Publications

identification of novel cell wall destabilizing antifungal compounds using a conditional aspergillus nidulans protein kinase c mutant.	despite the need for novel drugs to combat fungal infections, antifungal drug discovery is currently limited by both the availability of suitable drug targets and assays to screen corresponding targets. the aim of this study was to screen a library of small chemical compounds to identify cell wall inhibitors using a conditional protein kinase c (pkc)-expressing strain of aspergillus nidulans. this mutant is specifically susceptible to cell wall damaging compounds under pkc-repressive growth cond ...	2009	19648579
the bzip-type transcription factor flbb regulates distinct morphogenetic stages of colony formation in aspergillus nidulans.	conidiophore formation in aspergillus nidulans involves a developmental programme in which vegetative hyphae give rise to an ordered succession of differentiated cells: foot cell, stalk, vesicle, metulae, phialides and conidia. the developmental transition requires factors that are expressed in vegetative hyphae that activate the expression of the main regulator of conidiation, brla. one such element is the bzip-type transcription factor flbb. we found that flbb(-) mutants show defective branchi ...	2009	19656299
a fungal phylogeny based on 82 complete genomes using the composition vector method.	molecular phylogenetics and phylogenomics have greatly revised and enriched the fungal systematics in the last two decades. most of the analyses have been performed by comparing single or multiple orthologous gene regions. sequence alignment has always been an essential element in tree construction. these alignment-based methods (to be called the standard methods hereafter) need independent verification in order to put the fungal tree of life (tol) on a secure footing. the ever-increasing number ...	2009	19664262
effect of ozone on spore germination, spore production and biomass production in two aspergillus species.	the ability of ozone gas to reduce food spoilage is relatively well documented, but the developmental effects of the gas on food spoilage fungi are not well known. in this study two model aspergilli, aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus ochraceus were used to study the effects of ozone on spore germination, sporulation and biomass production. these effects were examined under three levels of ozone; two high level ozone exposures (200 and 300 micromol mol(-1)) and one low level exposure (0.2 micr ...	2009	19533409
expressing a fusion protein with protease and chitinase activities increases the virulence of the insect pathogen beauveria bassiana.	entomopathogenic fungi, such as beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae are being developed as alternatives to chemical insecticides. they infect insects by direct penetration of the cuticle using a combination of physical pressure and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases and chitinases. previously we found that overexpression of a subtilisin-like protease (pr1a) or a chitinase (bbchit1) resulted in increased virulence of m. anisopliae and b. bassiana, respectively. in this s ...	2009	19666027
intimate bacterial-fungal interaction triggers biosynthesis of archetypal polyketides in aspergillus nidulans.	fungi produce numerous low molecular weight molecules endowed with a multitude of biological activities. however, mining the full-genome sequences of fungi indicates that their potential to produce secondary metabolites is greatly underestimated. because most of the biosynthesis gene clusters are silent under laboratory conditions, one of the major challenges is to understand the physiological conditions under which these genes are activated. thus, we cocultivated the important model fungus aspe ...	2009	19666480
aspergillus nidulans protein o-mannosyltransferases play roles in cell wall integrity and developmental patterning.	protein o-mannosyltransferases (pmts) initiate o-mannosyl glycan biosynthesis from ser and thr residues of target proteins. fungal pmts are divided into three subfamilies, pmt1, -2, and -4. aspergillus nidulans possesses a single representative of each pmt subfamily, pmta (subfamily 2), pmtb (subfamily 1), and pmtc (subfamily 4). in this work, we show that single deltapmt mutants are viable and have unique phenotypes and that the deltapmta deltapmtb double mutant is the only viable double mutant ...	2009	19666781
aspergillus nidulans genes encoding reverse transsulfuration enzymes belong to homocysteine regulon.	homocysteine is an intermediate in methionine synthesis in aspergillus nidulans, but it can also be converted to cysteine by the reverse transsulfuration pathway involving cystathionine beta-synthase (cbs) and cystathionine gamma-lyase (cgl). because homocysteine is toxic to the cell at high concentrations, this pathway also functions as a means of removal of its excess. we found that the transcription of the meca and mecb genes encoding cbs and cgl was upregulated by excess of homocysteine as w ...	2009	19685245
heterologous production of non-ribosomal peptide lld-acv in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	non-ribosomal peptides (nrps) are a diverse family of secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activities. we started to develop an eukaryotic microbial platform based on the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae for heterologous production of nrps using delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (acv) as a model nrp. the penicillium chrysogenum gene pcbab encoding acv synthetase was expressed in s. cerevisiae from a high-copy plasmid together with phosphopantetheinyl transferase (p ...	2009	19686863
molecular characterization of the niad and pyrg genes from penicillium camemberti, and their use as transformation markers.	genetic manipulation of the filamentous fungus penicillium camemberti has been limited by a lack of suitable genetics tools for this fungus. in particular, there is no available homologous transformation system. in this study, the nitrate reductase (niad) and orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (pyrg) genes from penicillium camemberti were characterized, and their suitability as metabolic molecular markers for transformation was evaluated. the genes were amplified using pcr-related techniqu ...	2009	19562269
transcriptional upregulation of four genes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway by homocitrate accumulation in penicillium chrysogenum: homocitrate as a sensor of lysine-pathway distress.	the lysine biosynthetic pathway has to supply large amounts of alpha-aminoadipic acid for penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum. in this study, we have characterized the p. chrysogenum l2 mutant, a lysine auxotroph that shows highly increased expression of several lysine biosynthesis genes (lys1, lys2, lys3, lys7). the l2 mutant was found to be deficient in homoaconitase activity since it was complemented by the aspergillus nidulans lysf gene. we have cloned a gene (named lys3) that ...	2009	19696106
comprehensive genomic analysis of cell wall genes in aspergillus nidulans.	knowledge of the mechanisms underlying cell wall biosynthesis in aspergillus spp. is of high relevance to medicine and food safety, and for biotechnological applications. the cell wall of aspergillus nidulans is composed of galactomannoproteins, 1,3-alpha-glucan, beta-glucans, and chitin. here, we present a comprehensive inventory of the cell wall-related genes in a. nidulans. this includes glycan-synthetic and glycan-processing enzymes, spore wall maturation enzymes, gpi-anchor processing enzym ...	2009	19585695
