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novel dna gyrase inhibitors: microbiological characterisation of pyrrolamides.pyrrolamides are a novel class of antibacterial agents that target dna gyrase, resulting in inhibition of dna synthesis and bacterial cell death. in these studies, advanced compounds were shown to have potent in vitro activity against selected gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, including meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, meticillin- and quinolone-resistant s. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and β-lactamase-producing haemop ...201323142086
low rate of pneumococci non-susceptible to penicillin in healthy swedish toddlers.infection caused by streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide. the aim of this study was to determine if a noted increase in non-susceptibility to penicillin among pneumococcal clinical isolates from young children reflected a similar increase in healthy children.201323113751
use of nasopharyngeal culture to determine appropriateness of antibiotic therapy in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.rhinosinusitis is one of the top 5 diagnoses for which an antibiotic is prescribed, often without a clear bacterial etiology. this study evaluated whether nasopharyngeal culture and gram stain could serve as a surrogate for endoscopically obtained middle meatal cultures in directing appropriate therapy for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (abrs). this study also investigated the utility of a rapid sinus test screen in differentiating bacterial from nonbacterial rhinosinusitis.201323109504
a single-blinded randomized clinical trial comparing polymyxin b-trimethoprim and moxifloxacin for treatment of acute conjunctivitis in children.to perform a randomized controlled trial comparing moxifloxacin hydrochloride with polymyxin b-trimethoprim for the treatment of acute conjunctivitis.201323092529
antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of betula aetnensis rafin. (betulaceae) leaves extract.this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects, the radical scavenging activity (by dpph and abts tests) and the antioxidant capacity (by β-carotene bleaching test) of betula aetnensis leaves extract. the antimicrobial activity was tested against 14 gram-positive clinical strains, 2 atcc gram-positive strains, 10 gram-negative clinical strains and 4 gram-negative atcc strains. streptococcus pyogenes ery-s and ery-r1 were the most sensitive. betula aetnensis was considerably active agains ...201322703292
prevalence and emerging resistance of moraxella catarrhalis in lower respiratory tract infections in karachi.to determine the prevalence of moraxella catarrhalis in sputum cultures from patients with lower respiratory tract infection and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles.201324392515
outer membrane vesicles shield moraxella catarrhalis β-lactamase from neutralization by serum igg.the aim of this study was to detect the presence of igg against moraxella catarrhalis β-lactamase in healthy adults, and to determine whether outer membrane vesicles (omvs) could protect the enzyme from inhibition by anti-β-lactamase igg.201323184710
genetic requirements for moraxella catarrhalis growth under iron-limiting conditions.iron sequestration by the human host is a first line defence against respiratory pathogens like moraxella catarrhalis, which consequently experiences a period of iron starvation during colonization. we determined the genetic requirements for m. catarrhalis bbh18 growth during iron starvation using the high-throughput genome-wide screening technology genomic array footprinting (gaf). by subjecting a large random transposon mutant library to growth under iron-limiting conditions, mutants of the mc ...201323163337
usefulness of gram-stained sputum obtained just after administration of antimicrobial agents as the earliest therapeutic indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of empiric therapy in community-acquired pneumonia caused by pneumococcus or moraxella catarrhalis.we present here three cases in which morphological changes and/or a decreased number of streptococcus pneumoniae or moraxella catarrhalis could be observed in gram-stained sputum obtained just after the first administration of an antimicrobial agent. case 1 was a 53-year-old man with pneumonia caused by gram-positive diplococcus, identified as s. pneumoniae, who was administered 2 g of ampicillin over a period of 1 h. gram-stained sputum showed smaller or gram-negative pneumococci at the complet ...201323073648
inspiration from old dyes: tris(stilbene) compounds as potent gram-positive antibacterial agents.herein we describe the preparation and structure-activity relationship studies on range of stilbene based compounds and their antibacterial activity. two related compounds, each bearing carboxylic acid moieties, exhibit good activity against several bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa (atcc 33592 and nctc 10442). compound 10 was most active against moraxella catarrhalis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 0.12-0.25 μg ml(-1) and against stap ...201324248959
risk of repeated moraxella catarrhalis colonization is increased in children with toll-like receptor 4 asp299gly polymorphism.moraxella catarrhalis is a common causative agent of acute otitis media and other respiratory infections in children. toll-like receptor (tlr) 4 is an important protein of human innate immunity. one polymorphic site asp299gly of tlr4 is proven to result in an impaired response to lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria. we investigated whether finnish children who carry asp299gly had increased risk of m. catarrhalis colonization during their first 2 years of life.201324141797
[analysis of bacterial culture and cytology in nasal smear of japanese ceder pollinosis in pre-season and in season].previously, we reported that nasal symptom appeared in some patients of japanese cedar pollinosis (jcp) before season. over than 50% of them had neutrophils (no eosinophil) in their nasal smear (less than 10%; eosinophils), and staphylococcus aureus or epidermis by culture were detected in more than 90% of them. we thought the attack caused from rhinitis by staphylococcus.201323969881
molecular mechanisms of moraxella catarrhalis-induced otitis media.moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative bacterium, exclusively present in humans and a leading causative agent of otitis media (om) in children. most children (80 %) experience at least one episode of om by their third birthday and half suffer multiple episodes of infection. over the last 10 years, increased evidence suggests that m. cat possesses multiple virulence factors which can be carried through biologically active outer membrane vesicles (omvs) that are themselves able to activate host- ...201323934577
