Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-d-dioxolane guanine and prodrug (-)-beta-d-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane in rats and monkeys. | (-)-beta-d-dioxolane guanine (dxg) is a nucleoside analog possessing potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in vitro. owing to the limited aqueous solubility of dxg, (-)-beta-d-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane (dapd), a more water-soluble prodrug of dxg, is being developed for clinical use. the purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of dxg after administration of dxg and dapd to rats and monkeys. afte ... | 1999 | 10606085 |
| "hidden" dutpase sequence in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. | a coding region homologous to the sequence for essential eukaryotic enzyme dutpase has been identified in different genomic regions of several viral lineages. unlike the nonprimate lentiviruses (caprine arthritis- encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and visna virus), where dutpase is integrated into the pol coding region, this enzyme has never been demonstrated to be present in the primate lentivirus genomes (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv ... | 1999 | 9847382 |
| lack of effect of cytoplasmic tail truncations on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 rod env particle release activity. | in addition to its role in receptor binding, the envelope glycoprotein of certain human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates, including rod10, exhibits a biological activity that enhances the release of hiv-2, hiv-1, and simian immunodeficiency virus particles from infected cells. the present study aims at better defining the functional domains involved in this biological activity. to this end, we have characterized the envelope protein of the rod14 isolate of hiv-2, which, despite 95% ... | 1999 | 9847387 |
| incidence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody in a prenatal population at a community hospital. | prenatal human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) screening may reduce vertical hiv transmission. we screened 4,419 prenatal sera and found 38 repeatedly reactive specimens with an hiv-1-hiv-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. western blot analysis confirmed four of these specimens as positive for hiv-1 antibodies. screening detects previously unidentified hiv infections, but false-positive results may also occur. | 1999 | 9874679 |
| the connection domain is implicated in metalloporphyrin binding and inhibition of hiv reverse transcriptase. | we have shown that heme and zinc protoporphyrin inhibit both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) and, in combination with other nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors, exert an additive effect on hiv-1 rt inhibition. screening of a phage peptide library against heme resulted in the isolation of a peptide with sequence similarity to sequence 398-407 from the connection subdomain of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 rts, suggesting that this highly cons ... | 1999 | 9880532 |
| regulation of virus release by the macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ad8 isolate is redundant and can be controlled by either vpu or env. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpu and env proteins are expressed from a bicistronic mrna. to address the biological significance of the coordinated expression of vpu and env, we compared the relative effects on particle release of hiv-1 isolates containing an intact vpu gene or carrying point mutations in its initiation codon or internal deletions, respectively. we found that the primary ad8 isolate, which is unable to express vpu due to a mutation in its translation initiation ... | 1999 | 9882289 |
| characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from l'hoest monkeys (cercopithecus l'hoesti): implications for the origins of sivmnd and other primate lentiviruses. | the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) appear to have originated by cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from asymptomatically infected african primates. few of the sivs characterized to date efficiently infect human primary lymphocytes. interesting, two of the three identified to infect such cultures (sivsm and sivcpz) have appeared in human populations as genetically related hivs. in the present study, we characterized a novel siv isolate ... | 1999 | 9882304 |
| evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | a new immunochromatographic rapid test, determine hiv-1/2, for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in human whole blood, serum, and plasma was evaluated. determine hiv-1/2 is a sandwich immunoassay and uses a nitrocellulose strip with a capture site for the patient's results and a procedural control site to confirm the validity of the assay. the results can be read visually, and a positive result is indicated by the formation of a red line within ... | 1999 | 9889220 |
| quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using a quantitative-competitive pcr assay. | a new quantitative-competitive pcr-based human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) proviral dna assay (qc-pcr) was developed and used to determine the proviral load in hiv-2-infected individuals. proviral load varied considerably, with means of 1,831 copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells for asymptomatic subjects (n = 19) and 2,587 for aids patients (n = 2). hiv-2 viral and proviral loads also varied significantly over time in asymptomatic patients. these data suggest that a high ... | 1999 | 9889242 |
| primary dural leiomyosarcoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report. | we report the magnetic resonance imaging, angiographic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of a dural leiomyosarcoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | 1999 | 9894982 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 differ in the predominant mechanism used for selection of genomic rna for encapsidation. | retroviral rna encapsidation is a highly selective process mediated through recognition by the viral gag proteins of cis-acting rna packaging signals in genomic rna. this rna species is also translated, producing the viral gag gene products. the relationship between these processes is poorly understood. unlike that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the dominant packaging signal of hiv-2 is upstream of the major splice donor and present in both unspliced and spliced viral rnas, nece ... | 1999 | 10074152 |
| dissecting the role of the n-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus integrase by trans-complementation analysis. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) integrase protein (in) catalyzes two reactions required to integrate hiv dna into the human genome: 3' processing of the viral dna ends and integration. in has three domains, the n-terminal zinc-binding domain, the catalytic core, and the c-terminal sh3 domain. previously, it was shown that in proteins mutated in different domains could complement each other. we now report that this does not require any overlap between the two complementing proteins; an n-t ... | 1999 | 10074170 |
| epithelin/granulin growth factors: extracellular cofactors for hiv-1 and hiv-2 tat proteins. | epithelin/granulin growth factor is synthesized as a 593 amino acid precursor protein that contains 7.5 imperfectly conserved repeats of approximately 57 amino acids. processed epithelin/granulin peptides have been isolated from vertebrate/invertebrate species and are growth factors implicated in epithelial and haemic cell function. here they are identified as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tat binding proteins using the yeast two-hybrid assay. intracellularly in yeast, mutation of selected ... | 1999 | 10079180 |