decolourization and detoxification of pulp and paper mill effluent by emericella nidulans var. nidulans.	in this study geno-toxicity analysis along with effluent treatment was taken up to evaluate the efficiency of biological treatment process for safe disposal of treated effluent. four fungi were isolated from sediments of pulp and paper mill in which pf4 reduced colour (30%) and lignin content (24%) of the effluent on 3rd day. the fungal strain was identified as emericella nidulans var. nidulans (anamorph: aspergillus nidulans) on the basis of rdna its1 and rdna its2 region sequences. the process ...	2009	19586717
the transcription factor homolog ctf1 regulates {beta}-oxidation in candida albicans.	carbon starvation is one of the many stresses to which microbial pathogens are subjected while in the host. pathways necessary for the utilization of alternative carbon sources, such as gluconeogenesis, the glyoxylate cycle, and beta-oxidation of fatty acids, have been shown to be required for full virulence in several systems, including the fungal pathogen candida albicans. we have investigated the regulatory network governing alternative carbon metabolism in this organism through characterizat ...	2009	19700635
effect of culture temperature on the heterologous expression of pleurotus eryngii versatile peroxidase in aspergillus hosts.	production of recombinant versatile peroxidase in aspergillus hosts was optimized through the modification of temperature during bioreactor cultivations. to further this purpose, the cdna encoding a versatile peroxidase of pleurotus eryngii was expressed under control of the alcohol dehydrogenase (alca) promoter of aspergillus nidulans. a dependence of recombinant peroxidase production on cultivation temperature was found. lowering the culture temperature from 28 to 19 degrees c enhanced the lev ...	2009	18481101
molecular detection and identification of aspergillus spp. from clinical samples using real-time pcr.	the definite and rapid diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis is necessary because of the high mortality caused. the objective of this study was to evaluate a real-time pcr assay to detect aspergillus spp. in clinical samples, based on the light cycler technology. specificity was assessed by using dna extracted from pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria/fungi from spanish collection including: two aspergillus flavus, four aspergillus fumigatus, two aspergillus nidulans, two aspergillus niger and t ...	2009	18643921
prophylaxis against aspergillus is not perfect: problems and perils in stem cell transplantation.	availability of newer, well tolerated anti-aspergillus drugs at a time of rising prevalence of invasive aspergillosis has sparked enthusiasm for chemoprophylaxis against aspergillus in allogeneic stem cell recipients. such a drug-oriented approach however is associated with problems. in the azole class, itraconazole has been shown to be effective, but hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal intolerability have made the drug less attractive. posaconazole, approved for prophylaxis in allogeneic stem c ...	2009	18663660
functional diversity of chitin synthases of aspergillus nidulans in hyphal growth, conidiophore development and septum formation.	fungal chitin synthases are classified into seven classes. recent advances in genome sequence analyses have revealed that there are more than seven chitin synthase-encoding genes in the genome of filamentous ascomycete fungi. to clarify the functional differences among these genes in the morphogenesis and hyphal tip growth, we have cloned six chitin synthase-encoding genes from aspergillus nidulans and analyzed their functions. the results obtained suggest that chitin synthases are structurally ...	2009	18651309
proteins involved in microbody biogenesis and degradation in aspergillus nidulans.	fungal microbodies (peroxisomes) are inducible organelles that proliferate in response to nutritional cues. proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis/proliferation are designated peroxins and are encoded by pex genes. an autophagy-related process, termed pexophagy, is responsible for the selective removal of peroxisomes from the cell. several genes involved in pexophagy are also required for autophagy and are collectively known as atg genes. we have re-analysed the aspergillus nidulans genome f ...	2009	18694841
recombinant bacterial hemoglobin alters metabolism of aspergillus niger.	the filamentous fungus aspergillus niger is used extensively for the production of enzymes and organic acids. a major problem in industrial fermentations with this fungus is to ensure sufficient supply of oxygen required for respiratory metabolism of the fungus. in case of oxygen limitation, the fungus will produce various by-products like organic acids and polyols. in order to circumvent this problem we here study the effects of the expression of a bacterial hemoglobin protein on the metabolism ...	2009	18694843
annotation of stress-response proteins in the aspergilli.	stress-response proteins of aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus clavatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae, aspergillus terreus and neosartorya fischeri (3908 in total) were annotated and grouped according to stress types (http://193.6.155.82/aspergillusstress/). all genomes harboured elements of the sska-hoga/saka stress signalling pathway. there are accumulating data pointing at the importance of sska-hoga/saka signalling in different types of stre ...	2009	18703157
the level of sulfane sulfur in the fungus aspergillus nidulans wild type and mutant strains.	the interdependence of the sulfane sulfur metabolism and sulfur amino acid metabolism was studied in the fungus aspergillus nidulans wild type strain and in mutants impaired in genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of cysteine (a precursor of sulfane sulfur) or in regulatory genes of the sulfur metabolite repression system. it was found that a low concentration of cellular cysteine leads to elevation of two sulfane sulfurtransferases, rhodanase and cystathionine gamma-lyase, while the ...	2009	18781374
genotoxicity of achillea millefolium essential oil in diploid cells of aspergillus nidulans.	the essential oil of achillea millefolium is commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases and has been demonstrated previously to exert an in vitro antimicrobial activity against human pathogens. current study investigates the genotoxic activity of a. millefolium oil. the oil's major constituents are: chamazulene (42.15%), sabinene (19.72%), terpin-4-ol (5.22%), beta-caryophyllene (4.44%) and eucalyptol (3.10%), comprising 74.63% of the total. the oil's genotoxic evaluati ...	2009	18803228
a survey of nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) genes in aspergillus nidulans.	the genome of aspergillus nidulans carries 27 genes encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) structures, although only five of these forming peptides and amino acid containing metabolites have been identified so far. this manuscript describes domain structures, substrate binding pockets and related genes and gene clusters and summarizes our current state of product prediction of fungal nrps systems.	2009	18804170