synthesis and antibacterial activities of n-substituted-glycinyl 1h-1,2,3-triazolyl oxazolidinones.a series of 1h-1,2,3-triazolyl piperazino oxazolidinone analogs with optionally varied glycinyl substitutions were synthesized and their antibacterial activity assessed against a panel of susceptible and resistant gram-positive and selected gram-negative bacteria including clinical isolates. the n-aroyl- and n-heteroaroyl-glycinyl (mic: 0.06-4 μg/ml) derivatives were more potent than the n-acylglycinyl (2-8 μg/ml) derivatives against all gram-positive bacteria tested. nitro substitution on aryl ...201323811087
pili play an important role in enhancing the bacterial clearance from the middle ear in a mouse model of acute otitis media with moraxella catarrhalis.moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative aerobic diplococcus that is currently the third most frequent cause of bacterial acute otitis media (aom) in children. in this study, we developed an experimental murine aom model by inoculating m. catarrhalis in the middle ear bulla and studied the local response to this inoculation, and modulation of its course by the pili of m. catarrhalis. the pili-positive and pili-negative m. catarrhalis showed differences in bacterial clearance and infiltration of ...201323620157
penicillin failure in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis.the inadequate penetration of penicillins into the tonsillar tissues and tonsillar surface fluid and microbiologic interactions between group a beta-hemolytic streptococci (gabhs) and other pharyngo-tonsillar bacterial flora can account for their failure in eradicating gabhs pharyngo-tonsillitis (pt). these interactions include the presence of beta-lactamase producing bacteria (blpb) that "shield" gabhs from penicillins, the absence of bacteria that interfere with the growth of gabhs, and the co ...201323588893
topographic distribution of biofilm-producing bacteria in adenoid subsites of children with chronic or recurrent middle ear infections.bacterial biofilms have been found in the adenoids of children with recurrent acute otitis media (aom) and persistent otitis media with effusion (ome). however, the possible difference in biofilm-producing bacteria (bpbs) between the adenoid surface at the nasopharyngeal dome (nd) and near the ostium of the eustachian tube (et) has not been investigated. this study aimed to assess the difference in bpbs between adenoid biopsy specimens of the nd and those taken near the pharyngeal ostium of the ...201323534125
impact of sequence diversity in the moraxella catarrhalis uspa2/uspa2h head domain on vitronectin binding and antigenic variation.the nasopharyngeal pathogen moraxella catarrhalis recruits vitronectin to subvert complement-mediated killing. ubiquitous surface protein (uspa) 2 and its hybrid form uspa2h bind vitronectin at the highly diverse n-terminal head domain. here we characterized the sequence diversity of the head domain in multiple m. catarrhalis clinical isolates (n = 51) with focus on binding of vitronectin. the head domain of the uspa2 genes from 40 isolates were clustered according to an n-terminal sequence moti ...201323474333
role of moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane protein cd in bacterial cell morphology and autoaggregation.moraxella catarrhalis, an important pathogen in the human respiratory tract, causes otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections. m. catarrhalis outer membrane protein cd (ompcd) is a major heat-modifiable omp with demonstrable potential as a vaccine candidate. the gene encoding ompcd of m. catarrhalis strains was subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and then inactivated by insertional mutagenesis. the ompcd mutant strains exhibited a modest growth defect in comparison with the wild- ...201323257176
[prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in nasopharynx of healthy children attending a day care center in havana city].during the first six-month period of 2001, a descriptive cross-sectional study of carriage in healthy children attending a day-care center in havana city was performed. the objective was to find out the prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and its association with possible risk factors. the design took into account the international and domestic regulatory bioethical requirements. swabs of posterior nasopharynx of 160 children were directly cultured in brain heart agar plus sheep blood ...201323424784
characteristics of infectious diseases in hospitalized patients during the early phase after the 2011 great east japan earthquake: pneumonia as a significant reason for hospital care.natural catastrophes increase infectious disease morbidity rates. on march 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and associated pacific coast tsunami struck east japan. the aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients with infectious diseases who needed hospitalization after this disaster.201322911275
nasopharyngeal bacterial colonisation in hiv-positive children in cambodia.to determine patterns of nasopharyngeal colonisation in hiv-positive children.201324016033
molecular pathogenesis of infections caused by moraxella catarrhalis in children.moraxella catarrhalis (m. catarrhalis) is a human-restricted commensal of the normal bacterial flora in the upper respiratory tract of children, and - during the previous two decades - has been recognised as a true human pathogen. m. catarrhalis is the third most common pathogen causing acute otitis media in children, which is the most common reason to visit a paediatrician during childhood. acute otitis media thus causes a high clinical and economical burden. with the introduction of the conjug ...201223136074
antibiotic susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis biofilms in a continuous flow model.antibiotic susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis biofilms was assessed using a sorbarod filter continuous flow model. ceftriaxone, erythromycin, amoxicillin, and augmentin produced significant decreases in both biofilm and planktonic viable cell populations collected from the effluent. augmentin produced the greatest reduction in biofilm (2.5 orders of magnitude) and planktonic populations (4 orders of magnitude). however, the minimum biofilm eradication concentration was not reached within th ...201223083637
changes in prevalence and load of airway bacteria using quantitative pcr in stable and exacerbated copd.prevalence and load of airway bacteria in stable and exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) has been previously studied using microbiological culture. molecular techniques, such as quantitative pcr (qpcr), may be more informative.201222863758
antibacterial and antiinflammatory kinetics of curcumin as a potential antimucositis agent in cancer patients.the antiinflammatory agent curcumin (diferuloylmethane) has a potential to mitigate cancer therapy-induced mucositis. we assessed the in vitro extent of its bactericidal activity and determined the kinetics of its antiinflammatory effect on pharyngeal cells. bactericidal activity was assessed using the live/dead® kit after 4 h of exposure to curcumin (50-200 μm) in 18 oropharyngeal species commonly associated with bacteremia in febrile neutropenia. moraxella catarrhalis or its outer membrane ves ...201222973975