| pmti, a broadly active unusual single-stranded polyribonucleotide, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication by multiple mechanisms. | poly(1-methyl-6-thioinosinic acid), or pmti, is a single-stranded polyribonucleotide and is the first homopolyribonucleotide devoid of watson-crick hydrogen bonding sites to show potent human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibition. pmti was found to be active when evaluated against a variety of low passage clinical hiv isolates in fresh human peripheral blood cells, including t cell-tropic and monocyte-macrophage-tropic viruses, syncytium-inducing and non-syncytium-inducing viruses and viruses ... | 1999 | 10079876 |
| kaposi's sarcoma: breeding ground of herpesviridae - a tour de force over viral evolution (review). | after reviewing the molecular biological basis of prominent theories for the integration of viruses into the earliest forms of living matter, an account is given on the immunoevasive strategies viruses have had to acquire in order to secure their existence against the most sophisticated anti-viral defensive mechanisms evolving in their hosts. herpes-viridae and kaposi's sarcoma illustrate the complexity of host-virus relationship. in following the evolutionary steps of simians and hominoids to h ... | 1999 | 10087309 |
| tyrosine sulfation of the amino terminus of ccr5 facilitates hiv-1 entry. | chemokine receptors and related seven-transmembrane-segment (7tms) receptors serve as coreceptors for entry of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv) into target cells. each of these otherwise diverse coreceptors contains an n-terminal region that is acidic and tyrosine rich. here, we show that the chemokine receptor ccr5, a principal hiv-1 coreceptor, is posttranslationally modified by o-linked glycosylation and by sulfation of its n-terminal tyrosines. sulfated tyros ... | 1999 | 10089882 |
| characterization of antigens expressed in normal baboon trophoblast and cross-reactive with hiv/siv antibodies. | electron microscopic studies have revealed the presence of endogenous retroviral (erv) particles in normal primate placental tissues. these particles have ultrastructural similarities to type c retroviral particles and are mainly associated with the trophoblast. in normal human placental tissues, they have antigenic similarity with exogenous retroviruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and may have a role to play in the regulation of cellular gene expression, syncytiotrophoblast ... | 1999 | 10098831 |
| effect of 3-hydroxyphthaloyl-beta-lactoglobulin on vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus monkeys. | heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is the major cause of the ongoing aids epidemic. application of chemical barrier methods is expected to contribute to the worldwide control of this epidemic. bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride (3-hydroxyphthalovyl-beta-lactoglobulin [3hp-beta-lg]) was shown to inhibit hiv-1, hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and chlamydia trachomatis infection in vi ... | 1999 | 10103216 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | 1999 | 9934673 | |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase protein promotes reverse transcription through specific interactions with the nucleoprotein reverse transcription complex. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase protein (in) is essential for integration of the viral dna into host cell chromosomes. since in is expressed and assembled into virions as part of the 160-kda gag-pol precursor polyprotein and catalyzes integration of the provirus in infected cells as a mature 32-kda protein, mutations in in are pleiotropic and may affect virus replication at different stages of the virus life cycle in addition to integration. several different phenotypes ... | 1999 | 9971795 |
| primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates, like hiv-1 isolates, frequently use ccr5 but show promiscuity in coreceptor usage. | coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates varies according to biological phenotype. the chemokine receptors ccr5 and cxcr4 are the major coreceptors that, together with cd4, govern hiv-1 entry into cells. since cxcr4 usage determines the biological phenotype for hiv-1 isolates and is more frequent in patients with immunodeficiency, it may serve as a marker for viral virulence. this possibility prompted us to study coreceptor usage by hiv-2, known to be less ... | 1999 | 9971817 |
| origin of hiv-1 in the chimpanzee pan troglodytes troglodytes. | the human aids viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections. although the primate reservoir of hiv-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys), the origin of hiv-1 remains uncertain. viruses related to hiv-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), but only three such sivcpz infections have been documented, one of which involved a virus so divergent that it might represent a ... | 1999 | 9989410 |
| cutaneous infections by papillomavirus, herpes zoster and candida albicans as the only manifestation of idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia. | selective depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes is common in both primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia (icl) cases are defined as a persistent cd4+ t lymphocyte count of less than 300x10(6) cells/l and/or less than 20% of the total t-cell count. | 1999 | 10192160 |
| development and validation of a western immunoblot assay for detection of antibodies to porcine endogenous retrovirus. | reports that pig endogenous retrovirus (perv) infects human cells in vitro have heightened the importance of molecular and serologic monitoring of xenograft recipients for evidence of infection with perv. we report the development and validation of a perv-specific western immunoblot assay for the diagnostic testing of porcine xenografts recipients. this assay is based upon the serological cross-reactivity observed between perv variants capable of infecting human cells in vitro and other mammalia ... | 1999 | 10221475 |
| predominance of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype b in abidjan, ivory coast. | we analyzed the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among 28 hiv-2 strains collected from patients enrolled in an hiv epidemiologic study in abidjan, ivory coast, during 1995-1996. although both subtype a (n = 8; 29%) and subtype b (n = 20; 71%) were present in this sampling, the majority of infections were caused by subtype b viruses. these findings contrasted with the reported predominance of hiv-2 subtype a in other african countries. the broad genetic diversity identified amon ... | 1999 | 10221538 |
| development of hiv/aids vaccine using chimeric gag-env virus-like particles. | we attempted to develop a candidate hiv/aids vaccine, by using unprocessed hiv-2 gag pr45 precursor protein. we found that a 45 kda unprocessed hiv-2 gag precursor protein (pr45), with a deletion of a portion of the viral protease, assembles as virus-like particles (vlp). we mapped the functional domain of hiv-2 gag vlp formation in order to find the minimum length of gag protein to form vlp. a series of deletion mutants was constructed by sequentially removing the c-terminal region of hiv-2 gag ... | 1999 | 10223338 |