purification and partial characterization of the xanthine-uric acid transporter (uapa) of aspergillus nidulans.	uapa, the uric acid-xanthine permease from the filamentous ascomycete aspergillus nidulans, is one of the most thoroughly characterized purine/h(+) transporters in eukaryotes. detailed studies have addressed its regulation of expression, at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, in response to physiological and developmental signals. an extensive kinetic profile towards a plethora of purines and mutational analyses have established models on how uapa recognizes the purine ring a ...	2009	18824106
the cypome (cytochrome p450 complement) of aspergillus nidulans.	the cytochromes p450 (cyps) are found in all biological kingdoms and genome sequencing projects continue to reveal an ever increasing number. the principle aim of this paper is to identify the complete cypome of aspergillus nidulans from the genome sequence version an.3 deposited at the broad institute, assign the appropriate cyp nomenclature and define function where possible. the completed analysis revealed a total of 111 cyp genes, 3 of which were previously unknown and 8 pseudogenes, represe ...	2009	18824241
a single channel for nitrate uptake, nitrite export and nitrite uptake by escherichia coli naru and a role for nirc in nitrite export and uptake.	two related polytopic membrane proteins of the major facilitator family, nark and naru, catalyse nitrate uptake, nitrite export and nitrite uptake across the escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane by an unknown mechanism. a 12-helix model of naru was constructed based upon six alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase fusions to nark and the predicted hydropathy for the nark family. fifteen residues conserved in the nark-naru protein family were substituted by site-directed mutagenesis, includi ...	2009	18691156
mapping the interaction sites of aspergillus nidulans phytochrome fpha with the global regulator vea and the white collar protein lreb.	aspergillus nidulans senses red and blue-light and employs a phytochrome and a neurospora crassa white collar (wc) homologous system for light perception and transmits this information into developmental decisions. under light conditions it undergoes asexual development and in the dark it develops sexually. the phytochrome fpha consists of a light sensory domain and a signal output domain, consisting of a histidine kinase and a response regulator domain. previously it was shown that the phytochr ...	2009	18936976
effect of bioaugmentation and nitrogen supplementation on composting of paddy straw.	a composting experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a hyperlignocellulolytic fungal consortium and different nitrogen amendments on paddy straw composting in terms of changes in physicochemical and biological parameters. a fungal consortium comprising four lignocellulolytic mesophilic fungal cultures was used as inoculum for bioaugmentation of paddy straw in perforated pits. the comparative effect of farmyard manure (fym), soybean trash, poultry litter and urea on the composting proc ...	2009	18839317
overexpression of a novel endogenous nadh kinase in aspergillus nidulans enhances growth.	the complete genome sequence of the filamentous fungi aspergillus nidulans has paved the way for fundamental research on this industrially important species. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a gene encoding for atp-dependent nadh kinase (atp:nadh 2'-phosphotransferase, ec 2.7.1.86) has been identified. the enzyme has a predicted molecular weight of 49 kda. we characterised the role of this nadh kinase by genomic integration of the putative gene an8837.2 under a strong constit ...	2009	18840540
analysis and prediction of gene splice sites in four aspergillus genomes.	several aspergillus fungal genomic sequences have been published, with many more in progress. obviously, it is essential to have high-quality, consistently annotated sets of proteins from each of the genomes, in order to make meaningful comparisons. we have developed a dedicated, publicly available, splice site prediction program called netaspgene, for the genus aspergillus. gene sequences from aspergillus fumigatus, the most common mould pathogen, were used to build and test our model. compared ...	2009	18948220
aspergillus nidulans flbe is an upstream developmental activator of conidiation functionally associated with the putative transcription factor flbb.	aspergillus nidulans switches from vegetative growth to conidiation when aerial hyphae make contact with the atmosphere, or are subjected to specific environmental stress. the activation of the central conidiation pathway led by the transcription factor brla is a critical milestone in this morphogenetic transition. a number of upstream developmental activators (udas), expressed in vegetative cells, are required for this process to occur in conjunction with cessation of vegetative growth. mutants ...	2009	19007409
genetic regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: from gene to genome.	aflatoxins are notorious toxic secondary metabolites known for their impacts on human and animal health, and their effects on the marketability of key grain and nut crops. understanding aflatoxin biosynthesis is the focus of a large and diverse research community. concerted efforts by this community have led not only to a well-characterized biosynthetic pathway, but also to the discovery of novel regulatory mechanisms. common to secondary metabolism is the clustering of biosynthetic genes and th ...	2009	19010433
transcription regulation of the pbgp43 gene by nitrogen in the human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	we show indirect evidences for the possible involvement of nit2-like binding motifs in transcription modulation of the pbgp43 gene, which codes for an important antigen from the human fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis. this investigation was motivated by the finding of 23 nit2-like sites within the proximal -2047 nucleotides of the pbgp43 5' intergenic region from the pb339 isolate. they compose four clusters, two of them identical. we found four nit2-containing probes that were posi ...	2009	19013535
quality evaluation of co-composted wheat straw, poultry droppings and oil seed cakes.	poultry droppings, neem cake, castor cake, jatropha cake and grass clippings were used separately as organic nitrogen additives to decrease the high c:n ratio of wheat straw. composting was carried out aerobically in presence of fungal consortium developed by including aspergillus awamori, aspergillus nidulans, trichoderma viride and phanerochaete chrysosporium. the degraded product was characterized to assess the technical viability of organic nitrogen supplements as well as fungal consortium i ...	2009	19015937
the three fungal transmembrane nuclear pore complex proteins of aspergillus nidulans are dispensable in the presence of an intact an-nup84-120 complex.	in aspergillus nidulans nuclear pore complexes (npcs) undergo partial mitotic disassembly such that 12 npc proteins (nups) form a core structure anchored across the nuclear envelope (ne). to investigate how the npc core is maintained, we affinity purified the major core an-nup84-120 complex and identified two new fungal nups, an-nup37 and an-elys, previously thought to be vertebrate specific. during mitosis the an-nup84-120 complex locates to the ne and spindle pole bodies but, unlike vertebrate ...	2009	19019988
antifungal activity of anidulafungin, a product of aspergillus nidulans, against aspergillus nidulans.	anidulafungin is a semisynthetic product originating from aspergillus nidulans. the aim of this study was to determine whether this drug is active against a. nidulans strains. the minimum effective concentration (mec) of anidulafungin without and with 50% foetal calf serum was determined according to the clinical and laboratory standards microdilution method. all 13 a. nidulans strains were highly susceptible to anidulafungin, with a mec of 0.031mg/l. the presence of serum did not affect the in ...	2009	19026523