moraxella catarrhalis: from interactions with the host immune system to vaccine development.moraxella catarrhalis is a human-restricted commensal that over the last two decades has developed into an emerging respiratory tract pathogen. the bacterial species is equipped with various adhesins to facilitate its colonization. successful evasion of the human immune system is a prerequisite for moraxella infection. this strategy involves induction of an excessive proinflammatory response, intervention of granulocyte recruitment to the infection site, activation of selected pattern recognitio ...201222953708
ceftaroline potency among 9 us census regions: report from the 2010 aware program.ceftaroline is a new antibacterial agent that is active against the major bacterial pathogens found in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. the 2010 assessing worldwide antimicrobial resistance evaluation (aware) surveillance program in the united states collected a total of 8434 bacterial isolates from 65 us medical centers across 9 us regions. the isolates were cultured and tested for susceptibility to ceftaroline and comparator agents ...201222903952
macrolide and tetracycline resistance among moraxella catarrhalis isolates from 2009 to 2011.the activity of macrolides and other antimicrobials was evaluated by clinical and laboratory standards institute reference broth microdilution methods for moraxella catarrhalis isolates collected during 2009-2011. in europe, the united states, and latin america, m. catarrhalis resistance to macrolides and tetracycline was <1%. however, in the asia-pacific region, clarithromycin and tetracycline resistance was 7.6% and 3.2%, respectively. the higher resistance rate in the asia-pacific region to c ...201222819241
natural insertion of the bro-1 β-lactamase gene into the gatcab operon affects moraxella catarrhalis aspartyl-trna(asn) amidotransferase activity.only about half of bacterial species use an asparaginyl-trna synthetase (asnrs) to attach asn to its cognate trna(asn). other bacteria, including the human pathogen moraxella catarrhalis, a causative agent of otitis media, lack a gene encoding asnrs, and form asn-trna(asn) by an indirect pathway catalysed by two enzymes: first, a non-discriminating aspartyl-trna synthetase (nd-asprs) catalyses the formation of aspartyl-trna(asn) (asp-trna(asn)); then, a trna-dependent amidotransferase (gatcab) t ...201222745266
high prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide-nonsusceptible moraxella catarrhalis isolated from nasopharynx of healthy children in china.three hundred eighty-three isolates of moraxella catarrhalis were collected from healthy children aged less than 2 years in china and assessed for antimicrobial resistance. we found that 92.2% (n=353) produced a β-lactamase. nonsusceptibility rates to erythromycin and azithromycin, determined using clinical laboratory standards institute (clsi) breakpoints, were 40.3% and 22.5%, respectively; nonsusceptibility rates determined using pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics breakpoints, however, were 59 ...201222394083
moraxella catarrhalis peritonitis.peritonitis continues to be a major complication of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. recent advances in connectology and better patient training have decreased the incidence of peritonitis in the last two decades. peritonitis in pd patients is usually due to gram positive and less often due to gram negative organisms. herein we report a case of peritonitis due to moraxella catarrhalis and review the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of this rare cause of peritonitis.201223569477
[the oral microbial fingerprint on the greasy tongue coating of patients with chronic gastritis].to investigate the microbial changes on the greasy tongue coating of the patients with chronic gastritis and to explore the formation mechanism of greasy tongue coating.201223163140
inflammation in the middle ear of children with recurrent or chronic otitis media is associated with bacterial load.viral upper respiratory tract infections have been described as an important factor in the development of otitis media (om), although it is unclear whether they facilitate bacterial om or can directly cause om. to clarify the role of viral infections in om, we compared the relative contribution of viruses and bacteria with the induction of inflammatory cytokine responses in the middle ear of children suffering from om.201222668804
ceftaroline fosamil for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection.bacterial resistance is increasing on a global basis, making treatment options more limited. the development of new agents to meet this threat is a matter of urgency. ceftaroline fosamil , a member of an advanced cephalosporin class of antimicrobials, is currently approved by the us food and drug administration for use in for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (absssi) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. ceftaroline displays activity against gram-positive and gram-negative ...201222594846
bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx - effects of host factors in children attending day-care centers.the nasopharynges of preschool children are often colonized by potentially pathogenic bacteria. the interactions between these common pathogens and certain host factors were investigated in healthy preschool children 1-6 years of age. nasopharynx samples were collected from all 63 children attending a day-care center that experienced an outbreak of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. the samples were analyzed for s. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and group ...201222541259
in vitro activity of cefditoren and other comparators against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in china.the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of cefditoren and comparators against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis). a total of 391 streptococcus pneumoniae, 266 h. influenzae, and 76 m. catarrhalis were isolated from 10 centers located at 6 cities in china from january 2009 to may 2010. the microdilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics). ...201222521692
nutrient agar with sodium chloride supplementation for presumptive detection of moraxella catarrhalis in clinical specimens.we previously reported that nissui nutrient agar (n medium) promoted the growth of moraxella catarrhalis but not commensal neisseria spp. in the present study, we examined which constituent of n medium was responsible for the selective growth of m. catarrhalis using 209 m. catarrhalis and 100 commensal neisseria spp. clinical strains. we found that peptone, but not meat extract or agar of n medium, had growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting ability with respect to m. catarrhalis and commensal nei ...201222350402
