous differential detection of human pathogenic and nonpathogenic vibrio species using a multiplex pcr based on gyrb and pnta genes.to develop a multiplex pcr targeting the gyrb and pnta genes for vibrio species differentiation.201019891709
the aromatic ring of phenylalanine 334 is essential for oligomerization of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin.vibrio vulnificus hemolysin (vvh) is thought to be a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (cdc) family of pore-forming toxins. to date, the structure-function relationships of cdcs produced by gram-negative bacteria remain largely unknown. we show here that the aromatic ring of phenylalanine residue conserved in vibrionaceae hemolysins is essential for oligomerization of vvh. we generated the vvh mutants; substituted phe 334 for ile (f334i), ala (f334a), tyr (f334y), or trp (f334w); and ...201019897654
validation of a method for the detection of five species, serogroups, biotypes and virulence factors of vibrio by multiplex pcr in fish and seafood.in this work a sequential multiplex pcr system was designed and validated for the detection of most frequent foodborne pathogen vibrio species in fish and seafood (vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio alginoliticus and vibrio mimicus). the method proposed functions in a hierarchical way, being composed of an end-point multiplex pcr to detect the presence of dna belonging to the studied species, followed by multiplex pcr and fragment analysis allowing the viability ...201019913702
rtxa1-induced expression of the small gtpase rac2 plays a key role in the pathogenicity of vibrio vulnificus.infection with the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) via nad(p)h oxidase (nox) in host cells. in the present study, we employed mutant v. vulnificus strains to identify an essential virulence factor responsible for this ros generation. we found that repeats-in-toxin a1 (rtxa1) expressed by v. vulnificus acts via nox1 to induce significant ros generation in the intestine epithelial cells, which ultimately results in cell death. furthermore, ...201019919301
american oyster, crassostrea virginica, expresses a potent antibacterial histone h2b protein.an antibacterial protein was purified from acidified gill extract of a bivalve mollusk, the american oyster (crassostrea virginica). protein isolation was best accomplished by briefly boiling the tissues in a weak acetic acid solution. adding protease inhibitors while boiling did not have a major effect on activity recovery. in contrast, use of only protease inhibitors (without boiling) resulted in virtually no recovery of this activity. the amino acid sequence of this antibacterial protein was ...201019949827
presence of pathogens and indicator microbes at a non-point source subtropical recreational marine beach.swimming in ocean water, including ocean water at beaches not impacted by known point sources of pollution, is an increasing health concern. this study was an initial evaluation of the presence of indicator microbes and pathogens and the association among the indicator microbes, pathogens, and environmental conditions at a subtropical, recreational marine beach in south florida impacted by non-point sources of pollution. twelve water and eight sand samples were collected during four sampling eve ...201019966020
a recombinant metalloprotease antigen of vibrio vulnificus elicits protective antibodies in a murine model.to investigate whether vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease (vvpe) can induce the production of specific anti-vvpe antibody to confer effective protection against vibrio vulnificus infection and to evaluate the possibility of vvpe as a potential vaccine candidate against disease caused by v. vulnificus.201020002577
evaluation of bactericidal activity of weakly acidic electrolyzed water (waew) against vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibriovulnificus cause severe foodborne illness in humans; thus, to reduce outbreaks of disease, it is clearly important to reduce food contamination by these pathogens. although electrolyzed oxidizing (eo) water has been reported to exhibit strong bactericidal activities against many pathogens, it has never been tested against v. vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of weakly acidic electrolyzed water ...201020004034
pilf polymorphism-based pcr to distinguish vibrio vulnificus strains potentially dangerous to public health.vibrio vulnificus is a heterogeneous species that comprises strains virulent and avirulent for humans and fish, and it is grouped into three biotypes. in this report, we describe a pcr-based methodology that allows both the species identification and discrimination of those isolates that could be considered dangerous to public health. discrimination is based on the amplification of a variable region located within the gene pilf, which seems to be associated with potential human pathogenicity, re ...201020038687