the aspergillus nidulans kinesin-3 unca motor moves vesicles along a subpopulation of microtubules.	the extremely polarized growth form of filamentous fungi imposes a huge challenge on the cellular transport machinery, because proteins and lipids required for hyphal extension need to be continuously transported to the growing tip. recently, it was shown that endocytosis is also important for hyphal growth. here, we found that the aspergillus nidulans kinesin-3 motor protein unca transports vesicles and is required for fast hyphal extension. most surprisingly, unca-dependent vesicle movement oc ...	2009	19037104
thematic issue: aspergillus genomics and beyond. preface.		2009	19041727
physiological involvement in ph signaling of vps24-mediated recruitment of aspergillus palb cysteine protease to escrt-iii.	activation of the aspergillus nidulans transcription factor pacc, which mediates ambient ph regulation of gene expression and is recruited to escrt-iii by the vps32-interacting scaffold pala, involves its ambient ph-dependent c-terminal proteolysis. this reaction is almost certainly catalyzed by the palb calpain-like protease. here we show that palb associates with membranes and interacts specifically and directly with escrt-iii vps24. the palb n-terminal mit domain and the vps24 c-terminal mim ...	2009	19056728
purine utilization by klebsiella oxytoca m5al: genes for ring-oxidizing and -opening enzymes.	the enterobacterium klebsiella oxytoca uses a variety of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources, including purines, nitrogen-rich compounds that are widespread in the biosphere. we have identified a 23-gene cluster that encodes the enzymes for utilizing purines as the sole nitrogen source. growth and complementation tests with insertion mutants, combined with sequence comparisons, reveal functions for the products of these genes. here, we report our characterization of 12 genes, one encoding gua ...	2009	19060149
overexpression of the chitosanase gene in fusarium solani via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.	to overexpress the chitosanase gene (csn) in f. solani, a vector based on pcambia 1300 was constructed. the csn gene, which is under control of the aspergillus nidulans gpda promoter and a. nidulans trpc terminator, was introduced back into the f. solani genome by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, and the herbicide-resistance gene bar from streptomyces hygroscopicus was used as the selection marker. transformants which showed a significant increase in chitosanase production (app ...	2009	19093150
occurrence and relevance of filamentous fungi in respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis--a review.	the colonization of airways by filamentous fungi and the development of respiratory infections require some predisposing factors as encountered in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). indeed, the defective mucociliary clearance which characterizes the disease is associated with local immunological disorders. in addition, the prolonged therapy with antibiotics and the use of corticosteroid treatments also facilitate fungal growth. an important fungal biota has been described in respiratory secreti ...	2009	19107638
effects of conidia of various aspergillus species on apoptosis of human pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells.	aspergillus species can cause mycoses in human and animals. previously, we demonstrated that a. fumigatus conidia from a human isolate inhibited apoptosis in human pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. in the current study, we studied the effects of a. fumigatus conidia non-human origin and a. flavus, a. nidulans, a. niger and a. oryzae conidia on human cells apoptosis. human pneumocytes or bronchial epithelial cells were simultaneously exposed to apoptotic inductors and aspergilli conidia ...	2009	19117118
atazg1 and atazg2 comprise a novel family of purine transporters in arabidopsis.	in plants, nucleobase biochemistry is highly compartmented relying upon a well-regulated and selective membrane transport system. in arabidopsis two proteins, atazg1 and atazg2, show substantial amino acid sequence similarity to the adenine-guanine-hypoxanthine transporter azga of aspergillus nidulans. analysis of single and double mutant lines harboring t-dna insertion alleles atazg1-1 and atazg2-1 reveal a marked resistance to growth in the presence of 8-azaadenine and 8-azaguanine but not to ...	2009	19121308
response to hypoxia, reduction of electron acceptors, and subsequent survival by filamentous fungi.	filamentous fungi usually inhabit normoxic environments by utilizing oxygen as a substrate for respiration and for the biosynthesis of some essential cellular components. this review examines the metabolic mechanisms used by filamentous fungi under oxygen-limited (hypoxic) conditions. denitrification is one mechanism through which fusarium oxysporum and other fungi reduce nitrate or nitrite to nitrous oxide, generating nitric oxide as a reaction intermediate. the involvement of cytochrome p450no ...	2009	19129650
alternative processing of proproteins in aspergilli kexb gene disruptants under hyperosmotic conditions.	disruption of the kexb gene encoding a subtilisin-like processing protease in aspergillus oryzae and aspergillus nidulans led to remarkable morphological defects, and these phenotypes were suppressed under hyperosmotic conditions. in this study, we investigated to determine whether non-kexb proteases might complement the in vivo function of kexb in the two aspergillus kexb disruptants. neither overexpression of opsa or opsb encoding a. oryzae aspartyl proteases homologous to yeast yapsins (yps1/ ...	2009	19129662
inactivation of the lipoxygenase zmlox3 increases susceptibility of maize to aspergillus spp.	plant and fungal lipoxygenases (lox) catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, creating fatty-acid hydroperoxides (oxylipins). fungal oxylipins are required for normal fungal development and secondary metabolism, and plant host-derived oxylipins interfere with these processes in fungi, presumably by signal mimicry. the maize lox gene zmlox3 has been implicated previously in seed-aspergillus interactions, so we tested the interactions of a mutant maize line (lox3-4, in which zmlox3 i ...	2009	19132874
the 2008 update of the aspergillus nidulans genome annotation: a community effort.	the identification and annotation of protein-coding genes is one of the primary goals of whole-genome sequencing projects, and the accuracy of predicting the primary protein products of gene expression is vital to the interpretation of the available data and the design of downstream functional applications. nevertheless, the comprehensive annotation of eukaryotic genomes remains a considerable challenge. many genomes submitted to public databases, including those of major model organisms, contai ...	2009	19146970
indole prenyltransferases from fungi: a new enzyme group with high potential for the production of prenylated indole derivatives.	prenylated indole derivatives are hybrid natural products containing both aromatic and isoprenoid moieties and are widely spread in plants, fungi and bacteria. some of these complex natural products, e.g. the ergot alkaloids ergotamine and fumigaclavine c as well as the diketopiperazine derivative fumitremorgin c and its biosynthetic precursors tryprostatin a and b, show a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. prenyl transfer reactions catalysed by prenyltransferases represent ...	2009	19149573
