Publications

differential transcription of the tcpph operon confers biotype-specific control of the vibrio cholerae toxr virulence regulon.	epidemic strains of vibrio cholerae o1 are divided into two biotypes, classical and el tor. in both biotypes, regulation of virulence gene expression depends on a cascade in which toxr activates expression of toxt, and toxt activates expression of cholera toxin and other virulence genes. in the classical biotype, maximal expression of this toxr regulon in vitro occurs at 30 degrees c at ph 6.5 (toxr-inducing conditions), whereas in the el tor biotype, production of these virulence genes only occ ...	1999	10496885
purification and characterization of novel toxin produced by vibrio cholerae o1.	vibrio cholerae wo7 (serogroup o1) isolated from patients with diarrhea produces an extracellular toxin despite the absence of ctx, zot, and ace genes from its genome. the toxin elongates chinese hamster ovary cells, produces fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and agglutinates freshly isolated rabbit erythrocytes. maximal production of this toxin (wo7 toxin) was seen in aki medium with the ph adjusted to 8.5 at 37 degrees c under shaking conditions. we purified this toxin to homog ...	1999	10496898
analysis of receptor for vibrio cholerae el tor hemolysin with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes glycophorin b of human erythrocyte membrane.	el tor hemolysin (eth), a pore-forming toxin secreted by vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor and most vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolates, is able to lyse erythrocytes and other mammalian cells. to study the receptor for this toxin or the related molecule(s) on erythrocyte, we first isolated a monoclonal antibody, b1, against human erythrocyte membrane, which not only blocks the binding of eth to human erythrocyte but also inhibits the hemolytic activity of eth. biochemical characterization and immuno ...	1999	10496913
phylogenetic analysis of l4-mediated autogenous control of the s10 ribosomal protein operon.	we investigated the regulation of the s10 ribosomal protein (r-protein) operon among members of the gamma subdivision of the proteobacteria, which includes escherichia coli. in e. coli, this 11-gene operon is autogenously controlled by r-protein l4. this regulation requires specific determinants within the untranslated leader of the mrna. secondary structure analysis of the s10 leaders of five enterobacteria (salmonella typhimurium, citrobacter freundii, yersinia enterocolitica, serratia marcesc ...	1999	10498727
vibrio cholerae tcp: a trifunctional virulence factor?		1999	10498943
vibrio cholerae tcp: a trifunctional virulence factor?: response.		1999	10498944
the antimicrobial efficiency of piper betle linn leaf (stalk) against human pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi.	the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different varieties of piper betle linn, leaf stalk extracts were studied against human pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi by comparing the results with standard microbial susceptibility testing biodiscs. the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of all the four varieties have shown significant activity against bacteria vibrio cholerae ogawa, staphylococcus aureus, diplococcus pneumoniae and klebsiella aerogenes. the hexane and benzene extracts have ...	1999	10499145
the role of camp in mucosal adjuvanticity of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt).	heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) produced by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) and cholera toxin (ct) produced by vibrio cholerae have been shown to function as potent mucosal adjuvants. a number of studies have examined the effects of different mutations at either the active site or the protease site of lt and ct and the influence of those mutations on toxicity and adjuvanticity. however, different observations reported by various groups using a variety of animal models with different antigen ...	1999	10501233
on the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol.	secoiridoides (oleuropein and derivatives), one of the major classes of polyphenol contained in olives and olive oil, have recently been shown to inhibit or delay the rate of growth of a range of bacteria and microfungi but there are no data in the literature concerning the possible employment of these secoiridoides as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic bacteria in man. in this study five atcc standard bacterial strains (haemophilus influenzae atcc 9006, moraxella catarrhalis atcc 8176, sal ...	1999	10504039
berna: a century of immunobiological innovation.	at the time the swiss serum and vaccine institute berne (berna) was found in 1898, few vaccines or immune globulins were available. this short list included vaccines against cholera, typhoid fever, plague, smallpox and rabies and equine anti-tetanus and diphtheria immune globulins. furthermore, their use was restricted due to limited production capacity, uncertainty regarding safety and no public health infrastructure to promote their utilization. today, safe and effective vaccines exist for mor ...	1999	10506402
conformation of a rigid tetrasaccharide epitope in the capsular polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o139.	a newly reported strain of vibrio cholerae, known as strain o139 bengal, is the first instance of an encapsulated strain that has caused epidemic cholera. the o-antigenic capsule is the critical antigen for protective immunity. since mapping of the antigenic epitopes will assist in the development of a protein conjugate vaccine based on the capsular polysaccharide, we have undertaken a study of the three-dimensional conformation of the polysaccharide. it contains six residues in the repeating su ...	1999	10508410
an improved method for detecting faecal vibrio cholerae by pcr of the toxin a gene.	a method for removing inhibitor(s) of the pcr assay for the direct detection of cholera toxin a gene (ctxa) in human faeces is described. inhibitors of the pcr were removed by centrifugation and the activity of the remaining inhibitors by dilution. based on these data, a protocol was developed for pre-treatment of stool specimens for pcr assay, and a simple and rapid protocol was constructed for the diagnostic detection of the ctxa genes in stool specimens in combination with single band detecti ...	1999	10510964
