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annotation of protein domains reveals remarkable conservation in the functional make up of proteomes across superkingdoms.the functional repertoire of a cell is largely embodied in its proteome, the collection of proteins encoded in the genome of an organism. the molecular functions of proteins are the direct consequence of their structure and structure can be inferred from sequence using hidden markov models of structural recognition. here we analyze the functional annotation of protein domain structures in almost a thousand sequenced genomes, exploring the functional and structural diversity of proteomes. we find ...201124710297
filament formation associated with spirochetal infection: a comparative approach to morgellons disease.bovine digital dermatitis is an emerging infectious disease that causes lameness, decreased milk production, and weight loss in livestock. proliferative stages of bovine digital dermatitis demonstrate keratin filament formation in skin above the hooves in affected animals. the multifactorial etiology of digital dermatitis is not well understood, but spirochetes and other coinfecting microorganisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this veterinary illness. morgellons disease is an emerg ...201122253541
molecular evolution of urea amidolyase and urea carboxylase in fungi.urea amidolyase breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide in a two-step process, while another enzyme, urease, does this in a one step-process. urea amidolyase has been found only in some fungal species among eukaryotes. it contains two major domains: the amidase and urea carboxylase domains. a shorter form of urea amidolyase is known as urea carboxylase and has no amidase domain. eukaryotic urea carboxylase has been found only in several fungal species and green algae. in order to elucid ...201121447149
complement control protein factor h: the good, the bad, and the inadequate.the complement system is an essential component of the innate immune system that participates in elimination of pathogens and altered host cells and comprises an essential link between the innate and adaptive immune system. soluble and membrane-bound complement regulators protect cells and tissues from unintended complement-mediated injury. complement factor h is a soluble complement regulator essential for controlling the alternative pathway in blood and on cell surfaces. normal recognition of ...201020580090
electron cryotomography.electron cryotomography (ect) is an emerging technology that allows thin samples such as macromolecular complexes and small bacterial cells to be imaged in 3-d in a nearly native state to "molecular" ( approximately 4 nm) resolution. as such, ect is beginning to deliver long-awaited insight into the positions and structures of cytoskeletal fi laments, cell wall elements, motility machines, chemoreceptor arrays, internal compartments, and other ultrastructures. this article describes the techniqu ...201020516135
the effect of locally delivered doxycycline in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. a clinical and microbiological cohort study.to evaluate the efficacy of locally delivered doxycycline as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment with the use of an ultrasonic device compared to scaling and root planing using hand instruments, by means of clinical and microbiological criteria.201024421978
the effect of locally delivered doxycycline in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. a clinical and microbiological cohort study.to evaluate the efficacy of locally delivered doxycycline as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment with the use of an ultrasonic device compared to scaling and root planing using hand instruments, by means of clinical and microbiological criteria.201024421978
cardiovascular disease and the role of oral bacteria.in terms of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (cvd) the focus has traditionally been on dyslipidemia. over the decades our understanding of the pathogenesis of cvd has increased, and infections, including those caused by oral bacteria, are more likely involved in cvd progression than previously thought. while many studies have now shown an association between periodontal disease and cvd, the mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain unclear. this review gives a brief overview of ...201021523220
diabetes, periodontitis, and the subgingival microbiota.both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been associated with increased severity of periodontal disease for many years. more recently, the impact of periodontal disease on glycaemic control has been investigated. the role of the oral microbiota in this two-way relationship is at this stage unknown. further studies, of a longitudinal nature and investigating a wider array of bacterial species, are required in order to conclusively determine if there is a difference in the oral microbiota of diabetics ...201021523215
microbiota associated with chronic osteomyelitis of the jaws.chronic osteomyelitis of maxilla and mandible is rare in industrialized countries and its occurrence in developing countries is associated with trauma and surgery, and its microbial etiology has not been studied thoroughly. the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the microbiota associated with osteomyelitis of mandible or maxilla from some brazilian patients. after clinical and radiographic evaluation, samples of bone sequestra, purulent secretion, and biopsies of granulomatous tissues fro ...201024031586
non-surgical instrumentation associated with povidone-iodine in the treatment of interproximal furcation involvements.the aim of this controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of topically applied povidone-iodine (pvp-i) used as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment of interproximal class ii furcation involvements.201021308291
evolutionary divergence of chloroplast fad synthetase proteins.flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetases (fadss) - a group of bifunctional enzymes that carry out the dual functions of riboflavin phosphorylation to produce flavin mononucleotide (fmn) and its subsequent adenylation to generate fad in most prokaryotes - were studied in plants in terms of sequence, structure and evolutionary history.201020955574
endodontic microbiology.root canal therapy has been practiced ever since 1928 and the success rate has tremendously increased over the years owing to various advancements in the field. one main reason is the complete understanding of the microbiology involved in the endodontic pathology. this has helped us to modify the conventional treatment plans and effectively combat the microorganisms. now, studies are aiming to explore the characteristics of the "most" resistant organism and the methods to eliminate them. this ar ...201021217951
