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apple pomace, a by-product from the asturian cider industry, inhibits herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in vitro replication: study of its mechanisms of action.the anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 and anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 effects of apple pomace, a by-product from the cider-processing industry, were investigated. the mechanisms of antiviral action were assessed using a battery of experiments targeting sequential steps in the viral replication cycle. the anti-herpetic mechanisms of apple pomaces included the inhibition of virus attachment to the cell surface and the arrest of virus entry and uncoating. quercitrin and procyanidin b2 were foun ...201222424460
national estimates of seroincidence and seroprevalence for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among us military adults aged 18 to 29 years.while population-based seroprevalence studies of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) are widespread, seroincidence studies are largely limited to select or high-risk populations. the us military offers a potential population to derive national seroincidence rate estimates for young adults (ages 18-29).201222421688
herpes simplex virus type 2 triggers reactivation of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency and collaborates with hiv-1 tat.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection was necessary but not sufficient for kaposi's sarcoma (ks) development without other cofactors. previously, we identified that both human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) tat and herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) were important cofactors reactivating kshv from latency. here, we further investigated the potential of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) to influence kshv replication and examined the role of tat in this procedure. we demonstrated that ...201222347501
enhancement of chemokine function as an immunomodulatory strategy employed by human herpesviruses.herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 are highly prevalent human neurotropic pathogens that cause a variety of diseases, including lethal encephalitis. the relationship between hsv and the host immune system is one of the main determinants of the infection outcome. chemokines play relevant roles in antiviral response and immunopathology, but the modulation of chemokine function by hsv is not well understood. we have addressed the modulation of chemokine function mediated by hsv. by using surf ...201222319442
immunodominant "asymptomatic" herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 protein antigens identified by probing whole-orfome microarrays with serum antibodies from seropositive asymptomatic versus symptomatic individuals.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 are medically significant pathogens. the development of an effective hsv vaccine remains a global public health priority. hsv-1 and hsv-2 immunodominant "asymptomatic" antigens (id-a-ags), which are strongly recognized by b and t cells from seropositive healthy asymptomatic individuals, may be critical to be included in an effective immunotherapeutic hsv vaccine. in contrast, immunodominant "symptomatic" antigens (id-s-ags) may exacerbate herpetic disease ...201222318137
a novel multiplex real-time pcr assay for the detection and quantification of hpv16/18 and hsv1/2 in cervical cancer screening.infection with human papillomavirus (hpv), particularly hpv16 and hpv18, is the main cause of invasive cervical cancer, although other factors such as herpes simplex virus (hsv) may act in conjunction with hpv in this context. to explore the possibility of developing a system for rapid diagnosis and clinical screening of cervical cancer, we developed a multiplex real-time pcr assay that can simultaneously detect and quantify hpv16/18 and hsv1/2. to evaluate its possibilities and practical uses, ...201222293505
resistance to hsv-1 infection in the epithelium resides with the novel innate sensor, ifi-16.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are innate sentinels required for clearance of bacterial and fungal infections of the cornea, but their role in viral immunity is currently unknown. we report that tlr signaling is expendable in herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 containment as depicted by plaque assays of knockout mice (myd88(-/-), trif(-/-) and myd88(-/-) trif(-/-) double knockout) resembling wild-type controls. to identify the key sentinel in viral recognition of the cornea, in vivo knockdown of the dna s ...201222236996
efficacy results of a trial of a herpes simplex vaccine.two previous studies of a herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) subunit vaccine containing glycoprotein d in hsv-discordant couples revealed 73% and 74% efficacy against genital disease in women who were negative for both hsv type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 antibodies. efficacy was not observed in men or hsv-1 seropositive women.201222216840
herpesvirus entry mediator is a serotype specific determinant of pathogenesis in ocular herpes.infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 is initiated by viral glycoprotein d (gd) binding to a receptor on the host cell. two receptors, herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem) and nectin-1, mediate entry in murine models of hsv-1 and hsv-2. hvem is dispensable for hsv-2 infection of the vagina and brain, but is required for wt pathogenesis of hsv-1 infection of the cornea. by challenging wt and hvem ko mice with multiple strains of hsv-1 and hsv-2, we demonstrate that without hve ...201223184983
the mirnas of herpes simplex virus (hsv).herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a group of common human pathogens with two serotypes hsv-1 and hsv-2. the prevalence of hsv is worldwide. it primarily infects humans through epithelial cells, when it introduces a latent infection into the nervous system. during viral latency, only a region known as the latency-associated transcript (lat) is expressed. the discovery of hsv mirnas helps to draw a larger picture of the infection and pathogenesis of the virus. this review summarizes mirnas found in hs ...201223180288
[incidence of human herpes virus 1-4 type in saliva of 245 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients].to determine the incidence of human herpes virus (hhv) 1-4 type including herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1), herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus(ebv) in the saliva of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) -infected patients.201223173318
seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in northern iran.herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and 2 are common infectious agents worldwide. data on prevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection are limited in asia, especially in iran. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hsv type 1 and 2 based on age, gender, marital status, education, living area, job, symptoms and history of disease variables.201223113228
idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and persistent viral infection: lack of association in a controlled study using a quantitative assay.it remains unclear whether idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) might ensue as the consequence of viral myocarditis, due to viral persistence in cardiomyocytes. to address this issue, we quantified the levels of enterovirus, epstein-barr virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2), adenovirus and parvovirus b19 genomes in endomyocardial biopsies (embs) from patients with dcm, active myocarditis and controls.201222901461
acute retinal necrosis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in children: reactivation of an undiagnosed latent neonatal herpes infection.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is known to cause acute retinal necrosis (arn). the availability of hsv-2-specific polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnostic analysis has greatly increased our ability to discriminate arn caused by hsv-2 from arn caused by either herpes simplex virus type 1 or varicella zoster virus (vzv). of great interest, hsv-2 appears to be the most common cause of viral arn in children and adolescents. although a few children with arn are known to have had neonatally ...201222889540
dermal hypersensitivity reaction: a pcr-confirmed pattern of herpetic dermatitis.herpetic dermatitis due to herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) can present with similar clinical and histopathologic features. further confounding matters, viral cytopathic changes are not always observed in biopsy specimens. therefore, use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis can play an integral role in the definitive diagnosis of herpetic dermatitis and in the distinction of hsv-1/hsv-2 from vzv.201222882129
type-specific identification of anogenital herpes simplex virus infections by use of a commercially available nucleic acid amplification test.herpes infections are among the most common sexually transmitted infections (sti), but diagnostic methods for genital herpes have not kept pace with the movement toward molecular testing. here, we describe an fda-approved molecular assay that identifies and types herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections for use in routine clinical settings. paired samples from anogenital lesions were tested using the bd probetec hsv q(x) (hsvq(x)) system, hsv culture and, a laboratory-developed pcr assay. family pl ...201222875892
hsv igg antibody inhibits virus detection in csf.before pcr testing of cerebrospinal fluid (csf), laboratory diagnosis of herpes encephalitis (hse) was based on virus isolation from brain biopsy. viral isolation from csf has limited clinical value due to low virus recovery; the cause for which has not been demonstrated.201222841844
herpes simplex virus is equipped with rna- and protein-based mechanisms to repress expression of atrx, an effector of intrinsic immunity.intrinsic immunity is a first-line intracellular defense against virus infection, and viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract it. during herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection, nuclear domain 10 (nd10) components localize adjacent to incoming viral genomes and generate a repressive environment for viral gene expression. here, we found that the nd10 component, alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome x-linked (atrx) protein, is predicted to be a target of hsv-1 mir-h1 and hsv-2 mir-h6. t ...201222787211
incidence of alpha-herpes virus induced ocular disease in suriname.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection of the corneal stroma is the most prominent cause of scar formation impairing visual acuity and hsv keratitis is the leading cause of corneal opacity throughout the world. suriname lacked test systems for microbial causes of ocular disease, therefore a polymerase chain reaction-based herpes virus assay was introduced, enabling prompt recognition, and timely treatment, preventing progressive eye damage. the incidence and epidemiology of herpes simplex virus ty ...201223080500
relationship between cervical disease and infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2.persistent infection with high-risk hpv, particularly type hpv 16 and 18, is necessary in the development of cervical cancer, but apart from hpv infection, other causative factors of most cervical cancers remain unknown. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hpv 16 and hpv 18 and hsv 1 and hsv 2 in cervical samples, and to assess the role of hsvs in cervical carcinogenesis. two hundred thirty-three healthy controls and 567 cases (333 of cervicitis, 210 of cervical intraepithel ...201223080497
epidemiological impact of a genital herpes type 2 vaccine for young females.genital herpes, which is caused by herpes simplex virus-1 or -2 (hsv-1, -2, predominantly hsv-2) is a sexually transmitted infection (sti) that causes a chronic latent infection with outbreak episodes linked to transmission. antiviral therapies are effective in reducing viral shedding during these episodes, but are ineffective as a whole since many outbreaks are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. thus, the development of a vaccine for genital herpes is needed to control this disease. the questi ...201223071536
serum hsv-1 and 2 igm in sexually transmitted diseases - more for screening less for diagnosis: an evaluation of clinical manifestation.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is the cause of most genital herpes. now, hsv-1 has become an important cause and represents even about 30% of genital herpes in some countries. so, study related to genital herpes should consider both hsv-1 and hsv-2.201223055654
impact of novel mutations of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 thymidine kinases on acyclovir phosphorylation activity.the acyclic analogue of guanosine acyclovir (acv) constitutes the first-line drug for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections. acv activation requires primophosphorylation by virus-encoded hsv thymidine kinase (tk). in 95% of cases, hsv resistance to acv is associated with mutations located in tk. the aim of this work was to address the question of the potential involvement of novel hsv-1 and hsv-2 tk mutations in reduced susceptibility to acv using a novel nonradioactive method, ...201223041200
adjunctive hpv in-situ hybridization (ish) assay as an aid in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in cervical tissue specimens: an analytical and functional characterization.the purpose of this study was to develop and analytically and functionally validate a new human papillomavirus (hpv) in-situ hybridization (ish) assay and to determine whether the use of this assay combined with hemotoxylin and eosin (h&e) staining could potentially improve the diagnostic accuracy of interpreting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) in human cervical tissue specimens. an automated hpv ish assay was developed using probes that targeted the broad spectrum of hpv genotypes most ...201223018222