contribution of peroxisomes to penicillin biosynthesis in aspergillus nidulans.	peroxisomal localization of the third enzyme of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway of aspergillus nidulans, acyl-coenzyme a:ipn acyltransferase (iat), is mediated by its atypical peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (pts1). however, mislocalization of iat by deletion of either its pts1 or of genes encoding proteins involved in peroxisome formation or transport does not completely abolish penicillin biosynthesis. this is in contrast to the effects of iat mislocalization in penicillium chrysogenum.	2009	19151327
identification of virulence genes in fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by large-scale transposon tagging.	forward genetic screens are efficient tools for the dissection of complex biological processes, such as fungal pathogenicity. a transposon tagging system was developed in the vascular wilt fungus fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by inserting the novel modified impala element imp160::gfp upstream of the aspergillus nidulans niad gene, followed by transactivation with a constitutively expressed transposase. a collection of 2072 nia(+) revertants was obtained from reporter strain t12 and scree ...	2009	19161356
genome-wide analysis of microsatellite sequence in seven filamentous fungi.	abundance of microsatellites with repeated unit lengths of 1-6 base pairs in seven fungi: aspergillus nidulans, coprinus cinereus, cryptococcus neoformans (serotype a), fusarium graminearum, magnaporthe grisea, neurospora crassa and ustilago maydis were investigated on genomic scale. the results showed that each species has its specific profile for different types and different motifs of ssr loci. ascomycetes fungi m. grisea, n. crassa and basidiomycete fungus u. maydis adopt much more microsate ...	2009	20640828
selection to sequence: opportunities in fungal genomics.		2009	20025617
[recent advances in the study of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase and its metabolic engineering].	amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ads) can convert farnesyl pyrophosphate (fpp) to amorpha-4, 11-diene, a precursor of artemisinin. ads plays an important role in the biosynthesis of artemisinin. this review summarizes the molecular biology and metabolic engineering study of ads in recent years. the genomic dna and its cdna sequences of amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase were cloned from artemisia annua l. the cdna encoding amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase contains a 1 641 bp open reading frame coding for 546 ...	2009	21351463
induction of cell wall thickening by the antifungal compound dihydromaltophilin disrupts fungal growth and is mediated by sphingolipid biosynthesis.	dihydromaltophilin (heat-stable antifungal factor [hsaf]) is an antifungal metabolite produced in lysobacter enzymogenes biocontrol strain c3. this compound induces cell wall thickening in aspergillus nidulans. here we show that the cell wall thickening is a general response to hsaf in diverse fungal species. in the a. nidulans model, the thickened cell wall negatively affects hyphal growth. growth of hsaf-pre-treated hyphae failed to resume at hyphal tips with thick cell wall and the actin cabl ...	2009	21462551
mononucleotide repeats represent an important source of polymorphic microsatellite markers in aspergillus nidulans.	in fungi, microsatellites occur less frequently throughout the genome and tend to be less polymorphic compared with other organisms. most studies that develop microsatellites for fungi focus on dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats, and thus mononucleotide repeats, which are much more abundant in fungal genomes, may represent an overlooked resource. this study examined the relative probabilities of polymorphism in mononucleotide, dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats in aspergillus nidulans. a ...	2009	21564695
mechanism of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis regulation by ph in aspergillus nidulans.	external ph constitutes one of the most important environmental factors that control growth, metabolism and differentiation in microorganisms, including fungi. we have analyzed the effect of external ph on sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in aspergillus nidulans. it was observed in repeated experiments that alkaline ph, in opposition to acid ph, increased sterigmatocystin production and the transcript levels of aflr, the master gene that regulates expression of the sterigmatocystin cluster in a. ni ...	2009	24031444
molecular genetics of emericella nidulans sexual development.	many aspergilli that belongs to ascomycetes have sexuality. in a homothallic or self-fertile fungus, a number of fruiting bodies or cleistothecia are formed in a thallus grown from a single haploid conidia or ascospores. genome-sequencing project revealed that two mating genes (mat) encoding the regulatory proteins that are necessary for controlling partner recognition in heterothallic fungi were conserved in most aspergilli. the mat gene products in some self-fertile species were not required f ...	2009	23983529
ecological and physiological studies on soil fungi at western region, libya.	sixty three species and 5 varieties belonging to 30 fungal genera were collected from 75 soil samples. cultivated (29 genera and 58 species + 5 var.), desert (22 and 35 + 2 var.) and saline soil (21 and 41 + 1 var.) fungi were recovered on glucose-, cellulose- and 50% sucrose-czapek's agar at 28℃. the most common genera were alternaria, aspergillus, emericella, fusarium, mycosphaerella, nectria and penicillium. the most prevalent species from the three types of soils on the three types of media ...	2008	23997599
effect of some food preservatives on the lipolytic activity of beef luncheon fungi.	beef luncheon meat is one of the most popular meals in several countries in the world including egypt. thirty one fungal species and 3 species varieties were recovered from 30 samples of beef luncheon meat collected from different supermarkets in qena. alternaria, aspergillus, emericella, mucor, mycosphaerella, penicillium and rhizopus were the most common genera on the two types of media. from the above genera, the most prevalent species were alternaria alternate, aspergillus flavus, a. fumigat ...	2008	23997619
the pot and plob vector systems: improving ease of transgene expression in botrytis cinerea.	this paper outlines the construction of a novel vector system comprising interchangeable terminators, as well as a multiple cloning site (mcs), to facilitate the transformation of the fungal plant pathogen botrytis cinerea. previous molecular studies on b. cinerea have relied upon the plob1 based vector system (controlled by the aspergillus nidulans olic promoter and a region reported to be the b. cinerea tuba terminator). investigations, however, have revealed that, rather than the genuine b. c ...	2008	19164879
systems analysis unfolds the relationship between the phosphoketolase pathway and growth in aspergillus nidulans.	aspergillus nidulans is an important model organism for studies on fundamental eukaryotic cell biology and on industrial processes due to its close relation to a. niger and a. oryzae. here we identified the gene coding for a novel metabolic pathway in a. nidulans, namely the phosphoketolase pathway, and investigated the role of an increased phosphoketolase activity.	2008	19052639