effect of small bowel bacterial overgrowth on the immunogenicity of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr.	several live oral vaccines (polio, bovine rotavirus, cvd 103-hgr cholera) are less immunogenic in developing than in industrialized countries. it was hypothesized that proximal small bowel bacterial overgrowth (common in children in less developed countries but rare in industrialized settings) diminishes the vibriocidal antibody response to cvd 103-hgr. in total, 202 fasting santiago schoolchildren aged 5-9 years had lactulose breath h2 tests to detect proximal small bowel bacteria 1 day before ...	1999	10515838
a role for the phobr regulatory system homologue in the vibrio cholerae phosphate-limitation response and intestinal colonization.	to survive and multiply in different environments, vibrio cholerae has to coordinately regulate the expression of genes involved in adaptive responses. in many pathogens, adaptive responses, including pathogenic responses, are regulated by two-component regulator (tcr) systems. it is likely that members of a tcr family play a role in the regulation of processes involved in intestinal colonization, and therefore pathogenesis, in v. cholerae. we have identified and characterized a tcr system of v. ...	1999	10517599
immunochemical characterization of an ogawa-inaba common antigenic determinant of vibrio cholerae o1.	cholera remains an important public health problem in many parts of the world and the availability of an effective cholera vaccine is important for the prevention of cholera in the countries affected by this disease. despite the appearance in 1992 of a new serogroup, 0139, of vibrio cholerae, most of the cholera outbreaks are still caused by v. cholerae o1 biotype el tor. vaccine trials in asia from 1968 to 1971, and studies of the production of serotype-specific antiserum in rabbits and of the ...	1999	10517600
morphological and cytoskeletal changes caused by non-membrane damaging cytotoxin of vibrio cholerae on int 407 and hela cells.	vibrio cholerae produces a non-membrane damaging cytotoxin (nmdcy), also known as cell rounding factor, which causes rapid rounding of cultured cells like hela, cho and vero and reportedly elicits enterotoxic activity in the rabbit ileal loop assay. pursuing the concept that nmdcy might be an accessory factor contributing to the diarrhea caused by v. cholerae, we investigated the effect of nmdcy on int 407 (intestinal cell line) and hela (non-intestinal cell line) cells using light, fluorescent ...	1999	10518724
comparative analysis of cytotoxin, hemolysin, hemagglutinin and exocellular enzymes among clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae o139 and non-o1, non-o139.	the presence of three major virulence genes toxr, tcpa and ctxa as well as expression of several putative virulence factors were compared in 12 vibrio cholerae o139 and non-o1,non-o139 strains of clinical and environmental origin. all the strains possessed the gene encoding the regulatory protein toxr. none of the non-o1, non-o139 strains as well as one of the o139 environmental strains carried the genes for ctxa and tcpa. statistically significant differences in hemagglutinin and hemolysin prod ...	1999	10518743
the genes responsible for o-antigen synthesis of vibrio cholerae o139 are closely related to those of vibrio cholerae o22.	several studies have shown that the emergence of the o139 serogroup of vibrio cholerae is a result of horizontal gene transfer of a fragment of dna from a serogroup other than o1 into the region responsible for o-antigen biosynthesis of the seventh pandemic v. cholerae o1 biotype el tor strain. in this study, we show that the gene cluster responsible for o-antigen biosynthesis of the o139 serogroup of v. cholerae is closely related to those of o22. when dna fragments derived from o139 o-antigen ...	1999	10521656
case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in dhaka, bangladesh.	the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, is a major center for research into diarrheal diseases. the center treats more than 100,000 patients a year. to obtain useful information representative of all patients, a surveillance system in which a 4% systematic sample of all patients is studied in detail, including etiological agents of diarrhea, was installed in october 1979. the first paper on etiology for the surveillance patients was published in 1982, which identifi ...	1999	10523534
lysogenic conversion of environmental vibrio mimicus strains by ctxphi.	the filamentous bacteriophage ctxphi, which encodes cholera toxin (ct) in toxigenic vibrio cholerae, is known to propagate by infecting susceptible strains of v. cholerae by using the toxin coregulated pilus (tcp) as its receptor and thereby causing the origination of new strains of toxigenic v. cholerae from nontoxigenic progenitors. besides v. cholerae, vibrio mimicus strains which are normally tcp negative have also been shown to occasionally produce ct and cause diarrhea in humans. we analyz ...	1999	10531221
protection of mice against brucellosis by vaccination with brucella melitensis wr201(16mdeltapurek).	human brucellosis can be acquired from infected animal tissues by ingestion, inhalation, or contamination of the conjunctiva or traumatized skin by infected animal products. a vaccine to protect humans from occupational exposure or from zoonotic infection in areas where the disease is endemic would reduce an important cause of morbidity worldwide. vaccines currently used in animals are unsuitable for human use. we tested a live, attenuated, purine-auxotrophic mutant strain of brucella melitensis ...	1999	10531243
alternative mechanism of cholera toxin acquisition by vibrio cholerae: generalized transduction of ctxphi by bacteriophage cp-t1.	horizontal transfer of genes encoding virulence factors has played a central role in the evolution of many pathogenic bacteria. the unexpected discovery that the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxab), the main cause of the profuse secretory diarrhea characteristic of cholera, are encoded on a novel filamentous phage named ctxphi, has resulted in a renewed interest in the potential mechanisms of transfer of virulence genes among vibrio cholerae. we describe here an alternative mechanism of cholera ...	1999	10531246