herpes genitalis without frontiers: from clinical aspects to viral identification.genital herpes simplex virus infection is a recurrent, lifelong disease with no cure. the strongest predictor for infection is a person's number of lifetime sex partners. hsv-2 is the commonest responsible, although infections caused by hsv-1 are rapidly increasing, particularly in adolescents, women and men who have sex with men. the natural history includes first-episode of mucocutaneous infection, establishment of latency in the dorsal root ganglion, and subsequent reactivation. most infectio ...201223007253
poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) is an entry inhibitor against both hiv-1 and hsv infections - potential as a dual functional microbicide.genital herpes is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (std) caused by herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2). hsv is considered as a major risk factor in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) infection and rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). here, we reported the finding of a polymer of styrenesulfonic acid and maleic acid (psm) which exhibited antiviral activity with low cytotoxicity. psm exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity ag ...201222940611
detection of human herpes viruses in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis and relationship between viruses and clinical parameters.recent microbiological researches have revealed the possible role of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), epstein barr virus (ebv), and herpes simplex virus (hsv-1 and hsv-2) in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. the present pilot study has been undertaken to detect the presence of these viruses in chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and healthy individuals and to determine the relationship between these viruses and the clinical parameters.201222923891
structure based molecular design, synthesis and biological evaluation of α-pyrone analogs as anti-hsv agent.several options for treating herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 are available. however, non-specific inhibition and drug resistance warrants the discovery of new anti-herpetic compounds with better therapeutic profile or different mode of action. the non-nucleoside inhibitors of hsv dna polymerase target the site that is less important for the binding of a natural nucleoside or nucleoside inhibitors. in the present study, we have explored the possibility to find a new lead molecule based on ...201222921079
geldanamycin, a ligand of heat shock protein 90, inhibits herpes simplex virus type 2 replication both in vitro and in vivo.previously, we discovered geldanamycin, a ligand of heat shock protein 90, effectively inhibited herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in vitro and in vivo (mouse encephalitis model). in this study, we demonstrate that geldanamycin has very strong activities against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro and in vivo (mouse vagina model). in mouse vagina model, administration of geldanamycin suspension to vagina after virus infection protected the infected mice from death and increased the averag ...201222909975
2-[4,5-difluoro-2-(2-fluorobenzoylamino)-benzoylamino]benzoic acid, an antiviral compound with activity against acyclovir-resistant isolates of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are responsible for lifelong latent infections in humans, with periods of viral reactivation associated with recurring ulcerations in the orofacial and genital tracts. in immunosuppressed patients and neonates, hsv infections are associated with severe morbidity and, in some cases, even mortality. today, acyclovir is the standard therapy for the management of hsv infections. however, the need for novel antiviral agents is apparent, since hsv isola ...201222908173
the challenge of developing a herpes simplex virus 2 vaccine.hsv infections are prevalent worldwide. a vaccine to prevent genital herpes would have a significant impact on this disease. several vaccines have shown promise in animal models; however, so far these have not been successful in human clinical studies. prophylactic hsv vaccines to prevent hsv infection or disease have focused primarily on eliciting antibody responses. potent antibody responses are needed to result in sufficiently high levels of virus-specific antibody in the genital tract. thera ...201223252387
[the genotyping and molecular evolution of varicella-zoster virus].varicella-zoster virus (vzv, human herpesvirus 3) is a member of the family herpesviridae, and is classified as alpha-subfamily along with hsv-1 and hsv-2. vzv is the causative agent of chicken pox (varicella) mostly in children, after which it establishes latency in the sensory ganglia with the potential to reactivate at a later time to cause shingles (zoster). increasing molecular epidemiological studies in recent years have been performed to monitor the mutations in vzv genome, discriminate v ...201223233938
intravaginal rings: controlled release systems for contraception and prevention of transmission of sexually transmitted infections.intravaginal rings (ivrs) are a dosage form used to locally or systemically deliver drugs in the vagina. they are capable of releasing one or more drugs over an extended period of time (from several weeks to a year or longer). contraceptive ivrs are currently gaining popularity due to the success of the contraceptive product nuvaring®. delivery of contraceptives from ivrs should promote compliance/adherence, and they also provide effective cycle control and symptom relief (menorrhagia, dysmenorr ...201125788239
kyrieleis plaques associated with acute retinal necrosis from herpes simplex virus type 2.to present the case of a 19-year-old woman with acute retinal necrosis syndrome due to herpes simplex virus type 2, who developed segmental periarterial (kyrieleis) plaques six and one half weeks into her clinical course.201125390418
Effects of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Yerba Mate) on Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Replication.The antiherpes effects of the crude extract obtained from Ilex paraguariensis leaves (yerba mate) and their purified fractions were investigated. The most active fraction was selected and assayed to determine the viral multiplication steps upon which it acted. In order to detect the major components of this fraction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed. The antiviral activity was evaluated against HSV-1 and HSV-2 by a viral plaque number reduction assay (IC(50) ) and the cytot ...201121915933