restoration of electron transport without proton pumping in mammalian mitochondria.	we have restored the coq oxidative capacity of mouse mtdna-less cells (rho degrees cells) by transforming them with the alternative oxidase aox of emericella nidulans. cotransforming rho degrees cells with the nadh dehydrogenase of saccharomyces cerevisiae, ndi1 and aox recovered the nadh dh/coq reductase and the coq oxidase activities. coq oxidation by aox reduces the dependence of rho degrees cells on pyruvate and uridine. coexpression of aox and ndi1 further improves the recycling of nad(+). ...	2008	19020091
regulation of autolysis in aspergillus nidulans.	in terms of cell physiology, autolysis is the centerpiece of carbon-starving fungal cultures. in the filamentous fungus model organism aspergillus nidulans, the last step of carbon-starvation-triggered autolysis was the degradation of the cell wall of empty hyphae, and this process was independent of concomitantly progressing cell death at the level of regulation. autolysis-related proteinase and chitinase activities were induced via flug signaling, which initiates sporulation and inhibits veget ...	2008	18975147
identification and characterization of the asperthecin gene cluster of aspergillus nidulans.	the sequencing of aspergillus genomes has revealed that the products of a large number of secondary metabolism pathways have not yet been identified. this is probably because many secondary metabolite gene clusters are not expressed under normal laboratory culture conditions. it is, therefore, important to discover conditions or regulatory factors that can induce the expression of these genes. we report that the deletion of sumo, the gene that encodes the small ubiquitin-like protein sumo in a. ...	2008	18978088
identification of the novel penicillin biosynthesis gene aatb of aspergillus nidulans and its putative evolutionary relationship to this fungal secondary metabolism gene cluster.	the final step of penicillin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans is catalysed by isopenicillin n acyltransferase encoded by the aata gene. because there is no bacterial homologue, its evolutionary origin remained obscure. as shown here,disruption of aata still enabled penicillin production. genome mining led to the discovery of the aatb gene(an6775.3) which has a similar structure and expression pattern as aata. disruption of aatb resulted in a reduced penicillin titre. s ...	2008	18942174
characterization of bzip-type transcription factor atfa with reference to stress responses of conidia of aspergillus nidulans.	microorganisms growing in natural habitats are permanently confronted with a wide variety of external stresses. in fungi, including aspergillus nidulans, one of the general and ultimate strategies to survive in harsh habitats is the development of stress-tolerant conidia. in this study, we found that one of the basic-region leucine zipper transcription factors, named atfa, plays a crucial role in the acquisition of tolerance against oxidative and heat stress on conidia, but not on mycelia, altho ...	2008	18838792
ctf1, a transcriptional activator of cutinase and lipase genes in fusarium oxysporum is dispensable for virulence.	cutinolytic enzymes are secreted by fungal pathogens attacking the aerial parts of the plant, to facilitate penetration of the outermost cuticular barrier of the host. the role of cutinases in soil-borne root pathogens has not been studied thus far. here we report the characterization of the zinc finger transcription factor ctf1 from the vascular wilt fungus fusarium oxysporum, a functional orthologue of ctf1alpha that controls expression of cutinase genes and virulence in the pea stem pathogen ...	2008	18705871
identification of genes differentially expressed in a strain of the mold aspergillus nidulans carrying a loss-of-function mutation in the pala gene.	to identify genes differentially expressed in a strain of the mold aspergillus nidulans carrying a loss-of-function mutation in pala, a gene in the ph-responsive signal transduction pathway, suppression subtractive hybridization was performed between rna isolated from the bia1 and bia1 pala1 strains grown under limiting inorganic phosphate at ph 5.0. we have identified several genes upregulated in the bia1 pala1 mutant strain that play important roles in mitotic fidelity, stress responses, enzym ...	2008	18923548
characterization of the aspergillus niger prtt, a unique regulator of extracellular protease encoding genes.	expression of several aspergillus niger genes encoding major secreted, but not vacuolar, protease genes including the major acid protease gene pepa, was shown to be affected in the previously isolated a. niger protease mutant, ab1.13 [mattern, i.e., van noort, j.m., van den berg, p., archer, d.a., roberts, i.n., hondel, c.a.m.j.j., 1992. isolation and characterization of mutants of aspergillus niger deficient in extracellular proteases. molecular & general genetics 2, 332-336]. complementation c ...	2008	18930158
copy number suppressors of the aspergillus nidulans nima1 mitotic kinase display distinctive and highly dynamic cell cycle-regulated locations.	the aspergillus nidulans nima kinase is essential for mitosis and is the founding member of the conserved nima-related kinase (nek) family of protein kinases. to gain insight into nima function, a copy number suppression screen has been completed that defines three proteins termed mcna, mcnb, and mcnc (multi-copy-number suppressor of nima1 a, b, and c). all display a distinctive and dynamic cell cycle-specific distribution. mcnc has weak similarity to saccharomyces cerevisiae def1 within a share ...	2008	18931041
the fungal phytochrome fpha from aspergillus nidulans.	the red light-sensing photoreceptor fpha from aspergillus nidulans is involved in the regulation of developmental processes in response to light. here we present extended biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of recombinant fpha using a synthetic gene with host-adapted codon usage. the recombinant photosensory domain fphan753 was shown to display all features of a bona fide phytochrome. it covalently binds biliverdin as chromophore and undergoes red/far-red light-inducible photoconversi ...	2008	18931394
aspergillus nidulans udp-galactopyranose mutase, encoded by ugma plays key roles in colony growth, hyphal morphogenesis, and conidiation.	growing resistance to current anti-fungal drugs is spurring investigation of new targets, including those in fungal wall metabolism. galactofuranose (galf) is found in the cell walls of many fungi including aspergillus fumigatus, which is currently the most prevalent opportunistic fungal pathogen in developed countries, and a. nidulans, a closely-related, tractable model system. udp-galactopyranose mutase (ugm) converts udp-galactopyranose into udp-galf prior to incorporation into the fungal wal ...	2008	18935967
depletion of the mobb and cota complex in aspergillus nidulans causes defects in polarity maintenance that can be suppressed by the environment stress.	polarized growth is a central feature in eukaryotes. establishment and maintenance of cell polarity are coordinated by signaling pathways. in this study, we have identified mobb is required for the regulation of cell polarity in aspergillus nidulans. depletion of mobb by alca (p) promoter repression or deletion of mobb abolished conidiation completely, and induced severe growth defects. mobb mutants showed abnormal nuclear segregation with increased number of nuclei in spores, but the formation ...	2008	18832040
