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cell density-dependent expression of viral antigens during persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture.immunofluorescence analyses of fmdv persistently infected bhk-21 cells showed that in cultures from early stages of the persistence (passage 15) only about 10% of cells displayed viral antigens, while at late stages (passage 100) no fmdv antigen-positive cells were found. positive cells at passage 15 displayed a number of structural alterations that did not differ from those observed in lytically infected cells. in these monolayers, and remarkably, clusters of cells that exceeded confluence were ...201020444479
increasing a robust antigen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte response by fmdv dna vaccination with il-9 expressing construct.various chemokines and cytokines as adjuvants can be used to improve efficacy of dna vaccination. in this study, we sought to investigate if a dna construct expressing il-9 (designed as prov-il9) as a molecular adjuvant enhance antigen specific immune responses elicited by the pcd-vp1 dna vaccination. mice immunized with pcd-vp1 combined with prov-il9 developed a strong humoral response. in addition, the coinoculation induced significant higher level of antigen-specific cell proliferation and cy ...201020445754
construction of a multiple targeting rnai plasmid that inhibits target gene expression and fmdv replication in bhk-21 cells and suckling mice.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease that afflicts cloven-hoofed animals. the etiological agent of fmd is foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the vp1 gene of fmdv is essential during the life cycle of the virus and plays a key role in the attachment of the virus to susceptible cells. we constructed a plasmid, pcwn11, that expresses sirnas multiple-targeting the vp1 genes of fmdv. we evaluated the gene silencing efficiency of the plasmid using an enhanced green fluorescent ...201020446035
development of a peptide-based immunochromatographic strip for differentiation of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected pigs from vaccinated pigs.an immunochromatographic strip for discriminating foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infected from vaccinated pigs was developed based on synthetic peptide. five peptides designed from the amino acid sequences of nonstructural proteins (nsp) of fmdv were synthesized, and pep5 located in nsp 3b reacted strongly with serum from fmdv-infected pigs but did not react with serum samples from healthy vaccinated pigs. an immunochromatographic strip was developed by using colloidal gold labeled with pep ...201020453216
new vaccine design based on defective genomes that combines features of attenuated and inactivated vaccines.new vaccine designs are needed to control diseases associated with antigenically variable rna viruses. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of livestock that inflicts severe economic losses. although the current whole-virus chemically inactivated vaccine has proven effective, it has led to new outbreaks of fmd because of incomplete inactivation of the virus or the escape of infectious virus from vaccine production premises. we have previously shown that serial passages of ...201020454676
evaluation of infectivity and transmission of different asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in swine.most isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) display a broad host range. since the late 1990s, the genetic lineage of panasia topotype fmdv serotype o has caused epidemics in the far east, africa, the united kingdom, france, the netherlands, and numerous other countries throughout europe and asia. in contrast, there are several fmdv isolates that exhibit a more restricted host range. a cathay topotype isolate of fmdv serotype o from the 1997 epizootic in taiwan (o/taw/97) demonstrated re ...201020458154
formation of virus-like particles from o-type foot-and-mouth disease virus in insect cells using codon-optimized synthetic genes.a recombinant baculovirus was constructed to simultaneously express codon-optimized virus-like particles (vlp), a vp1-2a-vp3 and vp0 of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), from individual promoters. the target proteins were expressed in insect cells at high level, as shown by indirect sandwich elisa; and the expressed vp1-2a-vp3 could autocatalytically be cleaved into the individual proteins, vp1-2a and vp3, as shown by western-blot analyses. in addition, in the insect cells, the str ...201020464450
localisation of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus protein 2c to the golgi apparatus using antibodies generated against a peptide region.the picornavirus 2c protein is highly conserved and indispensible for virus replication. polyclonal antibodies against theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) 2c protein were generated by immunisation of rabbits with a peptide comprising amino acids 31-210 of the protein. antibodies were used to investigate the localisation of 2c in infected cells by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. analysis of infected cells revealed that the distribution of 2c changed during infecti ...201020471424
heterogeneity and genetic variations of serotypes o and asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in vietnam.six field foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs), including four serotype o and two serotype asia 1 strains, were collected from endemic outbreaks in 2005, 2006, and 2007 from four different provinces in vietnam. the viruses were isolated and genetically characterized for their complete genomic sequences. the genetic analysis based on the complete genomic coding sequences revealed that the four serotype o fmdvs were related to each other, sharing 95.2% nucleotide (nt) identity and 97.5-97.6% ami ...201020478669
differential gene expression in bovine cells infected with wild type and leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus.the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) plays a critical role in viral pathogenesis. molecular studies have demonstrated that l(pro) inhibits translation of host capped mrnas and transcription of some genes involved in the innate immune response. we have used microarray technology to study the gene expression profile of bovine cells infected with wild type (wt) or leaderless fmdv. thirty nine out of approximately 22,000 bovine genes were selectively up-regulated by ...201020494391
remaining vigilant for foot-and-mouth disease. 201020495175
deletion mutants of vpg reveal new cytopathology determinants in a picornavirus.success of a viral infection requires that each infected cell delivers a sufficient number of infectious particles to allow new rounds of infection. in picornaviruses, viral replication is initiated by the viral polymerase and a viral-coded protein, termed vpg, that primes rna synthesis. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is exceptional among picornaviruses in that its genome encodes 3 copies of vpg. why fmdv encodes three vpgs is unknown.201020505767
foot-and-mouth disease virus 2c is a hexameric aaa+ protein with a coordinated atp hydrolysis mechanism.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a positive sense, single-stranded rna virus, causes a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed livestock. like other picornaviruses, fmdv has a conserved 2c protein assigned to the superfamily 3 helicases a group of aaa+ atpases that has a predicted n-terminal membrane-binding amphipathic helix attached to the main atpase domain. in infected cells, 2c is involved in the formation of membrane vesicles, where it co-localizes with viral rna replication complex ...201020507978