| processing and routage of hiv glycoproteins by furin to the cell surface. | proteolytic activation of hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein precursors (gp160 and gp140, respectively) occurs at the carboxyl side of a consensus motif consisting of the highly basic amino acid sequence. we have shown previously (hallenberger et al., 1997) and confirmed in this report, that furin and pc7 can be considered as the putative physiological enzymes involved in the proteolytic activation of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope precursors. in this study, we show by cell surface biotinylatio ... | 1999 | 10225274 |
| potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gene expression and virus production by an hiv-2 tat activation-response rna decoy. | tat activation-response region (tar) decoys have been developed for use in gene therapy for people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). when a tar rna decoy is overexpressed, it will bind tat, thus leaving less of this crucial protein to bind to and activate the natural transcriptional promoter of hiv-1. previous tar decoy constructs have used hiv-1 tar. however, recent epidemiological and biological data began to suggest that the tar region from the human immunodeficiency ... | 1999 | 10233987 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 produces a defect in cd3-gamma gene transcripts similar to that observed for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | t cells are central players in the immune response to infectious disease, with the specificity of their responses controlled by the t-cell receptor (tcr)/cd3 complex on the cell surface. impairment of tcr/cd3-directed cd4(+) t-cell immune responses is frequently observed in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). virus replication is also regulated by t-cell activation factors, with hiv-1 and hiv-2 responding to different tcr/cd3-directed cellular ... | 1999 | 10233990 |
| an orphan g protein-coupled receptor, gpr1, acts as a coreceptor to allow replication of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in brain-derived cells. | twelve g protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, act as coreceptors and determinants for the cell tropisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we isolated hiv-1 variants from t-cell-line (t)- and macrophage (m)-tropic (i.e., dualtropic) (r5-r3-x4) hiv-1 strains and also produced six hiv-1 mutants carrying single-point amino acid substitutions at the tip of the v3 region of the env protein of hiv-1. these variants and t ... | 1999 | 10233994 |
| inhibition of hiv-1 replication by newly developed adamantane-containing polyanionic agents. | newly developed antiviral compounds consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-soluble polyanionic matrix were shown to inhibit hiv-1 infection in lymphoblastoid cells, hela cd4+ beta-galactosidase (magi) cells and macrophages. the effect of the compounds was recorded by measuring viral reverse transcriptase activity and p24 by elisa in culture supernatant and by immunoblotting of cell lysates. in this paper we describe the data obtained with one of the most promising co ... | 1999 | 10320046 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection]. | the isolation of a second retrovirus, hiv-2, led to fears that a second aids pandemic, similar in scope and magnitude to that caused by hiv-1, might ensue. however, the peculiar biologic properties of hiv-2, namely the lower transmissibility of this virus through both sexual and vertical routes, contributed to a more regionalized distribution of the virus, which became endemic in west africa. hiv-2 is genetically more closely related to siv than to hiv-1. when it comes to clinical disease, the s ... | 1999 | 10892439 |
| another undectectable viral load: hiv-2. | a case study is presented of a pregnant woman from ghana whose prenatal screening indicated that she was hiv-positive. she was given azt and 3tc to prevent transmitting the virus to her newborn, but declined to take the drugs, thinking they were unnecessary. the baby tested positive, and further testing of the mother revealed that they were infected with hiv-2, not hiv-1 for which they had been tested. hiv-2 is a lentivirus capable of causing the same clinical syndrome as hiv-1 with regard to cd ... | 1999 | 11366503 |
| antiviral properties of a mangrove plant, rhizophora apiculata blume, against human immunodeficiency virus. | a polysaccharide extracted from the leaf of rhizophora apiculata (rap) was assessed in cell culture systems, for its activity against human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. rap inhibited hiv-1 or hiv-2 or siv strains in various cell cultures and assay systems. it blocked the expression of hiv-1 antigen in mt-4 cells and abolished the production of hiv-1 p24 antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc); the 50% effective concentration (ec50) of rap in hiv-1 infected mt-4 cells and in ... | 1999 | 10669261 |
| increasing prevalence of hiv-2 and dual hiv-1-2 infections among patients attending various outdoor patient departments in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993-96, a serological study was carried out for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons attending the various outdoor patient departments of byl nair municipal hospital, mumbai. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is still the predominant virus among the high risk hiv infected persons in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 infections are increasing especially among promiscuous heterosexuals and female commercial sex workers. increases in hiv-2 infec ... | 1999 | 11243075 |
| detection of treponema pallidum, haemophilus ducreyi, and herpes simplex virus by multiplex pcr. | the three major causes of genital ulcer disease (gud) are herpes simplex virus (hsv), treponema pallidum, and haemophilus ducreyi. although techniques exist for the laboratory diagnosis of all three organisms, constraints of cost, availability of equipment and expertise, and the lack of sensitivity and specificity of available tests, result in clinical presentation being primarily used for the diagnosis of gud both in the united states and in developing countries. due to the overlapping clinical ... | 1999 | 21390729 |
| use of lectins in affinity purification of hiv and siv envelope glycoproteins. | the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are the etiologic agents of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and related disorders (1-3) simian immunodeficiency virus(siv) is the corresponding virus for nonhuman primates. sivmac has been isolated from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) with immunosuppression and malignant lymphomas (4). | 1998 | 21374468 |
| inhibition of hiv infection by lectin binding to gp120. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the causative agent of aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). the polypeptide precursor gp160 of hiv-1 forms the external glycoprotein, gp120 and the transmembrane glycoprotein, gp41 (1). sequence variability is a feature of hiv viruses that have been classified into several subtypes (2). there are 22-31 potential n-linked glycosylation sites on gp120 depending on the hiv-1 isolate and thus, approximately half of its molecular weight is composed of carbo ... | 1998 | 21374492 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infection in some rural areas of nigeria. | the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in rural areas of nigeria was estimated using 1089 sera collected in 18 locations from 1992 to early 1994. the sera were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and confirmed by western immunoblotting technique. overall, 13 (1.2%) of the 1089 sera were positive for antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. prevalence of 0.6% and 0.8% were obtained for hiv-1 and hiv-2 respectively. the highest prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 (50.0%) we ... | 1998 | 10892430 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection in a tertiary care hospital--clinical and microbiological profile. | infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has an increasing, direct and significant impact on the hospital, especially the emergency services. out of a total of 39,876 patients screened, 1061 patients were reactive for anti-hiv antibodies. the incidence of the infection showed a remarkable progression from 0.89% in 1992-1993 to 5.6% in 1997, among the seropositive patients. the number of patients with signs and symptoms related to hiv infection has also shown a 2 fold rise (from 42% ... | 1998 | 11273318 |