[development and use of test-systems for molecular-genetic detection of out-of-hospital pneumonia agents].search of new targets and improvements of molecular-genetic detection methods of species specific dna fragments of out-of-hospital pneumonia (op) infection agents in sputum.201222308733
activity of jnj-q2, a new fluoroquinolone, tested against contemporary pathogens isolated from patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.jnj-q2 is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with bactericidal activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp) and acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections. this study determined the activity of jnj-q2 against a worldwide year 2010 collection (89 centres in 27 countries) of three common respiratory pathogens (3757 isolates) from patients with cabp. streptococcus pneumoni ...201222306239
nasal colonization by four potential respiratory bacteria in healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school in seoul, korea.a longitudinal analysis was carried out of the colonization by four potential respiratory pathogens - streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus - in 165 healthy children (aged 3-7 years) attending three kindergartens and 417 healthy children (aged 7-10 years) attending an elementary school in seoul, korea, by four consecutive examinations over 1 year. the prevalence of nasal carriers of one or more of four bacteria was found to be higher in ...201222282460
the bacteriology of lower respiratory infections in papua new guinean and australian indigenous children.indigenous children in australia and children in papua new guinea (png) share a high burden of respiratory disease. in png the focus has been on pneumonia as a major cause of mortality. while pneumonia incidence remains high in australian indigenous children, improved access to better health care has resulted in reduced mortality. however, severe and recurrent pneumonia are risk factors for chronic suppurative lung disease or bronchiectasis in australian indigenous children. bronchiectasis is as ...201223163186
tympanocentesis results of a canadian pediatric myringotomy population, 2008 to 2010.this study was completed to evaluate the middle ear microbiology of a pediatric population with chronic otitis media with effusion and to determine if there has been a change in the spectrum of microorganisms or their antibiotic susceptibility in the modern age of antibiotic therapy.201222935180
[nasopharyngeal carriage of children 6 to 60 months during the implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine].since 2001 in france, a nasopharyngeal carriage study was set up for children six to 24 months old. any data are available for older children (25 to 60 months). the aim of this study is to compare the nasopharyngeal carriage in children with acute otitis media (aom) or healthy between both age groups (6/24 months versus 25/60 months). moreover, during the study period, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) has replaced pcv7 in june 2010.201222925540
aware ceftaroline surveillance program (2008-2010): trends in resistance patterns among streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the united states.ceftaroline fosamil, the prodrug form of the active metabolite ceftaroline, is a new broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against the prevalent respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus. bacterial resistance surveillance (5330 isolates) was conducted in the united states between 2008 and 2010 to assess the in vitro activity of ceftaroline and comparator antibacterial agents against invas ...201222903951
impact of recent antibiotics on nasopharyngeal carriage and lower airway infection in indigenous australian children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.indigenous australian children have increased rates of bronchiectasis. despite a lack of high-level evidence on effectiveness and antibiotic resistance, these children often receive long-term antibiotics. in this study, we determined the impact of recent macrolide (primarily azithromycin) and β-lactam antibiotic use on nasopharyngeal colonisation, lower airway infection (>10(4) cfu/ml of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture) and antibiotic resistance in non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) ...201222819151
the utility of nasopharyngeal culture in the management of chronic adenoiditis.to examine the utility of nasopharyngeal culture in the management of children with chronic adenoiditis to determine if it results in a change in antibiotic therapy.201222784508
nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the surveillance committee of japanese society of chemotherapy, japanese association for infectious diseases, and japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2009: general view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility.for the purpose of nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from patients in japan, the japanese society of chemotherapy (jsc) started a survey in 2006. from 2009, jsc continued the survey in collaboration with the japanese association for infectious diseases and the japanese society for clinical microbiology. the fourth-year survey was conducted during the period from january and april 2009 by the three societies. a total of 684 strains were col ...201222766652
structures of staphylococcus aureus peptide deformylase in complex with two classes of new inhibitors.peptide deformylase (pdf) catalyzes the removal of the formyl group from the n-terminal methionine residue in newly synthesized polypeptides, which is an essential process in bacteria. four new inhibitors of pdf that belong to two different classes, hydroxamate/pseudopeptide compounds [pmt387 (7a) and pmt497] and reverse-hydroxamate/nonpeptide compounds [pmt1039 (15e) and pmt1067], have been developed. these compounds inhibited the growth of several pathogens involved in respiratory-tract infect ...201222751663
[consensus guidelines for the management of upper respiratory tract infections].upper respiratory tract infections are the most common source of antibiotic prescriptions. acute pharyngitis is caused mainly by viruses, viral cases can be distinguished from acute streptococcal pharyngitis using centor clinical epidemiological criteria, by rapid antigen tests or throat culture. treatment of choice for streptococcal infection is penicillin v given in two daily doses. in children, acute otitis media (aom) is the infection for which antibiotics are most often prescribed. predomin ...201223241293
antibacterial activity of wine phenolic compounds and oenological extracts against potential respiratory pathogens.to investigate the effect of seven wine phenolic compounds and six oenological phenolic extracts on the growth of pathogenic bacteria associated with respiratory diseases (pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis, enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus sp group f, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pneumoniae).201222449241