effect of fmd vaccination on semen quality parameters in karan fries and murrah buffalo bulls.effect of foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccination was studied on semen quality parameters of 19 karan fries (kf) and eight murrah (mu) breeding bulls during the period 2002 to 2004 at artificial breeding complex, ndri, karnal. a total of non-vaccinated 155 kf and 72 mu bulls' ejaculates were taken as control, while 169 kf and 51 mu bulls' ejaculates, collected after vaccination, were used to study the effect of vaccination stress. the results showed that fmd vaccination had no significant (p > ...201020509049
attenuated salmonella choleraesuis-mediated rnai targeted to conserved regions against foot-and-mouth disease virus in guinea pigs and swine.in this study, specific sequences within three genes (3d, vp4 and 2b) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome were determined to be effective rnai targets. these sequences are highly conserved among different serotype viruses based on sequence analysis. small interfering rna (sirna)-expressing plasmids (p3d-nt19, p3d-nt56, pvp4-nt19, pvp4-nt65 and p2b-nt25) were constructed to express sirna targeting 3d, vp4 and 2b, respectively. the antiviral potential of these sirna for various fmdv ...201020167192
hsp70 enhances presentation of fmdv antigen to bovine cd4+ t cells in vitro.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious acute vesicular disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep and pigs. the current vaccine induces a rapid humoral response, but the duration of the protective antibody response is variable, possibly associated with a variable specific cd4+ t cell response. we investigated the use of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) as a molecular chaperone to target viral antigen to the major histocompatibility co ...201020167197
quantitative single serum-dilution liquid phase competitive blocking elisa for the assessment of herd immunity and expected protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vaccinated cattle.a single serum-dilution liquid phase elisa (slpelisa) was standardized to be used for serological evaluation of herd immunity against foot-and-mouth disease. the absorbance value at a dilution 1:64 of each serum sample was interpolated in a standard curve by plotting the antibody titers of six control sera determined by end point dilution liquid phase elisa (lpelisa), against the absorbance values for the same control sera at 1:64 dilutions. a straight line was obtained by linear regression anal ...201020170683
transgenic mouse model integrating sirna targeting the foot and mouth disease virus.we have constructed 2 small interfering rnas (sirnas) specifically targeting homogenous 3d and 2b1 regions of 7 serotypes of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) and tested the ability of sirnas to inhibit virus replication in baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) cells and suckling mice. in this study, we generated transgenic mouse models integrating short hairpin rna (shrna) targeting microinfected fmdv. when examined at the 7th passage in transgenic mice, the target gene was still found by pcr to b ...201020176056
limiting the impacts of foot and mouth disease in large ruminants in northern lao people's democratic republic by vaccination: a case study.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the most important global transboundary livestock disease and is endemic in lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) with outbreaks occurring regularly. lao pdr shares borders with five countries and as a major thoroughfare for transboundary livestock movement, is vulnerable to the social and economic impacts of fmd. the fmd outbreak occurred in january 2009 in the pek district, located in the north-eastern lao pdr province of xieng khuang and involved all 111 v ...201020180923
a novel system for the production of high levels of functional human therapeutic proteins in stable cells with a semliki forest virus noncytopathic vector.semliki forest virus (sfv) vectors lead to high protein expression in mammalian cells, but expression is transient due to vector cytopathic effects, inhibition of host cell proteins and rna-based expression. we have used a noncytopathic sfv mutant (ncsfv) rna vector to generate stable cell lines expressing two human therapeutic proteins: insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) and cardiotrophin-1 (ct-1). therapeutic genes were fused at the carboxy-terminal end of puromycin n-acetyl-transferase gene ...201020188220
the relationship between cellular immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus asia 1 and viral persistence in indian cattle (bosindicus).foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the most contagious animal disease, is associated with persistent viral infection in ruminants, despite the induction of systemic immune response. the present study was performed to decipher the relation between the persistent fmd virus (fmdv) infection and cellular immune response in indian cattle (bosindicus) following experimental inoculation of fmdv asia 1. persistent viral infection (carriers) was detected by antigen capture rt-pcr on the oesophageal-pharyngeal ...201020189208
tailoring the switch from ires-dependent to 5'-end-dependent translation with the rnase p ribozyme.translation initiation driven by internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements is dependent on the structural organization of the ires region. we have previously shown that a structural motif within the foot-and-mouth-disease virus ires is recognized in vitro as substrate for the synechocystis sp. rnase p ribozyme. here we show that this structure-dependent endonuclease recognizes the ires element in cultured cells, leading to inhibition of translation. inhibition of ires activity was dependent o ...201020194518
a recombinant truncated fmdv 3ab protein used to better distinguish between infected and vaccinated cattle.to distinguish the antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection from those induced by vaccination, a recombinant n-terminal truncated fmdv non-structural protein (nsp) of 3ab, designated as r3ab, was constructed by deleting 80 amino acids displayed about 30% homology to transposase is4 family protein of escherichia coli, expressed in e. coli bl21 (de3) and then purified. the r3ab was majorly expressed in soluble fraction and presented as homogeneous monomers after purifica ...201020197135
marker vaccine potential of a foot-and-mouth disease virus with a partial vp1 g-h loop deletion.previous work in cattle and pigs demonstrated that protection against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) could be achieved following vaccination with chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccines, in which the vp1 g-h loop had been substituted with that from another serotype. this indicated that the vp1 g-h loop may not be essential for the protection of natural hosts against fmdv. if this could be substantiated there would be potential to develop fmd marker vaccines, characterised by the abse ...201020199761
the development of oral fluid-based diagnostics and applications in veterinary medicine.the purpose of this review was to discuss the history of the development and implementation of oral fluid diagnostics for infectious diseases of humans and domestic animals. the use of oral fluid for the assessment of health and diagnosis of disease in humans and animals has a surprisingly long history. as early as 1909, pollaci and ceraulo reported sensitive and specific agglutination of 'micrococcus melitensis' (brucella melitensis) by oral fluid from patients diagnosed with malta fever. a 198 ...201020202287