| clinical profile of aids: a study at a referral hospital. | the present study describes the clinical and epidemiological features of 74 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection who presented to a referral hospital. sixty two patients (83.7%) were diagnosed to have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). mean age of the patients was 34.9 +/- 12 years and male to female ratio was 3:1. majority of patients (80%) were from lower socio-economic class. multiple unprotected heterosexual contact with commercial sex workers in metropolitan c ... | 1998 | 11229245 |
| increasing prevalence of dual hiv-1-2 infections among voluntary blood donors in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993 and 1996, we carried out a serological screening for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons admitted in the various wards of byl nair hospital, mumbai, using the immunocomb kit. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is the predominant virus prevalent in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 and hiv-2 infections are gradually increasing. | 1998 | 10327793 |
| kaposi's sarcoma in the gambia, west africa is less frequent in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 than in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection despite a high prevalence of human herpesvirus 8. | to investigate the distribution of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) cases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) infection in the gambia; to document the prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection in various population groups in the gambia. | 1998 | 10195242 |
| low peripheral blood viral hiv-2 rna in individuals with high cd4 percentage differentiates hiv-2 from hiv-1 infection. | to elucidate why the virulence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections differ in west african populations. study design/method: peripheral blood plasma virion rna and cellular proviral dna levels were measured in a cross-section of 59 hiv-1 and 49 hiv-2 singly infected individuals representing all stages of infection in the gambia, west africa. novel reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays specific and sensitive for virus quantification of non-clade b hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections wer ... | 1998 | 10195267 |
| [hiv-2 infection in the world. a geographical perspective]. | the geographical distribution of hiv-2 is not fully understood. however, there is enough evidence to speculate about the origins and differentiation of this geographical pattern. foci of infection probably developed in some african countries, such as guinea-bissau, angola and mozambique, in the 1970s. the decolonization of these countries led to the movement of people, and the virus, to historically associated countries such as portugal, india and brazil. in ivory coast, a focus was probably cre ... | 1998 | 10064918 |
| hiv-2 infection throughout the world. a geographical perspective | the geographical distribution of hiv-2 is not fully understood. however, there is enough evidence to speculate about the origins and differentiation of this geographical pattern. foci of infection probably developed in some african countries, such as guinea-bissau, angola and mozambique, in the 1970s. the decolonization of these countries led to the movement of people, and the virus, to historically associated countries such as portugal, india and brazil. in ivory coast, a focus was probably cre ... | 1998 | 9917568 |
| effect of rantes on the infection of monocyte-derived primary macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2. | the effect of beta chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of primary macrophages is controversial, and their effect on hiv-2 infection of these cells has not yet been documented. we examined the effect of synthetic and recombinant regulated-on-activation, normal t cell-expressed and -secreted (rantes) on hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection of primary monocyte-derived-macrophages (mdm) that were obtained as the adherent cells of 5-day cultures of blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), ... | 1998 | 9921414 |
| high-resolution solution nmr structure of the minimal active domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type-2 nucleocapsid protein. | the retroviral nucleocapsid (nc) protein is a multifunctional protein essential for rna genome packaging and viral infectivity. the nc protein, ncp8, of the human immunodeficiency virus type-ii (hiv-2) is a 49 amino acid peptide containing two zinc fingers, of the type c-x2-c-x4-h-x4-c, connected by seven amino acid residues, called the "basic amino acid cluster." it has been shown that the n-terminal zinc finger flanked by the basic amino acid cluster is the minimal active domain for the specif ... | 1998 | 9922136 |
| [effect of hiv envelope glycoprotein on the induction of immune dysregulation in hiv infection]. | the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been know to play an important role in the induction of immune dysregulation of hiv infection. recent evidence suggests that hiv requires the chemokine receptors as a coreceptor. in addition, we found that hiv-2 (but not hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein can bind to not only cd 4 but also cd 8 molecules on human t cells. based upon these findings, we discuss the effect of hiv envelope glycoprotein on the pathogenic role of hiv infect ... | 1998 | 9884546 |
| changes in neuron size in cynomolgus macaques infected with various immunodeficiency viruses and poliovirus. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection leads to clinically significant neuronal pathology, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. infection of rhesus macaques with the simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac251 has been shown to cause atrophy of hippocampal pyramidal cells. the aim of the current investigation was to determine whether sivmac251 and other viruses with differing abilities to cause immune suppression or encephalitis could cause neuronal atrophy in cynomolgus macaques. ani ... | 1998 | 9888157 |
| in vitro evaluation and characterization of newly designed alkylamidophospholipid analogues as anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 agents. | our laboratories first reported two novel classes of complex synthetic lipids, including alkylamidophosphocholines (pc lipid; cp-51) and alkylamidophosphate ester-linked lipid-azt conjugates (lipid-azt conjugates; cp-92), with selective and potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). to extend these observations, we synthesized additional pc lipids and lipid-azt conjugates (ink and ink-azt conjugate) to evaluate their structure-activity relationships by testing for selec ... | 1998 | 9875387 |