an antimicrobial evaluation of plants used for the treatment of respiratory infections in rural maputaland, kwazulu-natal, south africa.abundant availability of medicinal plants in the study area offers low cost health care, but scientific validation is needed in order to lend credibility to the traditional use against respiratory infections.201222960551
molecular mechanism of macrolide-lincosamide resistance in moraxella catarrhalis.we identified a moraxella catarrhalis strain with high-level resistance to azithromycin (mic>256 mg l(-1)), nsh1, isolated from nasopharyngeal swab samples from an inpatient with acute bronchitis in a japanese hospital in 2011 and determined its mechanism of macrolide-lincosamide resistance. antimicrobial susceptibility of m. catarrhalis strains was determined using the etest and agar dilution methods. mutations in the four 23s rrna alleles, the ribosomal proteins l4 and l22, and methylase genes ...201222820696
bacteriology of the paranasal sinuses in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients.to review the characteristic microbiology of the paranasal sinuses in patients with cystic fibrosis who undergo endoscopic sinus surgery. to examine the subtypes of organisms cultured from the maxillary sinuses and determine their sensitivity to antibiotic therapy.201222513080
[comparison of culture and real-time pcr methods in the detection of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae in acute otitis media effusion specimens].streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae are the major etiologic agents of acute otitis media. this study was aimed to compare the detection rate of s.pneumoniae and h.influenzae by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in the middle ear effusions of patients diagnosed as acute otitis media. a total of 60 middle ear effusion samples collected from children with acute otitis media were included in the study. the samples were inoculated and incubated in bactec ped plu ...201223188581
[investigation of bacterial etiology with conventional and multiplex pcr methods in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia].community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is still a serious life-threatening disease, in which the etiologic agent cannot be identified in more than 50% of patients despite advanced diagnostic methods. the most commonly used methods in the determination of cap etiology are culture and serological tests. since early and accurate therapy reduces the mortality in cap cases, rapid and reliable diagnostic methods are needed. the aim of this study was to determine the bacterial etiology in adult patients wi ...201223188566
[study of prevalence of rare and difficult to cultivate causative agents of inflammatory diseases of respiratory organs].study the prevalence of mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, chlamydophila psittaci, legionella pneumophila, moraxella catarrhalis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex i/ii virus (hsv i/ii) in individuals of various age groups with varying inflammatory broncho-pulmonary diseases.201223163026
antimicrobial activity of the novel pleuromutilin antibiotic bc-3781 against organisms responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis).bc-3781 is an investigational semi-synthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic, which recently finished a clinical phase 2 trial in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. bc-3781 binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit and cross-resistance with other antimicrobial classes is uncommon. we evaluated the activity of bc-3781 against organisms responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis).201222287234
[in vitro susceptibilities to levofloxacin and various antibacterial agents of 12,866 clinical isolates obtained from 72 centers in 2010].postmarketing surveillance of levofloxacin (lvfx) has been conducted continuously since 1992. the present survey was performed to investigate in vitro susceptibility of recent clinical isolates in japan to 30 selected antibacterial agents, focusing on fluoroquinolones (fqs). the common respiratory pathogens streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, and haemophilus influenzae continue to show a high susceptibility to fqs. in contrast, widely-prevailing resistance to ...201223173294
comparative in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against bacteria isolated from thai patients with urinary tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.to determine comparative in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against clinical isolates of bacteria from thai patients with urinary tract infection and those with lower respiratory tract infection.201222574524
[changes of etiology of chronic sinusitis].to explore etiology distribution changes of chronic naso sinusitis.201222568256
respiratory disease in canadian first nations and inuit children.first nations and inuit children are disproportionately affected by respiratory infections such as viral bronchiolitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis. rates of long-term lung disease following severe respiratory infections early in life, such as bronchiectasis, are also elevated. in contrast, rates of asthma may be somewhat less than in other canadian children, although rates of poor asthma control are increased. causes for the high rates of infections include poverty, overcrowding, housing in need ...201223904781
identification of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine inhibitors targeting m. tuberculosis qcrb.mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major human pathogen and the causative agent for the pulmonary disease, tuberculosis (tb). current treatment programs to combat tb are under threat due to the emergence of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant tb. through the use of high throughput whole cell screening of an extensive compound library a number of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (ip) compounds were obtained as potent lead molecules active against m. tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis bcg. the ip inhib ...201223300833
streptococcus pseudopneumoniae: an emerging respiratory tract pathogen.streptococcus pseudopneumoniae a member of the viridans streptococci, is known to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory tract infections (rti). very scanty information is available on the isolation of s. pseudopneumoniae from india. hence, the present study was an attempt to isolate s. pseudopneumoniae from clinical samples and to study their drug resistance pattern.201223287138
airway epithelial nf-κb activation promotes mycoplasma pneumoniae clearance in mice.respiratory infections including atypical bacteria mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) contribute to the pathobiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). mp infection mainly targets airway epithelium and activates various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor κb (nf-κb). we have shown that short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1 (splunc1) serves as a novel host defense protein and is up-regulated upon mp infection through nf-κb activation in cultured human and mouse p ...201223285237