[bacteriological survey of diarrheal epidemics in the 1998 bangladesh floods].	in 1998, the worst flood disaster in bangladesh ravaged more than half of its land and diarrheal epidemics broke out. we examined fecal specimens of diarrheal patients at rural hospitals in chandpor district located 140 km southeast of dhaka to analyze the enteric bacterial pathogens in post-flood period october. of the 76 patients stools examined, vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor, serotype ogawa, and vibrio cholerae o139 bengal were detected in 25 (33%) and in 14 (18%) respectively. other ente ...	1999	10535267
the vibrio cholerae o139 calcutta bacteriophage ctxphi is infectious and encodes a novel repressor.	ctxphi is a lysogenic, filamentous bacteriophage. its genome includes the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxab), one of the principal virulence factors of vibrio cholerae; consequently, nonpathogenic strains of v. cholerae can be converted into toxigenic strains by ctxphi infection. o139 calcutta strains of v. cholerae, which were linked to cholera outbreaks in calcutta, india, in 1996, are novel pathogenic strains that carry two distinct ctx prophages integrated in tandem: ctx(et), the prophage ...	1999	10542181
[the rapid diagnosis of toxigenic vibrio cholerae strains in dot immunological analysis with monoclonal antibodies].	a method for identification of vibrio cholerae toxigenic strains by dot immunoanalysis (dia) with monoclonal antibodies to cholera toxin b-subunit is developed. it is based on analysis of lysates of isolated colonies of v. cholerae, grown in solid nutrient medium, broth cultures, and culture fluid. the analysis takes no more than 1-1.5 h, is highly sensitive, simple, and requires no special equipment and high qualification of specialists, which is of special importance in overall screening of hu ...	1999	10544566
lipopolysaccharide- and cholera toxin-specific subclass distribution of b-cell responses in cholera.	the immunoglobulin subclass responses to homologous lipopolysaccharide (lps) and to cholera toxin (ct) in adult patients infected with vibrio cholerae o1 and v. cholerae o139 were studied. lps-specific antibody-secreting cells (asc) of both the immunoglobulin a1 (iga1) and iga2 subclasses were seen, with the iga1 asc response predominating in both v. cholerae o1- and o139-infected patients. for antibodies in plasma, by day 11 after onset of disease, all v. cholerae o1- infected patients responde ...	1999	10548569
vibrio species.	vibrios are an important cause of human food-borne illness associated with the consumption of seafood worldwide, and contaminated food and drinking water in developing countries. clinical syndromes induced by vibrios such as vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus, and others range from mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis to life-threatening primary septicemia. as natural inhabitants of the aquatic environment, these bacteria pose a continual threat to food safety.	1999	10549425
how vibrio cholerae survive during starvation.	vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative, motile, aquatic bacterium, is the causal agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. cholera is a serious epidemic disease that has killed millions of people and continues to be a major health problem world-wide. the hypothesis that v. cholerae occupies an ecological niche in the estuarine environment requires that this organism is able to survive the dynamics of physiochemical stresses, including nutrient starvation. as a result of these stresses, bacteria in natur ...	1999	10556702
two-step purification and partial characterization of a variant of the vibrio cholerae non-o1 hemolysin.	a two-step purification method using ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration was developed for the purification of a variant of the el tor hemolysin/cytolysin from supernatant fluids of a vibrio cholerae non-o1 human isolate (strain 2194c). the toxin displayed delayed elution from a sephacryl gel filtration column, eluting at between two and three column volumes. the molecular mass and isoelectric point of the purified 2194c toxin were 60 kda and 5. 3, respectively. the n-terminal amin ...	1999	10556709
steps in the development of a vibrio cholerae el tor biofilm.	we report that, in a simple, static culture system, wild-type vibrio cholerae el tor forms a three-dimensional biofilm with characteristic water channels and pillars of bacteria. furthermore, we have isolated and characterized transposon insertion mutants of v. cholerae that are defective in biofilm development. the transposons were localized to genes involved in (i) the biosynthesis and secretion of the mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin type iv pilus (msha); (ii) the synthesis of exopolysacchari ...	1999	10564499
a retroelement in vibrio cholerae.		1999	10564503
the cada gene of vibrio cholerae is induced during infection and plays a role in acid tolerance.	vibrio cholerae is a facultative pathogen of humans that must survive exposure to inorganic and organic acids in the stomach and small intestine. to learn more about the mechanisms by which this pathogen colonizes the intestinal tract, we used a recombinase gene fusion reporter to identify transcripts induced during infection in an adult rabbit model of cholera. one of the genes identified was cada, which encodes an inducible lysine decarboxylase. cada was also induced during infections of the s ...	1999	10564522
intracellular replication of choleraphage straight phi92.	the broad host range choleraphage straight phi92 contains a linear double-stranded dna molecule of 68 kilobase (kb) pairs with 3' overhang cohesive ends. following infection with phage straight phi92, the host macromolecular synthesis is shut off within the first 5 min, and synthesis of phage-specific dna is detectable after 7 min of infection. at early times during infection, phage dna is replicated in circular form and the synthesis is membrane associated. the closed circular form serves as th ...	1999	10567842
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentered trial of the efficacy of a single dose of live oral cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr in preventing cholera following challenge with vibrio cholerae o1 el tor inaba three months after vaccination.	cvd 103-hgr is a live oral cholera vaccine strain constructed by deleting 94% of the gene for the enzymatically active a subunit of cholera toxin from classical inaba vibrio cholerae o1 569b; the strain also contains a mercury resistance gene as an identifying marker. this vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in double-blind, controlled studies and was protective in open-label studies of volunteers challenged with v. cholerae o1. a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter ...	1999	10569747
