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phenolic compounds and in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of three tropic fruits: persimmon, guava, and sweetsop.in our previous study, we have found that persimmon, guava, and sweetsop owned considerably high antioxidant activity and contained high total phenolic contents as well. in order to further supply information on the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of these three tropic fruits, they were extracted by 80% methanol. we then examined the extractions about their phenolic compounds and also studied the extractions and phenolic contents about their minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and mini ...201627648444
nadph oxidase-1 deficiency offers little protection in salmonella typhimurium-induced typhlitis in mice.to test whether nox1 plays a role in typhlitis induced by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. tm) in a mouse model.201628028364
factors that influence the immunological adjuvant effect of lactobacillus fermentum pc1 on specific immune responses in mice to orally administered antigens.this study examined the influences of the dosage of the adjuvant, the nature of the antigen and the host genetics on the capacity of l. fermentum pc1 (pc1) to function as an oral adjuvant. balb/c and dba/1 mice were vaccinated with either ovalbumin (ova) or salmonella typhimurium on days 0 and 14, mice were also dosed with the pc1 (10⁸ cfu or 10(11) cfu per dose per mouse) with the antigens (days 0 and 14) and alone (days -1 and 13). the higher pc1 dose elicited a greater specific serum igg2a re ...201627447674
comparison between immunization routes of live attenuated salmonella typhimurium strains expressing bcsp31, omp3b, and sod of brucella abortus in murine model.live, attenuated salmonella typhimurium vaccine candidate expressing bcsp31, omp3b, and sod proteins of brucella abortus was constructed. thirty balb/c mice were divided equally into three groups, group a, were intraperitoneally (ip) inoculated with 100 μl of approximately 1.2 × 10(6) colony-forming units (cfus)/ml of the salmonella containing vector only in 100 μl as a control. and groups b and c mice were orally and ip immunized with approximately 1.2 × 10(9) cfu/ml of the mixture of three del ...201627148232
pyroptosis of salmonella typhimurium-infected macrophages was suppressed and elimination of intracellular bacteria from macrophages was promoted by blocking qsec.qsec is a membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase found in gram-negative pathogens and is involved in the regulation of bacterial virulence. led209, a qsec-specific inhibitor, significantly inhibits the virulence of several pathogens and partially protects infected mice from death by blocking qsec. however, the mechanism of its antibacterial effects remains unclear. in this experiment, a salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and macrophage co-culture system was utilized to investigate possible ...201627853287
the in vitro redundant enzymes purn and purt are both essential for systemic infection of mice in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.metabolic enzymes show a high degree of redundancy, and for that reason they are generally ignored in searches for novel targets for anti-infective substances. the enzymes purn and purt are redundant in vitro in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, in which they perform the third step of purine synthesis. surprisingly, the results of the current study demonstrated that single-gene deletions of each of the genes encoding these enzymes caused attenuation (competitive infection indexes [ci] of ...201627113361
catch me if you can.direct contact between host cells allows some bacteria to spread within the body without being attacked by the immune system.201626919282
trogocytosis-associated cell to cell spread of intracellular bacterial pathogens.macrophages are myeloid-derived phagocytic cells and one of the first immune cell types to respond to microbial infections. however, a number of bacterial pathogens are resistant to the antimicrobial activities of macrophages and can grow within these cells. macrophages have other immune surveillance roles including the acquisition of cytosolic components from multiple types of cells. we hypothesized that intracellular pathogens that can replicate within macrophages could also exploit cytosolic ...201626802627
human gbp1 does not localize to pathogen vacuoles but restricts toxoplasma gondii.guanylate binding proteins (gbps) are a family of large interferon-inducible gtpases that are transcriptionally upregulated upon infection with intracellular pathogens. murine gbps (mgbps) including mgbp1 and 2 localize to and disrupt pathogen-containing vacuoles (pvs) resulting in the cell-autonomous clearing or innate immune detection of pv-resident pathogens. human gbps (hgbps) are known to exert antiviral host defense and activate the nlrp3 inflammasome, but it is unclear whether hgbps can d ...201626874079
salmonella suppresses the trif-dependent type i interferon response in macrophages.salmonella enterica is an intracellular pathogen that causes diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. salmonella bacteria trigger an autophagic response in host cells upon infection but have evolved mechanisms for suppressing this response, thereby enhancing intracellular survival. we recently reported that s. enterica serovar typhimurium actively recruits the host tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (fak) to the surface of the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv) (k. a. owen et ...201626884434
modulation of the substitution pattern of 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazoles allows fine-tuning of their antibiofilm activity spectrum and toxicity.we previously synthesized several series of compounds, based on the 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazole scaffold, that showed activity preventing the formation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. here, we further studied the activity spectrum of a number of the most active n1- and 2n-substituted 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazoles against a broad panel of biofilms formed by monospecies and mixed species of bacteria and fungi. an n1-substituted compound showed very strong act ...201627550355
antimicrobial activities of bacteria associated with the brown alga padina pavonica.macroalgae belonging to the genus padina are known to produce antibacterial compounds that may inhibit growth of human- and animal pathogens. hitherto, it was unclear whether this antibacterial activity is produced by the macroalga itself or by secondary metabolite producing epiphytic bacteria. here we report antibacterial activities of epiphytic bacteria isolated from padina pavonica (peacocks tail) located on northern coast of tunisia. eighteen isolates were obtained in pure culture and tested ...201627462308
relevant genes linked to virulence are required for salmonella typhimurium to survive intracellularly in the social amoeba dictyostelium discoideum.the social amoeba dictyostelium discoideum has proven to be a useful model for studying relevant aspects of the host-pathogen interaction. in this work, d. discoideum was used as a model to study the ability of salmonella typhimurium to survive in amoebae and to evaluate the contribution of selected genes in this process. to do this, we performed infection assays using axenic cultures of d. discoideum co-cultured with wild-type s. typhimurium and/or defined mutant strains. our results confirmed ...201627602025