parameterization of the duration of infection stages of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus: an analytical review and meta-analysis with application to simulation models.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is considered one of the most important infectious diseases of livestock because of the devastating economic consequences that it inflicts in affected regions. the value of critical parameters, such as the duration of the latency or the duration of the infectious periods, which affect the transmission rate of the fmd virus (fmdv), are believed to be influenced by characteristics of the host and the virus. disease control and surveillance strategies, as well as fmd si ...201020205988
characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen by surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry in aqueous and oil-emulsion formulations.we have used a novel method, surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (seldi-tof-ms), to characterize foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine antigens. using specific capture with fmdv binding recombinant antibody fragments and tryptic digestion of fmdv antigens the spectral peaks representing the fmdv structural proteins vp1, vp2, vp3 and vp4 were identified. vp1 existed as 2 variants differing by 0.2kda and vp4 as 8 variants differing by 14-17da. such h ...201020206283
high expression level of a foot and mouth disease virus epitope in tobacco transplastomic plants.chloroplast transformation has an extraordinary potential for antigen production in plants because of the capacity to accumulate high levels of recombinant proteins and increased biosafety due to maternal plastid inheritance in most crops. in this article, we evaluate tobacco chloroplasts transformation for the production of a highly immunogenic epitope containing amino acid residues 135-160 of the structural protein vp1 of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). to increase the accumulation le ...201020041332
foot-and-mouth disease viral loads in pigs in the early, acute stage of disease.the progress and pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was studied in infected pigs by observing the development of clinical signs in two separate experiments. viral loads were determined by real-time quantitative rt-pcr in the liver, spleen, cervical lymph node, mandibular lymph node, retropharyngeal lymph node, soft palate, pharynx, tonsil, tongue and skin (coronary band area). tissue samples were collected from both inoculated and contact-infected pigs at several time points dur ...201020045852
cd40-expressing plasmid induces anti-cd40 antibody and enhances immune responses to dna vaccination.various approaches have been used to improve the efficacy of dna vaccination, including the incorporation of molecular adjuvants. because the cd40 ligand-cd40 interaction plays a major role in initiating immune responses, we sought to develop a molecular adjuvant targeting this interaction.201019950201
interferon-induced protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection correlates with enhanced tissue-specific innate immune cell infiltration and interferon-stimulated gene expression.previously, we demonstrated that type i interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) or a combination of ifn-alpha/beta and type ii ifn (ifn-gamma) delivered by a replication-defective human adenovirus 5 (ad5) vector protected swine when challenged 1 day later with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of protection induced by ifns, we inoculated groups of six swine with ad5-vectors containing these genes, challenged 1 day later and euthanized 2 animals ...201019955313
molecular characterization of sat 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus from post-outbreak slaughtered animals: implications for disease control in uganda.in uganda, limiting the extent of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) spread during outbreaks involves short-term measures such as ring vaccination and restrictions of the movement of livestock and their products to and from the affected areas. in this study, the presence of fmd virus rna was investigated in cattle samples 3 months after fmd quarantine measures had been lifted following an outbreak in 2004. oropharyngeal tissue samples were obtained from 12 cattle slaughtered in a small town abattoir i ...201020003615
rna immunization can protect mice against foot-and-mouth disease virus.in previous work we have reported the immunization of swine using in vitro-transcribed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna. with the aim of testing whether rna-induced immunization can mediate protection against viral infection, a group of swiss adult mice was inoculated with fmdv infectious transcripts. in most inoculated animals viral rna was detected in serum at 48-72h postinoculation. a group of the rna-inoculated mice (11 out of 19) developed significant titers of neutralizing antibodie ...201020005905
a single amino acid substitution in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus can increase acid lability and confer resistance to acid-dependent uncoating inhibition.the acid-dependent disassembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is required for viral rna release from endosomes to initiate replication. although the fmdv capsid disassembles at acid ph, mutants escaping inhibition by nh(4)cl of endosomal acidification were found to constitute about 10% of the viruses recovered from bhk-21 cells infected with fmdv c-s8c1. for three of these mutants, the degree of nh(4)cl resistance correlated with the sensitivity of the virion to acid-induced inactivation ...201020053737
effect of the extract made from cochinchina momordica seeds on the humoral immune responses of mice to a commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (serotypes o and asia 1).the extract from ecms was investigated for its effect on the humoral immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. fifty-six mice were randomly divided into seven groups with eight animals in each. mice in groups 5 to 7 were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with 0.5 mg dex daily for 4 days to induce immunosuppression. the animals were then orally given ecms (200 microg in 250 microl saline) in groups 3 and 6 or 250 microl saline in group 2, or s.c. injected with ecms (50 microg in 100 mi ...201020055940
phylogenetic analysis of indian serotype asia1 foot-and-mouth-disease virus isolates revealed emergence and reemergence of different genetic lineages.foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 causes significant number of disease outbreaks in india. indian asia1 virus isolates were shown to be genetically heterogeneous and of the two lineages (lineage b and lineage c) described in india, lineage c caused majority of the outbreaks. emergence of a novel divergent lineage (lineage d) within lineage c has been described in 2001. in the present report, the complete vp1 genomic region of 41 fmdv asia1 field isolates collected between 2003 a ...201020080365
competition-colonization dynamics in an rna virus.during replication, rna viruses rapidly generate diverse mutant progeny which differ in their ability to kill host cells. we report that the progeny of a single rna viral genome diversified during hundreds of passages in cell culture and self-organized into two genetically distinct subpopulations that exhibited the competition-colonization dynamics previously recognized in many classical ecological systems. viral colonizers alone were more efficient in killing cells than competitors in culture. ...201020080701
possible use of rna isolate from inactivated vaccine for external positive control in reverse transcription-based detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bull semen.this study has demonstrated the novel use of inactivated and purified vaccine against fmd virus for detection and analysis. rna isolate was efficiently generated from the vaccine for an external positive control for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assays. the target dna fragment sequences from the 2b region and 3d rna polymerase gene of the virus for rt-pcr and rt-lamp respectively were successful ...201020097168