chemical synthesis and biological screening of 2-aminoimidazole-based bacterial and fungal antibiofilm agents.a collection of 2-aminoimidazole/triazole amides has been synthesized and screened for antibiofilm activity. this class of small molecules was found to modulate the biofilm activity of pseudomonas aeruginosa, a multidrug-resistant strain of acinetobacter baumannii (mdrab), a methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strain (mrsa), escherichia coli, rhodospirillum salexigens, staphylococcus epidermidis, vibrio vulnificus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium as well as the yeast candid ...201020049758
role of rpos in the susceptibility of low salinity-adapted vibrio vulnificus to environmental stresses.vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in oyster and marine environments, which frequently encounters low salinity stress in its natural and food processing environment. in this study, the responses of a v. vulnificus wild-type strain c78140o and its rpos isogenic mutant ah1 to sublethal low salinity were examined to investigate the role of rpos in this response. both strains, adapted in low salinity (0.4% nacl), were protected against the lethal low salinity (0.1% nacl), ...201020051307
detection of vibrio vulnificus in seafood, seawater and wastewater samples from a mediterranean coastal area.vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen that may cause gastroenteritis, severe necrotizing soft-tissue infections and primary septicaemia, with a high lethality rate. illness is associated to ingestion of seafood or to the exposure of contaminated water. the aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of v. vulnificus in water and seafood samples from a coastal area near the mediterranean (valencia, spain). a taqman probe-based real-time pcr assay was optimised and applied to 2 ...201020106642
direct interaction between quorum-sensing regulator smcr and rna polymerase is mediated by integration host factor to activate vvpe encoding elastase in vibrio vulnificus.it has been suggested that quorum sensing is an important signal transduction system regulating the expression of numerous virulence genes in bacterial pathogens. we previously revealed that smcr, a luxr homologue of vibrio vulnificus, activates promoter s, an rpos-dependent promoter of vvpe encoding a potential virulence factor elastase and binds in vitro to a binding site centered at -196.5. in this study, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and promoter deletion analyses demonstrated that sm ...201020110369
in vitro time-kill activities of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with the iron chelator deferasirox against vibrio vulnificus.iron plays a major role in the growth and virulence of ferrophilic organisms like vibrio vulnificus. people who reside in the coastal areas with raw fish eating habits have a high risk of vibrio infection and aggressive therapy can only reduce their mortality. we investigated the in vitro efficacy of ciprofloxacin, a bactericidal drug used in v. vulnificus patients, and the orally active iron chelator deferasirox against v. vulnificus infection. we performed in vitro time-kill studies on two atc ...201020127132
predicting the distribution of vibrio spp. in the chesapeake bay: a vibrio cholerae case study.vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a naturally occurring inhabitant of the chesapeake bay and serves as a predictor for other clinically important vibrios, including vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. a system was constructed to predict the likelihood of the presence of v. cholerae in surface waters of the chesapeake bay, with the goal to provide forecasts of the occurrence of this and related pathogenic vibrio spp. prediction was achieved by driving an available mul ...201020145974
predictors of mortality in skin and soft-tissue infections caused by vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus infection can progress rapidly in skin or soft tissue, and it is potentially life-threatening. the purpose of the present study was to explore the predictors of mortality in patients with v. vulnificus infections of skin or soft tissue.201020151130
using an improved tol2 transposon system to produce transgenic zebrafish with epinecidin-1 which enhanced resistance to bacterial infection.in order to advance the application of antimicrobial peptides in aquaculture, transgenic zebrafish expressing the antimicrobial peptide, epinecidin-1, were developed and are reported on here. first, we cloned the zebrafish mylz2 promoter for this purpose. to characterize the activity of the mylz2 promoter, various fragments of it were analyzed using a firefly luciferase transient expression assay, in which maximum promoter activity was found with a 2.5-kb fragment. in addition, the 2.5-kb fragme ...201020153437
a comparative epizootiologic study of the two fish-pathogenic serovars of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2.vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is subdivided into two main serovars, serovar e, able to infect fish and humans, and serovar a, only virulent for fish. serovar e emerged in 1976 as the causative agent of a haemorrhagic septicaemia (warm-water vibriosis) affecting eels cultured in brackish water. serovar a emerged in 2000 in freshwater-cultured eels vaccinated against serovar e, causing warm-water vibriosis with fish showing a haemorrhagic intestine as the main differential sign. the aim of the prese ...201020158583