Digallate dimers of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inactivate herpes simplex virus.Topical microbicides are potentially an alternative method to vaccines for reducing the spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV). We have previously shown (S. Liu et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1723:270-281, 2005) that the catechin (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inactivates HSV at neutral pH; however, to function in the female genital tract EGCG must also be effective at acidic pH. EGCG inactivated HSV-1 and HSV-2 at pH 8.0 by 3 log(10) to 4 log(10) but was ineffective at pH 5.7. The EGCG digal ...201121947401
Seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in pregnant women in Switzerland: an obstetric clinic based study.OBJECTIVE: To assess the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) IgG antibodies and the seroincidence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections in pregnant women attending the maternity clinic of the University Hospital Lausanne. STUDY DESIGN: Blood samples from 1030 women were taken at the usual pregnancy visit in the first trimester to assess the prevalence rate of IgG antibodies against HSV-1 and HSV-2 using a type-specific assay. A second blood sample was taken 6-8 weeks ...201121982938
getting research into policy - herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) treatment and hiv infection: international guidelines formulation and the case of ghana.observational epidemiological and biological data indicate clear synergies between herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and hiv, whereby hsv-2 enhances the potential for hiv acquisition or transmission. in 2001, the world health organization (who) launched a call for research into the possibilities of disrupting this cofactor effect through the use of antiherpetic therapy. a who expert meeting was convened in 2008 to review the research results. the results of the trials were mostly inconclusive ...201121679386
seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 among hispanics in the usa: national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007-2008.to examine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) among hispanics in the usa, we used the cross-sectional, nationally representative national health and nutrition examination survey to compare the seroprevalence of hsv-2 between hispanic persons of mexican heritage and non-mexican heritage aged 14-44 years, from survey years 2007-2008. the overall hsv-2 seroprevalence among hispanics aged 14-44 years was 17.5% (95% confidence interval [ci], 15.2, 20.1) in the usa. hsv-2 seropr ...201121729957
seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in thuringia, germany, 1999 to 2006.the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type-specific igg was determined in sera taken in 1999 to 2006 from 1,100 children aged 0–18 years, 800 blood donors and 200 pregnant women in thuringia, germany, using tests based on the hsv glycoproteins (g) gg. by the age of 10–12 years, hsv-1 igg prevalence reached 57.3%, rising to 69.3% by the age of 16–18 years and to 78.0% by the age of 28–30 years. between 2.7% and 4.7% of the children aged up to 15 years had hsv-2 antibodies, increasing to 7. ...201122085620
low acceptance of hsv-2 testing among high-risk women.we evaluated the acceptability of a community-based herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) screening programme for at-risk women and assessed factors related to uptake of point of care hsv-2 testing. one hundred recently arrested women (median age 34 years) were recruited from a community court handling lower-level misdemeanour cases in indianapolis, indiana. individuals completed a survey assessing factors related to hsv-2 screening intentions and were offered point of care hsv-2 testing. rates of ...201121680668
nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the hsv-2 serine/threonine kinase us3.the alphaherpesvirus serine/threonine kinase us3 plays diverse roles in virus multiplication and modifies both nuclear and cytoplasmic substrates. we recently reported that treatment of hsv-2 us3-transfected and hsv-2-infected cells with leptomycin b, an inhibitor of nuclear export mediated by interaction of chromosomal regional maintenance protein (crm1) with leucine rich nuclear export signals (ness), resulted in nuclear trapping of us3. here, we utilized fluorescence loss in photobleaching to ...201121741667
herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among female sex workers in shanghai, china.a study with two cross-sectional surveys in two consecutive years was conducted in shanghai, china to examine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), syphilis and hiv among female sex workers (fsw). a total of 793 fsw participated in the survey, 382 in 2008 only, 382 in 2009 only, and 29 in both 2008 and 2009. the majority of them were less than 30 years and two-thirds were married. all were migrants and a half was from rural areas. some of them have stayed in shanghai and eng ...201121660749
Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis.Schizophrenia is a highly disabling and limiting disorder for patients and the possibility that infections by some microorganisms may be associated to its development may allow prevention and recovery. In the current study we have done a meta-analysis of studies that have assessed the possible association between detection of different infectious agents and schizophrenia. We report results that support the idea that there is a statistically significant association between schizophrenia and infec ...201122104141
rna binding properties of the us11 protein from four primate simplexviruses.the protein encoded by the us11 gene of herpes simplex viruses is a dsrna binding protein which inhibits protein kinase r activity, thereby preventing the interferon-induced shut down of protein synthesis following viral infection. us11 protein is not essential for infectivity in vitro and in mice in herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1), however this virus has a second, and apparently more important, inhibitor of pkr activity, the γ134.5 protein. recently sequenced simian simplexviruses sa8, hvp2 ...201122054255
seroprevalence, predictors and estimated incidence of maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in semi-urban women in kilifi, kenya.abstract: background: herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) has public health importance as a leading cause of genital ulcers, a co-factor in hiv-1 acquisition and transmission and as a cause of neonatal herpes infections. little is known of its epidemiology and burden in coastal kenya. methods: we screened plasma samples for hsv-2 infection from 826 women aged 15-34 years who participated in an hiv-1 survey in kilifi in 2004. the sample comprised 563 women selected randomly from a demographic sur ...201121627803
herpes simplex virus type 2 virion host shutoff protein suppresses innate dsrna anti-viral pathways in human vaginal epithelial cells.viruses that establish persistent infections have evolved numerous strategies to evade host innate antiviral responses. we functionally assessed the role of hsv-2 virion host shutoff (vhs) protein on innate immune sensing pathways in human vaginal epithelial (vk2) cells. infection of cells with wt hsv-2 significantly decreased expression of tlr2, tlr3, rig-i and mda-5 relative to cells infected with a mutant that lacks vhs (vhsb) or mock. transfection with hsv-2 vhs similarly decreased expressio ...201121632561