molecular characterization of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in vietnam in 2009.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a major cause of endemic outbreaks in vietnam in recent years. in this work, six serotype a foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv), collected from endemic outbreaks during january and february of 2009 in four different provinces in vietnam, were genetically characterized for their complete genome sequences. genetic analysis based on the complete viral genome sequence indicated that they were closely related to each other and shared 99.0-99.8% amino acid (aa) identi ...201020097490
development of an immunochromatographic strip for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o.an immunochromatographic strip was developed for the serological detection of type o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in swine. in the strip, the expressed protein of vp1, the main protective antigen of fmdv, labeled with colloidal gold was used as the detector, the staphylococcal protein a (spa) and swine anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antibody were blotted on the nitrocellulose membrane for the test and control lines, respectively. 296 swine serum samples were collected to evaluate the c ...201020100515
iga antibody response of swine to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection and vaccination.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) continues to be a significant economic problem worldwide. control of the disease involves the use of killed-virus vaccines, a control measure developed decades ago. after natural infection, the primary site of replication of fmdv is the pharyngeal area, suggesting that a mucosal immune response is the most effective. humoral immunity to killed-virus vaccination induces antibodies that can prevent the clinical disease but not local infection. determining whethe ...201020107003
loss of plasmacytoid dendritic cell function coincides with lymphopenia and viremia during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an acute, highly contagious disease of livestock. though fmdv is very sensitive to interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha), ifn-beta, and ifn-gamma, the virus has evolved mechanisms to evade such innate responses. for instance, during acute infection, fmdv suppresses ifn-alpha production by skin and myeloid dendritic cells (dcs). we have previously reported that fmdv infection induces a transient lymphopenia and interruption of t-lymphocyte responses to mitogenic ...201020121400
a bicistronic lentiviral vector based on the 1d/2a sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus expresses proteins stoichiometrically.classic ires sequences are notorious for exerting biased expression in favor of upstream coding regions when placed into polycistronic vectors. here, we report the development of a bicistronic lentiviral system based on the 1d/2a sequence from the foot-and-mouth disease virus that is able to maintain tightly balanced control of upstream and downstream protein expression for several days at a stoichiometry very closely approaching 1.0. our results suggest that the 1d/2a sequence can be optimized ...201020132845
differential ifn-alpha/beta production suppressing capacities of the leader proteins of mengovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus.picornaviruses encompass a large family of rna viruses. some picornaviruses possess a leader (l) protein at the n-terminus of their polyprotein. the l proteins of encephalomyocarditis virus, a cardiovirus, and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), an aphthovirus, are both dispensable for replication and their major function seems to be the suppression of antiviral host cell responses. previously, we showed that the l protein of mengovirus, a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus, inhibits antivira ...201019863558
insights into cleavage specificity from the crystal structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease complexed with a peptide substrate.picornavirus replication is critically dependent on the correct processing of a polyprotein precursor by 3c protease(s) (3c(pro)) at multiple specific sites with related but non-identical sequences. to investigate the structural basis of its cleavage specificity, we performed the first crystallographic structural analysis of non-covalent complexes of a picornavirus 3c(pro) with peptide substrates. the x-ray crystal structure of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c(pro), mutated to replace the cat ...201019883658
differences in the virulence of two strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a with the same spatiotemporal distribution.during the 2000-2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in argentina, two fmdv serotype a viruses were identified among others. since different pathogenic properties between these virus strains were noticed in cattle, we evaluated several biological properties and features of fmdv a/arg/00 and fmdv a/arg/01 in order to compare these viruses in terms of virulence and pathogenicity. our results indicate that fmdv a/arg/00 grows less efficiently than fmdv a/arg/01, exemplified by small ...201019883705
the 5'-untranslated region of the mouse mammary tumor virus mrna exhibits cap-independent translation initiation.in this study, we demonstrate the identification of an internal ribosome entry site (ires) within the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of the mouse mammary tumor virus (mmtv). the 5'-utr of the full-length mrna derived from the infectious, complete mmtv genome was cloned into a dual luciferase reporter construct containing an upstream renilla luciferase gene (rluc) and a downstream firefly luciferase gene (fluc). in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, the mmtv 5'-utr was capable of driving translation of ...201019889724
use of a baculovirus-expressed structural protein for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type a by a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with a baculovirus-expressed structural protein was developed for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type a. it exhibited 99% specificity with a cutoff of 53% inhibition. its sensitivity was comparable to the sensitivities of the virus neutralization test and the liquid-phase blocking elisa, indicating its potential as an alternative assay.201019889938
the region between the two polyprotein initiation codons of foot-and-mouth disease virus is critical for virulence in cattle.to explore the role in viral pathogenesis of the region located between the two functional aug (inter-aug) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), we derived viruses containing transposon (tn) inserts from a mutagenized cdna infectious clone of fmdv (pa24-wt). mutant viruses containing an in-frame 57-nt transposon insertion grew at a slower rate and had a smaller plaque size phenotype than the parental virus (a24-wt). a mutant virus containing a 51-nt deletion in inter-aug had a similar phenotyp ...201019896688
effect of fmd vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following needle challenge in sheep.the relationship of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus antigen payload and single and double vaccinations in conferring protection against virus challenge in sheep was studied. sheep vaccinated with half the cattle dose (1 ml) containing 15 and 3.75 μg of fmdv antigen with or without booster resisted virulent challenge on 21 days post vaccination or 7 days post booster. fmdv rna could be detected in nasal secretions in 26% of vaccinated sheep (10(3.12) to 10(3.82) viral rna copies) on day 35 pos ...201019896714