crystal structure of the transcriptional activator hlyu from vibrio vulnificus cmcp6.hlyu is a transcription factor of the arsr/smtb family and activates the expression of the pathogenic vibrio vulnificus rtx toxin. in contrast to the other metal-responding arsr/smtb proteins, hlyu does not sense metal ions. to provide its structural information, we elucidated the crystal structure of hlyu from v. vulnificus cmcp6 (hlyu_vv). the monomeric hlyu_vv architecture of five alpha-helices and two beta-strands, some of which constitute a typical dna-binding winged helix-turn-helix (whth) ...201020178784
crystal structure of smcr, a quorum-sensing master regulator of vibrio vulnificus, provides insight into its regulation of transcription.quorum sensing has been implicated as an important global regulatory system controlling the expression of numerous virulence factors in bacterial pathogens. smcr, a homologue of vibrio harveyi luxr, has been proposed as a quorum-sensing master regulator of vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen. previous studies demonstrated that smcr is essential for the survival and pathogenesis of v. vulnificus, indicating that inhibiting smcr is an attractive approach to combat infections by the ...201020178981
bacterial and viral pathogens in live oysters: 2007 united states market survey.two samples of market oysters, primarily from retail establishments, were collected twice each month in each of nine states during 2007. samples were shipped refrigerated overnight to five u.s. food and drug administration laboratories on a rotating basis and analyzed by most probable number (mpn) for total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus numbers and for the presence of toxigenic v. cholerae, salmonella spp., norovirus (nov), and hepatitis a virus (hav). levels of indica ...201020190085
involvement of capsular polysaccharide via a tlr2/nf-kappab pathway in vibrio vulnificus-induced il-8 secretion of human intestinal epithelial cells.in a previous study, we reported that a wbpp gene mutation in vibrio vulnificus was significantly impaired in its ability to synthesize surface capsular polysaccharide (cps). in this study, we evaluated the functions of the v. vulnificus capsular polysaccharide on interleukin (il)-8 production, as well as its underlying mechanisms in human intestinal epithelial cells. the cps-defective wbpp mutant induced significantly lower levels of il-8 production, il-8 gene promoter activation and nf-kappab ...201020198307
identification of a conserved membrane localization domain within numerous large bacterial protein toxins.vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. many virulence factors contribute to intestinal colonization and disease including the multifunctional autoprocessing rtx toxin (martx(vc)). the rho-inactivation domain (rid) of martx(vc) is responsible for inactivating the rho-family of small gtpases, which leads to depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. based on a deletion analysis of rid to determine the minimal functional domain, we have identified a subdomain at t ...201020212166
evidence that vibrio vulnificus ahpc2 is essential for survival under high salinity by modulating intracellular level of ros.expression of ahpc2 encoding an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase of vibrio vulnificus, a foodborne pathogen, was incrementally induced depending on nacl concentrations in the culture. growth of the ahpc2 mutant was significantly impaired with longer lag phase and lower growth rate when cultured under high salinity. ros was accumulated in v. vulnificus cells when stressed by exposure to high salinity, and the ahpc2 mutant accumulated higher level of ros as compared with the parental wild type. conse ...201020221741
clinical features of vibrio vulnificus infections in the coastal areas of the ariake sea, japan.vibrio vulnificus infection can result in necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis and is associated with high mortality. most patients infected with this microbe have liver dysfunction as an underlying disease. however, because of the sporadic nature of outbreaks and unidentified cases, extensive evaluation of clinical features and identification of factors affecting prognosis have not been performed. we retrospectively analyzed 37 cases in japan from 1984 to 2008 to review clinical features and to ide ...201020229050
laboratory indicators for early detection and surgical treatment of vibrio necrotizing fasciitis.vibrio necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and life-threatening soft tissue infection, with fulminant clinical courses and high mortality rates. however, the lack of specific disease characteristics and diagnostic tools during the initial examination may delay diagnosis.201020232179
functional characterization of the ilpa protein of vibrio vulnificus as an adhesin and its role in bacterial pathogenesis.vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that causes a fatal septicemia. one of its virulence factors is a membrane-bound lipoprotein, ilpa, which can induce cytokine production in human immune cells. in the present study, the role of ilpa as an adhesion molecule was investigated. an ilpa-deleted v. vulnificus mutant showed significantly decreased adherence to int-407 human intestinal epithelial cells, which in turn resulted in reduced cytotoxicity. the deltailpa mutant recovered the adher ...201020308294