a nested leucine rich repeat (lrr) domain: the precursor of lrrs is a ten or eleven residue motif.leucine rich repeats (lrrs) are present in over 60,000 proteins that have been identified in viruses, bacteria, archae, and eukaryotes. all known structures of repeated lrrs adopt an arc shape. most lrrs are 20-30 residues long. all lrrs contain lxxlxlxxnxl, in which "l" is leu, ile, val, or phe and "n" is asn, thr, ser, or cys and "x" is any amino acid. seven classes of lrrs have been identified. however, other lrr classes remains to be characterized. the evolution of lrrs is not well understoo ...201020825685
oral microbiota and cancer.inflammation caused by infections may be the most important preventable cause of cancer in general. however, in the oral cavity the role of microbiota in carcinogenesis is not known. microbial populations on mouth mucosa differ between healthy and malignant sites and certain oral bacterial species have been linked with malignancies but the evidence is still weak in this respect. nevertheless, oral microorganisms inevitably up-regulate cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that affect the co ...201021523227
azithromycin decreases crevicular fluid volume and mediator content.azithromycin enhances the response to root planing and produces anti-inflammatory effects in treating chronic lung disease. this led us to hypothesize that azithromycin inhibits inflammatory mediator production in gingiva, leading to decreased gingival crevicular fluid (gcf) volume. to test this hypothesis, ten periodontally healthy volunteers received azithromycin every 24 hours for 48 hours. gcf samples were collected from 12 maxillary interproximal sites prior to azithromycin (baseline) and 2 ...201020400725
periodontal bacteria and hypertension: the oral infections and vascular disease epidemiology study (invest).chronic infections, including periodontal infections, may predispose to cardiovascular disease. we investigated the relationship between periodontal microbiota and hypertension.201020453665
oral health and frailty in the medieval english cemetery of st mary graces.the analysis of oral pathologies is routinely a part of bioarcheological and paleopathological investigations. oral health, while certainly interesting by itself, is also potentially informative about general or systemic health. numerous studies within modern populations have shown associations between oral pathologies and other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and pulmonary infections. this article addresses the question of how oral health was associated with g ...201019927365
self-targeting by crispr: gene regulation or autoimmunity?the recently discovered prokaryotic immune system known as crispr (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is based on small rnas ('spacers') that restrict phage and plasmid infection. it has been hypothesized that crisprs can also regulate self gene expression by utilizing spacers that target self genes. by analyzing crisprs from 330 organisms we found that one in every 250 spacers is self-targeting, and that such self-targeting occurs in 18% of all crispr-bearing organisms. ...201020598393
alveolar osteitis: a comprehensive review of concepts and controversies.alveolar osteitis, "dry socket", remains amongst the most commonly encountered complications following extraction of teeth by general dentists and specialists. a great body of literature is devoted to alveolar osteitis addressing the etiology and pathophysiology of this condition. in addition numerous studies are available discussing methods and techniques to prevent this condition. to this date though great controversy still exists regarding the appropriate terminology used for this condition a ...201020652078
comparative evaluation of ifnγ, il4 and il17 cytokines in healthy gingiva and moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis.considering the role of t cells in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the purpose of this study was to compare the amount of ifnγ, il4 and il17 in advanced periodontal lesions with healthy gum areas to determine each th1, th2 and th17 cells activity in comparison with each other and finally, to compare the value and the role of humoral, cell mediate and autoimmune responses.201022013456
association of periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis: novel paradigms in etiopathogeneses and management?there is increasing documentation of a link between inflammatory periodontal disease affecting the supporting structure of teeth, rheumatoid arthritis, and coronary artery disease. periodontitis is initiated predominantly by gram-negative bacteria and progresses as a consequence of the host inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens. lipopolysaccharide, a cell wall constituent stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines via the activation of signaling pathways perpetuating inflammato ...201027789992
the distributed genome hypothesis as a rubric for understanding evolution in situ during chronic bacterial biofilm infectious processes.most chronic infectious disease processes associated with bacteria are characterized by the formation of a biofilm that provides for bacterial attachment to the host tissue or the implanted medical device. the biofilm protects the bacteria from the host's adaptive immune response as well as predation by phagocytic cells. however, the most insidious aspect of biofilm biology from the host's point of view is that the biofilm provides an ideal setting for bacterial horizontal gene transfer (hgt). h ...201020618850
characteristics of inflammation common to both diabetes and periodontitis: are predictive diagnosis and targeted preventive measures possible?diabetes and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory disorders that contribute to each others' severity and worsen each others' prognosis. studies have shown that patients with diabetes are at increased risk of developing periodontitis, and that diabetics with untreated periodontitis have more difficulty controlling serum glucose. periodontal treatment that reduces gingival inflammation aids in the control of hyperglycemia. periodontitis is accompanied by gingival bleeding and the production of a ...201023199045
relationships between subgingival microbiota and gcf biomarkers in generalized aggressive periodontitis.to examine relationships between subgingival biofilm composition and levels of gingival crevicular fluid (gcf) cytokines in periodontal health and generalized aggressive periodontitis (gap).201020447254
abundant oligonucleotides common to most bacteria.bacteria show a bias in their genomic oligonucleotide composition far beyond that dictated by g+c content. patterns of over- and underrepresented oligonucleotides carry a phylogenetic signal and are thus diagnostic for individual species. patterns of short oligomers have been investigated by multiple groups in large numbers of bacteria genomes. however, global distributions of the most highly overrepresented mid-sized oligomers have not been assessed across all prokaryotes to date. we surveyed o ...201020352124