improvement of a recombinant antibody-based serological assay for foot-and-mouth disease virus.differentiating foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antibodies generated during a natural infection from those due to vaccination (diva) is crucial for proving freedom from disease after an outbreak and allowing resumption of trade in livestock products. the world organisation for animal health (oie) recommends that fmdv vaccines are composed of inactivated virus that has been purified to remove non-structural viral proteins. such purified vaccines primarily induce antibodies to viral structural ...201019913020
early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after controlled aerosol exposure.the goal of this study was to identify the primary sites of replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cattle subsequent to aerogenous inoculation. a novel aerosol inoculation method was developed to simulate natural, airborne transmission and thereby allow the identification of early replication sites. virus distribution after aerosol inoculation was compared at 24h post inoculation with simple nasal instillation. aerosol inoculation of fmdv consistently resulted in virus detection b ...201018930417
airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease--model intercomparison.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) spreads by direct contact between animals, by animal products (milk, meat and semen), by mechanical transfer on people or fomites and by the airborne route, with the relative importance of each mechanism depending on the particular outbreak characteristics. atmospheric dispersion models have been developed to assess airborne spread of fmdv in a number of countries, including the uk, denmark, australia, new zealand, usa and canada. these models were compared at ...201019138867
generation of a recombinant full-length human antibody binding to botulinum neurotoxin a.in order to develop a recombinant full-length human anti-botulinum neurotoxin a (bont/a) antibody, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were collected from three healthy volunteers and induced for bont/a-specific immune response by in vitro immunization. the genes encoding human fd fragment, consisting of antibody heavy chain variable region and constant region 1 with the genes encoding antibody light chain, were cloned from the immunized pbmc. afterwards, one combinatory human antige ...201019466383
different infection parameters between dairy cows and calves after an infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus.clinical observations of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus infection in dairy cows and calves were different. this raised the question whether they would also differ with respect to virus excretion and transmission. data were available from transmission experiments carried out with groups of dairy cows and calves. half of each group was inoculated with fmdv o/ned/2001; the other half contact-exposed to inoculated animals. virus excretion, clinical signs and antibody response were measured and ...201019716326
screening and identification of b cell epitopes of structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1.the objective of this study was to screen and identify the b cell epitopes of structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1. the complete amino acid sequence of all the four structural proteins (p1 region) was analyzed using the dnastar protean system. seventeen peptides were predicted and selected as potential b cell epitopes. the potential b cell epitope genes were cloned into the pgex-6p-1 plasmid, then expressed and purified. the resulting 17 glutathione s-transfe ...201019699594
development and laboratory validation of a lateral flow device for the detection of serotype sat 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in clinical samples.a lateral flow device (lfd) for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of the sat 2 serotype was developed using a monoclonal antibody (mab 2h6). the performance of the lfd was evaluated in the laboratory on suspensions of vesicular epithelia: 305 positive for fmdv type sat 2 from suspected cases of vesicular disease collected from 30 countries and 1002 samples shown to be negative for fmdv type sat 2 collected from 67 countries between 1968 and 2008. the diagnostic sensitivity of ...201019815031
development and laboratory evaluation of a lateral flow device for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus in clinical samples.a lateral flow device (lfd) for the detection of swine vesicular disease (svd) virus (svdv) and differential diagnosis from foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was developed using a monoclonal antibody (mab c70). the performance of the lfd was evaluated in the laboratory on suspensions of vesicular epithelia and cell culture passage derived supernatants of svdv and porcine teschovirus (enterovirus; pev). the collection of test samples included 157 which were positive for svdv (84 vesicular epithelial s ...201019819260
[current situation and future preventive measures of foot-and-mouth disease in japan].foot-and-mouth disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a severe and acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. as fmdv is highly contagious and causes productivity losses among infected animals, outbreaks of the disease are a primary animal health concern worldwide. in april, 2010, the disease reoccurred in miyazaki prefecture in 10 years. compared to the outbreak in 2000 in which no infection among pigs was observed, a total of 292 ...201021488337
2a to the fore - research, technology and applications.the 2a region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) encodes a short sequence that mediates self-processing by a novel translational effect. translation elongation arrest leads to release of the nascent polypeptide and re-initiation at the next in-frame codon. in this way discrete translation products are derived from a single open reading frame. active 2a-like sequences have been found in (many) other viruses and trypanosome non-ltr retrotransposons. exponential growth of 2a technology with ...201021415883
short-lived carriage of foot-and-mouth disease virus in human nasal cavities after exposure to infected animals.a quarantine period for potentially contaminated personnel can be used to reduce the risk of transfer of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from infected to susceptible premises. this is set at 72 hours in the uk, on the basis of results from laboratory studies and field observations. previous analysis of fmdv carriage within human nasal cavities has relied upon virus isolation by culture in susceptible cells. this study, involving 51 people, evaluated a pcr method, which detected viral genomic ...201021262692
transmission risks and control of foot-and-mouth disease in the netherlands: spatial patterns.in 2001 the epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in great britain, the netherlands and france have shown how fast fmdv may spread between farms. the massive socio-economic impact of these epidemics and the intervention measures taken demonstrate the need for quantitative assessments of the efficacy of candidate intervention strategies. here we use a mathematical model to describe the spatial transmission of fmdv in the netherlands and use the dutch 2001 outbreak data to estimate mode ...201021352775
estimating risk factors for farm-level transmission of disease: foot and mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in great britain.controlling an epidemic would be aided by establishing whether particular individuals in infected populations are more likely to transmit infection. however, few analyses have characterised such individuals. such analyses require both data on who infected whom and on the likely determinants of transmission; data that are available at the farm level for the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic in great britain. using these data a putative number of daughter infected premises (ips) resulting from ...201021352781