indications, efficacy, and safety of intranasal corticosteriods in rhinosinusitis.rhinosinusitis is a significant health problem, causing significant morbidity and resulting in considerable financial cost. some patients suffer persistent or recurrent symptoms despite receiving optimal medical and surgical treatment. rhinosinusitis can be acute or chronic, acute often due to viral or bacterial infections and chronic which is classified into chronic with nasal polyposids or chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis. the disease affects the quality of life significantly and ...201223268478
bacterial and viral interactions within the nasopharynx contribute to the risk of acute otitis media.to understand relationships between microbes in pathogenesis of acute otitis media during respiratory tract infections, we compared nasopharyngeal bacteria and respiratory viruses in symptomatic children with and without aom.201223266462
bacterial and viral interactions within the nasopharynx contribute to the risk of acute otitis media.to understand relationships between microbes in pathogenesis of acute otitis media during respiratory tract infections, we compared nasopharyngeal bacteria and respiratory viruses in symptomatic children with and without aom.201223266462
[the comparative evaluation of informativity of methods of etiologic diagnostics of community-acquired pneumonia].the article deals with the results of selection and testing of oligonucleotide primers to gene 16s prn4 of a number of agents of community'-acquired pneumonia (streptococcus pneumoniae. haemorhilus influenzae. moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumonia. pseudomonas aeruginosa. staphyiococcus aureus) for their highly specified detection in clinical material on application of polymerase chain reaction. the comparison with bacteriological method (golden standard) is used to demonstrate the high se ...201223479972
sequence, structure and functional diversity of pd-(d/e)xk phosphodiesterase superfamily.proteins belonging to pd-(d/e)xk phosphodiesterases constitute a functionally diverse superfamily with representatives involved in replication, restriction, dna repair and trna-intron splicing. their malfunction in humans triggers severe diseases, such as fanconi anemia and xeroderma pigmentosum. to date there have been several attempts to identify and classify new pd-(d/e)kk phosphodiesterases using remote homology detection methods. such efforts are complicated, because the superfamily exhibit ...201222638584
capsule influences the deposition of critical complement c3 levels required for the killing of burkholderia pseudomallei via nadph-oxidase induction by human neutrophils.burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis and is a major mediator of sepsis in its endemic areas. because of the low ld(50) via aerosols and resistance to multiple antibiotics, it is considered a tier 1 select agent by the cdc and aphis. b. pseudomallei is an encapsulated bacterium that can infect, multiply, and persist within a variety of host cell types. in vivo studies suggest that macrophages and neutrophils are important for controlling b. pseudomallei infections, howe ...201223251706
experimental and natural infections in myd88- and irak-4-deficient mice and humans.most toll-like-receptors (tlrs) and interleukin-1 receptors (il-1rs) signal via myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (myd88) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (irak-4). the combined roles of these two receptor families in the course of experimental infections have been assessed in myd88- and irak-4-deficient mice for almost fifteen years. these animals have been shown to be susceptible to 46 pathogens: 27 bacteria, eight viruses, seven parasites, and four fungi. humans with i ...201223255009
role of sulfatide in normal and pathological cells and tissues.sulfatide is 3-o-sulfogalactosylceramide that is synthesized by two transferases (ceramide galactosyltransferase and cerebroside sulfotransferase) from ceramide and is specifically degraded by a sulfatase (arylsulfatase a). sulfatide is a multifunctional molecule for various biological fields including the nervous system, insulin secretion, immune system, hemostasis/thrombosis, bacterial infection, and virus infection. therefore, abnormal metabolism or expression change of sulfatide could cause ...201222619219
the role of tlr2 in infection and immunity.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. tlr2 forms heterodimers with tlr1 and tlr6, which is the initial step in a cascade of events leading to significant innate immune responses, development of adaptive immunity to pathogens and protection from immune sequelae related to infection with these pathogens. this review will discuss the current status of tlr2 mediated immune responses by recognition of pathogen-a ...201222566960
bactquant: an enhanced broad-coverage bacterial quantitative real-time pcr assay.bacterial load quantification is a critical component of bacterial community analysis, but a culture-independent method capable of detecting and quantifying diverse bacteria is needed. based on our analysis of a diverse collection of 16 s rrna gene sequences, we designed a broad-coverage quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay--bactquant--for quantifying 16 s rrna gene copy number and estimating bacterial load. we further utilized in silico evaluation to complement laboratory-based qpcr characte ...201222510143
multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria.accurate strain identification is essential for anyone working with bacteria. for many species, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) is considered the "gold standard" of typing, but it is traditionally performed in an expensive and time-consuming manner. as the costs of whole-genome sequencing (wgs) continue to decline, it becomes increasingly available to scientists and routine diagnostic laboratories. currently, the cost is below that of traditional mlst. the new challenges will be how to extract ...201222238442
offense and defense: microbial membrane vesicles play both ways.microbes have evolved over millennia to become adapted and specialized to the environments that they occupy. these environments may include water or soil, extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, and can even include a host organism. to become adapted to these locations, microbes have evolved specific tools to mediate interactions with the environment. one such tool that prokaryotes have evolved includes the production of membrane vesicles (mvs). mvs are 10-300 nm spherical blebs derived ...201223123555