peracetic acid treatment generates potent inactivated oral vaccines from a broad range of culturable bacterial species.our mucosal surfaces are the main sites of non-vector-borne pathogen entry, as well as the main interface with our commensal microbiota. we are still only beginning to understand how mucosal adaptive immunity interacts with commensal and pathogenic microbes to influence factors such as infectivity, phenotypic diversity, and within-host evolution. this is in part due to difficulties in generating specific mucosal adaptive immune responses without disrupting the mucosal microbial ecosystem itself. ...201626904024
fine-tuning of amino sugar homeostasis by eiia(ntr) in salmonella typhimurium.the nitrogen-metabolic phosphotransferase system, pts(ntr), consists of the enzymes i(ntr), npr and iia(ntr) that are encoded by ptsp, ptso, and ptsn, respectively. due to the proximity of ptso and ptsn to rpon, the pts(ntr) system has been postulated to be closely related with nitrogen metabolism. to define the correlation between pts(ntr) and nitrogen metabolism, we performed ligand fishing with eiia(ntr) as a bait and revealed that d-glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (glms) directly interacted ...201627628932
the molecular basis for ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like specificities in bacterial effector proteases.pathogenic bacteria rely on secreted effector proteins to manipulate host signaling pathways, often in creative ways. ce clan proteases, specific hydrolases for ubiquitin-like modifications (sumo and nedd8) in eukaryotes, reportedly serve as bacterial effector proteins with desumoylase, deubiquitinase, or, even, acetyltransferase activities. here, we characterize bacterial ce protease activities, revealing k63-linkage-specific deubiquitinases in human pathogens, such as salmonella, escherichia, ...201627425412
bcsz inhibits biofilm phenotypes and promotes virulence by blocking cellulose production in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.cellulose, a 1,4 beta-glucan polysaccharide, is produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria. although the production of cellulose has a high biological, ecological and economical impact, regulatory mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis are mostly unknown. family eight cellulases are regularly associated with cellulose biosynthesis operons in bacteria; however, their function is poorly characterized. in this study, we analysed the role of the cellulase bcsz encoded by the bcsabzc cellulo ...201627756305
human genome-wide rnai screen for host factors that facilitate salmonella invasion reveals a role for potassium secretion in promoting internalization.salmonella enterica can actively invade the gastro-intestinal epithelium. this frequently leads to diarrheal disease, and also gives the pathogen access to phagocytes that can serve as vehicles for dissemination into deeper tissue. the ability to invade host cells is also important in maintaining the carrier state. while much is known about the bacterial factors that promote invasion, relatively little is known about the host factors involved. to gain insight into how salmonella enterica serovar ...201627880807
salmonella effectors ssef and sseg interact with mammalian protein acbd3 (gcp60) to anchor salmonella-containing vacuoles at the golgi network.following infection of mammalian cells, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s typhimurium) replicates within membrane-bound compartments known as salmonella-containing vacuoles (scvs). the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type iii secretion system (spi-2 t3ss) translocates approximately 30 different effectors across the vacuolar membrane. ssef and sseg are two such effectors that are required for scvs to localize close to the golgi network in infected epithelial cells. in a yeast two-hybri ...201627406559
modulation of stat-1 in human macrophages infected with different species of intracellular pathogenic bacteria.the infection of human macrophages by pathogenic bacteria induces different signaling pathways depending on the type of cellular receptors involved in the microorganism entry and on their mechanism(s) of survival and replication in the host cell. it was reported that stat proteins play an important role in this process. in the present study, we investigate the changes in stat-1 activation (phosphorylation in p-tyr701) after uptake of two gram-positive (listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus a ...201627437406
genetic functions of the naip family of inflammasome receptors for bacterial ligands in mice.biochemical studies suggest that the naip family of nlr proteins are cytosolic innate receptors that directly recognize bacterial ligands and trigger nlrc4 inflammasome activation. in this study, we generated naip5(-/-), naip1(-/-), and naip2(-/-) mice and showed that bone marrow macrophages derived from these knockout mice are specifically deficient in detecting bacterial flagellin, the type iii secretion system needle, and the rod protein, respectively. naip1(-/-), naip2(-/-), and naip5(-/-) m ...201627114610
purification and host specificity of predatory halobacteriovorax isolates from seawater.halobacteriovorax (formerly bacteriovorax) is a small predatory bacterium found in the marine environment and modulates bacterial pathogens in shellfish. four strains of halobacteriovorax originally isolated in vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 host cells were separated from their prey by an enrichment-filtration-dilution technique for specificity testing in other bacteria. this technique was essential, since 0.45-μm filtration alone was unable to remove infectious vibrio minicells, as determined by ...201626590288
bioprospecting red sea coastal ecosystems for culturable microorganisms and their antimicrobial potential.microorganisms that inhabit unchartered unique soil such as in the highly saline and hot red sea lagoons on the saudi arabian coastline, represent untapped sources of potentially new bioactive compounds. in this study, a culture-dependent approach was applied to three types of sediments: mangrove mud (mn), microbial mat (mm), and barren soil (bs), collected from rabigh harbor lagoon (rhl) and al-kharrar lagoon (akl). the isolated bacteria were evaluated for their potential to produce bioactive c ...201627626430
new role for fda-approved drugs in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.antibiotic resistance in medically relevant bacterial pathogens, coupled with a paucity of novel antimicrobial discoveries, represents a pressing global crisis. traditional drug discovery is an inefficient and costly process; however, systematic screening of food and drug administration (fda)-approved therapeutics for other indications in humans offers a rapid alternative approach. in this study, we screened a library of 780 fda-approved drugs to identify molecules that rendered raw 264.7 murine ...201627067323
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium utilizes the clppx and lon proteases for optimal fitness in the ceca of chickens.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a leading cause of salmonellosis. poultry and poultry products are implicated in transmission of salmonella to humans. in 2013, an outbreak of s typhimurium occurred that comprised 39 states within the united states and was associated with backyard flocks of chickens. colonization of the avian host by s typhimurium requires numerous genetic factors encoded within the bacterium. of particular interest are genetic factors induced by alter ...201626994203