subgingival biofilm formation. 201020017794
bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and spreading in periodontal tissue. 201020017796
buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus.long standing hyperglycaemia besides damaging the kidneys, eyes, nerves, blood vessels, heart, can also impair the function of the salivary glands leading to a reduction in the salivary flow. when salivary flow decreases, as a consequence of an acute hyperglycaemia, many buccal or oral alterations can occur such as: a) increased concentration of mucin and glucose; b) impaired production and/or action of many antimicrobial factors; c) absence of a metalloprotein called gustin, that contains zinc ...201020180965
relationships among gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers, clinical parameters of periodontal disease, and the subgingival microbiota.the objectives of this study were to measure levels of gingival crevicular fluid (gcf) biomarkers and subgingival bacterial species in periodontally healthy subjects and subjects with periodontitis to explore the relationships among these biomarkers, the subgingival microbiota, and the clinical parameters of periodontal disease.201020059421
detection rates of presumptive periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque samples of untreated periodontitis using either four or six pooled samples.a comparison of the detection frequency and number of periodontal pathogens in patients with aggressive or generalized, severe chronic periodontitis using a gene-probe analysis.201025427269
genome analysis of treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum and subsp. pertenue strains: most of the genetic differences are localized in six regions.the genomes of eight treponemes including t. p. pallidum strains (nichols, ss14, dal-1 and mexico a), t. p. pertenue strains (samoa d, cdc-2 and gauthier), and the fribourg-blanc isolate, were amplified in 133 overlapping amplicons, and the restriction patterns of these fragments were compared. the approximate sizes of the genomes investigated based on this whole genome fingerprinting (wgf) analysis ranged from 1139.3-1140.4 kb, with the estimated genome sequence identity of 99.57-99.98% in the ...201021209953
porphyromonas gingivalis-dendritic cell interactions: consequences for coronary artery disease.an estimated 80 million us adults have one or more types of cardiovascular diseases. atherosclerosis is the single most important contributor to cardiovascular diseases; however, only 50% of atherosclerosis patients have currently identified risk factors. chronic periodontitis, a common inflammatory disease, is linked to an increased cardiovascular risk. dendritic cells (dcs) are potent antigen presenting cells that infiltrate arterial walls and may destabilize atherosclerotic plaques in cardiov ...201021523219
preterm low birthweight and the role of oral bacteria.preterm and low birthweight (ptlbw) continues to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity across the world. in recent years, maternal periodontal disease has been implicated as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. there is conflicting evidence to support such an outcome as illustrated by descriptive, case control and randomised controlled trials involving pregnant women from across the world, using different measurement tools to determine the level of periodontal disease. whilst cons ...201021523222
differential effects of periopathogens on host protease inhibitors slpi, elafin, scca1, and scca2.secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitors (slpi), elafin, squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 and 2 (scca1 and scca2) are specific endogenous serine protease inhibitors expressed by epithelial cells that prevent tissue damage from excessive proteolytic enzyme activity due to inflammation. to determine the effects of various periopathogens on these protease inhibitors, we utilized human gingival epithelial cells (gecs) challenged with cell-free bacteria supernatants of various periopathogens porphyr ...201021523231
treponema denticola biofilm-induced expression of a bacteriophage, toxin-antitoxin systems and transposases.treponema denticola is an oral spirochaete that has been strongly associated with chronic periodontitis. the bacterium exists as part of a dense biofilm (subgingival dental plaque) accreted to the tooth. to determine t. denticola gene products important for persistence as a biofilm we developed a continuous-culture biofilm model and conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of biofilm and planktonic cells. a total of 126 genes were differentially expressed with a fold change of 1.5 or grea ...201020007650
complementary tolls in the periodontium: how periodontal bacteria modify complement and toll-like receptor responses to prevail in the host. 201020017800
association of human t lymphotropic virus 1 amplification of periodontitis severity with altered cytokine expression in response to a standard periodontopathogen infection.periodontal diseases (pds) are infectious diseases in which periodontopathogens trigger chronic inflammatory and immune responses that lead to tissue destruction. recently, viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pds. individuals infected with human t lymphotropic virus 1 (htlv-1) present with abnormal oral health and a marked increased prevalence of periodontal disease.201020038241
[study of putative periodontal pathogens colonies in type 2 diabetes with chronic periodontitis].ppurpose: to study the permanent planting of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes, and evaluate role of periodontal pathogens in chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes.201021431261
bifunctional role of the treponema pallidum extracellular matrix binding adhesin tp0751.treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, is a highly invasive pathogenic spirochete capable of attaching to host cells, invading the tissue barrier, and undergoing rapid widespread dissemination via the circulatory system. the t. pallidum adhesin tp0751 was previously shown to bind laminin, the most abundant component of the basement membrane, suggesting a role for this adhesin in host tissue colonization and bacterial dissemination. we hypothesized that similar to that of other inva ...201021149586
bifunctional role of the treponema pallidum extracellular matrix binding adhesin tp0751.treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, is a highly invasive pathogenic spirochete capable of attaching to host cells, invading the tissue barrier, and undergoing rapid widespread dissemination via the circulatory system. the t. pallidum adhesin tp0751 was previously shown to bind laminin, the most abundant component of the basement membrane, suggesting a role for this adhesin in host tissue colonization and bacterial dissemination. we hypothesized that similar to that of other inva ...201021149586