analysis of sat1 type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins: influence of receptor usage on the properties of virus particles.the three sat serotype viruses, endemic in africa, are well known for their difficulty to adapt to cell culture. the viral mechanism involved in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) tissue tropism and cell-entry is not well understood. a recombinant, small plaque-forming virus (vsat1tc), derived from a tissue culture-adapted sat1 virus (sar/9/81tc), revealed four amino acid substitutions (vp3 asp192→tyr; vp3 ser217→ile; vp1 ala69→gly and vp1 asn110→lys) in the capsid, compared to the sar/9/81wt i ...201021167231
a differential elisa based on recombinant immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene of shv-1 in a baculovirus-insect cell system to discriminate between pigs infected naturally with pseudorabies and vaccinated pigs.in the present study, the fragment corresponding to the immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene (gepi) from the cl15 argentinean strain of pseudorabies virus was expressed successfully in a baculovirus-insect cell system that contained the m6 gene of bluetongue virus, which encodes the ns1 nonstructural protein. this protein has the ability to polymerize into highly immunogenic tubules inside infected cells that can be purified at large quantities by ultracentrifugation. previously, the ns1 prote ...201021168443
integrity of foot-and-mouth disease virions bound to the cells.in this study, we examined the integrity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles during their binding to the surface of bhk-21 cells under physiological condition. for monitoring of the virus integrity we used blocking of the endocytosis with dynasore and cytochalasin d followed by rt-pcr for viral protein vp1 and the resistance of fmdv to the treatment of rnase a. our results showed that integrin binding to vp1 did not cause a substantial conformational change in the viral capsid. furt ...201021175256
effect of the route of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of piglets on the course of disease.three different routes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection of piglets, namely intranasal (i.n.) through drops, intradermal (i.d.) into the foot, and intramuscular (i.m.) were compared regarding the onset and severity of the disease. the results showed that the i.d. injection of the virus resulted in the fastest onset of the disease. the i.m. injection led to a delayed onset, but the final effect was identical with i.d. injection. moreover, the i.m. injection was simpler to perform a ...201021175257
foot-and-mouth disease virus exhibits an altered tropism in the presence of specific immunoglobulins, enabling productive infection and killing of dendritic cells.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an acute vesicular disease of farm animals. the development of successful control strategies is limited by an incomplete understanding of the immune response to fmdv. dendritic cells (dc) mediate the induction of immunity to pathogens, but their role in fmdv infection of cattle is uncharacterized. bovine monocyte-derived dc (modc) were exposed to integrin-binding and cell culture-adapted strains of fmdv in vitro. modc were not largely susceptible to inf ...201021177807
a single amino acid substitution in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus can increase acid resistance.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles lose infectivity due to their disassembly at ph values slightly below neutrality. this acid-dependent disassembly process is required for viral rna release inside endosomes. to study the molecular determinants of viral resistance to acid-induced disassembly, six fmdv variants with increased resistance to acid inactivation were isolated. infection by these mutants was more sensitive to drugs that raise the endosomal ph (nh(4)cl and concanamycin a) tha ...201021177816
induction of foot-and-mouth disease virus-specific cytotoxic t cell killing by vaccination.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) continues to be a significant threat to the health and economic value of livestock species. this acute infection is caused by the highly contagious fmd virus (fmdv), which infects cloven-hoofed animals, including large and small ruminants and swine. current vaccine strategies are all directed toward the induction of neutralizing antibody responses. however, the role of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) has not received a great deal of attention, in part because of the t ...201021177918
custom-engineered chimeric foot-and-mouth disease vaccine elicits protective immune responses in pigs.chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) of which the antigenic properties can be readily manipulated is a potentially powerful approach in the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in sub-saharan africa. fmd vaccine application is complicated by the extensive variability of the south african territories (sat) type viruses, which exist as distinct genetic and antigenic variants in different geographical regions. a cross-serotype chimeric virus, vknp/sat2, was engineered by replacing the ...201021177923
the use of soluble african horse sickness viral protein 7 as an antigen delivery and presentation system.we have investigated the use of soluble chimeric trimers of the major capsid protein vp7 of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) as a vaccine delivery system by targeting some of the natural hydrophilic loops on the vp7 top domain for the insertion of foreign peptides. key to this trimer display strategy is the solubility of ahsv vp7 and how the solubility of this hydrophobic protein can be manipulated by inserting peptides into the top domain. to investigate, we generated different cloning vecto ...201021195731
inhibitors of foot and mouth disease virus targeting a novel pocket of the rna-dependent rna polymerase.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that infects cloven-hoofed animals and leads to severe losses in livestock production. in the case of an fmd outbreak, emergency vaccination requires at least 7 days to trigger an effective immune response. there are currently no approved inhibitors for the treatment or prevention of fmdv infections.201021203539
structures of ev71 rna-dependent rna polymerase in complex with substrate and analogue provide a drug target against the hand-foot-and-mouth disease pandemic in china.enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the major causative agents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), has caused more than 100 deaths among chinese children since march 2008. the ev71 genome encodes an rnadependent rna polymerase (rdrp), denoted 3d(pol), which is central for viral genome replication and is a key target for the discovery of specific antiviral therapeutics. here we report the crystal structures of ev71 rdrp (3d(pol)) and in complex with substrate guanosine-5'-triphosphate and analog 5- ...201021203964
serological evidence of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in randomly surveyed goat population of orissa, india.india is endemic for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), and goats constitute the second largest susceptible population of domestic livestock. fmd surveillance and control strategies in the country largely ignore small ruminants, known to be critical in the epidemiology of the disease. here, serological investigations were carried out to generate estimates of antibody prevalence in goats of orissa state to both non-structural (nsp-ab) and structural proteins (sp-ab) of fmd. the apparent overall nsp-ab ...201020723161