salmonella infection drives promiscuous b cell activation followed by extrafollicular affinity maturation.the b cell response to salmonella typhimurium (stm) occurs massively at extrafollicular sites, without notable germinal centers (gcs). little is known in terms of its specificity. to expand the knowledge of antigen targets, we screened plasmablast (pb)-derived monoclonal antibodies (mabs) for salmonella specificity, using elisa, flow cytometry, and antigen microarray. only a small fraction (0.5%-2%) of the response appeared to be salmonella-specific. yet, infection of mice with limited b cell re ...201526187411
dual function of calcoco2/ndp52 during xenophagy.during xenophagy, pathogens are selectively targeted by autophagy receptors to the autophagy machinery for their subsequent degradation. in infected cells, the autophagy receptor calcoco2/ndp52 targets salmonella typhimurium to the phagophore membrane by concomitantly interacting with lc3c and binding to ubiquitinated cytosolic bacteria or to lgals8/galectin 8 adsorbed on damaged vacuoles that contain bacteria. we recently reported that in addition, calcoco2 is also necessary for the maturation ...201525998689
flagellin-induced nlrc4 phosphorylation primes the inflammasome for activation by naip5.the nlrc4 inflammasome contributes to immunity against intracellular pathogens that express flagellin and type iii secretion systems, and activating mutations in nlrc4 cause autoinflammation in patients. both naip5 and phosphorylation of nlrc4 at ser533 are required for flagellin-induced inflammasome activation, but how these events converge upon inflammasome activation is not known. here, we showed that nlrc4 phosphorylation occurs independently of naip5 detection of flagellin because naip5 del ...201525605939
a diverse range of bacterial and eukaryotic chitinases hydrolyzes the lacnac (galβ1-4glcnac) and lacdinac (galnacβ1-4glcnac) motifs found on vertebrate and insect cells.there is emerging evidence that chitinases have additional functions beyond degrading environmental chitin, such as involvement in innate and acquired immune responses, tissue remodeling, fibrosis, and serving as virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. we have recently shown that both the human chitotriosidase and a chitinase from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium hydrolyze lacnac from galβ1-4glcnacβ-tetramethylrhodamine (lacnac-tmr (galβ1-4glcnacβ(ch2)8conh(ch2)2nhco-tmr)), a fluorescen ...201525561735
total phenolic, flavonoid, tomatine, and tomatidine contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts of tomato plant.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts of different fractions of two tomato plant cultivars. the stems, roots, leaves, and whole-plant fractions were evaluated. tomatine and tomatidine were identified by hplc-dad. the leaf extracts from the two varieties showed the highest flavonoids, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total phenolics contents and the highest antioxidant activity determined by dpph, abts, and orac. a positive correlation was ...201526609308
structural features reminiscent of atp-driven protein translocases are essential for the function of a type iii secretion-associated atpase.many bacterial pathogens and symbionts utilize type iii secretion systems to interact with their hosts. these machines have evolved to deliver bacterial effector proteins into eukaryotic target cells to modulate a variety of cellular functions. one of the most conserved components of these systems is an atpase, which plays an essential role in the recognition and unfolding of proteins destined for secretion by the type iii pathway. here we show that structural features reminiscent of other atp-d ...201526170413
quantitatively predicting bacterial adhesion using surface free energy determined with a spectrophotometric method.bacterial adhesion onto solid surfaces is of importance in a wide spectrum of problems, including environmental microbiology, biomedical research, and various industrial applications. despite many research efforts, present thermodynamic models that rely on the evaluation of the adhesion energy are often elusive in predicting the bacterial adhesion behavior. here, we developed a new spectrophotometric method to determine the surface free energy (sfe) of bacterial cells. the adhesion behaviors of ...201525898026
the mutualistic side of wolbachia-isopod interactions: wolbachia mediated protection against pathogenic intracellular bacteria.wolbachia is a vertically transmitted endosymbiont whose radiative success is mainly related to various host reproductive manipulations that led to consider this symbiont as a conflictual reproductive parasite. however, lately, some wolbachia have been shown to act as beneficial symbionts by protecting hosts against a broad range of parasites. still, this protection has been mostly demonstrated in artificial wolbachia-host associations between partners that did not co-evolved together. here, we ...201526733946
development of a protocol for predicting bacterial resistance to microbicides.regulations dealing with microbicides in europe and the united states are evolving and now require data on the risk of the development of resistance in organisms targeted by microbicidal products. there is no standard protocol to assess the risk of the development of resistance to microbicidal formulations. this study aimed to validate the use of changes in microbicide and antibiotic susceptibility as initial markers for predicting microbicide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. thre ...201525636848
bacterial recognition pathways that lead to inflammasome activation.inflammasomes are multi-protein signaling platforms that upon activation trigger the maturation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (il-1β) and il-18, and cell death. inflammasome sensors detect microbial and host-derived molecules. here, we review the mechanisms of inflammasome activation triggered by bacterial infection, primarily focusing on two model intracellular bacterial pathogens, francisella novicida and salmonella typhimurium. we discuss the complex relationship between b ...201525879288
bacterial stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 drives macrophages to hemophagocytose.during acute infection with bacteria, viruses or parasites, a fraction of macrophages engulf large numbers of red and white blood cells, a process called hemophagocytosis. hemophagocytes persist into the chronic stage of infection and have an anti-inflammatory phenotype. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection of immunocompetent mice results in acute followed by chronic infection, with the accumulation of hemophagocytes. the mechanism(s) that triggers a macrophage to become hemophagocy ...201526459510
recombinant salmonella expressing burkholderia mallei lps o antigen provides protection in a murine model of melioidosis and glanders.burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei are the etiologic agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. these bacteria are highly infectious via the respiratory route and can cause severe and often fatal diseases in humans and animals. both species are considered potential agents of biological warfare; they are classified as category b priority pathogens. currently there are no human or veterinary vaccines available against these pathogens. consequently efforts are directed towards ...201526148026