| broad-spectrum antiviral activity and mechanism of antiviral action of the fluoroquinolone derivative k-12. | the fluoroquinolone derivatives have been shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication at the transcriptional level. we confirmed the anti-hiv activity of the most potent congener, 8-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-[4-(2- methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid (k-12), in both acutely and chronically infected cells. k-12 was active against different strains of hiv-1 (including azt- and ritonavir-resistant hiv-1 strains), hiv-2 and simian immu ... | 1998 | 9875393 |
| an approach towards the synthesis of potential metal-chelating tsao-t derivatives as bidentate inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. | novel derivatives of the potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor tsao-t have been designed, synthesized and tested for their in vitro antiretroviral activity against hiv. these tsao-t derivatives have been designed as potential bidentate inhibitors of hiv-1 rt, which combine in their structure the functionality of a non-nucleoside rt inhibitor (tsao-t) and a bivalent ion-chelating moiety (a beta-diketone moiety) linked through an appropriate spacer ... | 1998 | 9875394 |
| synthesis, structure and in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of novel 3-methyl-1h,3h-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazoles. | a series of novel 1-aryl-3-methyl-1h,3h-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazoles, tbz analogues, were synthesized and investigated as anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) agents in order to study the effects of structural modifications on antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. they were proved to inhibit significantly hiv-1 replication in vitro without showing inhibitory activity on hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus. their potency was influenced by the presence of suitable substituents in the phenyl ... | 1998 | 9875396 |
| imidazo[1,5-b]pyridazine-d4t conjugates: synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus evaluation. | in an attempt to combine the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-inhibitory capacity of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydronucleoside analogues [nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors; nrti] and non-nucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrti), we have designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-hiv activity several heterodimers of the general formula [d4t]-nh-(ch2)n-nh-[imidazo[1,5-b]pyridazine]. the synthesis of these heterodimers was conducted in three parts. the first part focused on ... | 1998 | 9875400 |
| detection of jc virus in two african cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy including identification of jcv type 3 in a gambian aids patient. | progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is a fatal demyelinating central nervous system (cns) infection, affecting mainly oligodendrocytes, but also occasional astrocytes. in the usa, europe and asia, pml is caused by the human polyomavirus jc virus (jcv) and in autopsy series occurs in about 4-7% of aids patients. in africa, the prevalence of pml in aids patients is uncertain and the causative agent is unknown. this study reports immunocytochemical and pcr confirmation of pml in the cn ... | 1998 | 9877195 |
| candidate vaccines protect macaques against primate immunodeficiency viruses. | the preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of potential vaccines against aids requires challenge models. the experimental infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) or chimeric viruses have proven to be most valuable. the progress made using simian models to assess the efficacy and identify the correlates or mechanism of protection by whole inactivated virus, live attenuated virus or recombinant sub-unit vaccines is reviewed. it is possi ... | 1998 | 9814954 |
| live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)mac in macaques can induce protection against mucosal infection with sivsm. | to investigate whether vaccination of macaques with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)macc8 could induce long-term protective immunity against rectal exposure to sivsm and intravenous exposure to the more divergent hiv-2. | 1998 | 9863867 |
| chemokine receptor (ccr5) expression in human kidneys and in the hiv infected macaque. | the chemokine receptor, ccr5, has been identified as an essential co-receptor with cd4, which permits entry of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) into mammalian cells. this receptor may also mediate leukocyte and parenchymal responses to injury by virtue of its binding to locally released chemokines such as rantes, mip-1 alpha and mip-1 beta during inflammation. the localization of ccr5 in human or primate kidney is unknown. in this study we sought to identify sites of ccr5 synthesis through loc ... | 1998 | 9853259 |
| suppression of hiv replication by dominant negative mutants of hiv-1 (review). | various gag mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) generated in vitro were evaluated for their potentials to suppress the replication of wild-type (wt) virus. a single-round of wt virus replication in the presence of various mutant proteins was quantitatively monitored by transfection and infection experiments. out of 38 mutants examined, 15 were demonstrated to interfere with the replication of wt hiv-1 at early and/or late viral replication phase. some of these mutants were als ... | 1998 | 9855705 |
| dissecting the mode of action of various hiv-inhibitor classes in a stable cellular system. | we describe a stable and sensitive hiv evaluation system, which discriminates hiv-specific membrane fusion and early transcription events and is suitable for high-throughput inhibitor screening. a human lymphocytic line, constitutively producing infectious hiv-1, serves as env-positive donor. a second indicator cell line carries a silent hiv-1 ltr lacz reporter plasmid. a bicellular cocultivation setup allows titration and standardization of "fusion-induced gene stimulation (figs)" events. with ... | 1998 | 9856097 |
| functional roles of hiv accessory proteins for viral replication (review). | numerous lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) of causative agents of human aids as representative, have been recently isolated from various species of primates. the fundamental and most prominent feature of the viruses is the presence of a number of accessory genes in their genomes. extensive biological and biochemical studies have demonstrated that the accessory gene products are not essential for viral replication at least in certain types of cel ... | 1998 | 9857229 |
| infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2: epidemiology and transmission (review). | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is known to be one of the agents that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). it has been present in west africa since the 1960s and is currently epidemic there. compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2 is genomically different. furthermore, it is less prevalent worldwide than hiv-1. in west africa, seropositive rates of hiv-2 are higher in urban versus rural communities, however, there are no gender differences. sexua ... | 1998 | 9858654 |