identification of b- and t-cell epitopes from glycoprotein b of herpes simplex virus 2 and evaluation of their immunogenicity and protection efficacy.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a major health concern worldwide. evidence obtained from animals and humans indicates that b- and t-cell responses contribute to protective immunity against herpes virus infection. glycoprotein b is a transmembrane envelope component of hsv-1 and hsv-2, which plays an important role in virion morphogenesis and penetration into host cells, and can induce neutralizing antibodies and protective t-cell response when it is used to immunize humans and animals. h ...201122008818
mollaret's meningitis and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections.benign recurrent aseptic meningitis is a rare disorder described by mollaret in 1944. when initially described, this form of aseptic meningitis had no identifiable infecting agent. new sophisticated diagnostic tools have now identified herpes simplex type 2 virus as the most commonly isolated agent. antiviral treatment has been used successfully for prophylaxis and treatment.201121680663
serum antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and herpesvidae family viruses in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a case-control study.recent etiological studies for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have focused on the protozoan toxoplasma gondii and herpesvirdae family viruses.201121991754
investing in the future: lessons learnt from communicating the results of hsv/ hiv intervention trials in south africa.communicating the results of randomised controlled trials may present challenges for researchers who have to work with communities and policy-makers to anticipate positive outcomes, while being aware that results may show no effect or harm.201121679389
atypical pityriasis rosea in a pregnant woman: first report associating local herpes simplex virus 2 reactivation. 201121958020
efficacy of orally administered low dose n-methanocarbathymidine against lethal herpes simplex virus type-2 infections of mice.n-methanocarbathymidine (n-mct) has previously been shown to be effective against lethal orthopoxvirus and herpes simplex virus type-1 infections in mice. in this investigation, the antiviral activity of n-mct was assessed against herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) in balb/c mice.201122095521
quantitative and qualitative correlates of cervicovaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding among hiv-infected women in the women's interagency hiv study.we identified demographic, clinical and biological determinants of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) shedding among hiv-infected participants in the women's hiv interagency study (wihs). cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) specimens from 369 hiv-infected hsv seropositive women were tested with taqman polymerase chain reaction (prc) for detection hsv-2 dna. seven percent of women tested positive for hsv-2 dna in cvl. significant correlates of the presence of hsv-2 dna in cvl were being younger, african ...201121571975
HIV, HSV-2 and syphilis among married couples in India: patterns of discordance and concordance.Differences in sexual networks probably explain the disparity in the scale of HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and India. HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) discordant couple studies provide insights into important aspects of these sexual networks. The authors quantify the role of male sexual behaviour in HIV transmission in married couples in India.201121865404
Neonatal antibodies to infectious agents and risk of bipolar disorder: a population-based case-control study.There is a substantial evidence base linking prenatal exposure to infectious agents and an increased risk of schizophrenia. However, there has been less research examining the potential for these exposures to also contribute to risk for bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the association between neonatal markers of selected prenatal infections and risk for bipolar disorder.201122085475
efficacy of asp2151, a helicase-primase inhibitor, against thymidine kinase-deficient herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in vitro and in vivo.asp2151 was developed as a novel inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella-zoster virus helicase-primase. the anti-hsv activity of asp2151 toward a clinical hsv isolate with acyclovir (acv)-resistant/thymidine kinase (tk)-deficiency was characterized in vitro and in vivo using a plaque reduction assay and the ear pinna infection in mice. the ic(50) ranged from 0.018 to 0.024μg/ml, indicating the susceptibility of tk-deficient hsv-2 was similar to that of wild-type hsv-2 strains. anti ...201122155691
herpes virus infection can cause intervertebral disc degeneration: a causal relationship?it has been proposed that intervertebral disc degeneration might be caused by low-grade infection. the purpose of the present study was to assess the incidence of herpes viruses in intervertebral disc specimens from patients with lumbar disc herniation. a polymerase chain reaction based assay was applied to screen for the dna of eight different herpes viruses in 16 patients and two controls. dna of at least one herpes virus was detected in 13 specimens (81.25%). herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv- ...201121911538
the first common cold sore susceptibility gene. 201122039567
preventing sexually transmitted infections: back to basics.sexually transmitted infections (stis) have plagued humans for millennia and can result in chronic disease, pregnancy complications, infertility, and even death. recent technological advances have led to a better understanding of the causative agents for these infections as well as aspects of their pathogenesis that might represent novel therapeutic targets. the articles in this review series provide excellent updates on the recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of some very impor ...201122133882
the anti-hsv-2 effect of alumen: in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.this study investigated the anti-hsv-2 effect of alumen through in vitro and in vivo experiments. viable cell counting was employed to assess the toxicity of alumen on vero cells. the inhibition rate of hsv-2 was defined as the cytopathic effect (cpe) of the cells infected with the virus. alumen suppositories of different concentrations were vaginally applied to the guinea pigs which were then infected with hsv-2 via a vaginal route. the clinical symptoms were observed and the local virus titer ...201122173507