cervical lymph nodes as a selective niche for brucella during oral infections.cervical lymph nodes (cln) are the first lymph nodes encountered by material taking the oral route. to study their role in orally acquired infections, we analyzed 307 patients of up to 14 years treated in the university clinic of skopje, macedonia, for brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease frequently acquired by ingestion of contaminated dairy products. from these children, 36% had lymphadenopathy. among orally infected children, lymphadenopathy with cln being the only lymph nodes affected w ...201525919005
development and validation of a high-throughput cell-based screen to identify activators of a bacterial two-component signal transduction system.cpxra is a two-component signal transduction system (2csts) found in many drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. in response to periplasmic stress, cpxa autophosphorylates and donates a phosphoryl group to its cognate response regulator, cpxr. phosphorylated cpxr (cpxr-p) upregulates genes involved in membrane repair and downregulates multiple genes that encode virulence factors, which are trafficked across the cell membrane. mutants that constitutively activate cpxra in salmonella enterica sero ...201525870061
techniques for transferring host-pathogen protein interactions knowledge to new tasks.we consider the problem of building a model to predict protein-protein interactions (ppis) between the bacterial species salmonella typhimurium and the plant host arabidopsis thaliana which is a host-pathogen pair for which no known ppis are available. to achieve this, we present approaches, which use homology and statistical learning methods called "transfer learning." in the transfer learning setting, the task of predicting ppis between arabidopsis and its pathogen s. typhimurium is called the ...201525699028
multicopy single-stranded dna directs intestinal colonization of enteric pathogens.multicopy single-stranded dnas (msdnas) are hybrid rna-dna molecules encoded on retroelements called retrons and produced by the action of retron reverse transcriptases. retrons are widespread in bacteria but the natural function of msdna has remained elusive despite 30 years of study. the major roadblock to elucidation of the function of these unique molecules has been the lack of any identifiable phenotypes for mutants unable to make msdna. we report that msdna of the zoonotic pathogen salmone ...201526367458
characterization of novel factors involved in swimming and swarming motility in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella enterica utilizes flagellar motility to swim through liquid environments and on surfaces. the biosynthesis of the flagellum is regulated on various levels, including transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. here, we investigated the motility phenotype of 24 selected single gene deletions that were previously described to display swimming and swarming motility effects. mutations in flge, flih, ydiv, rfag, yjcc, stm1267 and stm3363 showed an altered motility phenotype. deleti ...201526267246
distinct type i and type ii toxin-antitoxin modules control salmonella lifestyle inside eukaryotic cells.toxin-antitoxin (ta) modules contribute to the generation of non-growing cells in response to stress. these modules abound in bacterial pathogens although the bases for this profusion remain largely unknown. using the intracellular bacterial pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a model, here we show that a selected group of ta modules impact bacterial fitness inside eukaryotic cells. we characterized in this pathogen twenty-seven ta modules, including type i and type ii ta modules ...201525792384
a fantastic voyage for sliding bacteria.a recent study showed that salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium exhibits sliding motility under magnesium-limited conditions. overall, bacteria that exhibit this passive surface movement described as sliding share few common traits. this discovery provides an opportunity to revisit and better characterize appendage-independent bacterial motility.201525777934
the stringent response regulator dksa is required for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium growth in minimal medium, motility, biofilm formation, and intestinal colonization.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a facultative intracellular human and animal bacterial pathogen posing a major threat to public health worldwide. salmonella pathogenicity requires complex coordination of multiple physiological and virulence pathways. dksa is a conserved gram-negative regulator that belongs to a distinct group of transcription factors that bind directly to the rna polymerase secondary channel, potentiating the effect of the signaling molecule ppgpp during a stringent r ...201526553464
comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of different antimicrobial peptides against a range of pathogenic bacteria.the rapid emergence of resistance to classical antibiotics has increased the interest in novel antimicrobial compounds. antimicrobial peptides (amps) represent an attractive alternative to classical antibiotics and a number of different studies have reported antimicrobial activity data of various amps, but there is only limited comparative data available. the mode of action for many amps is largely unknown even though several models have suggested that the lipopolysaccharides (lps) play a crucia ...201526656394
regulation of fucose and 1,2-propanediol utilization by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.after ingestion, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) encounters a densely populated, competitive environment in the gastrointestinal tract. to escape nutrient limitation caused by the intestinal microbiota, this pathogen has acquired specific metabolic traits to use compounds that are not metabolized by the commensal bacteria. for example, the utilization of 1,2-propanediol (1,2-pd), a product of the fermentation of l-fucose, which is present in foods of herbal origin and is ...201526528264
the o-antigen capsule of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium facilitates serum resistance and surface expression of flic.group iv polysaccharide capsules are common in enteric bacteria and have more recently been described in nontyphoidal salmonella species. such capsules are known as o-antigen (o-ag) capsules, due to their high degree of similarity to the o-ag of the lipopolysaccharide (lpso-ag). capsular polysaccharides are known virulence factors of many bacterial pathogens, facilitating evasion of immune recognition and systemic dissemination within the host. previous studies on the o-ag capsule of salmonellae ...201526195553
the periplasmic nitrate reductase napabc supports luminal growth of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during colitis.the food-borne pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium benefits from acute inflammation in part by using host-derived nitrate to respire anaerobically and compete successfully with the commensal microbes during growth in the intestinal lumen. the s. typhimurium genome contains three nitrate reductases, encoded by the narghi, narzyv, and napabc genes. work on homologous genes present in escherichia coli suggests that nitrate reductase a, encoded by the narghi genes, is the main enzyme pr ...201526099579