| multicenter evaluation of the new automated enzymun-test anti-hiv 1 + 2 + subtyp o. | an international multicenter study was performed to evaluate a new, automated human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) third-generation antibody assay. the enzymun-test anti-hiv 1 + 2 + subtyp o showed 100% sensitivity and 99.8% specificity among 11,172 samples from hospitalized patients and blood donors. for early hiv antibody detection in seroconversion panels, enzymun-test showed a sensitivity equivalent to that of the abbott recomb. hiv-1/hiv-2 3rd gen. assay. | 1998 | 9466782 |
| t cells chronically infected with hiv do not contain sufficient nef to promote cd4 downmodulation in the absence of envelope-mediated effects. | among hiv viral proteins, envelope glycoproteins and nef have been both suggested to participate in cd4 downregulation during the course of hiv infection. in a previous study, we provided evidence that a mutant form of cd4 that does not bind gp120 was never downregulated in chronically hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected cem cells. to further investigate the relative effects of nef or glycoproteins in cd4 downregulation, recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) vectors were used to express high levels of hiv-1 vir ... | 1998 | 9473011 |
| left ventricular dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. | we evaluated left ventricular function by echocardiography in a prospective study that included 98 consecutive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients and 40 hiv-seronegative normal controls. when compared with controls, hiv patients showed increased isovolumic relaxation time (101+/-18 ms versus 71+/-10 ms; p<0.0001) and left ventricular diastolic diameters (51+/-6 mm versus 47+/-3 mm; p<0.0005), and decreased fractional shortening (31+/-6% versus 37+/-2%; p<0.0001). diastolic dysf ... | 1998 | 9482143 |
| the regulation of primate immunodeficiency virus infectivity by vif is cell species restricted: a role for vif in determining virus host range and cross-species transmission. | the primate immunodeficiency virus vif proteins are essential for replication in appropriate cultured cell systems and, presumably, for the establishment of productive infections in vivo. we describe experiments that define patterns of complementation between human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv and siv) vif proteins and address the determinants that underlie functional specificity. using human cells as virus producers, it was found that the hiv-1 vif protein could modulate the infectivi ... | 1998 | 9482723 |
| the role of cytotoxic t-cells in hiv infection. | hiv-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are believed to play a major role in controlling virus levels through the asymptomatic period of hiv infection. for the rational design of an hiv vaccine, we need to know whether protective immunity can ever develop following hiv exposure in people who remain uninfected. we have detected hiv-specific ctl in 5/6 repeatedly exposed, persistently seronegative female sex-workers in the gambia. their ctl, repeatedly detected over two years, recognise epitope ... | 1998 | 9554277 |
| evaluation of an expanded two-elisa approach for confirmation of reactive serum samples in an hiv-screening programme for pregnant women. | serum specimens were collected from 31,232 pregnant women in amsterdam between 1988 and 1995 in a screening programme for human deficiency virus (hiv) infection. the sera of 56 (0.179%) women tested were confirmed as positive for hiv. a total of 67 sera reacted positive or borderline by the screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and indeterminate or negative by hiv-1 western blot; 42 of these specimens were available for evaluation of the strategy for diagnosis of hiv infection. a t ... | 1998 | 9557294 |
| transport of viruses through fetal membranes: an in vitro model of perinatal transmission. | a model system for perinatal transmission of viral infections was developed and transport of infectious virus particles through fetal membranes was investigated. viruses of different families known to cause serious intrauterine infections were selected, including relevant and model viruses: the dna-viruses hsv-1 and -2 as well as the animal herpes viruses bhv-1 and shv-1, the rna-virus bvdv as a model for hepatitis c virus, hiv-1 and -2, and ppv as a model for parvovirus b19. migration of infect ... | 1998 | 9557298 |
| phosphorylation of triciribine is necessary for activity against hiv type 1. | triciribine (tcn) is a tricyclic nucleoside with known antineoplastic and antiviral activity. it is a potent and selective inhibitor of hiv-1 and hiv-2, including strains known to be resistant to azt or tibo. tcn is phosphorylated to its 5'-monophosphate (tcn-p) by intracellular adenosine kinase (ak), but is not converted to di- or triphosphates. we now report that 5'-phosphorylation is requisite for the activity of tcn against hiv-1. cem cells incubated with tcn at concentrations ranging from 0 ... | 1998 | 9788672 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates and regulates the hiv-1 vif protein. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vif protein plays a critical role in virus replication and infectivity. here we show that vif is phosphorylated and regulated by p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk). vif phosphorylation by mapk was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo and was shown to occur on serine and threonine residues. two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping indicated that vif is phosphorylated by mapk on the same sites in vitro and in vivo. radioactive p ... | 1998 | 9792705 |
| inactivation of viruses by beta-propiolactone in human cryo poor plasma and igg concentrates. | virus inactivation by cold treatment with beta-propiolactone (bpl) was investigated in human cryo poor plasma and purified igg concentrates spiked with relevant human viruses or appropriate animal model viruses. the samples were treated with 0.1 or 0.25% bpl for 300 or 480 min, respectively. residual infectivity was determined by standard microtitration assays on tissue culture cells. the inactivation of all viruses tested was more effective in igg than in plasma. igg: r1=4-5.5 log10 for vesicul ... | 1998 | 9811521 |
| a dileucine motif in hiv-1 nef acts as an internalization signal for cd4 downregulation and binds the ap-1 clathrin adaptor. | human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) nef downregulates surface expression of cd4, an integral component of the functional hiv receptor complex, through accelerated endocytosis of surface receptors and diminished transport of cd4 from the golgi network to the plasma membrane. hiv-1 nef also diminishes surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i antigens. in the case of hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus 1 (siv-1) nef, aminoterminal tyrosine-based motifs mediate the ... | 1998 | 9811606 |
| zeta chain of the t-cell receptor interacts with nef of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | a truncated version of the nef gene of simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac239 capable of encoding amino acids 98 to 263 was used as bait to screen a cdna library from activated lymphocytes in a yeast two-hybrid system. the zeta chain of the t-cell receptor (tcrzeta) was found to interact specifically not only with truncated siv nef in yeast cells but also with full-length glutathione s-transferase (gst)-sivnef fusion protein in vitro. coimmunoprecipitation of tcrzeta with full-length siv nef wa ... | 1998 | 9811718 |