microarray profiling analysis uncovers common molecular mechanisms of rubella virus, human cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in ecv304 cells.to study the common molecular mechanisms of various viruses infections that might result in congential cardiovascular diseases in perinatal period, changes in mrna expression levels of ecv304 cells infected by rubella virus (rubv), human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) were analyzed using a microarray system representing 18,716 human genes. 99 genes were found to exhibit differential expression (80 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated). biological process analysis s ...201121663589
structure-function analysis of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein h identifies domain-specific roles for fusion and skin tropism.enveloped viruses require membrane fusion for cell entry and replication. for herpesviruses, this event is governed by the multiprotein core complex of conserved glycoproteins (g)b and gh/gl. the recent crystal structures of gh/gl from herpes simplex virus 2, pseudorabies virus, and epstein-barr virus revealed distinct domains that, surprisingly, do not resemble known viral fusogens. varicella-zoster virus (vzv) causes chicken pox and shingles. vzv is an α-herpesvirus closely related to herpes s ...201122025718
Herpes simplex virus type-2 and human immunodeficiency virus infections in a rural population in Kilimanjaro Tanzania.To estimate the seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Type 2 (HSV-2) and its association with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections in rural Kilimanjaro Tanzania.201122066279
cutaneous infections caused by herpesviridae: a review.the herpes family of viruses accounts for a significant proportion of human cutaneous disease. although most episodes of viral infection can be diagnosed clinically, a small subset of these outbreaks will require biopsy for histologic interpretation and diagnosis. most herpesviruses cause characteristic architectural and cytologic changes in the context of active infection, whereas the effects of some will not manifest until the future as malignant disease. other infections may go unnoticed seco ...201121970493
effect of asp2151, a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes.asp2151 is a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor with antiviral activity against varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2). here, we examined the potency and efficacy of asp2151 against hsv in vitro and in vivo. we found that asp2151 was more potent in inhibiting the replication of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in vero cells in the plaque reduction assay and had greater anti-hsv activity in a guinea pig model of genital herpes than did acyclovir and valacyclovir (vacv), ...201121869749
high-dose valacyclovir hsv-2 suppression results in greater reduction in plasma hiv-1 levels compared with standard dose acyclovir among hiv-1/hsv-2 coinfected persons: a randomized, crossover trial.standard-dose hsv-2 suppressive therapy (acyclovir 400 mg twice daily) reduces plasma hiv-1 levels by 0.25-0.50 log(10) copies/ml. it is not known if higher doses might further suppress hiv-1 levels.201121998479
[Investigation of Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus markers by serological and molecular methods in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus].Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which are autoimmune diseases usually questioned for their association with many infectious agents have etiopathogenesis related to genetic, immunologic, hormonal and even environmental factors. The most commonly attributed etiologic agents are herpes group viruses. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex (HSV) viruses in the etiology of RA and SLE. A total of 137 patients (8 ...201122090298
safety and efficacy of the hvtn 503/phambili study of a clade-b-based hiv-1 vaccine in south africa: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled test-of-concept phase 2b study.background: the mrkad5 hiv-1 gag/pol/nef subtype b vaccine was designed to elicit t-cell-mediated immune responses capable of providing complete or partial protection from hiv-1 infection or a decrease in viral load after acquisition. we aim to assess the safety and efficacy of the vaccine in south africa, where the major circulating clade is subtype c. methods: we did a phase 2b double-blind, randomised test-of-concept study in sexually active hiv-1 seronegative participants at five sites in so ...201121570355
herpes simplex virus type 2 mimicking necrotizing fasciitis. 201122007058
hiv epidemiology and breakthroughs in prevention 30 years into the aids epidemic.thirty years after the first aids cases were reported in the united states, the hiv epidemic continues to be heavily concentrated among men who have sex with men (msm) in the united states. msm are heavily impacted throughout most of the world and are the predominant risk group throughout the americas and western europe; heterosexuals are the predominant risk group in sub-saharan africa; and injection drug users predominate throughout eastern europe and southeast asia. in the united states, blac ...201121868821
real-time pcr in infectious uveitis as an alternative diagnosis.uveitis is a major visual impairment disease affecting parts or the entire uveal tract and occasionally the sclera, the cornea or the optic nerve. the disease is a major cause of ocular morbidity and blindness in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. in this work we analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of real-time pcr to detect the etiological agent from blood, plasma, vitreous and aqueous humor and compared with the diagnostic hypothesis.201122068852
prevalence and factors associated with hsv-2 and hepatitis b infections among truck drivers crossing the southern brazilian border.the authors estimate the prevalence of hiv, syphilis, hepatitis b virus (hbv) and herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) infection and correlates of hbv and hsv-2 infection among truck drivers crossing the southern brazilian border at foz do iguaçu.201121968460
houttuynia cordata blocks hsv infection through inhibition of nf-κb activation.houttuynia cordata thunb. is a medicinal plant widely used in folk medicine in several asian countries. it has been reported that a water extract of h. cordata exhibits activity against herpes simplex virus (hsv) and the virus of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), although the mechanisms are not fully understood yet. previous studies have demonstrated absolute requirement of nf-κb activation for efficient replication of hsv-1 and hsv-2 and inhibition of nf-κb activation has been shown to ...201121951655
genital hsv detection among hiv-1-infected pregnant women in labor.objective. to compare genital hsv shedding among hiv-positive and hiv-negative women. methods. women with and without known hiv infection who delivered at the university of washington medical center between 1989-1996 had hsv serologies done as part of clinical care. genital swabs from hsv-2-seropositive women were evaluated by real-time quantitative hsv dna pcr. results. hsv-2 seroprevalence was 71% and 30% among 75 hiv-positive and 3051 hiv-negative women, respectively, (p < .001). hsv was dete ...201121527986