relationship between oral anaerobic bacteria and otitis media with effusion.in this study hypothesing the translocation of oral bacteria from oropharynx into the middle ear cavity may be involved in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (ome), we aimed to investigate the presence and similarity of fusobacterium nucleatum and treponema denticola in saliva, nasopharyngeal secretion and the middle ear effusion samples from the children with ome.201222606045
acquisition of complement inhibitor serine protease factor i and its cofactors c4b-binding protein and factor h by prevotella intermedia.infection with the gram-negative pathogen prevotella intermedia gives rise to periodontitis and a growing number of studies implies an association of p. intermedia with rheumatoid arthritis. the serine protease factor i (fi) is the central inhibitor of complement degrading complement components c3b and c4b in the presence of cofactors such as c4b-binding protein (c4bp) and factor h (fh). yet, the significance of complement inhibitor acquisition in p. intermedia infection and fi binding by gram-n ...201222514678
colistin-resistant, lipopolysaccharide-deficient acinetobacter baumannii responds to lipopolysaccharide loss through increased expression of genes involved in the synthesis and transport of lipoproteins, phospholipids, and poly-β-1,6-n-acetylglucosamine.we recently demonstrated that colistin resistance in acinetobacter baumannii can result from mutational inactivation of genes essential for lipid a biosynthesis (moffatt jh, et al., antimicrob. agents chemother. 54:4971-4977). consequently, strains harboring these mutations are unable to produce the major gram-negative bacterial surface component, lipopolysaccharide (lps). to understand how a. baumannii compensates for the lack of lps, we compared the transcriptional profile of the a. baumannii ...201222024825
Defining the Roles of Human Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cellular Adhesion Molecules during Neutrophil Responses to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Symptomatic infection of humans with Neisseria gonorrhoeae is characterized by a neutrophil-rich cervical or urethral exudate, suggesting that neutrophils are important both for the clearance of these bacteria and for the pathogenesis of gonorrhea. Neisseria interacts with neutrophils through ligation of human carcinoembryonic antigen related-cellular adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) by their surface-expressed Opa proteins, resulting in bacterial binding, engulfment, and neutrophil activation. Multi ...201222064717
Protracted bacterial bronchitis in young children: association with airway malacia.To examine associated findings and clinical outcome in young children with prolonged cough, wheeze, and/or noisy breathing in whom high colony counts of potentially pathogenic bacteria were cultured from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) during diagnostic flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy.201221868031
in vitro antimicrobial studies of silver carbene complexes: activity of free and nanoparticle carbene formulations against clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria.silver carbenes may represent novel, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that have low toxicity while providing varying chemistry for targeted applications. here, the bactericidal activity of four silver carbene complexes (sccs) with different formulations, including nanoparticles (nps) and micelles, was tested against a panel of clinical strains of bacteria and fungi that are the causative agents of many skin and soft tissue, respiratory, wound, blood, and nosocomial infections.201221972270
in vitro antimicrobial studies of silver carbene complexes: activity of free and nanoparticle carbene formulations against clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria.silver carbenes may represent novel, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that have low toxicity while providing varying chemistry for targeted applications. here, the bactericidal activity of four silver carbene complexes (sccs) with different formulations, including nanoparticles (nps) and micelles, was tested against a panel of clinical strains of bacteria and fungi that are the causative agents of many skin and soft tissue, respiratory, wound, blood, and nosocomial infections.201221972270
elastase/lps-exposed mice exhibit impaired innate immune responses to bacterial challenge: role of scavenger receptor a.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an important bacterial pathogen associated with lower respiratory tract colonization and with acute exacerbations and disease progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). why the immune system fails to eliminate nthi and the exact contribution of the organism to copd progression are not well understood, in part because we lack an animal model that mimics all aspects of copd. for this study, we used an established murine model that exhi ...201222079429
a role for tlrs in moraxella-superantigen induced polyclonal b cell activation.a number of microorganisms are capable of binding immunoglobulins (igs) in a manner, which excludes binding to conventional antigen binding sites. interaction of such bacterial proteins with surface immunoglobulins leads to polyclonal activation of b-lymphocytes. a recent example is moraxella catarrhalis that binds to b lymphocytes in an igd-dependent manner and induces proliferation and differentiation of b lymphocytes leading to the production of unspecific igs. the activation is mediated by m ...201222202107
genetic variant associations of human sp-a and sp-d with acute and chronic lung injury.pulmonary surfactant, a lipoprotein complex, maintains alveolar integrity and plays an important role in lung host defense, and control of inflammation. altered inflammatory processes and surfactant dysfunction are well described events that occur in patients with acute or chronic lung disease that can develop secondary to a variety of insults. genetic variants of surfactant proteins, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, and other genetic variations have been associated with ac ...201222201752
Antibacterial spectrum and cytotoxic activities of serrulatane compounds from the Australian medicinal plant Eremophila neglecta.Aims: To determine the antibacterial spectrum and cytotoxic activities of serrulatane compounds from the Australian plant Eremophila neglecta. Methods and Results: Antimicrobial activities of serrulatane compounds 8,19-dihydroxyserrulat-14-ene (1) and 8-hydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (2) were tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including human and veterinary pathogens and some multidrug-resistant isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal ...201221988135