| rapid assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of immunoglobulin g antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m, hiv-1 group o, and hiv-2. | a rapid immunodiagnostic test that detects and discriminates human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections on the basis of viral type, hiv type 1 (hiv-1) group m, hiv-1 group o, or hiv-2, was developed. the rapid assay for the detection of hiv (hiv rapid assay) was designed as an instrument-free chromatographic immunoassay that detects immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to hiv. to assess the performance of the hiv rapid assay, 470 hiv-positive plasma samples were tested by pcr and/or western blot ... | 1998 | 9817891 |
| reduction of the diagnostic window with a new combined p24 antigen and human immunodeficiency virus antibody screening assay. | in order to reduce the window phase between time of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and laboratory diagnosis, new fourth generation screening assays which permit a simultaneous detection of hiv antigen and antibody have been developed. in a multicenter study, a new automated fourth generation assay, enzymun-test hiv combi (boehringer mannheim gmbh) was compared to third generation assay, p24 antigen tests and western blot. a total of 37 seroconversion panels, samples of the early in ... | 1998 | 9820572 |
| binding of hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein to cd8 molecules and related chemokine production. | we recently found that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 envelope glycoprotein, but not that of hiv-1, could bind to cd4 and cd8 molecules on t cells, and that the binding site of hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein was located on the alpha-chain (but not the beta-chain) of cd8. this study showed that the binding of hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein could induce phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinase p56lck in cd8+ t cells. we also found that production of beta-chemokines in response to hiv-2 envelope ... | 1998 | 9824478 |
| polyanion inhibitors of hiv and other viruses. 7. polyanionic compounds and polyzwitterionic compounds derived from cyclodextrins as inhibitors of hiv transmission. | new polyanionic compounds were obtained from radical addition of thiomalic acid and mercaptopropionic acid onto perallylated cyclodextrins (cds) under uv irradiation with a catalytic amount of alpha,alpha'-azobis(isobutyronitrile). all these polyanions, bearing 18-48 carboxylate groups, inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strain iiib replication in mt-4 cells at a 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of 0.1-2.9 microm, while not being toxic to the host cells at concentrations up ... | 1998 | 9836609 |
| natural infection of a homozygous delta24 ccr5 red-capped mangabey with an r2b-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus. | a homozygous 24-bp deletion (delta24) was found in the cc chemokine receptor 5 (ccr5) of 11 out of 15 red-capped mangabeys (rcms), cercocebus torquatus torquatus, both in africa and in an american zoo. the ccr5 delta24 defect encompassed eight amino acids in frame in the fourth transmembrane region. unexpectedly, rcm-009, one of 11 homozygotes (delta24ccr5/ delta24ccr5), was found to be naturally infected with a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain, which was not r5-tropic, but u ... | 1998 | 9841919 |
| [7 new cases of hiv-2 infection recognized in madrid in 1996 and 1997]. | the infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) is endemic in western africa, where it is responsible for many of aids cases. in spain, 72 cases with hiv-2 until december 1997 had been reported, mainly in african immigrants. seven of these cases (4 males and 3 females) were identified during 1996 and 1997. five came from western africa and other two were spanish, one from alicant and the other from vigo. only one out of the seven patients presented clinical manifestations (pneumoc ... | 1998 | 9844454 |
| increasing prevalence of hiv-2 and dual hiv-1-2 infections among high risk group hospital admitted patients in mumbai (bombay). | between 1993 and 1996, we carried out a serological screening for differentially identifying hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among the high risk group persons admitted in the various wards of byl nair hospital, mumbai, using the immunocomb kit. this study indicates that although hiv-1 is the predominant virus prevalent in mumbai, dual hiv-1-2 and hiv-2 infections are gradually increasing. | 1998 | 10218292 |
| evidence of nef truncation in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 differs from hiv-1 in its relative lower transmissibility and pathogenicity. to understand the virologic basis of these differences, the nef gene from hiv-2-seropositive persons was analyzed because of its importance for disease progression in the genetically related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv[mac]). proviral nef sequences from 60 hiv-2-infected persons were amplified from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and nef open-reading frames were screened by a tr ... | 1998 | 9419171 |
| natural infection of a household pet red-capped mangabey (cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus. | a seroprevalence survey was conducted for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) antibody in household pet monkeys in gabon. twenty-nine monkeys representing seven species were analyzed. by using human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)/sivsm, sivmnd, and sivagm antigens, one red-capped mangabey (rcm) (cercocebus torquatus torquatus) was identified as harboring siv-cross-reactive antibodies. a virus isolate, termed sivrcm, was subsequently established from this seropositive rcm by cocultivation ... | 1998 | 9420264 |
| field evaluation of a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for type-specific diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infections in hiv-seropositive persons in abidjan, ivory coast. | serologic distinction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infection is made difficult because of the cross-reactivity and high cost of existing differentiation assays. an evaluation of a strategy based on a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) (cme), was carried out in abidjan, ivory coast, where both hiv-1 and hiv-2 are present, to determine its accuracy and cost-effectiveness. a total of 1,608 (428 hiv-1-positive, 361 hiv-2-positive, ... | 1998 | 9431934 |
| cross-reactions between the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses of human immunodeficiency virus-infected african and european patients. | the great variability of protein sequences from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) isolates represents a major obstacle to the development of an effective vaccine against this virus. the surface protein (env), which is the predominant target of neutralizing antibodies, is particularly variable. here we examine the impact of variability among different hiv-1 subtypes (clades) on cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) activities, the other major component of the antiviral immune response. ctl ... | 1998 | 9557634 |
| structured-tree topology and adaptive evolution of the simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm envelope during serial passage in rhesus macaques according to likelihood mapping and quartet puzzling. | species-specific strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) are nonpathogenic in african primates. the siv strain most closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is sivsm, the strain specific to the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys). infection of asian primates with siv causes aids and allows the study of the adaptive evolution of a lentivirus to replicate efficiently in a new host, providing a useful animal model of hiv infection and aids in humans. serial passage of sivs ... | 1998 | 9557648 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in sooty mangabeys without inducing disease. | a serologic survey of primates living in a french zoo allowed identification of three cases of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus in sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys) (sivsm). viral isolates, which were designated sivsmfr66, sivsmfr74, and sivsmfr85, were obtained after short-term culture of mangabey lymphoid cells. phylogenetic analysis of gag and env sequences amplified directly from mangabey tissues showed that the three sivsmfr were genetically close and that they constituted a new ... | 1998 | 9557672 |