Recalcitrance of bacterial vaginosis among herpes-simplex-virus-type-2-seropositive women.Aim: The multifactorial etiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV) impedes development of effective treatment and prevention strategies. Herein, we evaluated the effects of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a suspected BV risk factor, on vaginal flora composition. Materials and Methods: Correlations between HSV-2 infection and BV were prospectively explored among 12 HSV-2-seropositive women with asymptomatic BV who were asked to collect daily vaginal swab specimens for Gram stain analysis of vagi ...201122136755
synthesis of enantiomerically pure d- and l-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl carbanucleosides and their antiviral evaluation.based upon the fact that l-nucleosides have been generally known to be less cytotoxic than d-counterparts, l-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl carbanucleoside derivatives with a fixed north conformation were designed and synthesized by employing a novel synthetic strategy starting from (r)-epichlorohydrin in order to search for new anti-hiv agents with high potency and less cytotoxicity. a tandem alkylation, ╬│-lactonization, a chemoselective reduction of ester in the presence of ╬│-lactone functional group ...201121658957
hsv-2 infection of dendritic cells amplifies a highly susceptible hiv-1 cell target.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) increases the risk of hiv-1 infection and, although several reports describe the interaction between these two viruses, the exact mechanism for this increased susceptibility remains unclear. dendritic cells (dcs) at the site of entry of hsv-2 and hiv-1 contribute to viral spread in the mucosa. specialized dcs present in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues produce retinoic acid (ra), an important immunomodulator, able to influence hiv-1 replication and a key me ...201121738472
effect of variable transmission rate on the dynamics of hiv in sub-saharan africa.abstract: background: the cause of the high hiv prevalence in sub-saharan africa is incompletely understood, with heterosexual penile-vaginal transmission proposed as the main mechanism. heterosexual hiv transmission has been estimated to have a very low probability; but effects of cofactors that vary in space and time may substantially alter this pattern. methods: to test the effect of individual variation in the hiv infectiousness generated by co-infection, we developed and analyzed a mathemat ...201121834977
population-based surveillance for neonatal herpes in new york city, april 2006-september 2010.: population-based data for neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection are needed to describe disease burden and to develop and evaluate prevention strategies.201121844721
herpes simplex virus infection in the croatian population.abstract background: herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections are caused by 2 types of virus, hsv-1 and hsv-2. both viruses are endemic worldwide. there are marked variations in the seroprevalences of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in europe. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hsv infections in croatia. methods: during a 3-y period (2008-2010), a total of 1672 patients were tested for the presence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. results: the over ...201121696254
the ribonucleotide reductase r1 subunits of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 protect cells against poly(i {middle dot} c)-induced apoptosis.we recently provided evidence that the ribonucleotide reductase r1 subunits of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2) protect cells against tumor necrosis factor alpha- and fas ligand-induced apoptosis by interacting with caspase 8. double-stranded rna (dsrna) is a viral intermediate known to initiate innate antiviral responses. poly(i -à c), a synthetic analogue of viral dsrna, rapidly triggers caspase 8 activation and apoptosis in hela cells. here, we report that hela cells after hs ...201121697465
herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry into human primary macrophages.abstract: epidemiological and clinical data indicate that genital ulcer disease (gud) pathogens are associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) acquisition and/or transmission. among them, genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seems to play a relevant role. indeed, the ability of hsv-2 to induce massive infiltration at the genital level of cells which are potential targets for hiv-1 infection may represent one of the mechanisms involved in this process. ...201121486479
genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with hsv-2 infection.since herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) antibody tests have become commercially available, an increasing number of persons have learned that they have genital herpes through serologic testing. the course of natural history of hsv-2 in asymptomatic, seropositive persons is uncertain.201121486977
hiv-related risk behaviors among a sample of men who have sex with men in puerto rico: an overview of substance use and sexual practices.despite the growing impact of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic in puerto rico (pr), limited epidemiological research on men who have sex with men (msm) has been conducted. the aim of this study was to describe hiv-related risk behaviors in a sample of msm in pr.201121682148
prurigo pigmentosa: a clinicopathological study and analysis of associated factors.prurigo pigmentosa (pp), a rare inflammatory disease of the skin, is mostly reported in the ethnic japanese population. its pathogenesis remains unclear. the chronic and recurrent nature of pp implies a possible role of viral infection in the pathogenesis. the anti-inflammatory mechanism of doxycycline, which is well documented as a good treatment for pp, is related to the suppression of interleukin expression.201121182500
role of the infections in recurrent spontaneous abortion.embryo-fetal infections have been reported to cause recurrent spontaneous abortions (rsas) at a rate lower than 4%. the possible mechanisms include production of toxic metabolic byproducts, fetal or placental infection, chronic endometrial infection, and chorio-amnionitis. viruses appear to be the most frequently involved pathogens, since some of them can produce chronic or recurrent maternal infection. in particular, cytomegalovirus during pregnancy can reach the placenta by viremia, following ...201121261443
herpes simplex virus type 2, genital ulcers and hiv-1 disease progression in postpartum women.co-infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) has been associated with increased hiv-1 rna levels and immune activation, two predictors of hiv-1 progression. the impact of hsv-2 on clinical outcomes among hiv-1 infected pregnant women is unclear.201121637835