hsv-1 amplicon vectors that direct the in situ production of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens in mammalian cells can be used for genetic immunization.hsv-1 amplicon vectors encoding heterologous antigens were capable to mediate in situ generation of protein synthesis and to generate a specific immune response to the corresponding antigens. in this study, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus antigens were used to generate a genetic vaccine prototype. the amplicons were designed to provide a high safety profile as they do not express any hsv-1 genes when packaged using a helper virus-free system, and they are able to encapsidate several copies of ...201020851082
induction of a cross-reactive cd8(+) t cell response following foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccination.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoofed animals. current inactivated fmdv vaccines generate short-term, serotype-specific protection, mainly through neutralizing antibody. an improved understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity would aid design of more effective vaccines. we have previously reported the presence of virus-specific cd8(+) t cells in fmdv-vaccinated and -infected cattle. in the current study, we aimed to identify cd8(+) t ...201020861264
development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous identification of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16.human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are two major aetiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. recently there have been several large outbreaks of hfmd in vietnam and the asia-pacific region. in this study, a multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed in order to detect simultaneously hev71, cva16 and other human enteroviruses. enterovirus detection was performed with a mixture of three pairs of oligonucleotide primers: one pair of published primers f ...201020863857
expression of the major epitope regions of 2c integrated with the 3ab non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its potential for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.in recent years, the potential value of the non-structural proteins (nsp) 2c and 3abc has been well documented for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from vaccinated animals (diva). in order to develop a more sensitive approach to detect animals infected naturally in herds of fmdv-vaccinated animals, a 47.6kd fusion protein named 2c3ab was expressed in bacteria which incorporated two major b-cell epitope regions of 2c and the whole 3ab within the nsp of ...201020863858
a multi-step process of viral adaptation to a mutagenic nucleoside analogue by modulation of transition types leads to extinction-escape.resistance of viruses to mutagenic agents is an important problem for the development of lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy. previous studies with rna viruses have documented that resistance to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue ribavirin (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1-h-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is mediated by amino acid substitutions in the viral polymerase that either increase the general template copying fidelity of the enzyme or decrease the incorporation of ribavirin into rna. here we ...201020865120
5-fluorouracil in lethal mutagenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus.5-fluorouracil (fu) is a pyrimidine analogue extensively used in cancer chemotherapy. fu can be metabolized into 5-fluorouridine-triphosphate, which can be used as substrate for viral rna-dependent rna polymerases. this results in the incorporation of mutations into viral rna. accumulation of mutations may lead to loss of virus infectivity, in a process known as lethal mutagenesis. rna virus pathogens are particularly difficult to control because they are highly mutable, and mutants resistant to ...200921426129
detection of asymptomatic antigenemia in pigs infected by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) by a novel capture immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of prrsv.routine surveillance for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infections is crucial for the epidemiological control of this disease. antibody tests are widely used but cannot differentiate between vaccination and reinfection. we developed a prrsv antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against the nucleocapsid (n) protein of north american and european prrsv. this antigen assay detected purified ...200919828768
natural killer cell dysfunction during acute infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus.natural killer (nk) cells provide one of the initial barriers of cellular host defense against pathogens, in particular intracellular pathogens. the role of these cells in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection is unknown. previously, we characterized the phenotype and function of nk cells from swine (f. n. toka et al., j. interferon cytokine res. 29:179-192, 2009). in the present study, we report the analysis of nk cells isolated from animals infected with fmdv and tested ex vivo and sho ...200919828769
immune response and viral persistence in indian buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1.despite their potential role in the spread of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the immune response and viral persistence in fmd virus (fmdv)-infected indian buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) have been unexplored. we found similar kinetics of neutralizing antibody responses in the sera and secretory fluids of buffaloes following experimental fmdv asia 1 infection, but the lymphocyte-proliferative response in infected buffaloes was of low magnitude. despite inducing a significant systemic and secretory imm ...200919828770
bola-dr peptide binding pockets are fundamental for foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine design in cattle.this large study investigates the associations between bovine major histocompatibility complex drb3 alleles and their binding pockets with the immune response to a 40-mer peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1. a crossbred (charolais and holstein) cattle population (n=197) was immunised with the fmdv peptide and specific igg1 and igg2 responses were measured. eighteen different drb3 alleles were detected in this population, with several exhibiting highly significant associa ...200919833250
[construction of an infectious cdna clone derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus o/qyys/s/06].after sequencing, we amplified and cloned foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/qyys/s/06 whole genome by three fragments. these three fragments were cloned into vector p43 one by one to construct recombinant plasmid p43c, which carried the full-length cdna of fmdv o/qyys/s/06. then, plasmid p43c and plasmid t7 expressing t7 rna polymerase were co-transfected into bhk-21 cells. after 48 h, we harvested the culture broth from transfected bhk-21 cells and inoculated into 2-3 day-old sucking mice. ...200919835137
foot and mouth disease virus vaccines.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is a highly infectious and economically devastating disease of livestock. although vaccines, available since the early 1900s, have been instrumental in eradicating fmd from parts of the world, the disease still affects millions of animals around the globe and remains the main sanitary barrier to the commerce of animals and animal products. currently available inactivated antigen vaccines applied intramuscularly to individual animals, confer serotype and subtype speci ...200919837296