Cloning and expression of a gene with phospholipase B activity from Pseudomonas fluorescens in Escherichia coli.A gene from Pseudomonasfluorescens BIT-18 encoding a protein with phospholipase B activity (Pf-PLB) was cloned in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The open reading frame consists of 1272bp and potentially encodes a protein of 423 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 45.8kDa. The nucleotide sequence of Pf-PLB is 45%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 33%, and 31% identical to that of Bifidobacteriumanimals, Mycobacteriumparascrofulaceum, Acidobacteriumcapsulatum, Lactobacillusjohnsonii, Moraxellabovis, and Mo ...201222078969
polymicrobial interactions: impact on pathogenesis and human disease.summary: microorganisms coexist in a complex milieu of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses on or within the human body, often as multifaceted polymicrobial biofilm communities at mucosal sites and on abiotic surfaces. only recently have we begun to appreciate the complicated biofilm phenotype during infection; moreover, even less is known about the interactions that occur between microorganisms during polymicrobial growth and their implications in human disease. therefore, this review focuses ...201222232376
a pneumococcal gene complex involved in resistance to extracellular oxidative stress.streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive bacterium which is a member of the normal human nasopharyngeal flora but can also cause serious disease such as pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis. throughout its lifecycle s. pneumoniae is exposed to significant oxidative stress derived from endogenously produced hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) and from the host through the oxidative burst. how s. pneumoniae, an aerotolerant anaerobic bacterium that lacks catalase, protects itself against hydrogen pero ...201222215735
bronchoscopic findings in children with chronic wet cough.objectives:protracted bacterial bronchitis is defined as the presence of more than 4 weeks of chronic wet cough that resolves with appropriate antibiotic therapy, in the absence of alternative diagnoses. the diagnosis of protracted bacterial bronchitis is not readily accepted within the pediatric community, however, and data on the incidence of bacterial bronchitis in children are deficient. the objective of this study was to determine the frequency of bacterial bronchitis in children with chron ...201222232311
type iv fimbrial subunit protein apfa contributes to protection against porcine pleuropneumonia.abstract: porcine pleuropneumonia caused by actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae accounts for serious economic losses in the pig farming industry worldwide. we examined here the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the recombinant type iv fimbrial subunit protein apfa as a single antigen vaccine against pleuropneumonia, or as a component of a multi-antigen preparation comprising five other recombinant antigens derived from key virulence factors of a. pleuropneumoniae (apxia, apxiia, apxiiia, apx ...201222240397
antimicrobial activity of the investigational pleuromutilin compound bc-3781 tested against gram-positive organisms commonly associated with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.bc-3781 is a novel semi-synthetic pleuromutilin antimicrobial agent which is developed as an intravenous and oral therapy for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssi) and respiratory tract infections (rti). bc-3781 and comparator agents were tested against 1,893 clinical gram-positive organisms predominantly causing absssi by broth microdilution method. bc-3781 exhibited potent activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mic(50/90), 0.12/0.25 μg/ml), coagulas ...201222232289
microevolutionary analysis of clostridium difficile genomes to investigate transmission.the control of clostridium difficile infection is a major international healthcare priority, hindered by a limited understanding of transmission epidemiology for these bacteria. however, transmission studies of bacterial pathogens are rapidly being transformed by the advent of next generation sequencing.201223259504
genome sequence of moraxella catarrhalis rh4, an isolate of seroresistant lineage.here we report the annotated genome sequence of moraxella catarrhalis strain rh4, a seroresistant-lineage strain isolated from the blood of an infected patient. this genome sequence will allow us to gain further insight into the genetic diversity of clinical m. catarrhalis isolates and will facilitate study of m. catarrhalis pathogenesis.201223209224
adaptive and mutational resistance: role of porins and efflux pumps in drug resistance.the substantial use of antibiotics in the clinic, combined with a dearth of new antibiotic classes, has led to a gradual increase in the resistance of bacterial pathogens to these compounds. among the various mechanisms by which bacteria endure the action of antibiotics, those affecting influx and efflux are of particular importance, as they limit the interaction of the drug with its intracellular targets and, consequently, its deleterious effects on the cell. this review evaluates the impact of ...201223034325
prospective evaluation of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system in a hospital clinical microbiology laboratory for identification of bacteria and yeasts: a bench-by-bench study for assessing the impact on time to identification and cost-effectiveness.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has been found to be an accurate, rapid, and inexpensive method for the identification of bacteria and yeasts. previous evaluations have compared the accuracy, time to identification, and costs of the maldi-tof ms method against standard identification systems or commercial panels. in this prospective study, we compared a protocol incorporating maldi-tof ms (maldi protocol) with the current standard ident ...201222855510
antimicrobial activities of fidaxomicin.fidaxomicin is bactericidal against clostridium difficile. the combined results of 8 in vitro studies of 1323 c. difficile isolates showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) range of fidaxomicin to be ≤ 0.001-1 μg/ml, with a maximum mic for inhibition of 90% of organisms (mic(90)) of 0.5 μg/ml. isolates from 2 phase iii clinical trials demonstrated that fidaxomicin mics of baseline isolates did not predict clinical cure, failure, or recurrence of c. difficile infections. no resistance to ...201222752863
first comprehensive evaluation of the m.i.c. evaluator device compared to etest and clsi reference dilution methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical strains of anaerobes and other fastidious bacterial species.the new m.i.c. evaluator strip uses test methodology and the recording of results that are similar to those of etest. for this first assessment, 102 clinical strains of anaerobic bacteria from 12 genera and 155 strains from 7 genera and 8 species of fastidious bacteria were tested by m.i.c. evaluator, etest, and agar dilution or broth microdilution as a reference standard. ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, levofloxacin, metronida ...201222238439
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