sublethal exposure to commercial formulations of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate cause changes in antibiotic susceptibility in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.biocides, such as herbicides, are routinely tested for toxicity but not for sublethal effects on microbes. many biocides are known to induce an adaptive multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotype. this can be due to either an increase in the expression of efflux pumps, a reduced synthesis of outer membrane porins, or both. exposures of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to commercial formulations of three herbicides-dicamba (kamba), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), ...201525805724
a highly sensitive elisa and immunochromatographic strip for the detection of salmonella typhimurium in milk samples.murine monoclonal antibodies to target salmonella typhimurium flagellin and lipopolysaccharide (lps) were prepared and characterized. for the immunological detection of s. typhimurium, different pairs of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested in a sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) format. after comparison, a sandwich elisa and immunochromatographic strip based on lps mabs was established to detect s. typhimurium. the determination limits of the immunochromatographic strip in p ...201525746094
the flagellar regulator tvia reduces pyroptosis by salmonella enterica serovar typhi.to discern virulent from innocuous microbes, the innate immune system senses events associated with bacterial access to immunoprivileged sites such as the host cell cytosol. one such pathway is triggered by the cytosolic delivery of flagellin, the major subunit of the flagellum, by bacterial secretion systems. this leads to inflammasome activation and subsequent proinflammatory cell death (pyroptosis) of the infected phagocyte. in this study, we demonstrate that the causative agent of typhoid fe ...201525644011
the macrophage-specific promoter mfap4 allows live, long-term analysis of macrophage behavior during mycobacterial infection in zebrafish.transgenic labeling of innate immune cell lineages within the larval zebrafish allows for real-time, in vivo analyses of microbial pathogenesis within a vertebrate host. to date, labeling of zebrafish macrophages has been relatively limited, with the most specific expression coming from the mpeg1 promoter. however, mpeg1 transcription at both endogenous and transgenic loci becomes attenuated in the presence of intracellular pathogens, including salmonella typhimurium and mycobacterium marinum. h ...201526445458
neoadjuvant administration of semliki forest virus expressing interleukin-12 combined with attenuated salmonella eradicates breast cancer metastasis and achieves long-term survival in immunocompetent mice.metastatic breast cancer is a major cause of death among women worldwide; therefore efficient therapeutic strategies are extremely needed. in this work we have developed a gene therapy- and bacteria-based combined neoadjuvant approach and evaluated its antitumor effect in a clinically relevant animal model of metastatic breast cancer.201526347489
effect of atmospheric pressure plasma jet on the foodborne pathogens attached to commercial food containers.bacterial biofilms are associated with numerous infections and problems in the health care and food industries. the aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of an atmospheric pressure plasma (app) jet on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella typhimurium biofilm formation on collagen casing (cc), polypropylene (pp) and polyethylene terephthalate (pet), which are widely used food container materials. the samples were treated separately with the app jet a ...201526604423
influence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ssrb on colonization of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) as revealed by a promoter probe screen.although salmonella has been isolated from 7.4 to 8.6% of domestic raw oysters, representing a significant risk for food-borne illness, little is known about the factors that influence their initial colonization by salmonella. this study tested the hypothesis that specific regulatory changes enable a portion of the invading salmonella population to colonize oysters. an in vivo promoter probe library screen identified 19 unique regions as regulated during colonization. the mutants in the nearest ...201526497459
exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of cefotaxime enhances the systemic colonization of salmonella typhimurium in balb/c mice.it has been proposed that sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics play a role in virulence modulation. in this study, we evaluated the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (hereafter s. typhimurium) to colonize systemically balb/c mice after exposure to a sub-inhibitory concentration of cefotaxime (ctx). in vivo competition assays showed a fivefold increase in systemic colonization of ctx-exposed bacteria when compared to untreated bacteria. to identify the molecular mechanism ...201526468132
effects of norspermidine and spermidine on biofilm formation by potentially pathogenic escherichia coli and salmonella enterica wild-type strains.polyamines are present in all living cells. in bacteria, polyamines are involved in a variety of functions, including biofilm formation, thus indicating that polyamines may have potential in the control of unwanted biofilm. in the present study, the effects of the polyamines norspermidine and spermidine on biofilms of 10 potentially pathogenic wild-type strains of escherichia coli serotype o103:h2, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium, and s. enterica serovar agona were invest ...201525595767
signatures of adaptation in human invasive salmonella typhimurium st313 populations from sub-saharan africa.two lineages of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) of multi-locus sequence type st313 have been linked with the emergence of invasive salmonella disease across sub-saharan africa. the expansion of these lineages has a temporal association with the hiv pandemic and antibiotic usage. we analysed the whole genome sequence of 129 st313 isolates representative of the two lineages and found evidence of lineage-specific genome degradation, with some similarities to that observed i ...201525803844
clinical and microbiological features of salmonella meningitis in a south african population, 2003-2013.the clinical and microbiological characteristics of nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) meningitis in south africa, where human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevalence is high (approximately 15% in persons ≥15 years of age), were reviewed.201526449942
invasive nontyphoidal salmonella infections among children in mali, 2002-2014: microbiological and epidemiologic features guide vaccine development.in 2002, following establishment of a clinical microbiology laboratory in the government hospital that admits children with severe illnesses in bamako, mali, surveillance to identify pathogens causing invasive bacterial infections (septicemia, bacteremia, meningitis, etc) was initiated.201526449949
iron regulatory proteins mediate host resistance to salmonella infection.macrophages are essential for systemic iron recycling, and also control iron availability to pathogens. iron metabolism in mammalian cells is orchestrated posttranscriptionally by iron-regulatory proteins (irp)-1 and -2. here, we generated mice with selective and combined ablation of both irps in macrophages to investigate the role of irps in controlling iron availability. these animals are hyperferritinemic but otherwise display normal clinical iron parameters. however, mutant mice rapidly succ ...201526190773