[detection of putative periodontal pathogens of periodontitis with type 2 diabetes].to detect the putative periodontal pathogens in the subgingival plaque of chronic periodontitis (cp) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (dm) and to discuss the role of the periodontal pathogens in the cp and type 2 dm patients.201021163008
the structure of the catalytic domain of tannerella forsythia karilysin reveals it is a bacterial xenologue of animal matrix metalloproteinases.metallopeptidases (mps) are among virulence factors secreted by pathogenic bacteria at the site of infection. one such pathogen is tannerella forsythia, a member of the microbial consortium that causes peridontitis, arguably the most prevalent infective chronic inflammatory disease known to mankind. the only reported mp secreted by t. forsythia is karilysin, a 52 kda multidomain protein comprising a central 18 kda catalytic domain (cd), termed kly18, flanked by domains unrelated to any known pro ...201021166898
the structure of the catalytic domain of tannerella forsythia karilysin reveals it is a bacterial xenologue of animal matrix metalloproteinases.metallopeptidases (mps) are among virulence factors secreted by pathogenic bacteria at the site of infection. one such pathogen is tannerella forsythia, a member of the microbial consortium that causes peridontitis, arguably the most prevalent infective chronic inflammatory disease known to mankind. the only reported mp secreted by t. forsythia is karilysin, a 52 kda multidomain protein comprising a central 18 kda catalytic domain (cd), termed kly18, flanked by domains unrelated to any known pro ...201021166898
a novel cdsab operon is involved in the uptake of l-cysteine and participates in the pathogenesis of yersinia ruckeri.application of in vivo expression technology (ivet) to yersinia ruckeri, an important fish pathogen, allowed the identification of two adjacent genes that represent a novel bacterial system involved in the uptake and degradation of l-cysteine. analysis of the translational products of both genes showed permease domains (open reading frame 1 [orf1]) and amino acid position identities (orf2) with the l-cysteine desulfidase from methanocaldococcus jannaschii, a new type of enzyme involved in the br ...201021169490
a novel cdsab operon is involved in the uptake of l-cysteine and participates in the pathogenesis of yersinia ruckeri.application of in vivo expression technology (ivet) to yersinia ruckeri, an important fish pathogen, allowed the identification of two adjacent genes that represent a novel bacterial system involved in the uptake and degradation of l-cysteine. analysis of the translational products of both genes showed permease domains (open reading frame 1 [orf1]) and amino acid position identities (orf2) with the l-cysteine desulfidase from methanocaldococcus jannaschii, a new type of enzyme involved in the br ...201021169490
responses of human endothelial cells to pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospira species.leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic infection that primarily affects residents of tropical regions, but causes infections in animals and humans in temperate regions as well. the agents of leptospirosis comprise several members of the genus leptospira, which also includes non-pathogenic, saprophytic species. leptospirosis can vary in severity from a mild, non-specific illness to severe disease that includes multi-organ failure and widespread endothelial damage and hemorrhage. to begin to inves ...201021179504
upregulation of metc is essential for d-alanine-independent growth of an alr/dadx-deficient escherichia coli strain.d-alanine is a central component of the cell wall in most prokaryotes. d-alanine synthesis in escherichia coli is carried out by two different alanine racemases encoded by the alr and dadx genes. deletion of alr and dadx from the e. coli genome results in a d-alanine auxotrophic phenotype. however, we have observed growth of prototrophic phenotypic revertants during routine culturing of a d-alanine auxotrophic strain. we present a detailed comparison of the proteome and transcriptome profiles of ...201021193606
upregulation of metc is essential for d-alanine-independent growth of an alr/dadx-deficient escherichia coli strain.d-alanine is a central component of the cell wall in most prokaryotes. d-alanine synthesis in escherichia coli is carried out by two different alanine racemases encoded by the alr and dadx genes. deletion of alr and dadx from the e. coli genome results in a d-alanine auxotrophic phenotype. however, we have observed growth of prototrophic phenotypic revertants during routine culturing of a d-alanine auxotrophic strain. we present a detailed comparison of the proteome and transcriptome profiles of ...201021193606
use of quantitative pcr to evaluate methods of bacteria sampling in periodontal patients.periodontal disease is associated with specific periodontal pathogens and may persist as gingivitis or progress to more severe disease. the bacteria involved in disease initiation and progression have not been identified. we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to compare the levels of porphyromonas gingivalis, tannerella forsythia, and treponema denticola, and total bacteria detected by different sampling methods. on the basis of the results of clinical examinations, 57 patients we ...201021206165
identification of the primary mechanism of complement evasion by the periodontal pathogen, treponema denticola.treponema denticola, a periodontal pathogen, binds the complement regulatory protein factor h (fh). factor h binding protein b (fhbb) is the sole fh binding protein produced by t. denticola. the interaction of fhbb with fh is unique in that fh is bound to the cell and then cleaved by the t. denticola protease, dentilisin. a ∼ 50-kda product generated by dentilisin cleavage is retained at the cell surface. until this study, a direct role for the fhbb-fh interaction in complement evasion and serum ...201021375704
myrsinoic acid b inhibits the production of hydrogen sulfide by periodontal pathogens in vitro.recently, we reported that myrsinoic acid b purified from myrsine seguinii inhibited methyl mercaptan (ch(3)sh) production by fusobacterium nucleatum jcm8532. since hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) is the main component of physiological halitosis, while ch(3)sh is involved in pathological oral halitosis, the objective of this study is to determine whether myrsinoic acid b inhibits h(2)s production by oral microorganisms. f. nucleatum, porphyromonas gingivalis and treponema denticola were incubated with ...201021383473