assorted ribotypes of vibrio vulnificus human and environmental isolates.we subtyped 117 vibrio vulnificus isolates from 85 v. vulnificus sepsis patients and 32 environmental samples by performing automated ribotyping for the purpose of molecular epidemiological study. although there was one indistinguishable ribotype among the four human isolates and one environmental isolate, taken as a whole, the ribotypes were highly diverse regardless of sample sources. we report here for the first time the assorted ribotypes of v. vulnificus human and environmental isolates in ...201020332574
presence of typical and atypical virulence genes in vibrio isolates belonging to the harveyi clade.the study was aimed at investigating the presence of typical and atypical virulence genes in isolates belonging to the harveyi clade (vibrio harveyi and vibrio campbellii).201020345385
pathogenic vibrio activate nlrp3 inflammasome via cytotoxins and tlr/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-mediated nf-kappa b signaling.vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae are gram-negative pathogens that cause serious infectious disease in humans. the beta form of pro-il-1 is thought to be involved in inflammatory responses and disease development during infection with these pathogens, but the mechanism of beta form of pro-il-1 production remains poorly defined. in this study, we demonstrate that infection of mouse macrophages with two pathogenic vibrio triggers the activation of caspase-1 via the nlrp3 inflammasome. activati ...201020348425
assimilation of metal ions bound to porphyrins or porphyrin-peptides by vibrio vulnificus, a human pathogen inhabiting estuarine and marine environments.vibrio vulnificus, a ubiquitous microorganism in aquatic environments, causes serious septicemia to the immunocompromised host. in addition to protoheme, this species can utilize fe-tcpp [ferric tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine] as an iron source. in the present study, heme c bound covalently to the protein in cytochrome c, as well as the fe-tcpp complex formed with a nanopeptide with a high affinity, was found to be useful iron sources for v. vulnificus. this bacterium was also revealed to u ...201020361516
coincidental double erythema caused by vibrio vulnificus. 201020398697
adaptation of vibrio vulnificus and an rpos mutant to bile salts.vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in oyster and marine environments, which frequently encounters different stresses in its natural habitat, food processing environment and during infection. in this paper, the adaptation of v. vulnificus to bile and the role of rpos in this process were examined using a wild-type strain and an rpos isogenic mutant. adaptation to bile was readily induced in the exponential phase cells in phosphate-buffered saline with 2% bile salts, and ...201020406715
prognostic factors for primary septicemia and wound infection caused by vibrio vulnificus.the purpose of this study was to explore the predictive factors for mortality in primary septicemia or wound infections caused by vibrio vulnificus.201020466220
tilapia hepcidin (th)2-3 as a transgene in transgenic fish enhances resistance to vibrio vulnificus infection and causes variations in immune-related genes after infection by different bacterial species.hepcidin is an antimicrobial peptide (amp) secreted by the liver during inflammation that plays a central role in mammalian iron homeostasis. but the function of hepcidin in fish is still not completely understood. we recently described three different hepcidins (named tilapia hepcidin (th)1-5, th2-2, and th2-3) from tilapia oreochromis mossambicus, the cdna sequences were determined, the predicted peptides were synthesized, and the th2-3 peptide showed antimicrobial activity against several bac ...201020470893
foodborne pathogens in retail oysters in south china.to investigate the occurrence of important foodborne pathogens in shellstock pacific oysters in the food markets in south china.201020486433
expression, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a modification subunit of a putative type i restriction enzyme from vibrio vulnificus yj016.modification (hsdm) and specificity (hsds) subunits are constituents of an active methyltransferase (mtase) of multifunctional type i restriction enzymes. to provide a molecular background on hsdm, a putative hsdm gene from vibrio vulnificus yj016 (hsdm_vv) was cloned and the expressed protein was purified and crystallized from 22%(w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000, 0.02 m imidazole ph 7.5 and 5 mm beta-mercaptoethanol. diffraction data were collected to 1.86 a resolution using synchrotron radiation ...200920054126
thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic).disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) is the physiologic result of pathologic overstimulation of the coagulation system. despite multiple triggers, a myriad of laboratory abnormalities, and a clinical presentation ranging from gross hemostatic failure to life-threatening thrombosis, or even both simultaneously, a simplified clinical approach augmented by a few readily available tests allows prompt identification of the process and elucidation of treatment opportunities. platelet counts in ...200920008204