validation and characterization of a human volunteer challenge model for cholera by using frozen bacteria of the new vibrio cholerae epidemic serotype, o139.	until recently, all epidemic strains of vibrio cholerae were of the o1 serotype. current epidemics have also been caused by a new serotype, vibrio cholerae o139. although the pathogenesis and clinical features of o139 cholera are similar to those of o1 cholera, immunity to serotype o1 does not confer immunity to serotype o139. therefore, prior to beginning vaccine efficacy studies, we sought to validate the use of a large standardized frozen inoculum of virulent v. cholerae o139 4260b for use in ...	1999	10569748
the role of recombination and mutation in 16s-23s rdna spacer rearrangements.	the intragenomic heterogeneity of the bacterial intergenic (16s-23s rdna) spacer region (isr) was analysed from the following species in which sequences for the complete rrna operon (rrn) set have been determined (rrn number): enterococcus faecalis (6) and e. faecium (6), bacillus subtilis (10), staphylococcus aureus (9), vibrio cholerae (4), haemophilus influenzae (6) and escherichia coli (7). it was found that some spacer sequence blocks were highly conserved between operons of a genome, where ...	1999	10571000
microbiological quality and safety of ready-to-eat street-vended foods in johannesburg, south africa.	fifty-one ready-to-eat street foods, 18 dishwater, and 18 surface swab samples were collected from six vendors in johannesburg, south africa. food temperatures were recorded at the time of sampling. standard methods were used to determine aerobic plate counts (apcs), spore counts (scs), and enterobacteriaceae counts (ecs) for food samples as well as coliform counts (ccs) for water and swab samples. in addition, petrifilm escherichia coli count (pc) plates were used for the enumeration of colifor ...	1999	10571317
molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1 from human and environmental sources in malaysia.	a total of 31 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 (10 from outbreak cases and 7 from surface water) and non-o1 (4 from clinical and 10 from surface water sources) isolated between 1993 and 1997 were examined with respect to presence of cholera enterotoxin (ct) gene by pcr-based assays, resistance to antibiotics, plasmid profiles and random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. all were resistant to 9 or more of the 17 antibiotics tested. identical antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates ma ...	1999	10579441
expression of vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin and analysis of its subcellular localization.	vibrio cholerae elaborates zonula occludens toxin (zot), a protein that increases the permeability of small intestinal mucosa by opening intercellular tight junctions. the zot gene is located, together with the genes encoding ct and ace enterotoxins, within the genome of v. cholerae filamentous phage ctxsmall ef, cyrillic. interestingly, zot appears to be structurally and functionally related to the gene i product of other filamentous phages and it has been shown to be required for ctxsmall ef, ...	1999	10588910
[dna polymorphism of vibrio cholera and other vibrios].	to investigate the inherent characteristics of v. cholera and other vibrios and the association between them.	1999	11715512
tourism and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in the americas: what physicians must remember for patient diagnosis and care.	emerging diseases are those which have shown an increased in humans over the last 20 years. re-emerging diseases are those which have reappeared after a period of significant decrease in incidence. the etiological agents of these diseases in the western hemisphere are viruses (hiv, dengue, oroupuche, sabia, guanarito, or hanta), bacteria (vibrio cholera, borrellia burgdorferi, legionella pneumofila, eseherichia coli 0157:h7, or other bacteria with a new pattern of antibiotic resistance), or para ...	1999	11098191
cholera: old story, new endings.		1999	10980974
bacterial contamination of bottle milk in infants under 6 months in children's hospital, bangkok, thailand.	the bacterial contamination of bottle milk samples obtained randomly from 500 infants under 6 months of age who came to the out-patient department of children's hospital bangkok was determined by collecting bottle milk samples prepared at home following interview of their caretakers after obtaining their consent. bacterial contamination was found in 91.8% (459/500) of bottle milk samples. among the positive samples, 82.8% (380/459) contained enteric bacteria, another 17.2% were unidentified bact ...	1999	10928374
food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera.	cholera has been recognized as a killer disease since earliest time. since 1817, six pandemics have swept over the world, and the seventh one is in progress. the disease is caused by infection of the small intestine by vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 and is characterized by massive acute diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration: death occurs in severe, untreated cases. cholera is a highly contagious disease, and is transmitted primarily by ingestion of faecally-contaminated water by susceptible persons. ...	1999	10892490
possibility of public health hazards by contamination of toxin producing vibrio cholerae through fishes reared in sewage fed fishery.	this study was undertaken to explore the possibility of contamination of vibrio cholerae serogroups 01 and 0139, the most important causative organisms for life threatening acute secretory diarrhoea and also potential public health importance, by isolating these organisms from body surface, gill and intestine of common table fishes like labeo rhoita, catla catla, cirrhinus mirgala and tilapia mosambica which were reared in sewage and raw human excrita enriched fishery ponds. vibrio cholerae 01 o ...	1999	11243070