the stm4195 gene product (pans) transports coenzyme a precursors in salmonella enterica.coenzyme a (coa) is a ubiquitous coenzyme involved in fundamental metabolic processes. coa is synthesized from pantothenic acid by a pathway that is largely conserved among bacteria and eukaryotes and consists of five enzymatic steps. while higher organisms, including humans, must scavenge pantothenate from the environment, most bacteria and plants are capable of de novo pantothenate biosynthesis. in salmonella enterica, precursors to pantothenate can be salvaged, but subsequent intermediates ar ...201525645561
antibacterial activity of ovary extract from sea urchin diadema setosum.sea urchin gonad is considered as a highly prized delicacy in several countries. it is also rich in valuable bioactive compounds including polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas) and β-carotene. this study was undertaken to examine the antimicrobial properties of the ovary extract from sea urchin diadema setosum against selected gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.201526044237
a comparative study of bacterial and parasitic intestinal infections in india.infectious diarrhea causes a major health problem in developing countries with significant morbidity and mortality. very often, rehydration therapy alone does not suffice, mandating the use of antimicrobial agents. however, rapidly decreasing antimicrobial susceptibility is complicating the matters.201525954615
photodynamic inactivation mediated by erythrosine and its derivatives on foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria.the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation (pdi) mediated by erythrosine (ery) and its ester derivatives erythrosine methyl ester (erymet) and erythrosine butyl ester (erybut) on foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. we evaluated staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, aeromonas hydrophila atcc 7966, salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium atcc 14028, escherichia coli atcc 25922, and pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853. the toxicity of all of the com ...201525925153
antibacterial, cytotoxicity and anticoagulant activities from hypnea esperi and caulerpa prolifera marine algae.extracts from 2 algal species (hypnea esperi and caulerpa prolifera) from suez canal region, egypt were screened for the production of antibacterial compounds against some pathogenic bacteria. the bacteria tested included escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhimurium, aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus. algal species displayed antibacterial activity. the methanolic extracts showed variable response by producing various zones of inhibition against ...201525730785
genome sequence of salmonella enterica phage det7.det7 is a myoviridae bacteriophage that gains entry into its salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium host cells by adsorbing to o-antigen polysaccharide. we report here the complete 157,498-bp sequence of its genome. det7, together with its vi01-like relatives, are distantly related to phage t4.201525953168
bioactive endophytic fungi isolated from caesalpinia echinata lam. (brazilwood) and identification of beauvericin as a trypanocidal metabolite from fusarium sp.aiming to identify new sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, we isolated 82 endophytic fungi from stems and barks of the native brazilian tree caesalpinia echinata lam. (fabaceae). we tested their ethyl acetate extracts in several in vitro assays. the organic extracts from three isolates showed antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli [minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) 32-64 μg/ml]. one isolate inhibited the growth of salmonella typhimurium (mic 64 μg/ ...201525742265
in vitro synergistic effect of the cm11 antimicrobial peptide in combination with common antibiotics against clinical isolates of six species of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria.during the last decades, increase of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has been considered as a global concern. therefore, it is important to find new antimicrobial agents and/or therapeutic strategies. in previous studies we investigated antibacterial activity of the cm11 peptide against multiple drug resistant clinical isolates of six bacteria species including pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, acinetobacter baumannii, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and salm ...201526216264
inhibition of salmonella enterica biofilm formation using small-molecule adenosine mimetics.biofilms have been widely implicated in chronic infections and environmental persistence of salmonella enterica, facilitating enhanced colonization of surfaces and increasing the ability of the bacteria to be transmitted to new hosts. salmonella enterica serovar typhi biofilm formation on gallstones from humans and mice enhances gallbladder colonization and bacterial shedding, while salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium biofilms facilitate long-term persistence in a number of environments impo ...201525313216
synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies of some novel 5-nitrofuran-2-yl hydrazones as antimicrobial and antitubercular agents.in this study, we synthesized two series of novel 5-nitrofuran-2-carbohydrazides 21a-h and 22a-e in addition to a third series of thiophene-2-carbohydrazides 23a-g to develop potent antimicrobial and/or antitubercular agents. the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activities. most of the 5-nitrofuran-2-carbohydrazides 21a-h and 22a-e displayed variable activity against aspergillus fumigates, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneum ...201526155871
synthesis, biological evaluation and 2d-qsar study of halophenyl bis-hydrazones as antimicrobial and antitubercular agents.in continuation of our endeavor towards the development of potent and effective antimicrobial agents, three series of halophenyl bis-hydrazones (14a-n, 16a-d, 17a and 17b) were synthesized and evaluated for their potential antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activities. these efforts led to the identification of five molecules 14c, 14g, 16b, 17a and 17b (mic range from 0.12 to 7.81 μg/ml) with broad antimicrobial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis; aspergillus fumigates; gra ...201525903147
material properties and antimicrobial activity of polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) films incorporated with vanillin.polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) was produced by bacillus mycoides dfc 1, isolated from garden soil. antimicrobial (am) films of phb were prepared by incorporating vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) from 10 to 200 μg/g of phb. the films were assessed for antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria comprising of escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, and staphylococcus aureus and fungi such as aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergill ...201526002697
ammonia sanitization of blackwater for safe use as fertilizer.source-separated blackwater from low-flush toilets contains plant-available nutrients and can be used as a fertilizer. the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact on pathogen inactivation when treating blackwater with urea and/or lime. blackwater was spiked with salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157, enterococcus faecalis, and ascaris suum eggs, and treated with urea and/or lime in concentrations up to 0.1% w/w. the bottles were kept in a storage facility (manure slurry tank) for 102 ...201525768229
composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activity of origanum dictamnus (dittany) essential oil.nowadays, there has been an increased interest in essential oils from various plant origins as potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative agents. this trend can be mainly attributed to the rising number and severity of food poisoning outbreaks worldwide along with the recent negative consumer perception against artificial food additives and the demand for novel functional foods with possible health benefits. origanum dictamnus (dittany) is an aromatic, tender perennial plant tha ...201525952773
diversity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of culturable bacterial endophyte communities in aloe vera.twenty-nine culturable bacterial endophytes were isolated from surface-sterilized tissues (root, stem and leaf) of aloe vera and molecularly characterized to 13 genera: pseudomonas, bacillus, enterobacter, pantoea, chryseobacterium, sphingobacterium, aeromonas, providencia, cedecea, klebsiella, cronobacter, macrococcus and shigella. the dominant genera include bacillus (20.7%), pseudomonas (20.7%) and enterobacter (13.8%). the crude and ethyl acetate fractions of the metabolites of six isolates, ...201526454221
characterization of deep sea fish gut bacteria with antagonistic potential, from centroscyllium fabricii (deep sea shark).the bacterial isolates from centroscyllium fabricii (deep sea shark) gut were screened for antagonistic activity by cross-streak method and disc diffusion assay. this study focuses on strain btss-3, which showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria including salmonella typhimurium, proteus vulgaris, clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, bacillus circulans, bacillus macerans and bacillus pumilus. btss3 was subjected to phenotypic characterization using bio ...201525740801
evaluation of anti-bacterial effects of some novel thiazole and imidazole derivatives against some pathogenic bacteria.bacterial resistance to antibiotics has motivated the researchers to evaluate the novel anti-bacterial compounds such as some thiazole and imidazole derivatives. thereby, in this work, we investigated the anti-bacterial effects of one new thiazole and two new imidazole derivatives on bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis and shigella dysenteriae.201526719785
antibacterial action against food-borne microorganisms and antioxidant activity of carvacrol-rich oil from lippia origanoides kunth.lippia origanoides kunth from northeast brazil is a plant of pleasant odor used by local people as a food seasoning in substitution the oregano where its carvacrol-rich oil has showed significant antimicrobial activity against human pathogens.201526552874
antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and phytochemical characterization of melaleuca cajuputi extract.the threat posed by drug-resistant pathogens has resulted in the increasing momentum in research and development for effective alternative medications. the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phytochemical extracts makes them attractive alternative complementary medicines. therefore, this study evaluated the phytochemical constituents of melaleuca cajuputi flower and leaf (gf and gl, respectively) extracts and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities.201526497742
isolation and characterization of bacteriocinogenic lactic bacteria from m-tuba and tepache, two traditional fermented beverages in méxico.mexican tuba (m-tuba) and tepache are mexican fermented beverages prepared mainly with pineapple pulp and coconut palm, respectively. at present, reports on the microbiota and nutritional effects of both beverages are lacking. the purpose of this study was to determine whether m-tuba and tepache contain cultivable lactic acid bacteria (lab) capable of producing bacteriocins. tepache and m-tuba contain mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lab, and yeast. bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes, listeri ...201526405529
chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of mentha spicata essential oil against common food-borne pathogenic bacteria.the aim of the present study was to investigate chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from the leaf of mentha spicata plant against common food-borne pathogenic bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, and escherichia coli o157:h7). chemical composition of the essential oil was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (gc-ms). the antibacterial activity of the es ...201526351584
antibacterial effects and action modes of asiatic acid.in this study, the antibacterial effects and action modes of asiatic acid against the foodborne bacterial pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium dt104, pseudomonas aeruginosa, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis, and bacillus cereus were examined. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of asiatic acid against these bacteria were in the range of 20-40 μg/ml. minimum bactericidal concentrations of asiatic acid were in the range of 32-52 μg/ml. ...201526280399
evaluation of synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of essential oils of spices and herbs in combination.the present study was carried out to evaluate the possible synergistic interactions on antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of essential oils of some selected spices and herbs [bay leaf, black pepper, coriander (seed and leaf), cumin, garlic, ginger, mustard, onion and turmeric] in combination. antibacterial combination effect was evaluated against six important food-borne bacteria (bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes, micrococcus luteus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and salmone ...201526132146
kinetics of bacterial inactivation by 405nm and 520nm light emitting diodes and the role of endogenous coproporphyrin on bacterial susceptibility.photodynamic inactivation studies of microbial pathogens have focused on the use of an external photosensitizer or a precursor compound to eliminate bacteria. the present study investigated the inactivation kinetics of six bacterial pathogens by a 405nm light emitting diode (led) without the addition of any external compound. the role of endogenous coproporphyrin on the bacterial susceptibility to leds was also examined. pathogens were illuminated with leds at 25, 10 and 4°c for 9h and the inact ...201526036659
in vitro antibacterial activities and mechanism of sugar fatty acid esters against five food-related bacteria.the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of sugar fatty acid esters, with different fatty acid and saccharide moieties, against five food-related bacteria including bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium. sucrose monocaprate showed the strongest antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria, especially gram-positive bacteria. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) for gram-positive bacteria ...201525977039