[vibrio vulnificus infection outside of the fish ponds in northern israel: acquisition in the "einot tzukim" springs near the dead sea].vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that may cause severe skin and systemic infection after exposure of open wounds to contaminated water, especially in patients with underlying disease such as immune-deficiency, iron overload or end stage liver or renal disease. the v. vulnificus infection has been reported in israel almost exclusively after exposure to tilapia fish cultivated in fresh water fish ponds in northern israel. the authors report the first case of v. vulnificus infection a ...200920027981
[real-time pcr in rapid diagnosis of aeromonas hydrophila necrotizing soft tissue infections].we report a case of rapidly progressive necrotizing soft tissue infection and sepsis followed by a patient's death. we suspected vibrio vulnificus infection because the patient's underlying disease was cirrhosis and the course extremely rapid. no microbe had been detected at death. we extracted dna from a blood culture bottle. sybr green i real-time pcr was conducted but could not detect v. vulnificus vvh in the dna sample. aeromonas hydrophila was cultured and identified in blood and necrotized ...200920034324
[development of taqman real-time pcr in detection of aeromonas hydrophila].to develop a taqman real-time pcr for the detection of aeromonas hydrophila.200919954074
knowledge of vibrio vulnificus infection among japanese patients with liver diseases: a prospective multicenter study.vibrio vulnificus (v. vulnificus) is a seafood-borne infectious pathogen that can be lethal to humans. the infection has been correlated with pre-existing liver disease, particularly liver cirrhosis. awareness of v. vulnificus infection among japanese citizens is low, despite the increasing number of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). the present study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge of patients with liver disease regarding v. vulnificus infection.200919789520
evaluation of dna colony hybridization and real-time pcr for detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in postharvest-processed oysters.the applicability of real-time pcr was examined for detection of vibrios from postharvest-processed (php) oysters to allow for a more rapid assay and higher sample throughput than currently used. during june to october 2004, 68 php oyster samples were collected directly from php firms or from retail markets across the united states. php oysters were examined to determine the effectiveness of treatments in the reduction of vibrio levels and to compare the analytical methods utilized. the latter i ...200919833033
survey of postharvest-processed oysters in the united states for levels of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus.from june through october 2004, the u.s. food and drug administration collected oysters (61 samples) that had been subjected to postharvest processing (php) methods, including mild heat treatment, freezing, and high hydrostatic pressure, from processors and retail markets in various states to determine vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus levels. presence in a 25-g sample and most probable number (mpn) using standard enrichment and selective isolation procedures were utilized. suspect colon ...200919833034
tropical dermatology: marine and aquatic dermatology.dermatoses caused by marine organisms are frequently seen in dermatology clinics worldwide. cutaneous injuries after exposure to marine environments include bacterial and fungal infections and lesions caused by aquatic plants and protists. some of these diseases are well known by dermatologists, such as vibrio vulnificus septicemia and erysipeloid, but others are uncommon, such as envenomation caused by ingestion or contact with certain dinoflagellates or cyanobacteria, which are associated with ...200919836641
identification of the vibrio vulnificus ahpcl gene and its influence on survival under oxidative stress and virulence.pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to survive oxidative stresses imposed by host defense systems, and the mechanisms are closely linked to their virulence. in the present study, ahpcl, a homologue of escherichia coli ahpc encoding a peroxiredoxin, was identified among the vibrio vulnificus genes specifically induced by exposure to h(2)o(2). in order to analyze the role of ahpcl in the pathogenesis of v. vulnificus, a mutant, in which the ahpcl gene was disrupted, was constructed by ...200919851736
vibrio vulnificus infection: a case infected by contaminated fishing gear. 200919878399
the extracellular metalloprotease of vibrio tubiashii directly inhibits its extracellular haemolysin.vibrio tubiashii is a re-emerging pathogen of molluscs that secretes a variety of extracellular products (ecps), including a metalloprotease and a cytolysin/haemolysin. previously, we reported that the v. tubiashii haemolysin locus consists of two orfs (vthb and vtha), similar to that of the homologous haemolysin genes (vvhb and vvha) found in vibrio vulnificus. here, we demonstrate that the concomitant expression of both v. tubiashii genes resulted in significantly higher haemolytic activity th ...200919389767