[purification and identification of pili of vibrio cholera o139].	to provide the base of manufacturing v. cholera o139 subunit vaccine, purification and identification methods of v. cholera o139 toxin-coregulated pili (tcp) were studied. the results showed the optimal expressing condition of tcp was in aki or cfa medium, at 30 c for 24-36 h with stationary cultivation. the molecular weight of the tcp subunit protein measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis was about 20.5 kd. by using mouse anti-tcp monoclone antibody and sheep ant ...	1999	12205915
[preparation of oral microspheres carrying v. cholera vaccine and its target's distribution].	to prepare oral biodegradable microspheres carrying v. cholera vaccine, the major outer membrane protein (omp, mw = 41 kd) as a common antigen of cholera vibriae was obtained from the classical strain inaba 569 b, and the omp was encapsulated in the biodegradable delivery system comprising poly (dl-lactide)-co-poly(ethylene glycol)microspheres. the average size of the microspheres was less than 5 microns, the amount of omp encapsulated in microspheres was 15.3%. it was found that microspheres we ...	1999	12205916
[first cases of cholera observed in children at the befelatanana general hospital--antananarivo university hospital center (madagascar)].	ravages caused by cholera among children are well known. the disease invaded madagascar in 1999 may. this retrospective study reported the first childhood cholera cases. the survey was carried out at the befelatanana hospital during the period of cholera outbreak from april 23th to july 31st. the purpose of the study was to specify clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological characteristics of the disease. 5 out of 178 suspected cholera cases were less than 15 years old. 2 young girls out thes ...	1999	12478963
antimicrobial effects of psidium guajava extract as one mechanism of its antidiarrhoeal action.	a morphine-like spasmolytic action (not naloxone reversible; involving the inhibition of acetylcholine release) and also effects on the transmural transport of electrolytes (na(+) and k(+)) and water have been reported as possible modes of the antidiarrhoeal action of polar fractions of psidium guajava leaf extractives. the objective for this study was to verify if the reported modes of the antidiarrhoeal action should be broadened to include direct antimicrobial actions on some of the more comm ...	1999	22589684
ischemic stroke due to protein c deficiency.	plasma protein c exerts anticoagulatory effects by inactivating factors v and viii. hereditary protein c deficiency is transmitted as an autosomal dominant disorder. homozygous individuals usually develop purpura fulminans as newborns; heterozygous protein c-deficient individuals are at increased risk for venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. however, arterial thrombosis has been only rarely observed. we describe a young patient with heterozygous protein c deficiency who experienced a severe ...	1999	2195715
[the validation of the use of thymic preparations in tuberculous infection by experimental data].		1999	1866916
sturge-weber syndrome: presentation as a focal seizure disorder without nevus flammeus.		1999	97040
a comparison of pediatric versus adult cadaver donor kidneys for transplantation.		1999	2326916
[surgical treatment of digestive complications of radiotherapy (author's transl)].		1999	96647
crossed cerebellar diaschisis and crossed cerebellar atrophy: correlation of mr findings, clinical symptoms, and supratentorial diseases in 26 patients.	crossed cerebellar diaschisis is a condition in which cerebellar hypometabolism is ascribed to functional disconnection of the contralateral hemisphere from the cerebral cortex. interruption of the cerebropontine-cerebellar pathway is thought to be the most likely mechanism of this remote transneuronal metabolic depression. this phenomenon can be diagnosed by positron emission tomography, as there is hypometabolism in the affected cerebellar hemisphere. the morphologic features of the affected c ...	1999	1566683
[qualitative and quantitative investigations of the area striata in an ontogenic series of male tupaia belangeri].	the cyto-, myelo- and fibrilloarchitectonics of the area striata and its laminae were described in 36 male tupaia belangeri at an age of 36 to 536 days of ontogenesis. the fresh volumes of the area striata and its laminae were determined and the growth of the fresh volumes described with the 6-parametric growth-function: (formula: see text) likewise, the matter lying directly under the area striata were determined and these data were analysed with the logistic growth-function: (formula: see text ...	1999	408411
severe hypertension in primary aldosteronism and good response to surgery.	11 patients with primary aldosteronism have been encountered over 11 years and submitted to surgery in a provincial teaching hospital serving a population of 3 million. contrary to classical teaching, the hypertension has usually been very severe. precise identification of the site of the lesion preoperatively has been possible by the measurement of adrenal-vein aldosterone levels, and results of surgery have been excellent. the iodocholesterol adrenal scan also correctly identified the site of ...	1999	85065
the medi-drama as an instrument to teach doctor-patient relationships.	this paper reviews an experience of the curriculum development group of the college of family physicians of canada in describing the doctor-patient relationship and its value in the clinical process. it proposes the use of a medi-drama or multi-scene script encompassing a broad range of bio-psycho-social-ethical issues as a practical tool to teach the doctor-patient relationship. principles for conducting a medi-drama are presented, as are the advantages of this experiential teaching modality. a ...	1999	2640693
replacement therapy in the mucopolysaccharidoses.		1999	103935
differences among marine and hospital strains of vibrio cholerae during peruvian epidemic.	during a period of 18 months of an epidemic of vibrio cholerae, cultures from 450 samples of fish, shellfish and seawater were isolated. the highest frequencies of occurrence observed were 5.2% in fish from inshore waters, 3.9% in marine snails, and 1.8% in mussels and crabs. no incidents were isolated from cultures of fish in the open seas or cultures from frozen shrimp. cultures of marine origin were compared with cultures from hospitalized patients, and these revealed marked serological and t ...	1998	12501290