regulation of apical dominance in aspergillus nidulans hyphae by reactive oxygen species.	in fungal hyphae, apical dominance refers to the suppression of secondary polarity axes in the general vicinity of a growing hyphal tip. the mechanisms underlying apical dominance remain largely undefined, although calcium signaling may play a role. here, we describe the localized accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) in the apical region of aspergillus nidulans hyphae. our analysis of atma (atm) and prpa (parp) mutants reveals a correlation between localized production of ros and enforc ...	2008	18689883
fe(ii)/alpha-ketoglutarate hydroxylases involved in nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, and chromatin metabolism.	fe(ii)/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases uniformly possess a double-stranded beta-helix fold with two conserved histidines and one carboxylate coordinating their mononuclear ferrous ions. oxidative decomposition of the alpha-keto acid is proposed to generate a ferryl-oxo intermediate capable of hydroxylating unactivated carbon atoms in a myriad of substrates. this perspective focuses on a subgroup of these enzymes that are involved in pyrimidine salvage, purine decomposition, nucleoside ...	2008	18813363
in vitro evaluation of penicillium digitatum sacc strains sensitivity to various fungicides from jordan.	this investigation is the first report in jordan, aimed for in vitro evaluation of six fungicides and their combinations, to control the post harvest green mold (penicillium digitatum) of citrus fruits. thirty one different concentrations (0.01-3000 microg ml(-1)) of each fungicide, in addition to 6 combined concentrations from each of 7 fungicide mixtures, were tested using agar well diffusion method against four fungal strains. regression analysis, one way anova and post hoc multiple compariso ...	2008	18819638
invasive aspergillus nidulans infection in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.		2008	18783555
genomics of industrial aspergilli and comparison with toxigenic relatives.	aspergillus oryzae has been used in japanese fermentation industries for more than a thousand years. the species produces large amounts of various hydrolytic enzymes and has been successfully applied to modern biotechnology. the size of the a. oryzae genome (37.5 mb) is very close to that of a. flavus and a. niger, and 20-30% larger than that of either a. nidulans or a. fumigatus. a. oryzae and a. flavus have exactly the same number of aspartic proteinase genes, of which each orthologous pair sh ...	2008	18798040
characterization and heterologous expression of an age-dependent fungal/bacterial type chitinase of aspergillus nidulans.	under carbon starvation, aspergillus nidulans produced a fungal/bacterial type chitinase, chib. the chib gene was cloned and subcloned into pjc40 expression vector containing a 10xhis fusion tag, and the chib protein was expressed heterologously in escherichia coli. recombinant and native chib enzymes shared the same optimal ph ranges and showed similar substrate specificities with endo-acting cleavage patterns.	2008	18800599
specific interdomain synergy in the uapa transporter determines its unique specificity for uric acid among nat carriers.	uapa, a uric acid-xanthine permease of aspergillus nidulans, has been used as a prototype to study structure-function relationships in the ubiquitous nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (nat) family. using novel genetic screens, rational mutational design, chimeric nat molecules, and extensive transport kinetic analyses, we show that dynamic synergy between three distinct domains, transmembrane segment (tms)1, the tms8-9 loop, and tms12, defines the function and specificity of uapa. the tms8-9 loop ...	2008	18718842
elusive origins of the extra genes in aspergillus oryzae.	the genome sequence of aspergillus oryzae revealed unexpectedly that this species has approximately 20% more genes than its congeneric species a. nidulans and a. fumigatus. where did these extra genes come from? here, we evaluate several possible causes of the elevated gene number. many gene families are expanded in a. oryzae relative to a. nidulans and a. fumigatus, but we find no evidence of ancient whole-genome duplication or other segmental duplications, either in a. oryzae or in the common ...	2008	18725939
inducible rna interference of brlabeta in aspergillus nidulans.	an inducible rna interference (rnai) construct composed of inverted repeating alca promoters flanking the developmental regulatory gene brlabeta was tested in aspergillus nidulans. on inducing medium, the rnai strains failed to sporulate and lacked brlaalpha and brlabeta expression. rnai was specific for brlabeta, but not brlaalpha, silencing, indicating brlaalpha regulation by brlabeta.	2008	18757565
the asexual pathogen aspergillus fumigatus expresses functional determinants of aspergillus nidulans sexual development.	the major fungal pathogen of humans, aspergillus fumigatus, lacks a defined sexual cycle, although the presence of genes encoding putative mating type idiomorphs and regulators of aspergillus sexual development heightens the potential for cryptic sexuality in this deuteromycete. to test the functionality of these genetic determinants, we transferred the alpha box-encoding mat1-1 idiomorph from an a. fumigatus isolate to the homothallic fertile species aspergillus nidulans. abundant formation of ...	2008	18757566
gdp-mannose pyrophosphorylase is essential for cell wall integrity, morphogenesis and viability of aspergillus fumigatus.	gdp-mannose pyrophosphorylase (gmpp) catalyses the synthesis of gdp-mannose, which is the precursor for the mannose residues in glycoconjugates, using mannose 1-phosphate and gtp as substrates. repression of gmpp in yeast leads to phenotypes including cell lysis, defective cell wall, and failure of polarized growth and cell separation. although several gmpps have been isolated and characterized in filamentous fungi, the physiological consequences of their actions are not clear. in this study, af ...	2008	18757806
an evolutionary conserved d-galacturonic acid metabolic pathway operates across filamentous fungi capable of pectin degradation.	transcriptome analysis of aspergillus niger transfer cultures grown on galacturonic acid media identified a highly correlating cluster of four strongly induced hypothetical genes linked with a subset set of genes encoding pectin degrading enzymes. three of the encoded hypothetical proteins now designated gaaa to gaac are directly involved in further galacturonic acid catabolism. functional and biochemical analysis revealed that gaaa is a novel d-galacturonic acid reductase. two non-allelic asper ...	2008	18768163
purification, characterization and crystallization of an extracellular alkaline protease from aspergillus nidulans ha-10.	aspergillus nidulans is a highly potent fungus used in the production of alkaline protease. extracellular alkaline protease was purified from a. nidulans in a two-step procedure involving ammonium sulphate precipitation and sephadex g-100 column chromatography. the molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be 42 kda by sds-page. the enzyme activity was also analyzed by zymogram with gelatin. the enzyme was more stable over a wide range of ph (6-10) and the temperatures up to 50 degrees c. i ...	2008	18702069