an amphioxus tlr with dynamic embryonic expression pattern responses to pathogens and activates nf-kappab pathway via myd88.a big bang expansion of the vertebrate-type (v-type) tlrs was reported in amphioxus. to shed lights on its implications, a unique tlr which is reversely inserted into an intron of amphioxus psmb7-10 by retrotransposition in the highly polymorphic proto-mhc region was cloned from chinese amphioxus (branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense) and named as bbttlr1. in situ assays showed that bbttlr1 was predominantly expressed in pharynx and gut from larva to adult stages, which are considered as the firs ...200919394698
dynamic expressions of liver tissue apoptosis-related genes of vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats and the effects of antibacterial agents.dynamic changes in mrna expressions of liver tissue apoptosis-promoting genes fas and bax and apoptosis-inhibiting gene bcl-2 of vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats were detected and the effects of antibacterial agents were examined. the rat model with vibrio vulnificus sepsis (vv group) was established and some of the vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats were treated with antibacterial agents (aa group). the mrna expressions of fas, bax and bcl-2 were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain react ...200919399403
comparison of the effects of deferasirox, deferiprone, and deferoxamine on the growth and virulence of vibrio vulnificus.since deferoxamine (dfo), a standard iron-chelating agent that is widely used in patients with iron overload such as hemochromatosis or thalassemia, is a kind of hydroxamine siderophore of streptomyces species, it can accelerate the in vitro growth of ferophilic organisms such as vibrio vulnificus, yersinia enterocolitica, and mucorales.200919413741
role of calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway in vibrio vulnificus cytolysin-induced hyperpermeability.endothelial hyperpermeability, a hallmark of septicemia, is induced by stress fiber formation, which is primarily regulated by the calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway in endothelial cells. we previously reported that trifluoperazine, a calcium/calmodulin antagonist, blocks vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (vvc) -induced lethality at in vivo animal model. the object of this study was therefore to examine whether vvc induces stress fiber formation through calcium/calmodulin signaling in endothelial ce ...200919447166
vibrio vulnificus produces quorum sensing signals of the ahl-class.vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic pathogenic bacterium that can cause vibriosis in humans and fish. the species is subdivided into three biotypes with the fish-virulent strains belonging to biotype 2. the quorum sensing (qs) phenomenon mediated by furanosyl borate diester or autoinducer 2 (ai-2) has been described in human strains of biotype 1, and here we show that the luxs gene which encodes ai-2 is present in all strains of v. vulnificus regardless of origin, biotype or serovar. in this study, ...200919453744
the capability of catabolic utilization of n-acetylneuraminic acid, a sialic acid, is essential for vibrio vulnificus pathogenesis.n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac, sialic acid) could provide a good substrate for enteropathogenic bacteria in the intestine, when the bacteria invade and colonize in human gut. in order to analyze the role of neu5ac catabolism in vibrio vulnificus pathogenesis, a mutant with disruption of the nana gene encoding neu5ac lyase was constructed by allelic exchanges. the nana mutant was not able to utilize neu5ac as a sole carbon source and revealed an altered colony morphotype with reduced opacity in ...200919487477
[effects of antimicrobial agents on the toll like receptors and myeloid differentiation protein-2 in liver tissue of alcohol-induced liver disease: experiment with rats].to investigate the effects of antimicrobial agents on the toll like receptors (tlrs) and myeloid differentiation protein (md)-2 in liver tissue of alcohol-induced liver disease with vibrio vulnificus (vv) sepsis.200919489280
user friendly cloning coupled with chitin-based natural transformation enables rapid mutagenesis of vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a bacterial contaminant of shellfish and causes highly lethal sepsis and destructive wound infections. a definitive identification of virulence factors using the molecular version of koch's postulates has been hindered because of difficulties in performing molecular genetic analysis of this opportunistic pathogen. for example, conjugation is required to introduce plasmid dna, and allelic exchange suicide vectors that rely on sucrose sensitivity for counterselection are not e ...200919502446
septic shock from penetrating leg injury with vibrio vulnificus infection. 200919527215
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