acute secretory traveller's diarrhoea caused by vibrio cholerae which does not belong to the o1 or o139 serogroup.		1998	10997178
action against vibrio cholerae o1 tox+ of chemical products used in the lemon production.	tucuman is the first lemon exporting province in argentina and the fourth lemon exporter in the world. the present work was set up to study the survival of vibrio cholerae o1 tox+ after application of different chemical products used in the lemon production (from its cultivation until its packing). the following products were studied: copper oxychloride, benomil (a carbamate), active chlorine, sodium-o-phenylphenoate, guazatine (a polyamine mixture), imazalil (an imidazole) and fresh and dehydra ...	1998	10932739
an outbreak of el tor cholera associated with a tribal funeral in irian jaya, indonesia.	an outbreak of el tor biotype cholera occurring in a rural village in irian jaya, indonesia was evaluated for risk factors associated with death from cholera. among those dying in the village during the epidemic, a significant association between membership in one of the five tribal groups in the village complex was associated with an elevated risk of suffering a cholera death (odds ratio = 5.9). interviews with members of the decedents' families revealed a very strong association (odds ratio = ...	1998	10437955
conformational differences among mono- and oligosaccharide fragments of o-specific polysaccharides of vibrio cholerae o1 revealed by circular dichroism.	the circular dichroism (cd) of synthetic mono- and oligosaccharides that represent the terminal, non-reducing group of o-antigens of vibrio cholerae o1 from the subtypes ogawa and inaba was measured in various solvents. we found differences in the cd of the monosaccharides of these subtypes that decrease with increasing chain lengths of the oligosaccharides. the differences can be explained by different orientations of the n-acyl side chain of the terminal monosaccharides. the linear relationshi ...	1998	10230041
neonatal dietary gangliosides.	gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that are widely distributed in vertebrate tissues and body fluids and which are specially abundant in neural tissues. milk from different species has a particular ganglioside content and profile. human milk has a higher content of gangliosides than bovine milk. gd3 and gm3 are the predominant individual gangliosides in bovine milk. in human colostrum gd3 is also the main ganglioside whereas in human mature milk gm3 predominates over the other gangliosides. hum ...	1998	10102661
intraduodenal inoculation of adult rabbits for evaluating the immunogenicity of genetically attenuated vibrio cholerae strains.		1998	10090073
repair of bhk cell surface ganglioside gm3 after its degradation by extracellular sialidase.	treatment of bhk fibroblasts with v. cholerae sialidase for 20 min caused the breakdown of about 70% of total cellular ganglioside gm3 and the production of an approximately equivalent amount of lactosylceramide. on removal of the enzyme, a slow resynthesis of gm3 from lactosylceramide was observed, equivalent to about 5-6%/h of the degraded gm3. resynthesis of degraded surface ganglioside has not previously been observed, but its magnitude is similar to previous measurements of the rate of prot ...	1998	10087510
[cholera in africa and in latin america].		1998	10078375
[the current status of research on a cholera vaccine].	cholera remains today a major health problem in most developing countries. the long-term control of cholera depends on the improvement of hygiene but this is a distant goal for many countries. the availability of an effective cholera vaccine is thus important for the prevention of cholera in such countries. more than a century after the first attempt to vaccinate against cholera by ferran in spain, there is still no truly effective cholera vaccine. a bacterial fraction vaccine, referred to as ch ...	1998	10078377
[traveller's diarrhea: which vaccines?].	diarrheal diseases are a major cause of child morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. it is estimated that diarrheal diseases and typhoid fever cause around 2.5 million deaths per year in the world. four bacteria and one virus share this responsibility: shigella spp, escherichia coli etec, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhi and rotavirus. people travelling in countries with high endemicity of diarrhoeal diseases risk facing these four bacteria or the less common rotavirus, ...	1998	10078386
emergence of cholera in the central african republic.		1998	10052560
[resistance of respiratory and enteral bacteria to antibiotics].		1998	9927887
[vibrio cholerae non 01 sepsis in a healthy patient: review of reported cases in spain].		1998	9930015
[an update on cholera infection].		1998	9932009
[analysis of vibrio cholerae hemolysins using monolayer continuous cell cultures].	the comparative study of the preparations of v.cholerae hemolysins of different serovars with the use of continuous cell lines cho-k1, vero, hela, l-929 was carried out. the preparations of hemolysins isolated from such strains as v.cholerae 569b, v.eltor 9949, v.cholerae o-mut 461/67-34 differed in their biological activity on experimental animal models and had different cytotoxic activity. the preparations exhibiting no activity when tested in vivo (v.cholerae and v.eltor hemolysins) were ceto ...	1998	9949497
comparison of survival of diarrhoeagenic agents in two local weaning foods (ogi and koko).	the ph values of both cooked and uncooked ogi and koko samples were determined and the survival rate of four diarrhoeagenic agents, enteroinvasive escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, and vibrio cholerae were studied after they were seeded into cooked ogi and koko. analysis of the ph of the cooked inoculated samples showed that there was a slight increase in ph (decrease in acidity) during storage for 48 h and 37 degrees c (from 3.5 to 3.7 for ogi and from 3.7 to 4.1 for koko). ...	1998	9972074
ribotypes of clinical vibrio cholerae non-o1 non-o139 strains in relation to o-serotypes.	the emergence of vibrio cholerae o139 in 1992 and reports of an increasing number of other non-o1 serogroups being associated with diarrhoea, stimulated us to characterize v. cholerae non-o1 non-o139 strains received at the national institute of infectious diseases, japan for serotyping. ribotyping with the restriction enzyme bgli of 103 epidemiological unrelated mainly clinical strains representing 10 o-serotypes yielded 67 different typing patterns. ribotype similarity within each serotype was ...	1998	10030702