| mutational scan of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 integrase protein. | retroviral integrase (in) cleaves linear viral dna specifically near the ends of the dna (cleavage reaction) and subsequently couples the processed ends to phosphates in the target dna (integration reaction). in vitro, in catalyzes the disintegration reaction, which is the reverse of the integration reaction. ideally, we would like to test the role of each amino acid in the in protein. we mutagenized human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in in a random way using pcr mutagenesis and generated a set ... | 1998 | 9557677 |
| a broad range of chemokine receptors are used by primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 as coreceptors with cd4. | like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), hiv-2 requires a coreceptor in addition to cd4 for entry into cells. hiv and siv coreceptor molecules belong to a family of seven-transmembrane-domain g-protein-coupled receptors. here we show that primary hiv-2 isolates can use a broad range of coreceptor molecules, including ccr1, ccr2b, ccr3, ccr4, ccr5, and cxcr4. despite broad coreceptor use, the chemokine ligand sdf-1 substantially blocked hiv-2 infec ... | 1998 | 9557695 |
| prevalence of infection with hiv, hepatitis b and c viruses, in four high risk groups in eritrea. | little is known about the prevalence of infections in different population groups in africa, and about the influence of living conditions on the spread of infections. this study is the first of its kind in the state of eritrea and is expected to serve as an evaluation of the situation in the country. | 1998 | 9562856 |
| mechanism of nef-induced cd4 endocytosis: nef connects cd4 with the mu chain of adaptor complexes. | the nef protein of primate lentiviruses down-regulates the cell surface expression of cd4 and probably mhc i by connecting these receptors with the endocytic machinery. here, we reveal that nef interacts with the mu chains of adaptor complexes, key components of clathrin-coated pits. for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) nef, this interaction occurs via tyrosine-based motifs reminiscent of endocytosis signals. mutating these motifs prevents the b ... | 1998 | 9564030 |
| multiply spliced env and nef transcripts of simian immunodeficiency virus from west african green monkey (sivagm-sab). | we have characterized the spliced transcripts of nef and envelope genes of sivagm from african green monkey of the sabaeus subspecies. most of the transcripts we have studied, representing the most abundant mrna species in our assay, have undergone a specific splicing event that removes a part of the trans-activation response (tar) element. this region is predicted to form a stable secondary structure (four stem-loop elements in sivagm-sab) that affects the trans-activation of viral gene express ... | 1998 | 9566554 |
| construction of the chimeric reverse transcriptase of simian immunodeficiency virus sensitive to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. | a number of structurally diverse compounds have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the dna polymerase activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt). the compounds can be grouped into two broad classes; nucleoside analogs and nonnucleoside rt inhibitors. the nonnucleoside rt inhibitors are quite specific for hiv-1 rt but not human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) rt. we have investigated the property of siv/hiv-1 ... | 1998 | 9570285 |
| mapping the genetic determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 for cell tropism and replication efficiency. | two distinct infectious molecular clones of human immunodeficiency type 2 (hiv-2) were analyzed for their biological properties in six cell lines. fourteen chimeric and ten mutant viruses were constructed from these two viral genomes to localize the genetic determinants responsible for the phenotypes. growth property of the viruses in the cell lines, together with the biochemical data, showed that a major determinant for the viral tropism resides in the env gene. in addition, in some cell lines, ... | 1998 | 9572552 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx-gag interaction. | incorporation of vpx into human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) virus-like particles is mediated by the gag polyprotein. we have identified residues 15 to 40 of gag p6 and residues 73 to 89 of vpx as being necessary for virion incorporation. in addition, we show enhanced in vitro binding of vpx to a chimeric hiv-1/hiv-2 gag construct containing residues 2 to 49 of hiv-2 p6 and demonstrate that the presence of residues 73 to 89 of vpx allows for in vitro binding to hiv-2 gag. | 1998 | 9573303 |
| ccr5 coreceptor utilization involves a highly conserved arginine residue of hiv type 1 gp120. | the seven-transmembrane ccr5 was recently found to double as a coreceptor for a genetically diverse family of human and nonhuman primate lentiviruses. paradoxically, the main region of the envelope protein believed to be involved in ccr5 utilization was mapped to hypervariable region 3, or v3, of the envelope glycoprotein gp120. in this study, we addressed the question of whether functional convergence in ccr5 utilization is mediated by certain v3 residues that are highly conserved among hiv typ ... | 1998 | 9576954 |
| [importance of molecular biology in retrovirus and herpesvirus infections]. | molecular biology has long been used as a tool for basic research in virology. its medical use is recent and has been supported both by numerous technical improvements and the discovery of new human viruses. this is illustrated by the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, hiv-2, human t-cell leukemia virus (htlv)-i/ii, and human herpesviruses (hhv) 6, 7 and 8. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) gave a major boost to an extended use of molecular biology techniques. this resulted in a be ... | 1998 | 9577878 |
| htlv-1 infection in a population-based cohort of older persons in guinea-bissau, west africa: risk factors and impact on survival. | in 1989, a population-based cohort of persons aged > or = 50 years was established in an urban area of guinea-bissau, west africa. overall, 346 persons were interviewed in detail about risk behaviors and had capillary blood drawn. among women, 12.4% were htlv-1 seropositive, compared with 4.6% in men. no htlv-2 was found. seropositivity varied considerably according to place of birth and ethnic group. in women, but not in men, htlv-1 seropositivity was strongly associated with early sexual debut ... | 1998 | 9579561 |
| cross-clade recognition of p55 by cytotoxic t lymphocytes in hiv-1 infection. | to evaluate cross-clade recognition of p55 antigen by cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) in persons infected with diverse clades of hiv-1; to facilitate the development of a ctl-inducing vaccine to prevent transmission of multiple clades of hiv-1. | 1998 | 9583596 |