equine rhinitis a virus and its low ph empty particle: clues towards an aphthovirus entry mechanism?equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), belonging to the genus aphthovirus of the picornaviridae. how picornaviruses introduce their rna genome into the cytoplasm of the host cell to initiate replication is unclear since they have no lipid envelope to facilitate fusion with cellular membranes. it has been thought that the dissociation of the fmdv particle into pentameric subunits at acidic ph is the mechanism for genome release during cell entry, ...200919816570
foot-and-mouth disease virus assembly: processing of recombinant capsid precursor by exogenous protease induces self-assembly of pentamers in vitro in a myristoylation-dependent manner.the assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles is poorly understood. in addition, there are important differences in the antigenic and receptor binding properties of virus assembly and dissociation intermediates, and these also remain unexplained. we have established an experimental model in which the antigenicity, receptor binding characteristics, and in vitro assembly of capsid precursor can be studied entirely from purified components. recombinant capsid precursor protein (p1 r ...200919710148
identification of rna helicase a as a new host factor in the replication cycle of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), as with other rna viruses, recruits various host cell factors to assist in the translation and replication of the virus genome. in this study, we investigated the role of rna helicase a (rha) in the life cycle of fmdv. immunofluorescent microscopy (ifm) showed a change in the subcellular distribution of rha from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in fmdv-infected cells as infection progressed. unlike nuclear rha, the rha detected in the cytoplasm reacted with an an ...200919710149
simple and rapid lateral-flow assay for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.a simple lateral-flow assay (lfa) based on a monoclonal antibody (mab 70-17) was developed for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) under nonlaboratory conditions. the lfa was evaluated with epithelial suspensions (n = 704) prepared from current and historical field samples which had been submitted to the pirbright laboratory (united kingdom) and from negative samples (n = 100) collected from naïve animals in korea. four fmdv serotypes (type o, a, asia 1, and c) were detected in ...200919726619
structure and dynamics of the gh loop of the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid.the gh loop of vp1 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid is important because it is a major antigenic site and an integrin recognition site. the gh loop is disordered in all x-ray structures of the capsid except for serotype o under reduced conditions in which the loop lies on the capsid surface. although the structure of the capsid-integrin complex has not yet been determined, the gh loop is known to protrude from the capsid surface when the capsid is bound with an antigen-binding fragment ...200919734079
[construction of eukaryotic expression vector containing foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 gene and its expression in dendritic cells].to construct the eukaryotic expression vectors for the fmdv vp1 gene and transfect dendritic cells(dc) for the expression of vp1.200919737465
investigations into the cause of foot-and-mouth disease virus seropositive small ruminants in cyprus during 2007.in 2007, serological evidence for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) infection was found as a result of differential diagnostic testing of cypriot sheep suspected to be infected with bluetongue or contagious ecthyma. seropositive sheep and goats were subsequently uncovered on ten geographically clustered flocks, while cattle and pigs in neighbouring herds were all seronegative. these antibodies were specific for serotype-o fmd virus, reacting with both structural and non-structural (ns) fmd viral prot ...200919744234
phenotypic and functional characterization of t-cells and in vitro replication of fmdv serotypes in bovine lymphocytes.peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from unvaccinated and vaccinated bovine calves were employed to study the alteration of different t-cell subpopulations, functional competence and detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) at different hours post in vitro infection (hpi) with fmdv serotype either o or a or asia1. the alteration in t-lymphocyte subpopulations was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis using t-cell subpopulation specific monoclonal antibodies at various hpi. all the t ...200919751690
multiplex primer prediction software for divergent targets.we describe a multiplex primer prediction (mpp) algorithm to build multiplex compatible primer sets to amplify all members of large, diverse and unalignable sets of target sequences. the mpp algorithm is scalable to larger target sets than other available software, and it does not require a multiple sequence alignment. we applied it to questions in viral detection, and demonstrated that there are no universally conserved priming sequences among viruses and that it could require an unfeasibly lar ...200919759213
foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using multiserotype-reactive monoclonal antibodies.monoclonal antibody (mab)-based sandwich direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (msd-elisa) methods that can detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigens, both multiserotype (msd-elisa/ms) (for o, a, c, and asia 1) and single-serotype (msd-elisa/ss) (for o, a, and asia 1, specifically), were developed. mab 1h5 was used as an antigen-trapping antibody that reacted with all seven serotypes of fmdv. the mabs 71f2, 70c4, 16c6, and 7c2 were used as peroxidase-labeled detecting antibodies for ...200919759230
genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses, ethiopia, 1981-2007.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic to sub-saharan africa. to further understand its complex epidemiology, which involves multiple virus serotypes and host species, we characterized the viruses recovered from fmd outbreaks in ethiopia during 1981-2007. we detected 5 of the 7 fmdv serotypes (o, a, c, southern african territories [sat] 1, and sat 2). serotype o predominated, followed by serotype a; type c was not recognized after 1983. phylogenetic analysis of virus protein 1 sequences indicat ...200919788808
rna nuclear export is blocked by poliovirus 2a protease and is concomitant with nucleoporin cleavage.cytopathic viruses have developed successful strategies to block or, at least, to attenuate host interference with their replication. here, we have analyzed the effects of poliovirus 2a protease on rna nuclear export. 2a protease interferes with trafficking of mrnas, rrnas and u snrnas from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, without any apparent effect on trna transport. traffic of newly produced mrnas is more strongly affected than traffic of other mrnas over-represented in the cytoplasm, such as mr ...200919789179
interaction energy analysis of peptide can predict the possibilities of mimetics by its retroinverso isomer.it has been previously reported that the retroinverso analog of s peptide cannot mimic the s peptide, whereas the retroinverso analog of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen can mimic the foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen. the structures of s peptide, foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen, and their retroinverso analogs are known. here, we have attempted to explain the structural basis of mimetics at the level of atomic interactions by elaborating upon the guptasarma's hypothesis. using intera ...200919811507
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