detection of genes encoding cholera toxin (ct), zonula occludens toxin (zot), accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) and heat-stable enterotoxin (st) in vibrio mimicus clinical strains.	a total of 51 clinical strains of vibrio mimicus were searched for the presence of virulence-associated genes, like ctx, zot or ace genes which locate in "cholera virulence cassette," and the st gene by polymerase chain reaction. moreover, the pathological potential of each clinical strain was also examined by rabbit ileal loop (ril). three strains showed to have the ctx gene, of which only one strain was zot gene-positive. meanwhile, one other strain was zot+ but ctx-. all of these four strains ...	1998	10037216
[survival of vibrio cholerae 01 in freshwater surface and endemic cholera: a geological hypothesis].	the danger that cholera is becoming endemic in latin america makes it imperative to know the geographic location of aquatic environments where ecological conditions favor long-term survival of the toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype, and such aquatic environments should be sampled to determine if they harbor this microorganism. for efficient and effective sampling, it would be useful to know what kinds of waters are ecologically suitable for the survival of this pathogen during periods b ...	1998	9924512
antibacterial activity of lactobacillus species against vibrio species.	forty-one lactobacillus strains were tested for antagonistic activity against nine strains of vibrio. l. plantarum and l. casei were the most effective, and l. brevis was the least effective in inhibiting the growth of vibrio species. l. gasseri and l. helveticus strains showed higher activity, while l. reuteri and l. fermentum showed lower inhibitory activity against vibrio species. l. acidophilus strains exhibited various degrees of antagonistic activities against vibrio species. however, none ...	1998	9880930
synthesis and evaluation of n-acetylneuraminic acid-based affinity matrices for the purification of sialic acid-recognizing proteins.	the synthesis of 2-s-(2-aminoethyl) 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-d-galacto-2-nonulopyranosidonic acid (1) has been successfully achieved from the precursors methyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-o-acetyl-2-s-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-d-glyce ro-alpha-d-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonate (2) and 2-bromo-n-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-ethylamine (5). compounds 1 and 2 were coupled, via amino and thioglycosidic linkages, respectively, to epoxy-activated sepharose 6b. the resultant affinity adsorbents have proved e ...	1998	9881772
note: characterization of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal isolated from water in malaysia.	four vibrio cholerae o139 bengal strains isolated from surface water were characterized by antibiotic resistance, plasmid profile, presence of cholera toxin gene and random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. all four strains exhibit multiple resistance towards the antibiotics tested with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.5-0.66, and harboured a 2.0 mda non-conjugative plasmid. the vibrio cholerae o139 bengal were positive for the cholera toxin gene. antibiotyping and ran ...	1998	9871327
antisera to selected outer membrane proteins of vibrio cholerae protect against challenge with homologous and heterologous strains of v. cholerae.	each year cholera epidemics occur in various places around the world. though there is no effective vaccine against cholera, people who recover from an infection usually have prolonged immunity to the disease. sera from convalescent patients contain antibodies to a number of outer membrane proteins (omps) of v. cholerae. we isolated several omps (43, 42, 30, and 22 kda) from v. cholerae v86 e1 tor inaba, sequenced their amino-termini, and generated hyperimmune sera against them in rabbits. antise ...	1998	9879921
impact of medium-chain monoglycerides on intestinal colonisation by vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.	although a number of studies have shown that various free fatty acids (ffas) and monoacylglycerides (mgs) have bactericidal properties in vitro, the role of these compounds in vivo has not been determined. this study evaluated the antibacterial properties of medium-chain mgs and ffas for different bacterial enteropathogens with an in-vitro bacterial killing assay and an in-vivo model of intestinal colonisation. incubation of test bacteria with medium-chain mgs for 4 h led to 100-10,000-fold redu ...	1998	9879938
molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in romania.	a collection of 89 vibrio cholerae o1 strains, isolated in romania between 1977 and 1994, and 6 strains from the republic of moldavia, was characterized by ribotyping, toxin gene restriction pattern (toxinogenotype) and distribution of cholera toxin gene (ctx), accessory toxin gene (ace) and zonula occludens toxin gene (zot). after bg/i endonuclease restriction of chromosomal dna, a total of 18 ribotypes and 21 toxinogenotypes were distinguished. deletions in the core region of the toxin gene ca ...	1998	9921581
[outcome of patients treated with intra-peritoneal immunochemotherapy for ovarian cancer].	the aim of this study is to show that i.p. chemotherapy improves the evolution of the patients with an ovarian cancer, as the risk of a small number of complications due to this route of administration.	1998	9864886
study of proteases and other enzymes of vibrio cholerae 01 e2 tor and 0139 serotypes isolated in yavatmal (maharashtra).	v. cholerae 01 e1 tor isolated during cholera epidemic of 1994 and v cholerae 0139 serotype isolated during 1993 epidemic were subjected to the study of proteases and other enzymes. out of 26 strains of v. cholerae 01 studied, gelatinase and caseinase activity was seen in 100 and 69.23 percent strains respectively. all strains showed catalase and oxidase activity. of the other enzymes studied 19.23, 65.38 and 57.69 percent strains were positive for dnase, lipase and phosphatase respectively. non ...	1998	9866901