relationship between the β-galactosidase activity in saliva and parameters associated with oral malodor.volatile sulfur compounds (vscs) are produced by enzymes capable of transforming s-amino acids to corresponding sulfides. protein degradation by periodontopathogens plays an important role in this process, and the proteolysis of glycoproteins depends on the initial removal of the carbohydrate side chains. in the present report, we tested the relationship between the β-galactosidase activity in saliva and parameters that influence oral malodor, including daily habits and oral conditions. the prev ...201021386213
confounding and interaction effect of treponema denticola salivary carriage in chronic periodontitis.to evaluate the salivary carriage of treponema denticola and its association with demographic variables in the etiopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis.201019849805
a novel matrix metalloprotease-like enzyme (karilysin) of the periodontal pathogen tannerella forsythia atcc 43037.proteases of tannerella forsythia, a pathogen associated with periodontal disease, are implicated as virulence factors. here, we characterized a matrix metalloprotease (mmp)-like enzyme of t. forsythia referred to as karilysin. full-length (without a signal peptide) recombinant karilysin (49.9 kda) processed itself into the mature 18-kda enzyme through sequential autoproteolytic cleavage at both n- and c-terminal profragments. the first cleavage at the asn14-tyr15 peptide bond generated the full ...201019919176
an efficient method for enumerating oral spirochetes using flow cytometry.spirochetes, such as treponema denticola, are thin walled, helical, motile bacteria. they are notoriously difficult to enumerate due to their thinness and the difficulties associated with culturing them. here we have developed a modified oral bacterial growth medium (obgm) that significantly improves the cultivation of t. denticola compared with a previously published growth medium. three methods for the enumeration of t. denticola, semi-solid growth medium colony-forming unit (cfu) counts, dna ...201019932718
treponema denticola suppresses expression of human {beta}-defensin-3 in gingival epithelial cells through inhibition of the toll-like receptor 2 axis.we reported previously that treponema denticola, one of the periodontal pathogens, suppresses the expression of human beta-defensins (hbds) in human gingival epithelial cells. to identify the mechanisms involved in this suppression, immortalized and normal human gingival epithelial cells were infected with live or heat-killed t. denticola for 24 h, and then the expression of hbds was examined by real-time rt-pcr. live t. denticola suppressed the expression of hbd-3 substantially and also suppres ...201019995893
genetic control of the innate immune response to borrelia hermsii influences the course of relapsing fever in inbred strains of mice.host susceptibility to infection is controlled in large measure by the genetic makeup of the host. spirochetes of the genus borrelia include nearly 40 species of vector-borne spirochetes that are capable of infecting a wide range of mammalian hosts, causing lyme disease and relapsing fever. relapsing fever is associated with high-level bacteremia, as well as hematologic manifestations, such as thrombocytopenia (i.e., low platelet numbers) and anemia. to facilitate studies of genetic control of s ...201019995898
genetic control of the innate immune response to borrelia hermsii influences the course of relapsing fever in inbred strains of mice.host susceptibility to infection is controlled in large measure by the genetic makeup of the host. spirochetes of the genus borrelia include nearly 40 species of vector-borne spirochetes that are capable of infecting a wide range of mammalian hosts, causing lyme disease and relapsing fever. relapsing fever is associated with high-level bacteremia, as well as hematologic manifestations, such as thrombocytopenia (i.e., low platelet numbers) and anemia. to facilitate studies of genetic control of s ...201019995898
diabetes and periodontitis.the main aim of this review is to update the reader with practical knowledge concerning the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. exclusive data is available on the association between these two chronic diseases till date. articles published on this relationship often provide the knowledge of definitions of diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases, prevalence, extent, severity of periodontal disease, complications of diabetes along with the possible underlying mechan ...201021731243
a novel murine model for chronic inflammatory alveolar bone loss.chronic inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) demonstrates some similarities to the dysregulated chronic immunoinflammatory lesion of periodontitis. trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (tnbs) and dextran sodium sulphate (dss) administered to rodents have been shown to elicit inflammatory responses that undermine the integrity of the gut epithelium in a similar manner to ibd in humans. the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of these chemicals to elicit periodontal inflammation as a novel m ...201019602109
a novel murine model for chronic inflammatory alveolar bone loss.chronic inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) demonstrates some similarities to the dysregulated chronic immunoinflammatory lesion of periodontitis. trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (tnbs) and dextran sodium sulphate (dss) administered to rodents have been shown to elicit inflammatory responses that undermine the integrity of the gut epithelium in a similar manner to ibd in humans. the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of these chemicals to elicit periodontal inflammation as a novel m ...201019602109
hydrogen sulfide induces apoptosis in human periodontium cells.the existence of hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) at high concentrations in periodontal pockets is a characteristic feature of periodontitis. periodontal pathogens play a key role in the production of h(2)s under these etiology conditions. this study was designed to examine the cytotoxicity of h(2)s in periodontium cells, including human periodontal ligament (pdl) cells and human gingival fibroblasts (hgfs), as well as the role of h(2)s in apoptosis induction.201019602114
quantification of periodontal pathogens by paper point sampling from the coronal and apical aspect of periodontal lesions by real-time pcr.the present study compared the recovery of six periodontal pathogens by paper point samples from two different aspects of periodontal lesions by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). twenty patients with untreated chronic periodontitis were randomized into two groups. before subgingival instrumentation and after 10 weeks samples in group a were taken first with a paper point half length (hp) of the probing depth, then with a paper point full length (fp) at the same site. in gro ...201019693550