herpes simplex encephalitis in patients with cancer.case reports and animal models suggest that chemotherapy, corticosteroids and radiotherapy (rt) may increase the risk of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse). we retrospectively examined cases of hse at an academic hospital devoted to cancer care. patients were identified by positive herpes simplex virus (hsv) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) or by brain pathology. there were seven patients with hse over a 12 year period, four of whom had received cranial rt. during this ...201121637964
innate and adaptive immunity against herpes simplex virus type 2 in the genital mucosa.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, despite the widespread use of antiviral drugs. its ability to evade the immune system and establish a latent infection has made it difficult to develop an effective vaccine. our understanding of the immune response against hsv-2 remains complex and involves a balance between innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune response. primary infection with hsv-2 induces toll-like receptor (tlr)-mediated type i inte ...201121334750
the risk factor profile of women with secondary infertility: an unmatched case-control study in kigali, rwanda.secondary infertility is a common, preventable but neglected reproductive health problem in resource-poor countries. this study examines the association of past sexually transmitted infections (stis) including hiv, bacterial vaginosis (bv) and factors in the obstetric history with secondary infertility and their relative contributions to secondary infertility.201121702916
herpes simplex virus type 2 seroprevalence and incidence in acute and chronic hiv-1 infection.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) hiv co-infection is common and associated with increased risk of hiv transmission. hsv-2 seroprevalence was assessed on stored samples from baseline and one year follow-up from 81 patients identified with acute hiv infection and 81 age-matched chronically infected men. hsv-2 seroprevalence at baseline was lower for those with acute rather than chronic hiv-infection, 51.9 versus 71.6% (p = 0.01); relative risk 0.72 (95% confidence interval [ci] 0.57-0.92). sinc ...201121742810
clinician and patient recognition of anogenital herpes disease in hiv positive men who have sex with men.anogenital ulcers caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) are associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission. when compared with clinician examination, hiv/hsv-2 coinfected men who have sex with men are frequently unaware of anogenital ulcers. these data highlight the importance of condom use and the need for new hsv-2 prevention strategies.201121844739
performance of the euroline western blot assay in the detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody in uganda, china and the usa.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (stis) worldwide. while glycoprotein g-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are commonly used for the serological detection of hsv-2 antibodies, they have low specificity in developing countries. the euroline western blot (wb) is a commercially available assay that is easy to perform; however, little is known about its performance characteristics. this study evaluated euroline wb for the detec ...201121680672
herpes simplex virus-induced epithelial damage and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in human cervical organ culture.normal human premenopausal cervical tissue has been used to derive primary cell populations and to establish ex vivo organ culture systems to study infections with herpes simplex virus (hsv-1 or hsv-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). infection with either hsv-1 or hsv-2 rapidly induced multinuclear giant cell formation and widespread damage in mucosal epithelial cells. subsequent exposure of the damaged mucosal surfaces to hiv-1 revealed frequent co-localization of hsv and hiv-1 ...201121818356
prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes and associated cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in hiv-infected women in botswana.human papillomaviruses (hpv) constitute one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections and are the etiological agents for invasive cervical cancer, the predominant cancer among women in botswana. however, the prevalence of hpv genotypes in botswana has yet to be reported. one hundred thirty-nine endocervical swabs were taken at baseline from hiv-1 infected, hsv-2 seropositive women enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study designed to assess the influence of herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv- ...201121837784
factors associated with herpes simplex virus type 2 incidence in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seronegative kenyan men and women reporting high-risk sexual behavior.: herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is an important cause of genital ulcers and can increase the risk for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) transmission. our objective was to determine the incidence and correlates of hsv-2 infection in hiv-1-seronegative kenyan men reporting high-risk sexual behavior, compared with high-risk hiv-1-seronegative women in the same community.201121844740
of mice and not humans: how reliable are animal models for evaluation of herpes cd8(+)-t cell-epitopes-based immunotherapeutic vaccine candidates?herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2)-specific cd8(+) t cells that reside in sensory ganglia, appear to control recurrent herpetic disease by aborting or reducing spontaneous and sporadic reactivations of latent virus. a reliable animal model is the ultimate key factor to test the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines that boost the level and the quality of sensory ganglia-resident cd8(+) t cells against spontaneous herpes reactivation from sensory neurons, yet its relevance has be ...201121718746
male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of hiv in men.previous systematic reviews found inconsistent effects of male circumcision on hiv acquisition in men who have sex with men (msm). however, a number of new studies have become available in the three years since the last systematic review.201121678366
multipurpose prevention technologies: biomedical tools to prevent hiv-1, hsv-2, and unintended pregnancies.statistics clearly show an unmet need for highly effective contraception, especially in less developed countries. many of these countries are at the core of the hiv/aids epidemic and show very high prevalence rates for other sexually transmitted infections (stis) such as that caused by hsv-2. a woman at risk of unintended pregnancy due to unprotected intercourse is also at risk for hiv/sti. owing to their causative interrelationship, combining protection against these conditions will result in e ...201121836811
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