antimicrobial evaluation of plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in a rural community in northern maputaland, kwazulu-natal, south africa.zulu people living in the rural area of maputaland (kwazulu-natal, south africa) rely heavily on medicinal plants for the treatment of diarrhoea. abundant availability of medicinal plants in the study area offers low cost health care, but scientific validation is needed in order to lend credibility to the traditional use against many ailments including diarrhoeal infections. with this in mind a study was designed to test the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of 23 plant species which are used for ...201525881066
lactic acid bacteria: promising supplements for enhancing the biological activities of kombucha.kombucha is sweetened black tea that is fermented by a symbiosis of bacteria and yeast embedded within a cellulose membrane. it is considered a health drink in many countries because it is a rich source of vitamins and may have other health benefits. it has previously been reported that adding lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus) strains to kombucha can enhance its biological functions, but in that study only lactic acid bacteria isolated from kefir grains were tested. there are many other natur ...201525763303
characterization and in vitro biological activities of thai traditional fermented shrimp pastes.in this work, chemical and biological characteristics of two types of thai fermented shrimp paste, kapi ta dam and kapi ta deang, at different fermentation periods and their raw materials were investigated. kapi had low water activity and high proteins with high glutamic acid and lysine. both kapis, which had different sources, showed similar characteristics. the number of lactic acid bacteria in the products increased during the early stages of fermentation. free α-amino acid contents in the pr ...201525745266
pyrosequencing analysis of microbial community and food-borne bacteria on restaurant cutting boards collected in seri kembangan, malaysia, and their correlation with grades of food premises.this study adopts the pyrosequencing technique to identify bacteria present on 26 kitchen cutting boards collected from different grades of food premises around seri kembangan, a city in malaysia. pyrosequencing generated 452,401 of total reads of otus with an average of 1.4×10(7) bacterial cells/cm(2). proteobacteria, firmicutes and bacteroides were identified as the most abundant phyla in the samples. taxonomic richness was generally high with >1000 operational taxonomic units (otus) observed ...201525679309
evaluation of antioxidant, total phenol and flavonoid content and antimicrobial activities of artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) of underutilized tropical fruit extracts.artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) pulp, peel and whole fruit were extracted with various solvents such as hexane, dichloromethane (dcm) and methanol. the antioxidant activity of these extracts were examined using the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical scavenging test. ic50 was 55 ± 5.89 μg/ml for the pulp part of methanol extract. in the β-carotene bleaching assay, the antioxidant activity was 90.02 ± 1.51 % for the positive control (trolox) and 88.34 ± 1.31 % for the pulp part of ...201525649443
antimicrobial potential of cauliflower, broccoli, and okara byproducts against foodborne bacteria.the antimicrobial potential of cauliflower, broccoli, and okara byproducts was assessed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7, bacillus cereus, and listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b growth behavior was assessed under exposure to 5% vegetable byproducts added to the reference medium, buffered peptone water (0.1% [wt/vol]), at 37°c. although the byproducts were not effective against l. monocytogenes, they were bactericid ...201525587927
[disinfectants - bacterial cells interactions in the view of hygiene and public health].in recent years, the use of biocides has increased rapidly. one common example is triclosan, with wide application in households as well as medical and industrial fields, especially food industry and animal husbandry. chemical disinfection is a major mean to control and eliminate pathogenic bacteria, particularly those with multidrug resistance (mdr) phenotype. however, exposition to biocides results in an adaptive response in microorganisms, causing them to display a wide range of resistance me ...201526400890
secondary metabolites constituents and antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activities of etlingera elatior (jack) r.m.sm grown in different locations of malaysia.etlingera elatior is a well-known herb in malaysia with various pharmaceutical properties.201526399961
graphene oxide-modified zno particles: synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial properties.nanosized zno particles with diameters of 15 nm were prepared with a solution precipitation method at low cost and high yield. the synthesis of the particles was functionalized by the organic solvent dimethylformamide, and the particles were covalently bonded to the surface of graphene oxide. the morphology of the graphene oxide sheets and zno particles was confirmed with field emission scanning electron microscopy and biological atomic force microscopy. fourier transform infrared spectroscopy a ...201526347126
proteomics evidence for the activity of the putative antibacterial plant alkaloid (-)-roemerine: mainstreaming omics-guided drug discovery.discovery of new antibacterials with novel mechanisms is important to counteract the ingenious resistance mechanisms of bacteria. in this connection, omics-guided drug discovery offers a rigorous method in the quest of new antibacterials. (-)-roemerine is a plant alkaloid that has been reported to possess putative antibacterial activity against escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, and salmonella typhimurium. the aim of the present study was to characterize the activity of (-)-roemerine in escher ...201526230533
crystal structure of β-n-acetylglucosaminidase cbsa from thermotoga neapolitana.cbsa from the thermophilic marine bacteria thermotoga neapolitana is a chitinolyitc enzyme that can cleave a glycosidic bond of the polymer n-acetylglucosamine at the non-reducing end. this enzyme has particularly high activity on di-n-acetylchitobiose. cbsa consists of a family of 3 glycoside hydrolase (gh3)-type catalytic domains and a unique c-terminal domain. the c-terminal domain distinguishes cbsa from other gh3-type enzymes. sequence analyses have suggested that cbsa has the asp-his dyad ...201526187666
pegylated ofloxacin nanoparticles render strong antibacterial activity against many clinically important human pathogens.the rise of bacterial resistance against important drugs threatens their clinical utility. fluoroquinones, one of the most important classes of contemporary antibiotics has also reported to suffer bacterial resistance. since the general mechanism of bacterial resistance against fluoroquinone antibiotics (e.g. ofloxacin) consists of target mutations resulting in reduced membrane permeability and increased efflux by the bacteria, strategies that could increase bacterial uptake and reduce efflux of ...201526005932
antibacterial and antifungal activities of various solvent extracts from the leaves and stem bark of anisophyllea laurina r. br ex sabine used as traditional medicine in guinea.anisophyllea laurina r. br ex sabine is a plant that has been used in the folk medicine to treat malaria, dysentery, diabetes and toothache against bacterial infection. through this study, most likely we are reporting for the first time, its effectiveness as an antibacterial and antifungal agent.201525843022
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