global challenge of antibiotic-resistant treponema pallidum.syphilis is a multistage infectious disease that is usually transmitted through contact with active lesions of a sexual partner or from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. despite elimination efforts, syphilis remains endemic in many developing countries and has reemerged in several developed countries, including china, where a widespread epidemic recently occurred. in the absence of a vaccine, syphilis control is largely dependent upon identification of infected individuals and treatment o ...201019805553
global challenge of antibiotic-resistant treponema pallidum.syphilis is a multistage infectious disease that is usually transmitted through contact with active lesions of a sexual partner or from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. despite elimination efforts, syphilis remains endemic in many developing countries and has reemerged in several developed countries, including china, where a widespread epidemic recently occurred. in the absence of a vaccine, syphilis control is largely dependent upon identification of infected individuals and treatment o ...201019805553
evaluating clinical periodontal measures as surrogates for bacterial exposure: the oral infections and vascular disease epidemiology study (invest).epidemiologic studies of periodontal infection as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease often use clinical periodontal measures as a surrogate for the underlying bacterial exposure of interest. there are currently no methodological studies evaluating which clinical periodontal measures best reflect the levels of subgingival bacterial colonization in population-based settings. we investigated the characteristics of clinical periodontal definitions that were most representative of exposure to b ...201020056008
microbiologic testing and outcomes of full-mouth scaling and root planing with or without amoxicillin/metronidazole in chronic periodontitis.it has been suggested that use of systemic antibiotics should be limited to patients with specific microbiologic profiles. the main purpose of the present analysis was to study whether microbiologic testing before therapy was of value in predicting which patients would specifically benefit from adjunctive amoxicillin and metronidazole, given in the context of full-mouth scaling and root planing (srp) within 48 hours.201020059413
subgingival plaque removal using a new air-polishing device.the purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety, patient acceptance, and short-term microbiologic effect of a new air-polishing device in subjects in maintenance care with residual pockets > or =5 mm.201020059420
fimr and fims: biofilm formation and gene expression in porphyromonas gingivalis.porphyromonas gingivalis is a late-colonizing bacterium of the subgingival dental plaque biofilm associated with periodontitis. two p. gingivalis genes, fimr and fims, are predicted to encode a two-component signal transduction system comprising a response regulator (fimr) and a sensor histidine kinase (fims). in this study, we show that fims and fimr, although contiguous on the genome, are not part of an operon. we inactivated fimr and fims in both the afimbriated strain w50 and the fimbriated ...201020061484
treponema denticola alters cell vitality and induces ho-1 and hsp70 expression in porcine aortic endothelial cells.treponema denticola is an oral spirochete that is associated with periodontal disease and detected occasionally in extraoral lesions associated with systemic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases. the effect of specific bacterial products from oral treponemes on endothelium is poorly investigated. this study analyzed the ability of components of the outer membrane of t. denticola (omt) to induce apoptosis and heat shock proteins (ho-1 and hsp70) in porcine aortic endothelial cells (paecs), c ...201020091146
periodontal bacterial load: a proposed new epidemiological method for periodontal disease assessment.the purpose of this study was to identify a periodontal clinical measure that correlates with red complex bacteria usually associated with periodontal disease.201020098966
analysis of the igg immune response to treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes in individual dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis.papillomatous digital dermatitis (pdd) is a major infectious disease of the foot skin in dairy cattle. treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes have been consistently detected in pdd lesions, and antibodies against these organisms have been demonstrated in affected cattle. however, little is known about the dominant antigens recognized by the immune system of affected cattle. here, we investigated the igg immune response to t. phagedenis-like isolates by western blotting with different sera using w ...201020107009
orthophosphate binding at the dimer interface of corynebacterium callunae starch phosphorylase: mutational analysis of its role for activity and stability of the enzyme.orthophosphate recognition at allosteric binding sites is a key feature for the regulation of enzyme activity in mammalian glycogen phosphorylases. protein residues co-ordinating orthophosphate in three binding sites distributed across the dimer interface of a non-regulated bacterial starch phosphorylase (from corynebacterium callunae) were individually replaced by ala to interrogate their unknown function for activity and stability of this enzyme.201020113461
comparative genomic analyses of attenuated strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum is a significant respiratory and reproductive pathogen of domestic poultry. while the complete genomic sequence of the virulent, low-passage m. gallisepticum strain r (r(low)) has been reported, genomic determinants responsible for differences in virulence and host range remain to be completely identified. here, we utilize genome sequencing and microarray-based comparative genomic data to identify these genomic determinants of virulence and to elucidate genomic variabili ...201020123709
[detection of periodental pathogens in atherosclerotic lesions in patients].to detect periodontopathic bacterial dna in atherosclerotic vascular lesions in a group of chinese patients by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques.201020140039
comparison of two different microbiological test kits for detection of periodontal pathogens.the aim of this study was to compare the outcome of two different microbiological tests for detection of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (a.a.), porphyromonas gingivalis (p.g.), tannerella forsythia (t.f.) and treponema denticola (t.d.).201020141366