characterization of non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin of non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and its relevance to disease.	the non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin which causes dramatic cell rounding of cultured hela cells was purified to homogeneity from a clinical strain (wo5) of non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 inaba belonging to the e1 tor biotype. the purified protein has a denatured molecular weight of 35 kda and a native molecular weight of approximately 37 kda indicating the monomeric nature of the protein. the 15 n-terminal amino acid sequence of non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin showed complete homology to the he ...	1998	9868778
novel approaches for oral delivery of macromolecules.	traditional forms of administrations of nonabsorbable drugs and peptides often rely on their parenteral injection, since the intestinal epithelium is poorly permeable to these therapeutical agents. a number of innovative drug delivery approaches have been recently developed, including the drug entrapment within small vesicles or their passage through the intestinal paracellular pathway. zonula occludens toxin, a recently discovered protein elaborated by vibrio cholerae, provided tools to gain mo ...	1998	9811489
[cholera update and vaccination problems].	cholera remains an important public health problem. the long-term control of cholera depends on good personal hygiene, uncontaminated water supply and appropriate sewage disposal. however, the improvement of hygiene is distant goal for many countries. thus the availability of an effective cholera vaccine is important for the prevention of cholera in these countries. research on new cholera vaccines has mainly focused on oral formulations that stimulate the mucosal secretory immune system. two or ...	1998	9812307
cholera in children in karachi from 1990 through 1995: a study of cases admitted to a tertiary care hospital.	although cholera is an endemic disease in bangladesh, india and other countries, it was never a significant cause of gastroenteritis in pakistan before 1988. since then, cases of cholera are identified each year, both in adults and children in pakistan. in order to see the contribution of vibrio cholerae as a cause of gastroenteritis in children, we reviewed the cases of cholera admitted in the pediatric ward of the aga khan university hospital, karachi, pakistan. of 4346 children hospitalized w ...	1998	9813989
preliminary report on genotyping of vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolates in taiwan by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.		1998	10496169
[the excretion pattern and protective capacity in rabbits orally immunized with attenuated strains of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor].	in order to study the excretion patterns, colonization and protective capacity of live attenuated strains of vibrio cholerae o1. el tor, rabbits were immunized in new zealand with these strains and their corresponding parental strains. 2 doses were administered by the model of oral inoculation in adult rabbits. rabbits were rotated 2 weeks after the second dose by the model of ligated intestine with highly virulent strains of v. cholerae o1 ogawa and inaba serotypes and o139 serogroup. it was pr ...	1998	10349429
[discovery of ten strains of non-o1 vibrio cholerae pigmentogens].	to study the distribution of non-o1 vibrio cholerae pigmentogens in water and its biological characteristics and pathogenicity.	1998	10322778
cholera in the 1990s.	two strains of vibrio cholerae are currently significant in cholera: a remnant from the sixth pandemic (1899-1923) still present in south asia and the seventh pandemic strain which emerged in 1961. the 1990s were marked by spread of the seventh pandemic to south america in 1991 and appearance of an o139 form of the seventh pandemic strain in 1992 (or possibly 1991), which in 1993 predominated in some areas but then declined. molecular analysis showed that the sixth and the seventh pandemic clone ...	1998	10326288
evaluation of the cholera spot test: a chromatographic immunoassay for the rapid detection of cholera antigen.	a chromatographic immunoassay cholera antigen detection kit, the cholera spot test, was evaluated. the test was found to be specific with a sensitivity of 10(6) cfu/ml for the direct detection of v. cholerae in simulated stool specimens and 10 cfu/ml in simulated cotton-tipped swab specimens after overnight incubation in alkaline peptone water. this enables early recognition of cholera cases and their contacts so that prevention and control measures can be promptly instituted.	1998	10879261
toxr-independent expression of cholera toxin from the replicative form of ctxphi.	the ctxab operon, which encodes cholera toxin, resides in the genome of ctxphi, a filamentous bacteriophage. within vibrio cholerae cells, the ctxphi genome can exist either as a replicating plasmid or as a prophage integrated into the chromosome. previous work established that toxr is required for chromosomal ctxab expression. we have learned that strains harboring the ctxphi replicative form produce cholera toxin under all conditions tested, independently of toxr. during passage of ctxphi lyso ...	1998	9423889
rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o1 in west africa.		1998	9433429
tcpp protein is a positive regulator of virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae.	the production of several virulence factors in vibrio cholerae o1, including cholera toxin and the pilus colonization factor tcp (toxin-coregulated pilus), is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. to specifically identify membrane proteins involved in these signal transduction events, we examined a transposon library of v. cholerae generated by tnbla mutagenesis for cells that produce tcp when grown under various nonpermissive conditions. to select for tcp-producing cells we used the ...	1998	9435261
differential regulation of multiple flagellins in vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the human diarrheal disease cholera, is a motile bacterium with a single polar flagellum. motility has been implicated as a virulence determinant in some animal models of cholera, but the relationship between motility and virulence has not yet been clearly defined. we have begun to define the regulatory circuitry controlling motility. we have identified five v. cholerae flagellin genes, arranged in two chromosomal loci, flaac and flaedb; all five genes hav ...	1998	9440520