role of the lolp cytochrome p450 monooxygenase in loline alkaloid biosynthesis.	the insecticidal loline alkaloids, produced by neotyphodium uncinatum and related endophytes, are exo-1-aminopyrrolizidines with an ether bridge between c-2 and c-7. loline alkaloids vary in methyl, acetyl, and formyl substituents on the 1-amine, which affect their biological activity. enzymes for key loline biosynthesis steps are probably encoded by genes in the lol cluster, which is duplicated in n. uncinatum, except for a large deletion in lolp2. the role of lolp1 was investigated by its repl ...	2008	18655839
uvsf rfc1, the large subunit of replication factor c in aspergillus nidulans, is essential for dna replication, functions in uv repair and is upregulated in response to mms-induced dna damage.	uvsf201 was the first highly uv-sensitive repair-defective mutation isolated in aspergillus nidulans. it showed epistasis only with postreplication repair mutations, but caused lethal interactions with many other repair-defective strains. unexpectedly, closest homology of uvsf was found to the large subunit of human dna replication factor rfc that is essential for dna replication. sequencing of the uvsf201 region identified changes at two close base pairs and the corresponding amino acids in the ...	2008	18655840
functional analysis of the endoxylanase b (xynb) promoter from penicillium purpurogenum.	in penicillium purpurogenum, the gene encoding endoxylanase b (xynb) is highly expressed by xylan and repressed by glucose at the transcriptional level. the promoter of this gene has a modular structure, with eight putative xlnr binding sites in tandem (xlnr module), and upstream from them, four putative crea binding sites (crea module). promoter fragments containing different modules were inserted into a plasmid, pan49-1, which contains a basal fungal promoter linked to a reporter gene (lacz) a ...	2008	18661134
the design of oligonucleotide primers for the universal amplification of the n-acetylglucosaminidase gene (nag1) in chytridiomycetes with emphasis on the anaerobic neocallimastigales.	the common feature of all chytridiomycetous fungi, aerobic as well as anaerobic, is an abundance of chitin in their cell wall. the genes coding for chitinases have therefore been widely used as phylogenetic markers in ascomycetes. as their utility for chytridiomycetes has not been determined we chose the gene encoding an enzyme involved in chitin degradation and energy metabolism, the beta-(1,4)-n-acetylglucosaminidase (nag1). primer pair nag-forward and nag-reverse was used to create pcr produc ...	2008	18661293
requirement of laea for secondary metabolism and sclerotial production in aspergillus flavus.	the nuclear regulator laea has been shown to govern production of multiple secondary metabolites in aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus. herein we examine the role of this protein in aspergillus flavus. similarly as in other aspergilli, laea had a major effect on a. flavus secondary metabolism where deltalaea and over-expression laea (oe::laea) strains yielded opposite phenotypes resulting in decreased (increased) secondary metabolite production. the two mutant strains also exhibited ...	2008	18667168
[evolution of meiosis of unicellulate and multicellular eucaryotes. aromorphosis at the cellular level].	an attempt was undertaken to apply the concept elaborated for the evolution of multicellular organisms to that of unicellular eucaryotes. the latter's meiosis was formed on the basis of combination on three intracellular processes: 1) homologous dna recombination, 2) chromosome disjunction with the assistance of mitotic apparatus, and 3) formation of "linear" chromosome elements consisting of specific proteins. mechanism of homologous chromosome recombination was inherited from the archibacteria ...	2008	18669302
norsolorinic acid inhibits proliferation of t24 human bladder cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle at the g0/g1 phase and inducing a fas/membrane-bound fas ligand-mediated apoptotic pathway.	1. norsolorinic acid, isolated from aspergillus nidulans, has been shown to have antiproliferative activity in t24 human bladder cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle at the g(0)/g(1) phase and inducing apoptosis. the aim of the present study was to investigate the antiproliferative activity of norsolorinic acid in t24 human bladder cancer cells. 2. the effects of norsolorinic acid (1, 5, 10 and 20 micromol/l) on the proliferation of t24 cells and on the distribution of cells within different ...	2008	18671724
dissecting individual steps of nitrogen transcription factor cooperation in the aspergillus nidulans nitrate cluster.	summary: in the ascomycete fungus aspergillus nidulans, the transcriptional activation of nitrate assimilating genes (niia, niad) depends on the cooperativity between a general nitrogen status-sensing regulator (the gata factor area) and a pathway-specific activator (the zn-cluster regulator nira). because nitrate assimilation leads to intracellular ammonium formation, it is difficult to determine the individual contributions of nira and area in this complex activation/inactivation process. in a ...	2008	18673441
dissecting colony development of neurospora crassa using mrna profiling and comparative genomics approaches.	colony development, which includes hyphal extension, branching, anastomosis, and asexual sporulation, is a fundamental aspect of the life cycle of filamentous fungi; genetic mechanisms underlying these phenomena are poorly understood. we conducted transcriptional profiling during colony development of the model filamentous fungus neurospora crassa, using 70-mer oligonucleotide microarrays. relative mrna expression levels were determined for six sections of defined age excised from a 27-h-old n. ...	2008	18676954
the aspergillus nidulans stress response transcription factor stza is ascomycete-specific and shows species-specific polymorphisms in the c-terminal region.	orthologues of the aspergillus nidulans gene stza were identified and characterised in an additional 19 fungi. these orthologues were restricted to, and found within all the pezizomycotina subphyla of the ascomycota, for which data are available, but not the saccharomycotina or taphrinomycotina subphyla. intron analysis indicated that both intron loss and gain have occurred in this gene. the orthologous proteins demonstrate considerable size variation (between 663 and 897 amino acids); with almo ...	2008	18678248
farnesol induces the transcriptional accumulation of the aspergillus nidulans apoptosis-inducing factor (aif)-like mitochondrial oxidoreductase.	farnesol (foh) is a non-sterol isoprenoid produced by dephosphorylation of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a catabolite of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. these isoprenoids inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. it has been shown previously that foh triggers morphological features characteristic of apoptosis in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. here, we investigate which pathways are influenced through foh by examining the transcriptional profile of a. nidulans exposed to this isop ...	2008	18681941
comparison between polyethylene glycol- and polyethylenimine-mediated transformation of aspergillus nidulans.	genetic transformation of many filamentous fungi is carried out by a protocol that utilizes polyethylene glycol (peg) and calcium ion (ca2+). this method has remained practically unchanged for more than 20 years, but the roles these molecules play are not definitively understood. to gain a better understanding, we have compared peg transformation to a protocol using polyethylenimine (pei) that is the basis for non-viral transfection in mammals and which has a well established molecular model for ...	2008	18649081