trichomonas vaginalis vast bspa-like gene family: evidence for functional diversity from structural organisation and transcriptomics.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral human sexually transmitted pathogen and importantly, contributes to facilitating the spread of hiv. yet very little is known about its surface and secreted proteins mediating interactions with, and permitting the invasion and colonisation of, the host mucosa. initial annotations of t. vaginalis genome identified a plethora of candidate extracellular proteins.201020144183
effects of a mouthwash with chlorine dioxide on oral malodor and salivary bacteria: a randomized placebo-controlled 7-day trial.previous research has shown the oxidizing properties and microbiological efficacies of chlorine dioxide (clo2). its clinical efficacies on oral malodor have been evaluated and reported only in short duration trials, moreover, no clinical studies have investigated its microbiological efficacies on periodontal and malodorous bacteria. thus, the aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of a mouthwash containing clo2 used for 7 days on morning oral malodor and on salivary periodontal a ...201020152022
the relationship between physiologic halitosis and periodontopathic bacteria of the tongue and gingival sulcus.to determine the influence of oral status on halitosis, the relationship between halitosis and periodontopathic bacteria present in plaque on the tongue and the subgingival sulcus was examined in 62 periodontally healthy adults. halitosis indicators used were the organoleptic score; gas chromatography results [total volatile sulfur compounds (vscs) = h(2)s + ch(3)sh + (ch(3))(2)s]; halimeter values; and the results of three clinical tests, plaque control record (plcr), plaque index (pli), and to ...201020155507
microbial risk markers for childhood caries in pediatricians' offices.dental caries in pre-school children has significant public health and health disparity implications. to determine microbial risk markers for this infection, this study aimed to compare the microbiota of children with early childhood caries with that of caries-free children. plaque samples from incisors, molars, and the tongue from 195 children attending pediatricians' offices were assayed by 74 dna probes and by pcr to streptococcus mutans. caries-associated factors included visible plaque, chi ...201020164496
inactivation of a putative flagellar motor switch protein flig1 prevents borrelia burgdorferi from swimming in highly viscous media and blocks its infectivity.the flagellar motor switch complex protein flig plays an essential role in flagella biosynthesis and motility. in most motile bacteria, only one flig homologue is present in the genome. however, several spirochete species have two putative flig genes (referred to as flig1 and flig2) and their roles in flagella assembly and motility remain unknown. in this report, the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi was used as a genetic model to investigate the roles of these two flig homologues. it ...201020180908
filifactor alocis--involvement in periodontal biofilms.bacteria in periodontal pockets develop complex sessile communities that attach to the tooth surface. these highly dynamic microfloral environments challenge both clinicians and researchers alike. the exploration of structural organisation and bacterial interactions within these biofilms is critically important for a thorough understanding of periodontal disease. in recent years, filifactor alocis, a fastidious, gram-positive, obligately anaerobic rod was repeatedly identified in periodontal les ...201020193074
evolution and multifarious horizontal transfer of an alternative biosynthetic pathway for the alternative polyamine sym-homospermidine.polyamines are small flexible organic polycations found in almost all cells. they likely existed in the last universal common ancestor of all extant life, and yet relatively little is understood about their biological function, especially in bacteria and archaea. unlike eukaryotes, where the predominant polyamine is spermidine, bacteria may contain instead an alternative polyamine, sym-homospermidine. we demonstrate that homospermidine synthase (hss) has evolved vertically, primarily in the alph ...201020194510
virulence and immunomodulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles.outer membrane (om) vesicles are ubiquitously produced by gram-negative bacteria during all stages of bacterial growth. om vesicles are naturally secreted by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. strong experimental evidence exists to categorize om vesicle production as a type of gram-negative bacterial virulence factor. a growing body of data demonstrates an association of active virulence factors and toxins with vesicles, suggesting that they play a role in pathogenesis. one of the most ...201020197500
killing of treponema denticola by mouse peritoneal macrophages.treponema denticola has been identified as an important cause of periodontal disease and hypothesized to be involved in extra-oral infections. the objective of this study was to investigate the role of t. denticola cell length and motility during mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro uptake. macrophages, incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, produced a similar amount of tnf-alpha when stimulated with escherichia coli lps. the uptake of flge- and cfpa-deficient mutants of t. denticola ...201020200417
treponema denticola suppresses expression of human beta-defensin-2 in gingival epithelial cells through inhibition of tnfalpha production and tlr2 activation.we previously reported that treponema denticola, a periodontal pathogen, suppressed the expression of human beta-defensins (hbds) and il-8 in human gingival epithelial cells. to clarify the receptor(s) involved in the suppression of hbd-2, immortalized gingival epithelial (hok-16b) cells were infected with live or heat-killed t. denticola for 24 h, and the expression of hbd-2 was examined by real-time rt-pcr. live t. denticola, but not heat-killed bacteria, suppressed the expression of hbd-2 abo ...201020213311
efficacy of amoxicillin and metronidazole combination for the management of generalized aggressive periodontitis.the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of metronidazole-amoxicillin combination on clinical and microbiologic parameters in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis.201020214441
binding and activation of host plasminogen on the surface of francisella tularensis.francisella tularensis (ft) is a gram-negative facultative intracellular coccobacillus and is the causal agent of a life-threatening zoonotic disease known as tularemia. although ft preferentially infects phagocytic cells of the host, recent evidence suggests that a significant number of bacteria can be found extracellularly in the plasma fraction of the blood during active infection. this observation suggests that the interaction between ft and host plasma components may play an important role ...201020226053
relationship between oral malodor and the global composition of indigenous bacterial populations in saliva.oral malodor develops mostly from the metabolic activities of indigenous bacterial populations within the oral cavity, but whether healthy or oral malodor-related patterns of the global bacterial composition exist remains unclear. in this study, the bacterial compositions in the saliva of 240 subjects complaining of oral malodor were divided into groups based on terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-rflp) profiles using hierarchical cluster analysis, and the patterns of the microb ...201020228112
cyr61 mediates hepatocyte growth factor-dependent tumor cell growth, migration, and akt activation.certain tumor cell responses to the growth factor-inducible early response gene product ccn1/cyr61 overlap with those induced by the hepatocyte growth factor (hgf)/c-met signaling pathway. in this study, we investigate if cyr61 is a downstream effector of hgf/c-met pathway activation in human glioma cells. a semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of 112 human glioma and normal brain specimens showed that levels of tumor-associated cyr61 protein correlate with tumor grade (p < 0.001) and w ...201020233866
broad specificity ahpc-like peroxiredoxin and its thioredoxin reductant in the sparse antioxidant defense system of treponema pallidum.little is known about the mechanisms by which treponema pallidum (tp), the causative agent of syphilis, copes with oxidative stress as it establishes persistent infection within its obligate human host. the tp genomic sequence indicates that the bacterium's antioxidant defenses do not include glutathione and are limited to just a few proteins, with only one, tp0509, offering direct defense against peroxides. although this tp peroxiredoxin (prx) closely resembles ahpc-like prxs, tp lacks ahpf, th ...201020304799
differential regulation of the multiple flagellins in spirochetes.the expression of flagellin genes in most bacteria is typically regulated by the flagellum-specific sigma(28) factor flia, and an anti-sigma(28) factor, flgm. however, the regulatory hierarchy in several bacteria that have multiple flagellins is more complex. in these bacteria, the flagellin genes are often transcribed by at least two different sigma factors. the flagellar filament in spirochetes consists of one to three flab core proteins and at least one flaa sheath protein. here, the genetica ...201020304988
forces that influence the evolution of codon bias.the frequencies of alternative synonymous codons vary both among species and among genes from the same genome. these patterns have been inferred to reflect the action of natural selection. here we evaluate this in bacteria. while intragenomic variation in many species is consistent with selection favouring translationally optimal codons, much of the variation among species appears to be due to biased patterns of mutation. the strength of selection on codon usage can be estimated by two different ...201020308095
a metaproteomic analysis of the human salivary microbiota by three-dimensional peptide fractionation and tandem mass spectrometry.metagenomics uses gene expression patterns to understand the taxonomy and metabolic activities of microbial communities. metaproteomics applies the same approach to community proteomes. previously, we used a novel three-dimensional peptide separation method to identify over 2000 salivary proteins. this study used those data to carry out the first metaproteomic analysis of the human salivary microbiota. the metagenomic software megan generated a phylogenetic tree, which was checked against the hu ...201020331792
synergistic effects of lipopolysaccharides from periodontopathic bacteria on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in an ex vivo whole blood model.porphyromonas gingivalis, treponema denticola, and tannerella forsythia have been strongly associated with chronic periodontitis. this disease is characterized by an accumulation of inflammatory cells in periodontal tissue and subgingival sites. the secretion of high levels of inflammatory cytokines by those cells is believed to contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. the aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory response of whole blood from periodontitis patients following cha ...201020331798
supernatants from oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts modulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter activation induced by periodontopathogens in monocytes/macrophages.bacterial and host cell products during coinfections of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive (hiv-1(+)) patients regulate hiv-1 recrudescence in latently infected cells (e.g. t cells, monocytes/macrophages), impacting highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) failure and progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. a high frequency of oral opportunistic infections (e.g. periodontitis) in hiv-1(+) patients has been demonstrated; however, their potential to impact hiv-1 exacerbati ...201020331801
bacterial diversity in the oral cavity of 10 healthy individuals.the composition of the oral microbiota from 10 individuals with healthy oral tissues was determined using culture-independent techniques. from each individual, 26 specimens, each from different oral sites at a single point in time, were collected and pooled. an 11th pool was constructed using portions of the subgingival specimens from all 10 individuals. the 16s ribosomal rna gene was amplified using broad-range bacterial primers, and clone libraries from the individual and subgingival pools wer ...201020336157
do elderly edentulous patients with a history of periodontitis harbor periodontal pathogens?the presence of periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity may impact implant survival. therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of campylobacter rectus, porphyromonas gingivalis, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, prevotella intermedia, tannerella forsythia, treponema denticola, eikenella corrodens and parvimonas micra in a specific elderly population with a history of periodontitis who have never worn dentures.201020337663
immune response to cytolethal distending toxin of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in periodontitis patients.cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is a genotoxin produced by aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. in spite of its association with pathogenesis, little is known about the humoral immune response against the cdt. this study aimed to test whether subgingival colonization and humoral response to a. actinomycetemcomitans would lead to a response against cdt.201020337882
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